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Toniolo A, Maccari G, Camussi G. mRNA Technology and Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:670. [PMID: 38932399 PMCID: PMC11209623 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Current mRNA vaccines are mainly administered via intramuscular injection, which induces good systemic immunity but limited mucosal immunity. Achieving mucosal immunity through mRNA vaccination could diminish pathogen replication at the entry site and reduce interhuman transmission. However, delivering mRNA vaccines to mucosae faces challenges like mRNA degradation, poor entry into cells, and reactogenicity. Encapsulating mRNA in extracellular vesicles may protect the mRNA and reduce reactogenicity, making mucosal mRNA vaccines possible. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles from edible fruits have been investigated as mRNA carriers. Studies in animals show that mRNA vehiculated in orange-derived extracellular vesicles can elicit both systemic and mucosal immune responses when administered by the oral, nasal, or intramuscular routes. Once lyophilized, these products show remarkable stability. The optimization of mRNA to improve translation efficiency, immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and stability can be obtained through adjustments of the 5'cap region, poly-A tail, codons selection, and the use of nucleoside analogues. Recent studies have also proposed self-amplifying RNA vaccines containing an RNA polymerase as well as circular mRNA constructs. Data from parenterally primed animals demonstrate the efficacy of nasal immunization with non-adjuvanted protein, and studies in humans indicate that the combination of a parenteral vaccine with the natural exposure of mucosae to the same antigen provides protection and reduces transmission. Hence, mucosal mRNA vaccination would be beneficial at least in organisms pre-treated with parenteral vaccines. This practice could have wide applications for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Toniolo
- Global Virus Network, University of Insubria Medical School, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maccari
- Data Science for Health (DaScH) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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2
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Jin G, Wang R, Jin Y, Song Y, Wang T. From intramuscular to nasal: unleashing the potential of nasal spray vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1514. [PMID: 38770238 PMCID: PMC11103645 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected 700 million people worldwide since its outbreak in 2019. The current pandemic strains, including Omicron and its large subvariant series, exhibit strong transmission and stealth. After entering the human body, the virus first infects nasal epithelial cells and invades host cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 on the host cell surface. The nasal cavity is an important body part that protects against the virus. Immunisation of the nasal mucosa produces immunoglobulin A antibodies that effectively neutralise viruses. Saline nasal irrigation, a type of physical therapy, can reduce the viral load in the nasal cavity and prevent viral infections to some extent. As a commonly used means to fight SARS-CoV-2, the intramuscular (IM) vaccine can induce the human body to produce a systemic immune response and immunoglobulin G antibody; however, the antibody is difficult to distribute to the nasal mucosa in time and cannot achieve a good preventive effect. Intranasal (IN) vaccines compensate for the shortcomings of IM vaccines, induce mucosal immune responses, and have a better effect in preventing infection. In this review, we discuss the nasal defence barrier, the harm caused by SARS-CoV-2, the mechanism of its invasion into host cells, nasal cleaning, IM vaccines and IN vaccines, and suggest increasing the development of IN vaccines, and use of IN vaccines as a supplement to IM vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- Faculty of MedicineDalian University of TechnologyDalianLiaoningChina
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Runze Wang
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Breast SurgeryLiaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Faculty of MedicineDalian University of TechnologyDalianLiaoningChina
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and InstituteShenyangLiaoningChina
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Hospital of Dalian University of TechnologyDalianLiaoningChina
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3
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Keshvari T, Melnik S, Sun L, Niazi A, Aram F, Moghadam A, Kogelmann B, Wozniak-Knopp G, Kallolimath S, Ramezani A, Steinkellner H. Efficient Expression of Functionally Active Aflibercept with Designed N-glycans. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:29. [PMID: 38651409 PMCID: PMC11036266 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflibercept is a therapeutic recombinant fusion protein comprising extracellular domains of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and IgG1-Fc. It is a highly glycosylated protein with five N-glycosylation sites that might impact it structurally and/or functionally. Aflibercept is produced in mammalian cells and exhibits large glycan heterogeneity, which hampers glycan-associated investigations. Here, we report the expression of aflibercept in a plant-based system with targeted N-glycosylation profiles. Nicotiana benthamiana-based glycoengineering resulted in the production of aflibercept variants carrying designed carbohydrates, namely, N-glycans with terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid residues, herein referred to as AFLIGnGn and AFLISia, respectively. Both variants were transiently expressed in unusually high amounts (2 g/kg fresh leaf material) in leaves and properly assembled to dimers. Mass spectrometric site-specific glycosylation analyses of purified aflibercept showed the presence of two to four glycoforms in a consistent manner. We also demonstrate incomplete occupancy of some glycosites. Both AFLIGnGn and AFLISia displayed similar binding potency to VEGF165, with a tendency of lower binding to variants with increased sialylation. Collectively, we show the expression of functionally active aflibercept in significant amounts with controlled glycosylation. The results provide the basis for further studies in order to generate optimized products in the best-case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Keshvari
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Farzaneh Aram
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
- ACIB—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
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4
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Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, Rad B, Tscheliessnig R, Hammel M, Strasser R. Effects of N-glycans on the structure of human IgA2. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1390659. [PMID: 38645274 PMCID: PMC11026580 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1390659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition of IgA antibodies into clinical development is crucial because they have the potential to create a new class of therapeutics with superior pathogen neutralization, cancer cell killing, and immunomodulation capacity compared to IgG. However, the biological role of IgA glycans in these processes needs to be better understood. This study provides a detailed biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of recombinant monomeric human IgA2, which varies in the amount/locations of attached glycans. Monomeric IgA2 antibodies were produced by removing the N-linked glycans in the CH1 and CH2 domains. The impact of glycans on oligomer formation, thermal stability, and receptor binding was evaluated. In addition, we performed a structural analysis of recombinant IgA2 in solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) to examine the effect of glycans on protein structure and flexibility. Our results indicate that the absence of glycans in the Fc tail region leads to higher-order aggregates. SAXS, combined with atomistic modeling, showed that the lack of glycans in the CH2 domain results in increased flexibility between the Fab and Fc domains and a different distribution of open and closed conformations in solution. When binding with the Fcα-receptor, the dissociation constant remains unaltered in the absence of glycans in the CH1 or CH2 domain, compared to the fully glycosylated protein. These results provide insights into N-glycans' function on IgA2, which could have important implications for developing more effective IgA-based therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Behzad Rad
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried-Schatz-Research-Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Yang ZH, Song YL, Pei J, Li SZ, Liu RL, Xiong Y, Wu J, Liu YL, Fan HF, Wu JH, Wang ZJ, Guo J, Meng SL, Chen XQ, Lu J, Shen S. Measles Virus-Based Vaccine Expressing Membrane-Anchored Spike of SARS-CoV-2 Inducing Efficacious Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity in Hamsters. Viruses 2024; 16:559. [PMID: 38675901 PMCID: PMC11054861 DOI: 10.3390/v16040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and COVID-19 cases rapidly increase among children and adults, there is an urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine that can elicit systemic and mucosal humoral immunity to limit the emergence of new variants. Using the Chinese Hu191 measles virus (MeV-hu191) vaccine strain as a backbone, we developed MeV chimeras stably expressing the prefusion forms of either membrane-anchored, full-length spike (rMeV-preFS), or its soluble secreted spike trimers with the help of the SP-D trimerization tag (rMeV-S+SPD) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2. The two vaccine candidates were administrated in golden Syrian hamsters through the intranasal or subcutaneous routes to determine the optimal immunization route for challenge. The intranasal delivery of rMeV-S+SPD induced a more robust mucosal IgA antibody response than the subcutaneous route. The mucosal IgA antibody induced by rMeV-preFS through the intranasal routine was slightly higher than the subcutaneous route, but there was no significant difference. The rMeV-preFS vaccine stimulated higher mucosal IgA than the rMeV-S+SPD vaccine through intranasal or subcutaneous administration. In hamsters, intranasal administration of the rMeV-preFS vaccine elicited high levels of NAbs, protecting against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant challenge by reducing virus loads and diminishing pathological changes in vaccinated animals. Encouragingly, sera collected from the rMeV-preFS group consistently showed robust and significantly high neutralizing titers against the latest variant XBB.1.16. These data suggest that rMeV-preFS is a highly promising COVID-19 candidate vaccine that has great potential to be developed into bivalent vaccines (MeV/SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jia Lu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-L.S.); (J.P.); (S.-Z.L.); (R.-L.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (Y.-L.L.); (H.-F.F.); (J.-H.W.); (Z.-J.W.); (J.G.); (S.-L.M.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-L.S.); (J.P.); (S.-Z.L.); (R.-L.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (Y.-L.L.); (H.-F.F.); (J.-H.W.); (Z.-J.W.); (J.G.); (S.-L.M.); (X.-Q.C.)
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6
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Bladh O, Aguilera K, Marking U, Kihlgren M, Greilert Norin N, Smed-Sörensen A, Sällberg Chen M, Klingström J, Blom K, Russell MW, Havervall S, Thålin C, Åberg M. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgA and IgG in nasal secretions, saliva and serum. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346749. [PMID: 38558811 PMCID: PMC10978617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several novel vaccine platforms aim at mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract to block SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Standardized methods for mucosal sample collection and quantification of mucosal antibodies are therefore urgently needed for harmonized comparisons and interpretations across mucosal vaccine trials and real-world data. Methods Using commercial electrochemiluminescence antibody panels, we compared SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgA and IgG in paired saliva, nasal secretions, and serum from 1048 healthcare workers with and without prior infection. Results Spike-specific IgA correlated well in nasal secretions and saliva (r>0.65, p<0.0001), but the levels were more than three-fold higher in nasal secretions as compared to in saliva (p<0.01). Correlations between the total population of spike-specific IgA and spike-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) were significantly stronger (p<0.0001) in nasal secretions (r=0.96, p<0.0001) as opposed to in saliva (r=0.77, p<0.0001), and spike-specific IgA correlated stronger (p<0.0001) between serum and saliva (r=0.73, p<0.001) as opposed to between serum and nasal secretions (r=0.54, p<0.001), suggesting transudation of monomeric spike specific IgA from the circulation to saliva. Notably, spike-specific SIgA had a markedly higher SARS-CoV-2 variant cross-binding capacity as compared to the total population of spike specific IgA and IgG in both nasal secretions, saliva and serum, (all p<0.0001), which emphasizes the importance of taking potential serum derived monomeric IgA into consideration when investigating mucosal immune responses. Discussion Taken together, although spike-specific IgA can be reliably measured in both nasal secretions and saliva, our findings imply an advantage of higher levels and likely also a larger proportion of SIgA in nasal secretions as compared to in saliva. We further corroborate the superior variant cross-binding capacity of SIgA in mucosal secretions, highlighting the potential protective benefits of a vaccine targeting the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bladh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherina Aguilera
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Marking
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martha Kihlgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Greilert Norin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Sällberg Chen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael W. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Sebastian Havervall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Åberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry and SciLifeLab Affinity Proteomics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Göritzer K, Groppelli E, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Ni F, Hu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Hu Q, Puligedda RD, Jung JW, Strasser R, Dessain S, Ma JKC. Recombinant neutralizing secretory IgA antibodies for preventing mucosal acquisition and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Mol Ther 2024; 32:689-703. [PMID: 38268188 PMCID: PMC10928148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Passive delivery of antibodies to mucosal sites may be a valuable adjunct to COVID-19 vaccination to prevent infection, treat viral carriage, or block transmission. Neutralizing monoclonal IgG antibodies are already approved for systemic delivery, and several clinical trials have been reported for delivery to mucosal sites where SARS-CoV-2 resides and replicates in early infection. However, secretory IgA may be preferred because the polymeric complex is adapted for the harsh, unstable external mucosal environment. Here, we investigated the feasibility of producing neutralizing monoclonal IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We engineered two class-switched mAbs that express well as monomeric and secretory IgA (SIgA) variants with high antigen-binding affinities and increased stability in mucosal secretions compared to their IgG counterparts. SIgAs had stronger virus neutralization activities than IgG mAbs and were protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection in an in vivo murine model. Furthermore, SIgA1 can be aerosolized for topical delivery using a mesh nebulizer. Our findings provide a persuasive case for developing recombinant SIgAs for mucosal application as a new tool in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fengfeng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuncheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | - Jae-Wan Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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8
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Opdensteinen P, Knödler M, Buyel JF. Production of enzymes for the removal of odorous substances in plant biomass. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 214:106379. [PMID: 37816475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Residual plant biomass collected from agricultural, technical or biopharmaceutical processes contains odorous substances. The latter are often unacceptable for customers if the biomass is used in sustainable products such as building materials, paints, glues or flame-resistant foils. The objective of this study was to identify enzymes that can prevent the formation or facilitate the degradation of odorous substances such as butanol, eugenol or ethyl acetate and their derivatives in residual biomass. We used plant cell packs (PCPs) as a small-scale screening platform to assess the expression of enzymes that break down odorous substances in tobacco biomass. First, we compiled a list of volatile compounds in residual plant biomass that may give rise to undesirable odors, refining the list to 10 diverse compounds representing a range of odors. We then selected five monomeric enzymes (a eugenol oxidase, laccase, oxidase, alkane mono-oxidase and ethyl acetate hydrolase) with the potential to degrade these substances. We transiently expressed the proteins in PCPs, targeting different subcellular compartments to identify optimal production conditions. The maximum yield we achieved was ∼20 mg kg-1 for Trametes hirsute laccase targeted to the chloroplast. Our results confirm that enzymes for the removal of odorous substances can be produced in plant systems, facilitating the upcycling of residual biomass as an ingredient for sustainable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Opdensteinen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Knödler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johannes F Buyel
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Kogelmann B, Melnik S, Bogner M, Kallolimath S, Stöger E, Sun L, Strasser R, D'Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H. A genome-edited N. benthamiana line for industrial-scale production of recombinant glycoproteins with targeted N-glycosylation. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300323. [PMID: 37804142 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Control over glycosylation is an important quality parameter in recombinant protein production. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a marker-free genome edited Nicotiana benthamiana N-glycosylation mutant (NbXF-KO) carrying inactivated β1,2-xylosyltransferase and α1,3-fucosyltransferase genes. The knockout of seven genes and their stable inheritance was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Mass spectrometric analyses showed the synthesis of N-glycans devoid of plant-specific β1,2-xylose and core α 1,3-fucose on endogenous proteins and a series of recombinantly expressed glycoproteins with different complexities. Further transient glycan engineering towards more diverse human-type N-glycans resulted in the production of recombinant proteins decorated with β1,4-galactosylated and α2,6-sialylated structures, respectively. Notably, a monoclonal antibody expressed in the NbXF-KO displayed glycosylation-dependent activities. Collectively, the engineered plants grow normally and are well suited for upscaling, thereby meeting industrial and regulatory requirements for the production of high-quality therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Bogner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Somanath Kallolimath
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Miyamoto S, Nishiyama T, Ueno A, Park H, Kanno T, Nakamura N, Ozono S, Aihara K, Takahashi K, Tsuchihashi Y, Ishikane M, Arashiro T, Saito S, Ainai A, Hirata Y, Iida S, Katano H, Tobiume M, Tokunaga K, Fujimoto T, Suzuki M, Nagashima M, Nakagawa H, Narita M, Kato Y, Igari H, Fujita K, Kato T, Hiyama K, Shindou K, Adachi T, Fukushima K, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Hase R, Yoshimura Y, Yamato M, Nozaki Y, Ohmagari N, Suzuki M, Saito T, Iwami S, Suzuki T. Infectious virus shedding duration reflects secretory IgA antibody response latency after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314808120. [PMID: 38134196 PMCID: PMC10756199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314808120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious virus shedding from individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is used to estimate human-to-human transmission risk. Control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission requires identifying the immune correlates that protect infectious virus shedding. Mucosal immunity prevents infection by SARS-CoV-2, which replicates in the respiratory epithelium and spreads rapidly to other hosts. However, whether mucosal immunity prevents the shedding of the infectious virus in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals is unknown. We examined the relationship between viral RNA shedding dynamics, duration of infectious virus shedding, and mucosal antibody responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anti-spike secretory IgA antibodies (S-IgA) reduced viral RNA load and infectivity more than anti-spike IgG/IgA antibodies in infected nasopharyngeal samples. Compared with the IgG/IgA response, the anti-spike S-IgA post-infection responses affected the viral RNA shedding dynamics and predicted the duration of infectious virus shedding regardless of the immune history. These findings highlight the importance of anti-spike S-IgA responses in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 for preventing infectious virus shedding and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Developing medical countermeasures to shorten S-IgA response time may help control human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent future respiratory virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Takara Nishiyama
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Ueno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Hyeongki Park
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakamura
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
| | - Seiya Ozono
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Takahashi
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuuki Tsuchihashi
- Center for surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence, Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
- Center for surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Shun Iida
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuguto Fujimoto
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Maki Nagashima
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nakagawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka534-0021, Japan
| | - Masashi Narita
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Okinawa901-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba286-0124, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Igari
- Department of Infection Control, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Okinawa901-2214, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kato
- Department of Chest Disease, National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center, Gifu502-8558, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Hiyama
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Fukuoka811-3195, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shindou
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirakata City Hospital, Osaka573-1013, Japan
| | - Takuya Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital, Tokyo173-0015, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Fukushima
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo113-8677, Japan
| | | | - Ryota Hase
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Chiba286-8523, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Division of Infectious Disease, Yokohama Municipal Citizen’s Hospital, Kanagawa221-0855, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamato
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rinku General Medical Center 598-8577, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nozaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokoname City Hospital, Aichi479-8510, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Center for surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saito
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program, RIKEN, Saitama351-0198, Japan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo135-8550, Japan
- Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka810-0041, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
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11
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Sun L, Kallolimath S, Palt R, Eminger F, Strasser R, Steinkellner H. Codon optimization regulates IgG3 and IgM expression and glycosylation in N. benthamiana. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1320586. [PMID: 38125307 PMCID: PMC10731585 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1320586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are being increasingly recognized for the production of complex human proteins, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Various methods have been applied to boost recombinant expression, with DNA codon usage being an important approach. Here, we transiently expressed three complex human mAbs in Nicotiana benthamiana, namely one IgG3 and two IgM directed against SARS-CoV-2 as codon optimized(CO) and non-codon optimized (NCO) variants. qRT-PCR exhibited significantly increased mRNA levels of all CO variants compared to the non-codon optimized orthologues, in line with increased protein expression. Purified CO and NCO mAbs did not exhibit obvious biochemical differences, as determined by SDS-PAGE and antigen binding activities. By contrast, enhanced production selectively impacts on glycosite occupancy and N-glycan processing, with increased mannosidic structures. The results point to a careful monitoring of recombinant proteins upon enhancing expression. Especially if it comes to therapeutic application even subtle modifications might alter product efficacy or increase immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Braun MR, Flitter BA, Sun W, Tucker SN. An easy pill to swallow: oral recombinant vaccines for the 21st century. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102374. [PMID: 37562075 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccines have a distinctive advantage of stimulating immune responses in the mucosa, where numerous pathogens gain entry and cause disease. Although various efforts have been attempted to create recombinant mucosal vaccines that provoke strong immunogenicity, the outcomes in clinical trials have been weak or inconsistent. Therefore, next-generation mucosal vaccines are needed that are more immunogenic. Here, we discuss oral vaccines with an emphasis on a next-generation mucosal vaccine that utilizes a nonreplicating human recombinant adenovirus type-5 (rAd5) vector. Numerous positive clinical results investigating oral rAd5 vaccines are reviewed, with a summary of the immunogenicity and efficacy results for specific vaccine indications of influenza, norovirus, and SARS-CoV-2. The determination of correlates of protection for oral vaccination and the potential impact this novel vaccine formulation may have on disease transmission are also discussed. In summary, successful oral vaccination can be accomplished and would have major public health benefits if approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Braun
- Vaxart, Inc., 170 Harbor Way STE 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Becca A Flitter
- Vaxart, Inc., 170 Harbor Way STE 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William Sun
- Vaxart, Inc., 170 Harbor Way STE 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sean N Tucker
- Vaxart, Inc., 170 Harbor Way STE 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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13
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Beihammer G, König-Beihammer J, Kogelmann B, Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, D’Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania donovani increases the N-glycan occupancy on plant-produced IgG1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233666. [PMID: 37615026 PMCID: PMC10442823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) at the heavy chain Fc domain (Asn297) plays an important role for antibody structure and effector functions. While numerous recombinant IgG1 antibodies have been successfully expressed in plants, they frequently display a considerable amount (up to 50%) of unglycosylated Fc domain. To overcome this limitation, we tested a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania donovani (LdOST) for its ability to improve IgG1 Fc glycosylation. LdOST fused to a fluorescent protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy confirmed the subcellular location at the endoplasmic reticulum. Transient co-expression of LdOST with two different IgG1 antibodies resulted in a significant increase (up to 97%) of Fc glycosylation while leaving the overall N-glycan composition unmodified, as determined by different mass spectrometry approaches. While biochemical and functional features of "glycosylation improved" antibodies remained unchanged, a slight increase in FcγRIIIa binding and thermal stability was observed. Collectively, our results reveal that LdOST expression is suitable to reduce the heterogeneity of plant-produced antibodies and can contribute to improving their stability and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König-Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Kallolimath S, Palt R, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Sun L, Chen Q, Pruckner F, Eidenberger L, Strasser R, Zatloukal K, Steinkellner H. Glyco engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147960. [PMID: 37359564 PMCID: PMC10285447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest antibody isotype with unique features like extensive glycosylation and oligomerization. Major hurdles in characterizing its properties are difficulties in the production of well-defined multimers. Here we report the expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in glycoengineered plants. Isotype switch from IgG1 to IgM resulted in the production of IgMs, composed of 21 human protein subunits correctly assembled into pentamers. All four recombinant monoclonal antibodies carried a highly reproducible human-type N-glycosylation profile, with a single dominant N-glycan species at each glycosite. Both pentameric IgMs exhibited increased antigen binding and virus neutralization potency, up to 390-fold, compared to the parental IgG1. Collectively, the results may impact on the future design of vaccines, diagnostics and antibody-based therapies and emphasize the versatile use of plants for the expression of highly complex human proteins with targeted posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Palt
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Bohländer F. A new hope? Possibilities of therapeutic IgA antibodies in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127339. [PMID: 37051237 PMCID: PMC10083398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases represent a persistent burden for patients and the global healthcare system. The combination of high morbidity, (partially) high mortality and limited innovations in the last decades, have resulted in a great demand for new therapeutics. Are therapeutic IgA antibodies possibly a new hope in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases? Current research increasingly unravels the elementary functions of IgA as protector against infections and as modulator of overwhelming inflammation. With a focus on IgA, this review describes the pathological alterations in mucosal immunity and how they contribute to chronic inflammation in the most common inflammatory lung diseases. The current knowledge of IgA functions in the circulation, and particularly in the respiratory mucosa, are summarized. The interplay between neutrophils and IgA seems to be key in control of inflammation. In addition, the hurdles and benefits of therapeutic IgA antibodies, as well as the currently known clinically used IgA preparations are described. The data highlighted here, together with upcoming research strategies aiming at circumventing the current pitfalls in IgA research may pave the way for this promising antibody class in the application of inflammatory lung diseases.
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17
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Eidenberger L, Kogelmann B, Steinkellner H. Plant-based biopharmaceutical engineering. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:426-439. [PMID: 37317690 PMCID: PMC10030082 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be engineered to recombinantly produce high-quality proteins such as therapeutic proteins and vaccines, also known as molecular farming. Molecular farming can be established in various settings with minimal cold-chain requirements and could thus ensure rapid and global-scale deployment of biopharmaceuticals, promoting equitable access to pharmaceuticals. State of the art plant-based engineering relies on rationally assembled genetic circuits, engineered to enable the high-throughput and rapid expression of multimeric proteins with complex post-translational modifications. In this Review, we discuss the design of expression hosts and vectors, including Nicotiana benthamiana, viral elements and transient expression vectors, for the production of biopharmaceuticals in plants. We examine engineering of post-translational modifications and highlight the plant-based expression of monoclonal antibodies and nanoparticles, such as virus-like particles and protein bodies. Techno-economic analyses suggest a cost advantage of molecular farming compared with mammalian cell-based protein production systems. However, regulatory challenges remain to be addressed to enable the widespread translation of plant-based biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eidenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib — Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Jugler C, Sun H, Nguyen K, Palt R, Felder M, Steinkellner H, Chen Q. A novel plant-made monoclonal antibody enhances the synergetic potency of an antibody cocktail against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:549-559. [PMID: 36403203 PMCID: PMC9946148 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a novel, neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), 11D7, discovered by mouse immunization and hybridoma generation, against the parental Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD of SARS-CoV-2. We further developed this mAb into a chimeric human IgG and recombinantly expressed it in plants to produce a mAb with human-like, highly homogenous N-linked glycans that has potential to impart greater potency and safety as a therapeutic. The epitope of 11D7 was mapped by competitive binding with well-characterized mAbs, suggesting that it is a Class 4 RBD-binding mAb that binds to the RBD outside the ACE2 binding site. Of note, 11D7 maintains recognition against the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) RBD, as well neutralizing activity. We also provide evidence that this novel mAb may be useful in providing additional synergy to established antibody cocktails, such as Evusheld™ containing the antibodies tixagevimab and cilgavimab, against the Omicron variant. Taken together, 11D7 is a unique mAb that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 through a mechanism that is not typical among developed therapeutic mAbs and by being produced in ΔXFT Nicotiana benthamiana plants, highlights the potential of plants to be an economic and safety-friendly alternative platform for generating mAbs to address the evolving SARS-CoV-2 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign InstituteArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign InstituteArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Katherine Nguyen
- School of Molecular SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Roman Palt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign InstituteArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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19
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Woodworth JS, Contreras V, Christensen D, Naninck T, Kahlaoui N, Gallouët AS, Langlois S, Burban E, Joly C, Gros W, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Morin J, Olsen ML, Rosenkrands I, Stein AK, Wood GK, Follmann F, Lindenstrøm T, LeGrand R, Pedersen GK, Mortensen R. A novel adjuvant formulation induces robust Th1/Th17 memory and mucosal recall responses in Non-Human Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529651. [PMID: 36865310 PMCID: PMC9980079 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
After clean drinking water, vaccination is the most impactful global health intervention. However, development of new vaccines against difficult-to-target diseases is hampered by the lack of diverse adjuvants for human use. Of particular interest, none of the currently available adjuvants induce Th17 cells. Here, we develop and test an improved liposomal adjuvant, termed CAF®10b, that incorporates a TLR-9 agonist. In a head-to-head study in non-human primates (NHPs), immunization with antigen adjuvanted with CAF®10b induced significantly increased antibody and cellular immune responses compared to previous CAF® adjuvants, already in clinical trials. This was not seen in the mouse model, demonstrating that adjuvant effects can be highly species specific. Importantly, intramuscular immunization of NHPs with CAF®10b induced robust Th17 responses that were observed in circulation half a year after vaccination. Furthermore, subsequent instillation of unadjuvanted antigen into the skin and lungs of these memory animals led to significant recall responses including transient local lung inflammation observed by Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT), elevated antibody titers, and expanded systemic and local Th1 and Th17 responses, including >20% antigen-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Overall, CAF®10b demonstrated an adjuvant able to drive true memory antibody, Th1 and Th17 vaccine-responses across rodent and primate species, supporting its translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Sébastien Langlois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emma Burban
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Morin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ming Liu Olsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stein
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grith Krøyer Wood
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger LeGrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gabriel Kristian Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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21
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Eidenberger L, Eminger F, Castilho A, Steinkellner H. Comparative analysis of plant transient expression vectors for targeted N-glycosylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1073455. [PMID: 36619384 PMCID: PMC9812561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1073455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While plant-based transient expression systems have demonstrated their potency to rapidly express economically feasible quantities of complex human proteins, less is known about their compatibility with posttranslational modification control. Here we investigated three commonly used transient expression vectors, pEAQ, magnICON and pTra for their capability to express a multi-component protein with controlled and modified N-glycosylation. Cetuximab (Cx), a therapeutic IgG1 monoclonal antibody, which carries next to the conserved Fc an additional N-glycosylation site (GS) in the Fab-domain, was used as model. While pEAQ and pTra produce fully assembled Cx at similar levels in N. benthamiana, the yield of magnICON-Cx was twice as high. When expressed in wild type plants, both Cx-GSs exhibited typical plant N-glycans decorated with plant-specific xylose and fucose. Likewise, Cx generated in the glycoengineered ΔXTFT line carried mainly complex N-glycans lacking plant specific residues. Exposure to different engineering settings (encompassing stable lines and transient approaches) towards human galactosylation and sialylation resulted in Cx carrying targeted N-glycans at similar quantities using all three expression vectors. Collectively, our results exhibit the universal application of plant-based glycoengineering, thereby increasing the attractivity of the ambitious expression platform.
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22
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Ding L, Chen X, Cheng H, Zhang T, Li Z. Advances in IgA glycosylation and its correlation with diseases. Front Chem 2022; 10:974854. [PMID: 36238099 PMCID: PMC9552352 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.974854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant immunoglobulin synthesized in the human body. It has the highest concentration in the mucosa and is second only to IgG in serum. IgA plays an important role in mucosal immunity, and is the predominant antibody used to protect the mucosal surface from pathogens invasion and to maintain the homeostasis of intestinal flora. Moreover, The binding IgA to the FcαRI (Fc alpha Receptor I) in soluble or aggregated form can mediate anti- or pro- inflammatory responses, respectively. IgA is also known as one of the most heavily glycosylated antibodies among human immunoglobulins. The glycosylation of IgA has been shown to have a significant effect on its immune function. Variation in the glycoform of IgA is often the main characteration of autoimmune diseases such as IgA nephropathy (IgAN), IgA vasculitis (IgAV), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, compared with the confirmed glycosylation function of IgG, the pathogenic mechanism of IgA glycosylation involved in related diseases is still unclear. This paper mainly summarizes the recent reports on IgA’s glycan structure, its function, its relationship with the occurrence and development of diseases, and the potential application of glycoengineered IgA in clinical antibody therapeutics, in order to provide a potential reference for future research in this field.
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23
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Jugler C, Grill FJ, Eidenberger L, Karr TL, Grys TE, Steinkellner H, Lake DF, Chen Q. Humanization and expression of IgG and IgM antibodies in plants as potential diagnostic reagents for Valley Fever. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:925008. [PMID: 36119630 PMCID: PMC9478164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.925008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important proteins used in many life science applications, from diagnostics to therapeutics. High demand for mAbs for different applications urges the development of rapid and reliable recombinant production platforms. Plants provide a quick and inexpensive system for producing recombinant mAbs. Moreover, when paired with an established platform for mAb discovery, plants can easily be tailored to produce mAbs of different isotypes against the same target. Here, we demonstrate that a hybridoma-generated mouse mAb against chitinase 1 (CTS1), an antigen from Coccidioides spp., can be biologically engineered for use with serologic diagnostic test kits for coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) using plant expression. The original mouse IgG was modified and recombinantly produced in glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants via transient expression as IgG and IgM isotypes with human kappa, gamma, and mu constant regions. The two mAb isotypes produced in plants were shown to maintain target antigen recognition to CTS1 using similar reagents as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Valley Fever diagnostic kits. As none of the currently approved kits provide antibody dilution controls, humanization of antibodies that bind to CTS1, a major component of the diagnostic antigen preparation, may provide a solution to the lack of consistently reactive antibody controls for Valley Fever diagnosis. Furthermore, our work provides a foundation for reproducible and consistent production of recombinant mAbs engineered to have a specific isotype for use in diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Francisca J. Grill
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timothy L. Karr
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas E. Grys
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas F. Lake
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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24
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Levinson SS. Is Measurement of Systemic IgG Antibodies the Wrong Way to Assess COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness for Breakthrough Infections? J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:1242-1244. [PMID: 35709225 PMCID: PMC9384281 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Levinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
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25
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Kumar S, Dutta D, Ravichandiran V, Sukla S. Monoclonal antibodies: a remedial approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:227. [PMID: 35982759 PMCID: PMC9383686 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the newly emerged virus of the Coronaviridae family is causing havoc worldwide. The novel coronavirus 2019 was first reported in Wuhan, China marked as the third highly infectious pathogenic virus of the twenty-first century. The typical manifestations of COVID-19 include cough, sore throat, fever, fatigue, loss of sense of taste and difficulties in breathing. Large numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have mild to moderate symptoms, however severe and life-threatening cases occur in about 5-10% of infections with an approximately 2% mortality rate. For the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be one approach. The receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) situated on the peak of the spike protein (S-Protein) of SARS-CoV-2 are immunogenic in nature, therefore, can be targeted by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Several bioinformatics approaches highlight the identification of novel SARS-CoV-2 epitopes which can be targeted for the development of COVID-19 therapeutics. Here we present a summary of neutralizing mAbs isolated from COVID-19 infected patients which are anticipated to be a better therapeutic alternative against SARS-CoV-2. However, provided the vast escalation of the disease worldwide affecting people from all strata, affording expensive mAb therapy will not be feasible. Hence other strategies are also being employed to find suitable vaccine candidates and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 that can be made easily available to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Debrupa Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Soumi Sukla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
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26
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Russell MW, Mestecky J. Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957107. [PMID: 36059541 PMCID: PMC9428579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne infection of the upper respiratory tract, which on reaching the lungs causes the severe acute respiratory disease, COVID-19. Its first contact with the immune system, likely through the nasal passages and Waldeyer's ring of tonsils and adenoids, induces mucosal immune responses revealed by the production of secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in saliva, nasal fluid, tears, and other secretions within 4 days of infection. Evidence is accumulating that these responses might limit the virus to the upper respiratory tract resulting in asymptomatic infection or only mild disease. The injectable systemic vaccines that have been successfully developed to prevent serious disease and its consequences do not induce antibodies in mucosal secretions of naïve subjects, but they may recall SIgA antibody responses in secretions of previously infected subjects, thereby helping to explain enhanced resistance to repeated (breakthrough) infection. While many intranasally administered COVID vaccines have been found to induce potentially protective immune responses in experimental animals such as mice, few have demonstrated similar success in humans. Intranasal vaccines should have advantage over injectable vaccines in inducing SIgA antibodies in upper respiratory and oral secretions that would not only prevent initial acquisition of the virus, but also suppress community spread via aerosols and droplets generated from these secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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27
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Zhang Y, Lu M, Mahesh KC, Kim E, Shamseldin MM, Ye C, Dravid P, Chamblee M, Park JG, Hall JM, Trivedi S, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Kenny AD, Murthy SS, Sharma H, Liang X, Yount JS, Kapoor A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Dubey P, Boyaka PN, Peeples ME, Li J. A highly efficacious live attenuated mumps virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate expressing a six-proline stabilized prefusion spike. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201616119. [PMID: 35895717 PMCID: PMC9388148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201616119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in children, a safe and effective vaccine for this population is urgently needed. The MMR (measles/mumps/rubella) vaccine has been one of the safest and most effective human vaccines used in infants and children since the 1960s. Here, we developed live attenuated recombinant mumps virus (rMuV)-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates using the MuV Jeryl Lynn (JL2) vaccine strain backbone. The soluble prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (preS) gene, stablized by two prolines (preS-2P) or six prolines (preS-6P), was inserted into the MuV genome at the P-M or F-SH gene junctions in the MuV genome. preS-6P was more efficiently expressed than preS-2P, and preS-6P expression from the P-M gene junction was more efficient than from the F-SH gene junction. In mice, the rMuV-preS-6P vaccine was more immunogenic than the rMuV-preS-2P vaccine, eliciting stronger neutralizing antibodies and mucosal immunity. Sera raised in response to the rMuV-preS-6P vaccine neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the Delta variant equivalently. Intranasal and/or subcutaneous immunization of IFNAR1-/- mice and golden Syrian hamsters with the rMuV-preS-6P vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies, mucosal immunoglobulin A antibody, and T cell immune responses, and were completely protected from challenge by both SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 and Delta variants. Therefore, rMuV-preS-6P is a highly promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate, warranting further development as a tetravalent MMR vaccine, which may include protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - K C Mahesh
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mohamed M. Shamseldin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Jesse M. Hall
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Supranee Chaiwatpongsakorn
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Adam D. Kenny
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Satyapramod Srinivasa Murthy
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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28
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Planchais C, Fernández I, Bruel T, de Melo GD, Prot M, Beretta M, Guardado-Calvo P, Dufloo J, Molinos-Albert LM, Backovic M, Chiaravalli J, Giraud E, Vesin B, Conquet L, Grzelak L, Planas D, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Hieu T, Boullé M, Cervantes-Gonzalez M, Ungeheuer MN, Charneau P, van der Werf S, Agou F, Dimitrov JD, Simon-Lorière E, Bourhy H, Montagutelli X, Rey FA, Schwartz O, Mouquet H. Potent human broadly SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing IgA and IgG antibodies effective against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213286. [PMID: 35704748 PMCID: PMC9206116 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B-cell and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contribute to long-term immune protection against severe COVID-19, which can also be prevented by antibody-based interventions. Here, wide SARS-CoV-2 immunoprofiling in Wuhan COVID-19 convalescents combining serological, cellular, and monoclonal antibody explorations revealed humoral immunity coordination. Detailed characterization of a hundred SARS-CoV-2 spike memory B-cell monoclonal antibodies uncovered diversity in their repertoire and antiviral functions. The latter were influenced by the targeted spike region with strong Fc-dependent effectors to the S2 subunit and potent neutralizers to the receptor-binding domain. Amongst those, Cv2.1169 and Cv2.3194 antibodies cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Cv2.1169, isolated from a mucosa-derived IgA memory B cell demonstrated potency boost as IgA dimers and therapeutic efficacy as IgG antibodies in animal models. Structural data provided mechanistic clues to Cv2.1169 potency and breadth. Thus, potent broadly neutralizing IgA antibodies elicited in mucosal tissues can stem SARS-CoV-2 infection, and Cv2.1169 and Cv2.3194 are prime candidates for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France
- INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Virology Unit, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Beretta
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France
- INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Virology Unit, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Luis M. Molinos-Albert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France
- INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Virology Unit, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Chiaravalli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Giraud
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Vesin
- Pasteur-TheraVectys, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Molecular Virology & Vaccinology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Laurine Conquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Mikaël Boullé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat Claude Bernard University Hospital, INSERM CIC-EC 1425, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques, Center for Translational Research, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Pasteur-TheraVectys, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Molecular Virology & Vaccinology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jordan D. Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Félix A. Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Virology Unit, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Félix A. Rey:
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France
- INSERM U1222, Paris, France
- Correspondence to Hugo Mouquet:
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Correa VA, Portilho AI, De Gaspari E. Vaccines, Adjuvants and Key Factors for Mucosal Immune Response. Immunology 2022; 167:124-138. [PMID: 35751397 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective tool to control infectious diseases, which provoke significant morbidity and mortality. Most vaccines are administered through the parenteral route and can elicit a robust systemic humoral response, but they induce a weak T-cell-mediated immunity and are poor inducers of mucosal protection. Considering that most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, a vaccine that elicits protection in the first site of contact between the host and the pathogen is promising. However, despite the advantages of mucosal vaccines as good options to confer protection on the mucosal surface, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently approved. In this review, we discuss the impact of vaccine administration in different mucosal surfaces; how appropriate adjuvants enhance the induction of protective mucosal immunity and other factors that can influence the mucosal immune response to vaccines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Araujo Correa
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, Av Dr Arnaldo, 355, 11th floor, room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,São Paulo University, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB III, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, Av Dr Arnaldo, 355, 11th floor, room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,São Paulo University, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB III, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, Av Dr Arnaldo, 355, 11th floor, room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,São Paulo University, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB III, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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30
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MARTINUZZI E, BENZAQUEN J, GUERIN O, LEROY S, SIMON T, ILIE M, HOFMAN V, ALLEGRA M, TANGA V, MICHEL E, BOUTROS J, MANIEL C, SICARD A, GLAICHENHAUS N, CZERKINSKY C, BLANCOU P, HOFMAN P, MARQUETTE CH. A Single Dose of BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Vaccine Induces Airway Immunity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Naive and Recovered Coronavirus Disease 2019 Subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:2053-2059. [PMID: 35579991 PMCID: PMC9129216 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal antibodies can prevent virus entry and replication in mucosal epithelial cells and therefore virus shedding. Parenteral booster injection of a vaccine against a mucosal pathogen promotes stronger mucosal immune responses following prior mucosal infection compared with injections of a parenteral vaccine in a mucosally naive subject. We investigated whether this was also the case for the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA vaccine. METHODS Twenty recovered COVID-19 subjects (RCSs) and 23 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-naive subjects were vaccinated with, respectively, 1 and 2 doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. Nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) and plasma were collected before and after vaccination and assessed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody levels to Spike and for their ability to neutralize binding of Spike to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor. Blood was analyzed 1 week after vaccination for the number of Spike-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) with a mucosal tropism. RESULTS All RCSs had both nasal and blood SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies at least 90 days after initial diagnosis. In RCSs, a single dose of vaccine amplified preexisting Spike-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in both NELF and blood against both vaccine homologous and variant strains, including Delta. These responses were associated with Spike-specific IgG and IgA ASCs with a mucosal tropism in blood. Nasal IgA and IgG antibody responses were lower in magnitude in SARS-CoV-2-naive subjects after 2 vaccine doses compared with RCSs after 1 dose. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is higher in RCSs after a single vaccine dose compared with SARS-CoV-2-naive subjects after 2 doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela MARTINUZZI
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Jonathan BENZAQUEN
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Olivier GUERIN
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Réhabilitation Autonomie Vieillissement, Nice, France
| | - Sylvie LEROY
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Thomas SIMON
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Marius ILIE
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Véronique HOFMAN
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Maryline ALLEGRA
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Virginie TANGA
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Emeline MICHEL
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Réhabilitation Autonomie Vieillissement, Nice, France
| | - Jacques BOUTROS
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Charlotte MANIEL
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Antoine SICARD
- University Côte d’Azur, Clinical Research Unit Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas GLAICHENHAUS
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France,University Côte d’Azur, Clinical Research Unit Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Cecil CZERKINSKY
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France,Alternate corresponding author in the event that the corresponding author is unavailable: Cecil Czerkinsky, Md, PhD, Nice, France ()
| | - Philippe BLANCOU
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Paul HOFMAN
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France,Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Charles H. MARQUETTE
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France,Corresponding author: Charles H Marquette, Md, PhD, Nice, France ()
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31
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Sabino JS, Amorim MR, de Souza WM, Marega LF, Mofatto LS, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Forato J, Stabeli RG, Costa ML, Spilki FR, Sabino EC, Faria NR, Benites BD, Addas-Carvalho M, Stucchi RSB, Vasconcelos DM, Weaver SC, Granja F, Proenca-Modena JL, Vilela MMDS. Clearance of Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Detection in a NFκB-Deficient Patient in Association with the Ingestion of Human Breast Milk: A Case Report. Viruses 2022; 14:1042. [PMID: 35632784 PMCID: PMC9143223 DOI: 10.3390/v14051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no evidence-based treatment options for long COVID-19, and it is known that SARS-CoV-2 can persist in part of the infected patients, especially those with immunosuppression. Since there is a robust secretion of SARS-CoV-2-specific highly-neutralizing IgA antibodies in breast milk, and because this immunoglobulin plays an essential role against respiratory virus infection in mucosa cells, being, in addition, more potent in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 than IgG, here we report the clinical course of an NFκB-deficient patient chronically infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant, who, after a non-full effective treatment with plasma infusion, received breast milk from a vaccinated mother by oral route as treatment for COVID-19. After such treatment, the symptoms improved, and the patient was systematically tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we hypothesize that IgA and IgG secreted antibodies present in breast milk could be useful to treat persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunodeficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Sabino
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (J.S.S.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Mariene R. Amorim
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.R.A.); (L.S.M.); (D.A.T.-T.); (J.F.); (F.G.)
| | - William M. de Souza
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.M.d.S.); (S.C.W.)
| | - Lia F. Marega
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (J.S.S.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Luciana S. Mofatto
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.R.A.); (L.S.M.); (D.A.T.-T.); (J.F.); (F.G.)
| | - Daniel A. Toledo-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.R.A.); (L.S.M.); (D.A.T.-T.); (J.F.); (F.G.)
| | - Julia Forato
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.R.A.); (L.S.M.); (D.A.T.-T.); (J.F.); (F.G.)
| | - Rodrigo G. Stabeli
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz-SP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
- Department of Public Health Emergency, Preparedness and Disaster, PAHO/WHO, Brasilia 70312-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Costa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil;
| | - Fernando R. Spilki
- One Health Laboratory, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93510-235, Brazil;
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 5403-907, Brazil;
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Disease, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Disease, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bruno D. Benites
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, Brazil; (B.D.B.); (M.A.-C.)
| | - Marcelo Addas-Carvalho
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, Brazil; (B.D.B.); (M.A.-C.)
| | - Raquel S. B. Stucchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil;
| | - Dewton M. Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.M.d.S.); (S.C.W.)
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.R.A.); (L.S.M.); (D.A.T.-T.); (J.F.); (F.G.)
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 72000-000, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.R.A.); (L.S.M.); (D.A.T.-T.); (J.F.); (F.G.)
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Hub of Global Health (HGH), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Maria Marluce dos S. Vilela
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (J.S.S.); (L.F.M.)
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32
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Potential for a Plant-Made SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody as a Synergetic Cocktail Component. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050772. [PMID: 35632528 PMCID: PMC9145534 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a public health crisis over the last two years. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics against the spike (S) protein have been shown to be effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially the original viral strain. However, the current mAbs produced in mammalian cells are expensive and might be unaffordable for many. Furthermore, the emergence of variants of concern demands the development of strategies to prevent mutant escape from mAb treatment. Using a cocktail of mAbs that bind to complementary neutralizing epitopes is one such strategy. In this study, we use Nicotiana benthamiana plants in an effort to expedite the development of efficacious and affordable antibody cocktails against SARS-CoV-2. We show that two mAbs can be highly expressed in plants and are correctly assembled into IgG molecules. Moreover, they retain target epitope recognition and, more importantly, neutralize multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also show that one plant-made mAb has neutralizing synergy with other mAbs that we developed in hybridomas. This is the first report of a plant-made mAb to be assessed as a potential component of a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing cocktail. This work may offer a strategy for using plants to quickly develop mAb cocktail-based therapeutics against emerging viral diseases with high efficacy and low costs.
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33
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Chen Q. Development of plant-made monoclonal antibodies against viral infections. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:148-160. [PMID: 34933212 PMCID: PMC8844144 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Current plant-based systems offer multiple advantages for monoclonal antibody (mAb) development and production beyond the traditional benefits of low cost and high scalability. Novel expression vectors have allowed the production of mAbs at high levels with unprecedented speed to combat current and future pandemics. Host glycoengineering has enabled plants to produce mAbs that have unique mammalian glycoforms with a high degree of homogeneity. These mAb glycovariants exhibit differential binding to various Fc receptors, providing a new way to optimize antibody effector function for improving mAb potency or safety. This review will summarize the status of anti-viral mAb development with plant-based systems. The preclinical and clinical development of leading plant-made mAb candidates will be highlighted. In addition, the remaining challenges and potential applications of this technology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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34
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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35
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Sun L. Therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19: is a new age of IgM, IgA and bispecific antibodies coming? MAbs 2022; 14:2031483. [PMID: 35220888 PMCID: PMC8890389 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2031483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early humoral immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are dominated by IgM and IgA antibodies, which greatly contribute to virus neutralization at mucosal sites. Given the essential roles of IgM and IgA in the control and elimination of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mucosal immunity could be exploited for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. However, almost all neutralizing antibodies that are authorized for emergency use and under clinical development are IgG antibodies, and no vaccine has been developed to boost mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to IgM and IgA, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) combine specificities of two antibodies in one molecule, representing an important alternative to monoclonal antibody cocktails. Here, we summarize the latest advances in studies on IgM, IgA and bsAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The current challenges and future directions in vaccine design and antibody-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Pathogens and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 650118
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Pathogens and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107China
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36
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Mayrhofer P, Hunjadi M, Kunert R. Functional Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein Expressed in Stable CHO Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:779359. [PMID: 34976974 PMCID: PMC8718689 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.779359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the three membrane-bound envelope proteins is the spike protein (S), the one responsible for docking to the cellular surface protein ACE2 enabling infection with SARS-CoV-2. Although the structure of the S-protein has distinct similarities to other viral envelope proteins, robust and straightforward protocols for recombinant expression and purification are not described in the literature. Therefore, most studies are done with truncated versions of the protein, like the receptor-binding domain. To learn more about the interaction of the virus with the ACE2 and other cell surface proteins, it is mandatory to provide recombinant spike protein in high structural quality and adequate quantity. Additional mutant variants will give new insights on virus assembly, infection mechanism, and therapeutic drug development. Here, we describe the development of a recombinant CHO cell line stably expressing the extracellular domain of a trimeric variant of the SARS CoV-2 spike protein and discuss significant parameters to be considered during the expression and purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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