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Miyashita R, Ugajin A, Oda H, Ozaki K. Identification and in vivo functional analysis of furanocoumarin-responsive cytochrome P450s in a Rutaceae-feeding Papilio butterfly. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247791. [PMID: 39054940 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The Order Lepidoptera contains nearly 160,000 described species and most of them are specialist herbivores that use restricted plant species as hosts. Speciation that originated from host shift is one of the important factors for the diversification of Lepidoptera. Because plants prepare secondary metabolites for defense against herbivores, with varying profiles of the components among different plant taxa, the specialist herbivores need to be adapted to the toxic substances unique to their host plants. Swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio consist of over 200 species. Approximately 80% of them utilize Rutaceae plants, and among the remaining species, a specific subgroup uses phylogenetically distant Apiaceae plants as larval hosts. Rutaceae and Apiaceae commonly contain toxic secondary metabolites, furanocoumarins, and molecular phylogenetic studies support the concept that Apiaceae feeders were derived from Rutaceae feeders. Molecular mechanisms underlying furanocoumarin tolerance in Papilio butterflies have been investigated almost exclusively in an Apiaceae feeder by an in vitro assay. In contrast, there is little information regarding the Rutaceae feeders. Here, we focused on a Rutaceae feeder, Papilio xuthus, and identified two furanocoumarin-responsive cytochrome P450-6B (CYP6B) genes, of which one was an ortholog of a furanocoumarin-metabolizing enzyme identified in the Apiaceae-feeding Papilio while the other was previously unreported. We further conducted in vivo functional analysis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, revealing a contribution of these CYP6Bs to furanocoumarin tolerance of P. xuthus larvae. Our findings suggest that co-option of furanocoumarin-metabolizing CYP6B enzymes at least partially contributed to the host shift from Rutaceae to Apiaceae in Papilio butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Miyashita
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ugajin
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ozaki
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
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Okamura Y, Vogel H. De Novo Genome Assembly and Annotation of Leptosia nina Provide New Insights into the Evolutionary Dynamics of Genes Involved in Host-Plant Adaptation of Pierinae Butterflies. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae105. [PMID: 38778773 PMCID: PMC11135640 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In interactions between plants and herbivorous insects, the traits enabling phytophagous insects to overcome chemical defenses of their host plants have evolved multiple times. A prominent example of such adaptive key innovations in herbivorous insects is nitrile specifier proteins (NSPs) that enabled Pierinae butterflies to colonize Brassicales host plants that have a glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system. Although the evolutionary aspects of NSP-encoding genes have been studied in some Pierinae taxa (especially among Pieris butterflies), the ancestral evolutionary state of NSPs is unclear due to the limited genomic information available for species within Pierinae. Here, we generate a high-quality genome assembly and annotation of Leptosia nina, a member of a small tribe, Leptosiaini. L. nina uses as its main host Capparaceae plants, one of the ancestral hosts within Pierinae. By using ∼90-fold coverage of Oxford Nanopore long reads and Illumina short reads for subsequent polishing and error correction, we constructed a final genome assembly that consisted of 286 contigs with a total of 225.8 Mb and an N50 of 10.7 Mb. Genome annotation with transcriptome hints predicted 16,574 genes and covered 98.3% of BUSCO genes. A typical NSP gene is composed of three tandem domains found in Pierinae butterflies; unexpectedly, we found a new NSP-like gene in Pierinae composed of only two tandem domains. This newly found NSP-like gene in L. nina provides important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of domain and gene duplication events relating to host-plant adaptation in Pierinae butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Okamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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Chen Y, Lafleur C, Smith RJ, Kaur D, Driscoll BT, Bede JC. Trichoplusia ni Transcriptomic Responses to the Phytosaponin Aglycone Hederagenin: Sex-Related Differences. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:168-184. [PMID: 38443712 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Many plant species, particularly legumes, protect themselves with saponins. Previously, a correlation was observed between levels of oleanolic acid-derived saponins, such as hederagenin-derived compounds, in the legume Medicago truncatula and caterpillar deterrence. Using concentrations that reflect the foliar levels of hederagenin-type saponins, the sapogenin hederagenin was not toxic to 4th instar caterpillars of the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni nor did it act as a feeding deterrent. Female caterpillars consumed more diet than males, presumably to obtain the additional nutrients required for oogenesis, and are, thus, exposed to higher hederagenin levels. When fed the hederagenin diet, male caterpillars expressed genes encoding trypsin-like proteins (LOC113500509, LOC113501951, LOC113501953, LOC113501966, LOC113501965, LOC113499659, LOC113501950, LOC113501948, LOC113501957, LOC113501962, LOC113497819, LOC113501946, LOC113503910) as well as stress-responsive (LOC113503484, LOC113505107) proteins and cytochrome P450 6B2-like (LOC113493761) at higher levels than females. In comparison, female caterpillars expressed higher levels of cytochrome P450 6B7-like (LOC113492289). Bioinformatic tools predict that cytochrome P450s could catalyze the oxygenation of hederagenin which would increase the hydrophilicity of the compound. Expression of a Major Facilitator Subfamily (MFS) transporter (LOC113492899) showed a hederagenin dose-dependent increase in gene expression suggesting that this transporter may be involved in sapogenin efflux. These sex-related differences in feeding and detoxification should be taken into consideration in insecticide evaluations to minimize pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinting Chen
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Christine Lafleur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ryan J Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Diljot Kaur
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Brian T Driscoll
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Lu B, Meng R, Wang Y, Xiong W, Ma Y, Gao P, Ren J, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Fan G, Wen Y, Yuan X. Distinctive physiological and molecular responses of foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1308584. [PMID: 38293619 PMCID: PMC10824897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1308584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Nicosulfuron is the leading acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicide product, and widely used to control gramineous weeds. Here, we investigated the metabolic process of nicosulfuron into foxtail millet and maize, in order to clarify the mechanism of the difference in sensitivity of foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron from the perspective of physiological metabolism and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of nicosulfuron-resistant foxtail millet varieties. Methods We treated foxtail millet (Zhangzagu 10, Jingu 21) and maize (Nongda 108, Ditian 8) with various doses of nicosulfuron in both pot and field experiments. The malonaldehyde (MDA) content, target enzymes, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, as well as related gene expression levels in the leaf tissues of foxtail millet and maize were measured, and the yield was determined after maturity. Results The results showed that the recommended dose of nicosulfuron caused Zhangzagu 10 and Jingu 21 to fail to harvest; the yield of the sensitive maize variety (Ditian 8) decreased by 37.09%, whereas that of the resistant maize variety (Nongda 108) did not decrease. Nicosulfuron stress increased the CYP450 enzyme activity, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of foxtail millet and maize, reduced the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity and ALS gene expression of foxtail millet and Ditian 8, and reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GST gene expression of foxtail millet. In conclusion, target enzymes, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes were involved in the detoxification metabolism of nicosulfuron in plants. ALS and GST are the main factors responsible for the metabolic differences among foxtail millet, sensitive maize varieties, and resistant maize varieties. Discussion These findings offer valuable insights for exploring the target resistance (TSR) and non-target resistance (NTSR) mechanisms in foxtail millet under herbicide stress and provides theoretical basis for future research of develop foxtail millet germplasm with diverse herbicide resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ru Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Liguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Institute of Millet, Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guangyu Fan
- Institute of Millet, Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yinyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Nakano M, Sakamoto T, Kitano Y, Bono H, Simpson RJ, Tabunoki H. An extract from the frass of swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon) larvae inhibits HCT116 colon cancer cell proliferation but not other cancer cell types. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:735. [PMID: 38049715 PMCID: PMC10696813 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frass of several herbivorous insect species has been utilised as natural medicines in Asia; however, the metabolite makeup and pharmaceutical activities of insect frass have yet to be investigated. Oligophagous Papilionidae insects utilise specific kinds of plants, and it has been suggested that the biochemicals from the plants may be metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Papilionidae insects. In this study, we extracted the components of the frass of Papilio machaon larvae reared on Angelica keiskei, Oenanthe javanica or Foeniculum vulgare and examined the biological activity of each component. Then, we explored the expression of CYP genes in the midgut of P. machaon larvae and predicted the characteristics of their metabolic system. RESULTS The components that were extracted using hexane, chloroform or methanol were biochemically different between larval frass and the host plants on which the larvae had fed. Furthermore, a fraction obtained from the chloroform extract from frass of A. keiskei-fed larvae specifically inhibited the cell proliferation of the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, whereas fractions obtained from the chloroform extracts of O. javanica- or F. vulgare-fed larval frass did not affect HCT116 cell viability. The metabolites from the chloroform extract from frass of A. keiskei-fed larvae prevented cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Next, we explored the metabolic enzyme candidates in A. keiskei-fed larvae by RNA-seq analysis. We found that the A. keiskei-fed larval midgut might have different characteristics from the O. javanica- or F. vulgare-fed larval metabolic systems, and we found that the CYP6B2 transcript was highly expressed in the A. keiskei-fed larval midgut. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that P. machaon metabolites might be useful as pharmaceutical agents against human colon cancer subtypes. Importantly, our findings show that it might be possible to use insect metabolic enzymes for the chemical structural conversion of plant-derived compounds with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakano
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takuma Sakamoto
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai- cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Bono
- Laboratory of Bio-DX, Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-0046, Japan
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 3- 10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tabunoki
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan.
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Vertacnik KL, Herrig DK, Godfrey RK, Hill T, Geib SM, Unckless RL, Nelson DR, Linnen CR. Evolution of five environmentally responsive gene families in a pine-feeding sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10506. [PMID: 37791292 PMCID: PMC10542623 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A central goal in evolutionary biology is to determine the predictability of adaptive genetic changes. Despite many documented cases of convergent evolution at individual loci, little is known about the repeatability of gene family expansions and contractions. To address this void, we examined gene family evolution in the redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei, a noneusocial hymenopteran and exemplar of a pine-specialized lineage evolved from angiosperm-feeding ancestors. After assembling and annotating a draft genome, we manually annotated multiple gene families with chemosensory, detoxification, or immunity functions before characterizing their genomic distributions and molecular evolution. We find evidence of recent expansions of bitter gustatory receptor, clan 3 cytochrome P450, olfactory receptor, and antimicrobial peptide subfamilies, with strong evidence of positive selection among paralogs in a clade of gustatory receptors possibly involved in the detection of bitter compounds. In contrast, these gene families had little evidence of recent contraction via pseudogenization. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that in response to novel selection pressures, gene families that mediate ecological interactions may expand and contract predictably. Testing this hypothesis will require the comparative analysis of high-quality annotation data from phylogenetically and ecologically diverse insect species and functionally diverse gene families. To this end, increasing sampling in under-sampled hymenopteran lineages and environmentally responsive gene families and standardizing manual annotation methods should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Vertacnik
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | | | - R. Keating Godfrey
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Tom Hill
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Scott M. Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture: Agriculture Research Service Pacific Basin Agricultural Research CenterHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and BiochemistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
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Shi Y, Liu Q, Lu W, Yuan J, Yang Y, Oakeshott J, Wu Y. Divergent amplifications of CYP9A cytochrome P450 genes provide two noctuid pests with differential protection against xenobiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308685120. [PMID: 37669374 PMCID: PMC10500183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308685120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide mechanistic support for the involvement of the CYP9A subfamily of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the detoxification of host plant defense compounds and chemical insecticides in Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera frugiperda. Our comparative genomics shows that a large cluster of CYP9A genes occurs in the two species but with significant differences in its contents, including several species-specific duplicates and substantial sequence divergence, both between orthologs and between duplicates. Bioassays of CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts of the clusters show that, collectively, the CYP9As can detoxify two furanocoumarin plant defense compounds (imperatorin and xanthotoxin) and insecticides representing three different chemotypes (pyrethroids, avermectins, and oxadiazines). However, in vitro metabolic assays of heterologously expressed products of individual genes show several differences between the species in the particular CYP9As with activities against these compounds. We also find that the clusters show tight genetic linkage with high levels of pyrethroid resistance in field strains of the two species. We propose that their divergent amplifications of the CYP9A subfamily have not only contributed to the development of the broad host ranges of these species over long evolutionary timeframes but also supplied them with diverse genetic options for evolving resistance to chemical insecticides in the very recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - John Oakeshott
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
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Peláez JN, Gloss AD, Goldman-Huertas B, Kim B, Lapoint RT, Pimentel-Solorio G, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Nelson Dittrich AC, Singhal M, Suzuki HC, Matsunaga T, Armstrong EE, Charboneau JLM, Groen SC, Hembry DH, Ochoa CJ, O’Connor TK, Prost S, Zaaijer S, Nabity PD, Wang J, Rodas E, Liang I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad133. [PMID: 37317982 PMCID: PMC10411586 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genomic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families-genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses-underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many insect lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago (mya)), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several nonherbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza has among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant-binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on living plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (fermenting plant volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N Peláez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrew D Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bernard Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard T Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna C Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Malvika Singhal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Hiromu C Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellie E Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L M Charboneau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simon C Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX 79762, USA
| | - Christopher J Ochoa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy K O’Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Zaaijer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, USA
- FIND Genomics, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Paul D Nabity
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Liu J, Hua J, Wang Y, Guo X, Luo S. Caterpillars Detoxify Diterpenoid from Nepeta stewartiana by the Molting Hormone Gene CYP306A1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37331015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are well known for detoxifying a broad range of the defense compounds produced by the plants that they feed on, but knowledge of the mechanisms of detoxification is still very limited. Here, we describe a system in which two species of lepidopteran caterpillars metabolize an abietane diterpene from the plants of Nepeta stewartiana Diels to an oxygenated derivative that is less active biologically. We found that this transformation could be catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme in caterpillars, which are associated with molting. Most interestingly, abietane diterpene targets the molting-associated gene CYP306A1 to alter the content of molting hormones in the insect at specific developmental stages and competitively inhibit molting hormone metabolism. These findings identify the mechanism by which caterpillars are able to detoxify abietane diterpenoid through hydroxylation at the C-19 position, which may be opening up exciting research questions into the mechanisms of interaction between plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Hua
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xuanyue Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
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10
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Pelaez JN, Gloss AD, Goldman-Huertas B, Kim B, Lapoint RT, Pimentel-Solorio G, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Dittrich ACN, Singhal M, Suzuki HC, Matsunaga T, Armstrong EE, Charboneau JL, Groen SC, Hembry DH, Ochoa CJ, O’Connor TK, Prost S, Zaaijer S, Nabity PD, Wang J, Rodas E, Liang I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532987. [PMID: 36993186 PMCID: PMC10055167 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genetic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families - genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses - underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago [mya]), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several non-herbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza have among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (yeast and fruit volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight strong gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila .
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Pelaez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrew D. Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bernard Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard T. Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I. Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M. Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna C. Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Malvika Singhal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, OR, CA 97403, USA
| | - Hiromu C. Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Joseph L.M. Charboneau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H. Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX 79762, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ochoa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy K. O’Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Zaaijer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, USA
- FIND Genomics, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Paul D. Nabity
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Chen L, Song J, Wang J, Ye M, Deng Q, Wu X, Wu X, Ren B. Effects of Methyl Jasmonate Fumigation on the Growth and Detoxification Ability of Spodoptera litura to Xanthotoxin. INSECTS 2023; 14:145. [PMID: 36835714 PMCID: PMC9966746 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a volatile substance derived from jasmonic acid (JA), and it responds to interbiotic and abiotic stresses by participating in interplant communication. Despite its function in interplant communication, the specific role of MeJA in insect defense responses is poorly understood. In this study, we found that carboxylesterase (CarE) activities, glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) activities, and cytochrome mono-oxygenases (P450s) content increased more after the feeding of diets containing xanthotoxin, while larvae exposed to MeJA fumigation also showed higher enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner: lower and medium concentrations of MeJA induced higher detoxification enzyme activities than higher concentrations of MeJA. Moreover, MeJA improved the growth of larvae fed on the control diet without toxins and diets with lower concentrations of xanthotoxin (0.05%); however, MeJA could not protect the larvae against higher concentrations of xanthotoxin (0.1%, 0.2%). In summary, we demonstrated that MeJA is effective at inducing S. litura defense response, but the enhanced detoxifying ability could not overcome the strong toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guiyang Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Mao Ye
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Qianqian Deng
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Xiaobao Wu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Bing Ren
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
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12
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Toopaang W, Bunnak W, Srisuksam C, Wattananukit W, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Microbial polyketides and their roles in insect virulence: from genomics to biological functions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2008-2029. [PMID: 35822627 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: May 1966 up to January 2022Entomopathogenic microorganisms have potential for biological control of insect pests. Their main secondary metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrids. Among these secondary metabolites, polyketides have mainly been studied for structural identification, pathway engineering, and for their contributions to medicine. However, little is known about the function of polyketides in insect virulence. This review focuses on the role of bacterial and fungal polyketides, as well as PK-NRP hybrids in insect infection and killing. We also discuss gene distribution and evolutional relationships among different microbial species. Further, the role of microbial polyketides and the hybrids in modulating insect-microbial symbiosis is also explored. Understanding the mechanisms of polyketides in insect pathogenesis, how compounds moderate the host-fungus interaction, and the distribution of PKS genes across different fungi and bacteria will facilitate the discovery and development of novel polyketide-derived bio-insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Warapon Bunnak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wilawan Wattananukit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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13
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Shi Y, Sun S, Zhang Y, He Y, Du M, ÓReilly AO, Wu S, Yang Y, Wu Y. Single amino acid variations drive functional divergence of cytochrome P450s in Helicoverpa species. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 146:103796. [PMID: 35636594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Divergence of gene function is a hallmark of evolution, but assessing such divergence in one species or between species requires information on functional alterations of the alleles and homologs. Here, we explore the functional divergence of two paralogs, CYP6AE19 and CYP6AE20, from Helicoverpa armigera, and two close orthologs, CYP6B8 and CYP6B7, from two related species (Helicoverpa zea and H. armigera); although there is high sequence identity within each pair of enzymes, the latter P450 of each pair has lost metabolic competence towards the plant allelochemical xanthotoxin. Multiple chimeric and single/double site mutants were created by exchanging the diverse substrate recognition sites (SRSs) and amino acids within each pair of P450s. Heterologous expression in Sf9 cells and in vitro metabolism studies showed that the exchange of SRS4 swapped the activity of CYP6AE19 and CYP6AE20, and subsequent site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that the CYP6AE20 V318M substitution causes a gain-of-function towards xanthotoxin. Meanwhile, a single amino acid substitution (L489P) in SRS6 was found to swap activity between the CYP6B orthologs. Sequence alignments of CYP6AE paralogs and all reported insect xanthotoxin-metabolizing P450s suggest M318 and P489 are essential for the catalytic activities of CYP6AE paralogs and CYP6B orthologs, respectively, but P450s in different subfamilies may have different mechanisms towards the same substrate. Our findings demonstrate that a single amino acid substitution can suffice to alter substrate metabolism and this functional divergence resulting from natural mutations will help to further our understanding of the process of natural selection of P450 genes and their role in insect-host plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shuo Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yujun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yingshi He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Minghong Du
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Andrias O ÓReilly
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Functional evidence supports adaptive plant chemical defense along a geographical cline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205073119. [PMID: 35696564 PMCID: PMC9231628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205073119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental clines in organismal defensive traits are usually attributed to stronger selection by enemies at lower latitudes or near the host's range center. Nonetheless, little functional evidence has supported this hypothesis, especially for coevolving plants and herbivores. We quantified cardenolide toxins in seeds of 24 populations of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) across 13 degrees of latitude, revealing a pattern of increasing cardenolide concentrations toward the host's range center. The unusual nitrogen-containing cardenolide labriformin was an exception and peaked at higher latitudes. Milkweed seeds are eaten by specialist lygaeid bugs that are even more tolerant of cardenolides than the monarch butterfly, concentrating most cardenolides (but not labriformin) from seeds into their bodies. Accordingly, whether cardenolides defend seeds against these specialist bugs is unclear. We demonstrate that Oncopeltus fasciatus (Lygaeidae) metabolized two major compounds (glycosylated aspecioside and labriformin) into distinct products that were sequestered without impairing growth. We next tested several isolated cardenolides in vitro on the physiological target of cardenolides (Na+/K+-ATPase); there was little variation among compounds in inhibition of an unadapted Na+/K+-ATPase, but tremendous variation in impacts on that of monarchs and Oncopeltus. Labriformin was the most inhibitive compound tested for both insects, but Oncopeltus had the greater advantage over monarchs in tolerating labriformin compared to other compounds. Three metabolized (and stored) cardenolides were less toxic than their parent compounds found in seeds. Our results suggest that a potent plant defense is evolving by natural selection along a geographical cline and targets specialist herbivores, but is met by insect tolerance, detoxification, and sequestration.
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15
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Cogni R, Quental TB, Guimarães PR. Ehrlich and Raven escape and radiate coevolution hypothesis at different levels of organization: Past and future perspectives. Evolution 2022; 76:1108-1123. [PMID: 35262199 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The classic paper by Ehrlich and Raven on coevolution will soon be 60 years old. Although they were not the first to develop the idea of coevolution, their thought-provoking paper certainly popularized this idea and inspired several generations of scientists interested in coevolution. Here, we describe some of their main contributions, quantitatively measure the impact of their seminal paper on different fields of research, and discuss how ideas related to their original paper might push the study of coevolution forward. To guide our discussion, we explore their original hypothesis into three research fields that are associated with distinct scales/levels of organization: (1) the genetic mechanisms underlying coevolutionary interactions; (2) the potential association between coevolutionary diversification and the organization of ecological networks; and (3) the micro- and macroevolutionary mechanisms and expected patterns under their hypothesis. By doing so, we discuss potentially overlooked aspects and future directions for the study of coevolutionary dynamics and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cogni
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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16
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Aslam MQ, Naqvi RZ, Zaidi SSEA, Asif M, Akhter KP, Scheffler BE, Scheffler JA, Liu SS, Amin I, Mansoor S. Analysis of a tetraploid cotton line Mac7 transcriptome reveals mechanisms underlying resistance against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Gene 2022; 820:146200. [PMID: 35131368 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly inflicts both direct and indirect losses to cotton crop. Whitefly resistant cotton germplasm is a high priority and considered among the best possible solutions to mitigate this issue. In this study, we evaluated cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) resistant cotton line Mac7 under whitefly stress. Furthermore, we utilized the already available transcriptome data of Mac7 concerning whitefly stress to elucidate associated mechanisms and identify functionally important genes in cotton. In transcriptomic data analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found involved in complex relay pathways, activated on whitefly exposure. The response implicates signalling through resistance genes (R-genes), MAPK, ROS, VQs or RLKs, transcription factors, which leads to the activation of defence responses including, Ca2+messengers, phytohormonal cross-talk, gossypol, flavonoids, PhasiRNA and susceptibility genes (S-genes). The qRT-PCR assay of 10 functionally important genes also showed their involvement in differential responses at 24 and 48 h post whitefly infestation. Briefly, our study helps in understanding the resistant nature of Mac7 under whitefly stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Aslam
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Asif
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Brian E Scheffler
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 141 Experimental Station Road, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Jodi A Scheffler
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 141 Experimental Station Road, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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17
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Okamura Y, Sato A, Kawaguchi L, Nagano AJ, Murakami M, Vogel H, Kroymann J. Microevolution of Pieris butterfly genes involved in host-plant adaptation along a host-plant community cline. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3083-3097. [PMID: 35364616 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects have evolved counteradaptations to overcome the chemical defenses of their host plants. Several of these counteradaptations have been elucidated at the molecular level, in particular for insects specialized on cruciferous host plants. While the importance of these counteradaptations for host plant colonization is well established, little is known about their microevolutionary dynamics in the field. In particular, it is not known whether and how host plant diversity shapes diversity in insect counteradaptations. In this study, we examine patterns of host plant use and insect counteradaptation in three Pieris butterfly species across Japan. The larvae of these butterflies express nitrile-specifier protein (NSP) and its paralog major allergen (MA) in their gut to overcome the highly diversified glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system of their cruciferous host plants. Pieris napi and Pieris melete colonize wild Brassicaceae whereas Pieris rapae typically uses cultivated Brassica as a host, regardless of the local composition of wild crucifers. As expected, NSP and MA diversity was independent of the local composition of wild Brassicaceae in P. rapae. In contrast, NSP diversity correlated with local host plant diversity in both species that preferred wild Brassicaceae. P. melete and P. napi both revealed two distinct major NSP alleles, which shaped diversity among local populations, albeit with different evolutionary trajectories. In comparison, MA showed no indication for local adaptation. Altogether, MA appeared to be evolutionary more conserved than NSP, suggesting that both genes play different roles in diverting host plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Okamura
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ai Sato
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Lina Kawaguchi
- Research Administration Office, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, AgroParisTech, Orsay, 91405, France
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18
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Thrimawithana AH, Wu C, Christeller JT, Simpson RM, Hilario E, Tooman LK, Begum D, Jordan MD, Crowhurst R, Newcomb RD, Grapputo A. The Genomics and Population Genomics of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana, an Invasive Tortricid Pest of Horticulture. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030264. [PMID: 35323562 PMCID: PMC8951345 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we produced a genomic resource for the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, to understand the biological basis of adaptation to a high number of hosts (polyphagy) and the invasive nature of this and other lepidopteran pests. The light brown apple moth is an invasive pest of horticultural plants, with over 500 recorded plant hosts. With origins in Australia, the pest has subsequently spread to New Zealand, Hawaii, California and Europe, causing significant economic losses for fruit producers. Comparative genomic analyses with other lepidopteran genomes indicate that a high proportion of the genome is made up of repetitive sequences, with the majority of the known elements being DNA transposable elements and retrotransposons. Twenty gene families show significant expansions, including some likely to have a role in its pest status. Finally, population genomics, investigated by a RAD-tag approach, indicated likely patterns of invasion and admixture, with Californian moths most probably being derived from Australia. Abstract The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana is an invasive, polyphagous pest of horticultural systems around the world. With origins in Australia, the pest has subsequently spread to New Zealand, Hawaii, California and Europe, where it has been found on over 500 plants, including many horticultural crops. We have produced a genomic resource, to understand the biological basis of the polyphagous and invasive nature of this and other lepidopteran pests. The assembled genome sequence encompassed 598 Mb and has an N50 of 301.17 kb, with a BUSCO completion rate of 97.9%. Epiphyas postvittana has 34% of its assembled genome represented as repetitive sequences, with the majority of the known elements made up of longer DNA transposable elements (14.07 Mb) and retrotransposons (LINE 17.83 Mb). Of the 31,389 predicted genes, 28,714 (91.5%) were assigned to 11,438 orthogroups across the Lepidoptera, of which 945 were specific to E. postvittana. Twenty gene families showed significant expansions in E. postvittana, including some likely to have a role in its pest status, such as cytochrome p450s, glutathione-S-transferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Finally, using a RAD-tag approach, we investigated the population genomics of this pest, looking at its likely patterns of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amali H. Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
| | - Chen Wu
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
| | - John T. Christeller
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.T.C.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Robert M. Simpson
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (J.T.C.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Elena Hilario
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
| | - Leah K. Tooman
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
| | - Doreen Begum
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Melissa D. Jordan
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
| | - Richard D. Newcomb
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (A.H.T.); (C.W.); (E.H.); (L.K.T.); (D.B.); (M.D.J.); (R.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Grapputo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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Katsavou E, Riga M, Ioannidis P, King R, Zimmer CT, Vontas J. Functionally characterized arthropod pest and pollinator cytochrome P450s associated with xenobiotic metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 181:105005. [PMID: 35082029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family (P450s) of arthropods includes diverse enzymes involved in endogenous essential physiological functions and in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, insecticides and plant allelochemicals. P450s can also establish insecticide selectivity in bees and pollinators. Several arthropod P450s, distributed in different phylogenetic groups, have been associated with xenobiotic metabolism, and some of them have been functionally characterized, using different in vitro and in vivo systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize scientific publications on arthropod P450s from major insect and mite agricultural pests, pollinators and Papilio sp, which have been functionally characterized and shown to metabolize xenobiotics and/or their role (direct or indirect) in pesticide toxicity or resistance has been functionally validated. The phylogenetic relationships among these P450s, the functional systems employed for their characterization and their xenobiotic catalytic properties are presented, in a systematic approach, including critical aspects and limitations. The potential of the primary P450-based metabolic pathway of target and non-target organisms for the development of highly selective insecticides and resistance-breaking formulations may help to improve the efficiency and sustainability of pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Katsavou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Rob King
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - John Vontas
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Abstract
For the first time, we describe a new approach towards the synthesis of previously unknown 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,9-dimethyl-7-oxo-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-3-yl)acetic acid. The presented method is based on the multicomponent condensation of 5-hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one, 4-methoxyphenylglyoxal and Meldrum’s acid. It was shown that the studied reaction proceeds in two steps including the initial interaction of starting materials in MeCN and the final formation of furylacetic acid moiety in acidic media. The structures of the obtained compound were established by 1H, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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21
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Salehipourshirazi G, Bruinsma K, Ratlamwala H, Dixit S, Arbona V, Widemann E, Milojevic M, Jin P, Bensoussan N, Gómez-Cadenas A, Zhurov V, Grbic M, Grbic V. Rapid specialization of counter defenses enables two-spotted spider mite to adapt to novel plant hosts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2608-2622. [PMID: 34618096 PMCID: PMC8644343 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic adaptation, occurring over a long evolutionary time, enables host-specialized herbivores to develop novel resistance traits and to efficiently counteract the defenses of a narrow range of host plants. In contrast, physiological acclimation, leading to the suppression and/or detoxification of host defenses, is hypothesized to enable broad generalists to shift between plant hosts. However, the host adaptation mechanisms used by generalists composed of host-adapted populations are not known. Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM; Tetranychus urticae) is an extreme generalist herbivore whose individual populations perform well only on a subset of potential hosts. We combined experimental evolution, Arabidopsis thaliana genetics, mite reverse genetics, and pharmacological approaches to examine mite host adaptation upon the shift of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-adapted population to Arabidopsis. We showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis. We identified activities of two tiers of P450s: general xenobiotic-responsive P450s that have a limited contribution to mite adaptation to Arabidopsis and adaptation-associated P450s that efficiently counteract Arabidopsis defenses. In approximately 25 generations of mite selection on Arabidopsis plants, mites evolved highly efficient detoxification-based adaptation, characteristic of specialist herbivores. This demonstrates that specialization to plant resistance traits can occur within the ecological timescale, enabling the TSSM to shift to novel plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Huzefa Ratlamwala
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (CSIC, UR, Gobiernode La Rioja), Logrono 26006, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Author for communication:
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22
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Lu K, Li Y, Cheng Y, Li W, Zeng B, Gu C, Zeng R, Song Y. Activation of the ROS/CncC and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Signaling Pathways Is Associated with Xanthotoxin-Induced Tolerance to λ-Cyhalothrin in Spodoptera litura. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13425-13435. [PMID: 34748318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to phytochemicals in herbivorous insects can influence tolerance to insecticides. However, it is unclear how insects use phytochemicals as cues to activate their metabolic detoxification systems. In this study, we found that dietary exposure to xanthotoxin enhanced tolerance of Spodoptera litura larvae to λ-cyhalothrin. Xanthotoxin ingestion significantly elevated the mRNA levels of 35 detoxification genes as well as the transcription factors Cap 'n' collar isoform-C (CncC) and its binding factor small muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis isoform-K (MafK). Additionally, xanthotoxin exposure increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment blocked xanthotoxin-induced expression of CncC, MafK, and detoxification genes and also prevented xanthotoxin-enhanced larval tolerance to λ-cyhalothrin. The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling pathway was effectively activated by xanthotoxin, while blocking of 20E signaling transduction prevented xanthotoxin-enhanced larval tolerance to λ-cyhalothrin. Application of 20E induced the expression of multiple xanthotoxin-induced detoxification genes and enhanced λ-cyhalothrin tolerance in S. litura. NAC treatment blocked xanthotoxin-induced 20E synthesis, while the CncC agonist curcumin activated the 20E signaling pathway. These results indicate that the ROS/CncC pathway controls the induction of metabolic detoxification upon exposure to xanthotoxin, at least in part, through its regulation of the 20E signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bixue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengzhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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23
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Chen L, Segar ST, Chantarasuwan B, Wong DM, Wang R, Chen X, Yu H. Adaptation of Fig Wasps (Agaodinae) to Their Host Revealed by Large-Scale Transcriptomic Data. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090815. [PMID: 34564255 PMCID: PMC8471397 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Research on fig wasps has made a considerable contribution to the understanding of insect–plant interactions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fig wasp host specificity are poorly understood. This study reports on a relatively large-scale transcriptomic dataset of 25 fig wasp species. We outline potential genetic mechanisms underlying the specific host adaptation by investigating changes in a gene family, in evolutionary rates, and in genes under positive selection. The transcriptome datasets reported here (1) provide new insights into the evolutionary diversification and host specificity of fig wasps and (2) contribute to a growing dataset on fig wasp genomics. Abstract Figs and fig wasps are highly species-specific and comprise a model system for studying co-evolution and co-speciation. The evolutionary relationships and molecular adaptations of fig wasps to their fig hosts are poorly understood, and this is in part due to limited sequence data. Here, we present large-scale transcriptomic datasets of 25 fig wasp species with the aim of uncovering the genetic basis for host specificity. Our phylogenetic results support the monophyly of all genera associated with dioecious figs, and two genera associated with monoecious figs, Eupristina and Platyscapa, were revealed to be close relatives. We identified gene loss and gain, potentially rapidly evolving genes, and genes under positive selection. Potentially functional changes were documented and we hypothesize as to how these may determine host specificity. Overall, our study provides new insights into the evolutionary diversification of fig wasps and contributes to our understanding of adaptation in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.C.); (D.-M.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK;
| | - Bhanumas Chantarasuwan
- Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, PtthumThani 12120, Thailand; (B.C.); (R.W.)
| | - Da-Mien Wong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.C.); (D.-M.W.)
| | - Rong Wang
- Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, PtthumThani 12120, Thailand; (B.C.); (R.W.)
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +886-021-54345469 (X.C.); +886-020-37252759 (H.Y.)
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.C.); (D.-M.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +886-021-54345469 (X.C.); +886-020-37252759 (H.Y.)
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24
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Zhu L, Zhang Y, Cui X, Zhu Y, Dai Q, Chen H, Liu G, Yao R, Yang Z. Host Bias in Diet-Source Microbiome Transmission in Wild Cohabitating Herbivores: New Knowledge for the Evolution of Herbivory and Plant Defense. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0075621. [PMID: 34406815 PMCID: PMC8552726 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00756-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly understood that dietary nutrition will influence the composition and function of the animal gut microbiome. However, the transmission of organisms from the diet-source microbiome to the animal gut microbiome in the natural environment remains poorly understood, and elucidating this process may help in understanding the evolution of herbivores and plant defenses. Here, we investigated diet-source microbiome transmission across a range of herbivores (insects and mammals) living in both captive and wild environments. We discovered a host bias among cohabitating herbivores (leaf-eating insects and deer), where a significant portion of the herbivorous insect gut microbiome may originate from the diet, while in deer, only a tiny fraction of the gut microbiome is of dietary origin. We speculated that the putative difference in the oxygenation level in the host digestion systems would lead to these host biases in plant-source (diet) microbiome transmission due to the oxygenation living condition of the dietary plant's symbiotic microbiome. IMPORTANCE We discovered a host bias among cohabitating herbivores (leaf-eating insects and deer), where a significant portion of the herbivorous insect gut microbiome may originate from the diet, while in deer, only a tiny fraction of the gut microbiome is of dietary origin. We speculated that the putative difference in the oxygenation level in the host digestion systems would lead to these host biases in plant-source (diet) microbiome transmission due to the oxygenation living condition of the dietary plant's symbiotic microbiome. This study shed new light on the coevolution of herbivory and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudong Zhu
- Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve, Shimian, China
- Shimian Research Center of Giant Panda Small Population Conservation and Rejuvenation, Shimian, China
| | - Qinlong Dai
- Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve, Shimian, China
- Shimian Research Center of Giant Panda Small Population Conservation and Rejuvenation, Shimian, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Mingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Mingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Shi Y, Jiang Q, Yang Y, Feyereisen R, Wu Y. Pyrethroid metabolism by eleven Helicoverpa armigera P450s from the CYP6B and CYP9A subfamilies. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 135:103597. [PMID: 34089822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran P450s of the CYP6B and CYP9A subfamilies are thought to play important roles in host plant adaptation and insecticide resistance. An increasing number of paralogs and orthologs with high levels of sequence identity have been found in these subfamilies by mining recent genome projects. However, the biochemical function of most of them remains unknown. A better understanding of the evolution of P450 genes and of the catalytic competence of the enzymes they encode is needed to facilitate studies of host plant use and insecticide resistance. Here, we focused on the full complement of CYP6B (4 genes) and CYP9A (7 genes) in the generalist herbivore, Helicoverpa armigera. These P450s were heterologously expressed in Sf9 cells and compared functionally. In vitro assays showed that all CYP6B and CYP9A P450s can metabolize esfenvalerate efficiently, except for the evolutionarily divergent CYP6B43. A new 2'-hydroxy-metabolite of esfenvalerate was identified and found to be the main metabolite produced by CYP9A12. All tested P450s showed only low induction responses to esfenvalerate. To put these results from H. armigera P450s in perspective, 158 complete CYP6B and 100 complete CYP9A genes from 34 ditrysian species were manually curated. The CYP9A subfamily was more widespread than the CYP6B subfamily and the latter showed dramatic gains and losses, with ten species lacking CYP6B genes. Two adjacent CYP6B loci were found on chromosome 21, with different fates during the evolution of Lepidoptera. The diversity and functional redundancy of CYP6B and CYP9A genes challenge resistance management and pest control strategies as many P450s are available to insects to cope with chemical stresses they encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Lu K, Song Y, Zeng R. The role of cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification in insect adaptation to xenobiotics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:103-107. [PMID: 33387688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are well known to be involved in metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics, such as phytochemicals, insecticides and environmental pollutants. Enhanced metabolic detoxification is closely associated with the constitutive overexpression and induction of P450s. In general, multiple insect P450s are co-responsible for xenobiotic detoxification. Considering the capacity of P450s to respond to a wide range of xenobiotics, synergistic interactions between natural and synthetic xenobiotics and P450-mediated cross-tolerance/resistance are ubiquitous. Recent studies have indicated that both transcription factors and signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of P450 genes in xenobiotic responses. This article reviews our current understanding of P450-mediated detoxification in insect adaptation to xenobiotics and highlights recent progress in the molecular basis of P450 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Institute of Crop Resistance and Chemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Institute of Crop Resistance and Chemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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27
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Allio R, Nabholz B, Wanke S, Chomicki G, Pérez-Escobar OA, Cotton AM, Clamens AL, Kergoat GJ, Sperling FAH, Condamine FL. Genome-wide macroevolutionary signatures of key innovations in butterflies colonizing new host plants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:354. [PMID: 33441560 PMCID: PMC7806994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mega-diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their co-evolutionary associations with plants. Despite abundant studies on insect-plant interactions, we do not know whether host-plant shifts have impacted both genomic adaptation and species diversification over geological times. We show that the antagonistic insect-plant interaction between swallowtail butterflies and the highly toxic birthworts began 55 million years ago in Beringia, followed by several major ancient host-plant shifts. This evolutionary framework provides a valuable opportunity for repeated tests of genomic signatures of macroevolutionary changes and estimation of diversification rates across their phylogeny. We find that host-plant shifts in butterflies are associated with both genome-wide adaptive molecular evolution (more genes under positive selection) and repeated bursts of speciation rates, contributing to an increase in global diversification through time. Our study links ecological changes, genome-wide adaptations and macroevolutionary consequences, lending support to the importance of ecological interactions as evolutionary drivers over long time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Allio
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Nabholz
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Bioscience, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Adam M Cotton
- 86/2 Moo 5, Tambon Nong Kwai, Hang Dong, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël J Kergoat
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada.
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Zhang YC, Gao SS, Xue S, An SH, Zhang KP. Disruption of the cytochrome P450 CYP6BQ7 gene reduces tolerance to plant toxicants in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:263-269. [PMID: 33453254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In insects, the cytochrome P450 CYP6B family plays key roles in the detoxification of toxic plant substances. However, the function of CYP6 family genes in degrading plant toxicants in Tribolium castaneum, an extremely destructive global storage pest, have yet to be elucidated. In this study, a T. castaneum CYP gene, TcCYP6BQ7, was characterized. TcCYP6BQ7 expression was significantly induced after exposure to essential oil of the plant Artemisia vulgaris (EOAV). Spatiotemporal expression profiling revealed that TcCYP6BQ7 expression was higher in larval and adult stages of T. castaneum than in other developmental stages, and that TcCYP6BQ7 was predominantly expressed in the brain and hemolymph from the late larval stage. TcCYP6BQ7 silencing by RNA interference increased larvae mortality in response to EOAV from 49.67% to 71.67%, suggesting that this gene is associated with plant toxicant detoxification. Combined results from this study indicate that the CYP6 family gene TcCYP6BQ7 likely plays a pivotal role in influencing the susceptibility of T. castaneum to plant toxicants. These findings may have implications for the development of novel therapeutics to control this agriculturally important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chen Zhang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Wenfeng District, 455000 Anyang, Henan province, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63, Jinshui District, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan province, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Wenfeng District, 455000 Anyang, Henan province, PR China.
| | - Shuang Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Wenfeng District, 455000 Anyang, Henan province, PR China
| | - Shi-Heng An
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63, Jinshui District, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan province, PR China
| | - Kun-Peng Zhang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Wenfeng District, 455000 Anyang, Henan province, PR China
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29
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Sato A, Okamura Y, Murakami M. Diversification and selection pattern of CYP6B genes in Japanese Papilio butterflies and their association with host plant spectra. PeerJ 2021; 8:e10625. [PMID: 33391886 PMCID: PMC7761194 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are thought to have evolved counteradaptations to conquer chemical defenses in their host plants in a stepwise co-evolutionary process. Papilio butterflies use CYP6B gene family members to metabolize furanocoumarins in their Rutaceae or Apiaceae host plants. CYP6Bs have functionally diverged among Papilio species to be able to metabolite diverse types of furanocoumarins in their host plants. In this study, we examined the diversification and selection patterns of CYP6B among nine Papilio species in Japan (eight Rutaceae specialists and one Apiaceae specialist) and their association with host plant spectra and furanocoumarin profiles. We compared host plant spectrum of eight Rutaceae feeding Papilio species and also performed a furanocoumarin profiling of their host plants. In addition, we reconstructed CYP6B gene phylogeny and performed selection analysis based on the transcriptome data of those nine Papilio species. Among Rutaceae-feeding Papilio species, host plant spectrum differences were correlated with their furanocoumarin profiles. However, all tested Papilio species had similar duplicated sets of CYP6B, with no apparent lineage-specific or host plant-specific pattern of CYP6B diversification. Selection analysis showed a signature of positive selection on a CYP6B branch. The positively selected sites located at predicted substrate recognition sites and we also found that these CYP6B genes were observed only in Rutaceae-feeding species. These findings indicate that most CYP6B diversification occurred in ancestral species of these Papilio species, possibly in association with specific host plant chemical defenses and subsequent gene loss due to host specialization. These processes would have shaped the complex diversification patterns of the CYP6B gene family in Papilio butterflies. Our results also show potentially important CYP6B clades among Papilio species which likely to have diverged functions and associated with host plant phytochemicals in ancestral Papilio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Sato
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Okamura
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Community Ecology Lab, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Ji R, Lei J, Chen IW, Sang W, Yang S, Fang J, Zhu-Salzman K. Cytochrome P450s CYP380C6 and CYP380C9 in green peach aphid facilitate its adaptation to indole glucosinolate-mediated plant defense. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:148-158. [PMID: 32648658 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpressing CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (CCA1-ox) increases indole glucosinolate production and resistance to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Little is known of how aphids respond to this group of plant defense compounds or of the underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS Aphids reared on CCA1-ox for over 40 generations (namely the CCA population) became less susceptible to CCA1-ox than aphids maintained on the wild-type Col-0 (namely the COL population). This elevated tolerance was transgenerational as it remained for at least eight generations after the CCA population was transferred to Col-0. Intriguingly, transcriptome analysis indicated that all differential cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes (MpCYPs), primarily MpCYP4s, MpCYP380s and MpCYP6s, were more highly expressed in the CCA population. Application of a P450 inhibitor to the CCA population resulted in decreased aphid reproduction on CCA1-ox, which was not observed if aphids were reared on Col-0. When indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in CCA1-ox was blocked using virus-induced gene silencing, the effect of the P450 inhibitor on the CCA population was attenuated, affirming the essential role played by MpCYPs in counteracting the defense mechanism in CCA1-ox that is low or absent in Col-0. Furthermore, we used host-induced gene silencing to identify MpCYP380C6 and MpCYP380C9 that specifically facilitated the CCA population to cope with CCA1-mediated plant defense. Expression profiles revealed their possible contribution to the transgenerational tolerance observed in aphids. CONCLUSION MpCYP380C6 and MpCYP380C9 in aphids play a crucial role in mitigating indole glucosinolate-mediated plant defense, and this effect is transgenerational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jiaxin Lei
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivy W Chen
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wen Sang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shiying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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31
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Shi Y, O'Reilly AO, Sun S, Qu Q, Yang Y, Wu Y. Roles of the variable P450 substrate recognition sites SRS1 and SRS6 in esfenvalerate metabolism by CYP6AE subfamily enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 127:103486. [PMID: 33069773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm P450s of the clustered CYP6AE subfamily share high sequence identities but differ dramatically in their capacity to metabolize xenobiotics, especially esfenvalerate. Among them, CYP6AE17 has the highest sequence identity with CYP6AE18 but shows ~7-fold higher metabolic efficiency. CYP6AE11 is most active towards esfenvalerate but CYP6AE20 is inactive even though the enzymes share 54.8% sequence identity. Sequence analysis revealed the SRS1 (Substrate Recognition Site) and SRS6 between CYP6AE17 and CYP6AE18, and SRS1 between CYP6AE11 and CYP6AE20 are the most variable among all six SRSs. In order to identify the key factors that underlie the observed catalytic difference, we exchanged these SRS sequences between two pairs of P450s and studied the activity of the resulting hybrid mutants or chimeras. In vitro metabolism showed that the CYP6AE17/18 chimeras had 2- and 14-fold decreased activities and the CYP6AE18/17 chimeras had 6- and 10-fold increased activities to esfenvalerate. Meanwhile, after exchanging SRS1 with each other, the CYP6AE11/20 chimera folded incorrectly but the CYP6AE20/11 chimera gained moderate activity to esfenvalerate. Molecular modelling showed that amino acids variants within SRS1 or SRS6 change the shape and chemical environment of the active sites, which may affect the ligand-binding interactions. These results indicate that the protein structure variation resulting from the sequence diversity of SRSs promotes the evolution of insect chemical defense and contributes to the development of insect resistance to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Andrias O O'Reilly
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Shuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qiong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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32
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Seong KM, Kim Y, Kim D, Pittendrigh BR, Kim YH. Identification of transcriptional responsive genes to acetic acid, ethanol, and 2-phenylethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104552. [PMID: 32359537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is predominantly found in overripe, rotten, fermenting, or decaying fruits and is constantly exposed to chemical stressors such as acetic acid, ethanol, and 2-phenylethanol. D. melanogaster has been employed as a model system for studying the molecular bases of various types of chemical-induced tolerance. Expression profiling using Illumina sequencing has been performed for identifying changes in gene expression that may be associated with evolutionary adaptation to exposure of acetic acid, ethanol, and 2-phenylethanol. We identified a total of 457 differentially expressed genes that may affect sensitivity or tolerance to three chemicals in the chemical treatment group as opposed to the control group. Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed that the genes involved in metabolism, multicellular organism reproduction, olfaction, regulation of signal transduction, and stress tolerance were over-represented in response to chemical exposure. Furthermore, we also detected a coordinated upregulation of genes in the Toll- and Imd-signaling pathways after the chemical exposure. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of nine genes within the set of genes identified by RNA sequencing were up- or downregulated owing to chemical exposure. Taken together, our data suggest that such differentially expressed genes are coordinately affected by chemical exposure. Transcriptional analyses after exposure of D. melanogaster with three chemicals provide unique insights into subsequent functional studies on the mechanisms underlying the evolutionary adaptation of insect species to environmental chemical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - YeongHo Kim
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Orr TJ, Kitanovic S, Schramm KM, Skopec MM, Wilderman PR, Halpert JR, Dearing MD. Strategies in herbivory by mammals revisited: The role of liver metabolism in a juniper specialist (Neotoma stephensi) and a generalist (Neotoma albigula). Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1674-1683. [PMID: 32246507 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although herbivory is widespread among mammals, few species have adopted a strategy of dietary specialization. Feeding on a single plant species often exposes herbivores to high doses of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), which may exceed the animal's detoxification capacities. Theory predicts that specialists will have unique detoxification mechanisms to process high levels of dietary toxins. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared liver microsomal metabolism of a juniper specialist, Neotoma stephensi (diet >85% juniper), to a generalist, N. albigula (diet ≤30% juniper). Specifically, we quantified the concentration of a key detoxification enzyme, cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B) in liver microsomes, and the metabolism of α-pinene, the most abundant terpene in the juniper species consumed by the specialist woodrat. In both species, a 30% juniper diet increased the total CYP2B concentration (2-3×) in microsomes and microsomal α-pinene metabolism rates (4-fold). In N. stephensi, higher levels of dietary juniper (60% and 100%) further induced CYP2B and increased metabolism rates of α-pinene. Although no species-specific differences in metabolism rates were observed at 30% dietary juniper, total microsomal CYP2B concentration was 1.7× higher in N. stephensi than in N. albigula (p < .01), suggesting N. stephensi produces one or more variant of CYP2B that is less efficient at processing α-pinene. In N. stephensi, the rates of α-pinene metabolism increased with dietary juniper and were positively correlated with CYP2B concentration. The ability of N. stephensi to elevate CYP2B concentration and rate of α-pinene metabolism with increasing levels of juniper in the diet may facilitate juniper specialization in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri J Orr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Smiljka Kitanovic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katharina M Schramm
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Botany, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, USA
| | | | | | - James R Halpert
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - M Denise Dearing
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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34
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Lu K, Cheng Y, Li W, Ni H, Chen X, Li Y, Tang B, Li Y, Chen D, Zeng R, Song Y. Copper-induced H 2O 2 accumulation confers larval tolerance to xanthotoxin by modulating CYP6B50 expression in Spodoptera litura. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:118-126. [PMID: 31400773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the plant-insect arms race, plants synthesize toxic compounds to defend against herbivorous insects, whereas insects employ cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) to detoxify these phytotoxins. As ubiquitous environmental contaminants, heavy metals can be easily absorbed by plants and further accumulated in herbivorous insects through the food chains, resulting in tangible consequences for plant-insect interactions. However, whether heavy metals can influence P450 activities and thereby cause further effects on larval tolerance to phytotoxins remains unknown. In this study, we shown that prior exposure to copper (Cu) enhanced larval tolerance to xanthotoxin in Spodoptera litura, a major polyphagous pest of agriculture. P450 activities were induced in larvae exposed to Cu or xanthotoxin, and a midgut specific expressed P450 gene, CYP6B50 was cross-induced after exposure to these two toxic xenobiotics. Knocking down CYP6B50 by RNA interference (RNAi) rendered the larvae more sensitive to xanthotoxin. As defense against oxidative stress following metal exposure has been demonstrated to affect insecticide resistance, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Cu exposure caused the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in larval midgut. In addition, two antioxidant response elements (AREs) were identified from the CYP6B50 promoter, indicating that Cu-induced CYP6B50 expression may be related to the ROS burst. Application of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively suppressed CYP6B50 expression, inhibited P450 activities and impaired larval tolerance to xanthotoxin that had been induced by Cu. These results indicate that the increase in CYP6B50 expression regulated by Cu-induced H2O2 generation contributed to the enhancement of larval tolerance to xanthotoxin in S. litura. Ingestion of heavy metals from their host plants can inadvertently boost the counter-defense system of herbivorous insects to protect themselves against plant defensive toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hanfang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bingjie Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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35
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Heidel-Fischer HM, Kirsch R, Reichelt M, Ahn SJ, Wielsch N, Baxter SW, Heckel DG, Vogel H, Kroymann J. An Insect Counteradaptation against Host Plant Defenses Evolved through Concerted Neofunctionalization. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:930-941. [PMID: 30715408 PMCID: PMC6501874 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic chemical interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants are often thought to coevolve in a stepwise process, with an evolutionary innovation on one side being countered by a corresponding advance on the other. Glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) enzyme activity is essential for the Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, to overcome a highly diversified secondary metabolite-based host defense system in the Brassicales. GSS genes are located in an ancient cluster of arylsulfataselike genes, but the exact roles of gene copies and their evolutionary trajectories are unknown. Here, we combine a functional investigation of duplicated insect arylsulfatases with an analysis of associated nucleotide substitution patterns. We show that the Diamondback moth genome encodes three GSSs with distinct substrate spectra and distinct expression patterns in response to glucosinolates. Contrary to our expectations, early functional diversification of gene copies was not indicative of a coevolutionary arms race between host and herbivore. Instead, both copies of a duplicated arylsulfatase gene evolved concertedly in the context of an insect host shift to acquire novel detoxifying functions under positive selection, a pattern of duplicate gene retention that we call “concerted neofunctionalization.”
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Simon W Baxter
- Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Génétique et Écologie Évolutives, Écologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
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36
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Gompert Z, Brady M, Chalyavi F, Saley TC, Philbin CS, Tucker MJ, Forister ML, Lucas LK. Genomic evidence of genetic variation with pleiotropic effects on caterpillar fitness and plant traits in a model legume. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2967-2985. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Megan Brady
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | | | - Tara C. Saley
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
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37
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Mittapelly P, Bansal R, Michel A. Differential Expression of Cytochrome P450 CYP6 Genes in the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1403-1410. [PMID: 30753513 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome (CYP) P450s are a superfamily of enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics and regulate numerous physiological processes in insects. The genomes of phytophagous insects usually contain large numbers of P450s, especially within the CYP3 clan. Within this clan, CYP6 subfamily members help detoxify plant host secondary metabolites. In this study, we analyzed three CYP6 genes in the highly polyphagous invasive pest, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), commonly known as brown marmorated stink bug. We characterized and validated the expression of HhCYP6BQ27, HhCYP6BK13, and HhCYP6BK24 among sexes, tissues (gut, fat body, and Malpighian tubules) and hosts (apple, corn, soybean). Sequence characterization by amino acid alignments confirmed the presence of conserved motifs typical of the P450 superfamily. No significant differences existed in gene expression among sexes or when fed different hosts, suggesting that these transcripts might have broad substrate specificities. However, significant differences in gene expression were observed among the tissues studied and were gene-dependent. Collectively, the results show that H. halys differentially expressed CYP6 genes among tissues, which may be related to important and specific physiological functions. This study has increased our understanding of H. halys biology that can be useful for functional studies and can potentially be exploited in developing sustainable pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Andy Michel
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
- The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
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38
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Carabajal Paladino LZ, Provazníková I, Berger M, Bass C, Aratchige NS, López SN, Marec F, Nguyen P. Sex Chromosome Turnover in Moths of the Diverse Superfamily Gelechioidea. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1307-1319. [PMID: 31028711 PMCID: PMC6486803 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes play a central role in genetics of speciation and their turnover was suggested to promote divergence. In vertebrates, sex chromosome-autosome fusions resulting in neo-sex chromosomes occur frequently in male heterogametic taxa (XX/XY), but are rare in groups with female heterogamety (WZ/ZZ). We examined sex chromosomes of seven pests of the diverse lepidopteran superfamily Gelechioidea and confirmed the presence of neo-sex chromosomes in their karyotypes. Two synteny blocks, which correspond to autosomes 7 (LG7) and 27 (LG27) in the ancestral lepidopteran karyotype exemplified by the linkage map of Biston betularia (Geometridae), were identified as sex-linked in the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Gelechiidae). Testing for sex-linkage performed in other species revealed that while LG7 fused to sex chromosomes in a common ancestor of all Gelechioidea, the second fusion between the resulting neo-sex chromosome and the other autosome is confined to the tribe Gnoreschemini (Gelechiinae). Our data accentuate an emerging pattern of high incidence of neo-sex chromosomes in Lepidoptera, the largest clade with WZ/ZZ sex chromosome system, which suggest that the paucity of neo-sex chromosomes is not an intrinsic feature of female heterogamety. Furthermore, LG7 contains one of the major clusters of UDP-glucosyltransferases, which are involved in the detoxification of plant secondary metabolites. Sex chromosome evolution in Gelechioidea thus supports an earlier hypothesis postulating that lepidopteran sex chromosome-autosome fusions can be driven by selection for association of Z-linked preference or host-independent isolation genes with larval performance and thus can contribute to ecological specialization and speciation of moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonela Z Carabajal Paladino
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Irena Provazníková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Madeleine Berger
- Rothamsted Research, Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bass
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Nayanie S Aratchige
- Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Crop Protection Division, Bandirippuwa Estate, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - Silvia N López
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Villard C, Larbat R, Munakata R, Hehn A. Defence mechanisms of Ficus: pyramiding strategies to cope with pests and pathogens. PLANTA 2019; 249:617-633. [PMID: 30689053 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ficus species have adapted to diverse environments and pests by developing physical or chemical protection strategies. Physical defences are based on the accumulation of minerals such as calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous calcium carbonates and silica that lead to tougher plants. Additional cellular structures such as non-glandular trichomes or laticifer cells make the leaves rougher or sticky upon injury. Ficus have also established structures that are able to produce specialized metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) or proteins (proteases, protease inhibitors, oxidases, and chitinases) that are toxic to predators. All these defence mechanisms are distributed throughout the plant and can differ depending on the genotype, the stage of development or the environment. In this review, we present an overview of these strategies and discuss how these complementary mechanisms enable effective and flexible adaptation to numerous hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Villard
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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40
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Maldonado A, Nowicki J, Pratchett MS, Schlenk D. Differences in diet and biotransformation enzymes of coral reef butterflyfishes between Australia and Hawaii. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 216:1-9. [PMID: 30368017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many reef fishes are capable of feeding on chemically-defended benthic prey, such as soft (alcyonarian) corals; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underpin allelochemical biotransformation and detoxification. Butterflyfishes (Chaetodon: Chaetdontidae) are a useful group for comparatively exploring links between biotransformation enzymes and diet, because they commonly feed on chemically defended prey. Moreover, diets of some species vary among geographic locations. This study compares gene expression, protein and enzymatic activity of key detoxification enzymes (cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2, 3, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) in livers of four coral-feeding butterflyfish species between Australia and Hawaii, where these fishes differ in diet composition. For C. kleinii, C. auriga, and C. unimaculatus, we found higher CYP2 and CYP3 levels were linked to more allelochemically rich diets in Australia relative to Hawaii. For C. lunulatus from Hawaii CYP2 and CYP3 levels were 1 to 20-fold higher than C. lunulatus from Australia, possibly due to their predominant prey in Hawaii (Porities spp.) being richer in allelochemicals. UGT, GST and epoxide hydrolase varied between species and location and did not correspond to any specific dietary preference or location. Higher levels of CYP2 and CYP3A isozymes in species that feed on allelochemically-rich prey suggest that these biotransformation enzymes may be involved in detoxification of coral dietary allelochemicals in butterflyfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 2258 Geology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Jessica Nowicki
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Morgan S Pratchett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 2258 Geology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Wang JD, Wang WZ, Wang YR, Gao SJ, Elzaki M, Wang R, Wang R, Wu M. Response of detoxification and immune genes and of transcriptome expression in Mythimna separata following chlorantraniliprole exposure. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang H, Shi Y, Wang L, Liu S, Wu S, Yang Y, Feyereisen R, Wu Y. CYP6AE gene cluster knockout in Helicoverpa armigera reveals role in detoxification of phytochemicals and insecticides. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4820. [PMID: 30446639 PMCID: PMC6240031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the world's major pest of agriculture, feeding on over 300 hosts in 68 plant families. Resistance cases to most insecticide classes have been reported for this insect. Management of this pest in agroecosystems relies on a better understanding of how it copes with phytochemical or synthetic toxins. We have used genome editing to knock out a cluster of nine P450 genes and show that this significantly reduces the survival rate of the insect when exposed to two classes of host plant chemicals and two classes of insecticides. Functional expression of all members of this gene cluster identified the P450 enzymes capable of metabolism of these xenobiotics. The CRISPR-Cas9-based reverse genetics approach in conjunction with in vitro metabolism can rapidly identify the contributions of insect P450s in xenobiotic detoxification and serve to identify candidate genes for insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1017, Denmark
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
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43
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Nallu S, Hill JA, Don K, Sahagun C, Zhang W, Meslin C, Snell-Rood E, Clark NL, Morehouse NI, Bergelson J, Wheat CW, Kronforst MR. The molecular genetic basis of herbivory between butterflies and their host plants. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1418-1427. [PMID: 30076351 PMCID: PMC6149523 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between herbivorous insects and their host-plants are a central component of terrestrial food webs and a critical topic in agriculture, where a substantial fraction of potential crop yield is lost annually to pests. Important insights into plant-insect interactions have come from research on specific plant defenses and insect detoxification mechanisms. Yet, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that mediate plant-insect interactions. Here we use multiple genome-wide approaches to map the molecular basis of herbivory from both plant and insect perspectives, focusing on butterflies and their larval host-plants. Parallel genome-wide association studies in the Cabbage White butterfly, Pieris rapae, and its host-plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, pinpointed a small number of butterfly and plant genes that influenced herbivory. These genes, along with much of the genome, were regulated in a dynamic way over the time course of the feeding interaction. Comparative analyses, including diverse butterfly/plant systems, showed a variety of genome-wide responses to herbivory, yet a core set of highly conserved genes in butterflies as well as their host-plants. These results greatly expand our understanding of the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions across two of nature’s most diverse taxa, butterflies and flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha Nallu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason A Hill
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristine Don
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos Sahagun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Camille Meslin
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (IEES-Paris), Versailles , France
| | - Emilie Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan I Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marcus R Kronforst
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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44
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Evolution of the Biosynthetic Pathway for Cyanogenic Glucosides in Lepidoptera. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:379-394. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Kitanovic S, Orr TJ, Spalink D, Cocke GB, Schramm K, Wilderman PR, Halpert JR, Dearing MD. Role of cytochrome P450 2B sequence variation and gene copy number in facilitating dietary specialization in mammalian herbivores. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:723-736. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri J. Orr
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Daniel Spalink
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
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46
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Bansal R, Michel A. Expansion of cytochrome P450 and cathepsin genes in the generalist herbivore brown marmorated stink bug. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:60. [PMID: 29347977 PMCID: PMC5774168 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an invasive pest in North America which causes severe economic losses on tree fruits, ornamentals, vegetables, and field crops. The H. halys is an extreme generalist and this feeding behaviour may have been a major contributor behind its establishment and successful adaptation in invasive habitats of North America. To develop an understanding into the mechanism of H. halys' generalist herbivory, here we specifically focused on genes putatively facilitating its adaptation on diverse host plants. RESULTS We generated over 142 million reads via sequencing eight RNA-Seq libraries, each representing an individual H. halys adult. The de novo assembly contained 79,855 high quality transcripts, totalling 39,600,178 bases. Following a comprehensive transcriptome analysis, H. halys had an expanded suite of cytochrome P450 and cathepsin-L genes compared to other insects. Detailed characterization of P450 genes from the CYP6 family, known for herbivore adaptation on host plants, strongly hinted towards H. halys-specific expansions involving gene duplications. In subsequent RT-PCR experiments, both P450 and cathepsin genes exhibited tissue-specific or distinct expression patterns which supported their principal roles of detoxification and/or digestion in a particular tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis into P450 and cathepsin genes in H. halys offers new insights into potential mechanisms for understanding generalist herbivory and adaptation success in invasive habitats. Additionally, the large-scale transcriptomic resource developed here provides highly useful data for gene discovery; functional, population and comparative genomics as well as efforts to assemble and annotate the H. halys genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Andy Michel
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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47
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Ryan SF, Fontaine MC, Scriber JM, Pfrender ME, O'Neil ST, Hellmann JJ. Patterns of divergence across the geographic and genomic landscape of a butterfly hybrid zone associated with a climatic gradient. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4725-4742. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean F. Ryan
- USDA ARS Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame South Bend IN USA
| | - Michael C. Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Mark Scriber
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Diversity University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Michael E. Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame South Bend IN USA
- Environmental Change Initiative University of Notre Dame South Bend IN USA
| | - Shawn T. O'Neil
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame South Bend IN USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - Jessica J. Hellmann
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame South Bend IN USA
- Institute on the Environment and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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48
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Alyokhin A, Chen YH. Adaptation to toxic hosts as a factor in the evolution of insecticide resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:33-38. [PMID: 28822486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a serious economic problem that jeopardizes sustainability of chemical control of herbivorous insects and related arthropods. It can be viewed as a specific case of adaptation to toxic chemicals, which has been driven in large part, but not exclusively, by the necessity for insect pests to tolerate defensive compounds produced by their host plants. Synthetic insecticides may simply change expression of specific sets of detoxification genes that have evolved due to ancestral associations with host plants. Feeding on host plants with more abundant or novel secondary metabolites has even been shown to prime insect herbivores to tolerate pesticides. Clear understanding of basic evolutionary processes is important for achieving lasting success in managing herbivorous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Alyokhin
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
| | - Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, 63 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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Schweizer F, Heidel-Fischer H, Vogel H, Reymond P. Arabidopsis glucosinolates trigger a contrasting transcriptomic response in a generalist and a specialist herbivore. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 85:21-31. [PMID: 28455184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytophagous insects have to deal with toxic defense compounds from their host plants. Although it is known that insects have evolved genes and mechanisms to detoxify plant allochemicals, how specialist and generalist precisely respond to specific secondary metabolites at the molecular level is less understood. Here we studied the larval performance and transcriptome of the generalist moth Heliothis virescens and the specialist butterfly Pieris brassicae feeding on Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes with different glucosinolate (GS) levels. H. virescens larvae gained significantly more weight on the GS-deficient mutant quadGS compared to wild-type (Col-0) plants. On the contrary, P. brassicae was unaffected by the presence of GS and performed equally well on both genotypes. Strikingly, there was a considerable differential gene expression in H. virescens larvae feeding on Col-0 compared to quadGS. In contrast, compared to H. virescens, P. brassicae displayed a much-reduced transcriptional activation when fed on both plant genotypes. Transcripts coding for putative detoxification enzymes were significantly upregulated in H. virescens, along with digestive enzymes and transposable elements. These data provide an unprecedented view on transcriptional changes that are specifically activated by GS and illustrate differential molecular responses that are linked to adaptation to diet in lepidopteran herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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50
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The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:587. [PMID: 28373679 PMCID: PMC5428437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play a critical role in insecticide resistance by allowing resistant insects to metabolize insecticides. Previous studies revealed that two P450 genes, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, are not only up-regulated but also induced in resistant Culex mosquitoes. In this study, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7 were separately co-expressed with cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells using a baculovirus-mediated expression system and the enzymatic activity and metabolic ability of CYP9M10/CPR and CYP6AA7/CPR to permethrin and its metabolites, including 3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol (PBOH) and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (PBCHO), characterized. PBOH and PBCHO, both of which are toxic to Culex mosquito larvae, can be further metabolized by CYP9M10/CPR and CYP6AA7/CPR, with the ultimate metabolite identified here as PBCOOH, which is considerably less toxic to mosquito larvae. A cell-based MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay revealed that Sf9 cells expressing CYP9M10/CPR or CYP6AA7/CPR increased the cell line's tolerance to permethrin, PBOH, and PBCHO. This study confirms the important role played by CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7 in the detoxification of permethrin and its metabolites PBOH and PBCHO.
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