1
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Van Leene C, De Bosscher K. NCOR1/2 and glucocorticoid receptor orchestrate hepatic function. Nat Metab 2024; 6:783-784. [PMID: 38622412 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Van Leene
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Clarisse D, Van Moortel L, Van Leene C, Gevaert K, De Bosscher K. Glucocorticoid receptor signaling: intricacies and therapeutic opportunities. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:431-444. [PMID: 38429217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a major nuclear receptor (NR) drug target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and several cancers. Despite the effectiveness of GR ligands, their systemic action triggers a plethora of side effects, limiting long-term use. Here, we discuss new concepts of and insights into GR mechanisms of action to assist in the identification of routes toward enhanced therapeutic benefits. We zoom in on the communication between different GR domains and how this is influenced by different ligands. We detail findings on the interaction between GR and chromatin, and highlight how condensate formation and coregulator confinement can perturb GR transcriptional responses. Last, we discuss the potential of novel ligands and the therapeutic exploitation of crosstalk with other NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Clarisse
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Moortel
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chloé Van Leene
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Deochand DK, Dacic M, Bale MJ, Daman AW, Josefowicz SZ, Oliver D, Chinenov Y, Rogatsky I. Mechanisms of Epigenomic and Functional Convergence Between Glucocorticoid- and IL4-Driven Macrophage Programming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580560. [PMID: 38405750 PMCID: PMC10888924 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages adopt distinct phenotypes in response to environmental cues, with type-2 cytokine interleukin-4 promoting a tissue-repair homeostatic state (M2IL4). Glucocorticoids, widely used anti-inflammatory therapeutics, reportedly impart a similar phenotype (M2GC), but how such disparate pathways may functionally converge is unknown. We show using integrative functional genomics that M2IL4 and M2GC transcriptomes share a striking overlap mirrored by a shift in chromatin landscape in both common and signal-specific gene subsets. This core homeostatic program is enacted by transcriptional effectors KLF4 and the GC receptor, whose genome-wide occupancy and actions are integrated in a stimulus-specific manner by the nuclear receptor cofactor GRIP1. Indeed, many of the M2IL4:M2GC-shared transcriptomic changes were GRIP1-dependent. Consistently, GRIP1 loss attenuated phagocytic activity of both populations in vitro and macrophage tissue-repair properties in the murine colitis model in vivo. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for homeostatic macrophage programming by distinct signals, to better inform anti-inflammatory drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Deochand
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marija Dacic
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Bale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew W Daman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Z Josefowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Oliver
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yurii Chinenov
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Martinez GJ, Appleton M, Kipp ZA, Loria AS, Min B, Hinds TD. Glucocorticoids, their uses, sexual dimorphisms, and diseases: new concepts, mechanisms, and discoveries. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:473-532. [PMID: 37732829 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Glucocorticoids are quintessential compounds that balance the proper functioning of numerous systems in the mammalian body. They are also generated synthetically and are the preeminent therapy for inflammatory diseases. They act by binding to the nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which has two main isoforms (GRα and GRβ). Our classical understanding of glucocorticoid signaling is from the GRα isoform, which binds the hormone, whereas GRβ has no known ligands. With glucocorticoids being involved in many physiological and cellular processes, even small disruptions in their release via the HPA axis, or changes in GR isoform expression, can have dire ramifications on health. Long-term chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a glucocorticoid-resistant state, and we deliberate how this impacts disease treatment. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment can lead to noticeable side effects such as weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, and others that we discuss in detail. There are sexually dimorphic responses to glucocorticoids, and women tend to have a more hyperresponsive HPA axis than men. This review summarizes our understanding of glucocorticoids and critically analyzes the GR isoforms and their beneficial and deleterious mechanisms and the sexual differences that cause a dichotomy in responses. We also discuss the future of glucocorticoid therapy and propose a new concept of dual GR isoform agonist and postulate why activating both isoforms may prevent glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Malik Appleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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5
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Talukdar PD, Chatterji U. Transcriptional co-activators: emerging roles in signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:427. [PMID: 37953273 PMCID: PMC10641101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific cell states in metazoans are established by the symphony of gene expression programs that necessitate intricate synergic interactions between transcription factors and the co-activators. Deregulation of these regulatory molecules is associated with cell state transitions, which in turn is accountable for diverse maladies, including developmental disorders, metabolic disorders, and most significantly, cancer. A decade back most transcription factors, the key enablers of disease development, were historically viewed as 'undruggable'; however, in the intervening years, a wealth of literature validated that they can be targeted indirectly through transcriptional co-activators, their confederates in various physiological and molecular processes. These co-activators, along with transcription factors, have the ability to initiate and modulate transcription of diverse genes necessary for normal physiological functions, whereby, deregulation of such interactions may foster tissue-specific disease phenotype. Hence, it is essential to analyze how these co-activators modulate specific multilateral processes in coordination with other factors. The proposed review attempts to elaborate an in-depth account of the transcription co-activators, their involvement in transcription regulation, and context-specific contributions to pathophysiological conditions. This review also addresses an issue that has not been dealt with in a comprehensive manner and hopes to direct attention towards future research that will encompass patient-friendly therapeutic strategies, where drugs targeting co-activators will have enhanced benefits and reduced side effects. Additional insights into currently available therapeutic interventions and the associated constraints will eventually reveal multitudes of advanced therapeutic targets aiming for disease amelioration and good patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dey Talukdar
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Fadel L, Dacic M, Fonda V, Sokolsky BA, Quagliarini F, Rogatsky I, Uhlenhaut NH. Modulating glucocorticoid receptor actions in physiology and pathology: Insights from coregulators. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108531. [PMID: 37717739 PMCID: PMC10841922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of steroid hormones that regulate key physiological processes such as metabolism, immune function, and stress responses. The effects of GCs are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that activates or represses the expression of hundreds to thousands of genes in a tissue- and physiological state-specific manner. The activity of GR is modulated by numerous coregulator proteins that interact with GR in response to different stimuli assembling into a multitude of DNA-protein complexes and facilitate the integration of these signals, helping GR to communicate with basal transcriptional machinery and chromatin. Here, we provide a brief overview of the physiological and molecular functions of GR, and discuss the roles of GR coregulators in the immune system, key metabolic tissues and the central nervous system. We also present an analysis of the GR interactome in different cells and tissues, which suggests tissue-specific utilization of GR coregulators, despite widespread functions shared by some of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fadel
- Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology IDE, Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 857649 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marija Dacic
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vlera Fonda
- Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology IDE, Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 857649 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baila A Sokolsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabiana Quagliarini
- Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology IDE, Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 857649 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
| | - N Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology IDE, Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 857649 Neuherberg, Germany; Metabolic Programming, TUM School of Life Sciences & ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Gregor11 Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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7
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Mao L, Wei W, Chen J. Biased regulation of glucocorticoid receptors signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115145. [PMID: 37454592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that depend on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding for their action, are essential for regulating numerous homeostatic functions in the body.GR signals are biased, that is, GR signals are various in different tissue cells, disease states and ligands. This biased regulation of GR signaling appears to depend on ligand-induced metameric regulation, protein post-translational modifications, assembly at response elements, context-specific assembly (recruitment of co-regulators) and intercellular differences. Based on the bias regulation of GR, selective GR agonists and modulators (SEGRAMs) were developed to bias therapeutic outcomes toward expected outcomes (e.g., anti-inflammation and immunoregulation) by influencing GR-mediated gene expression. This paper provides a review of the bias regulation and mechanism of GR and the research progress of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Mao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Cooperative Innovation Center for Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs, Center of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Cooperative Innovation Center for Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs, Center of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Cooperative Innovation Center for Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs, Center of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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8
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Deploey N, Van Moortel L, Rogatsky I, Peelman F, De Bosscher K. The Biologist's Guide to the Glucocorticoid Receptor's Structure. Cells 2023; 12:1636. [PMID: 37371105 PMCID: PMC10297449 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and functions as a glucocorticoid (GC)-responsive transcription factor. GR can halt inflammation and kill off cancer cells, thus explaining the widespread use of glucocorticoids in the clinic. However, side effects and therapy resistance limit GR's therapeutic potential, emphasizing the importance of resolving all of GR's context-specific action mechanisms. Fortunately, the understanding of GR structure, conformation, and stoichiometry in the different GR-controlled biological pathways is now gradually increasing. This information will be crucial to close knowledge gaps on GR function. In this review, we focus on the various domains and mechanisms of action of GR, all from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Deploey
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (N.D.); (L.V.M.); (F.P.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research (TNRR) Laboratory, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Moortel
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (N.D.); (L.V.M.); (F.P.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research (TNRR) Laboratory, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frank Peelman
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (N.D.); (L.V.M.); (F.P.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (N.D.); (L.V.M.); (F.P.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research (TNRR) Laboratory, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Mady LJ, Zhong Y, Dhawan P, Christakos S. Role of Coactivator Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) in the Regulation of the Biological Function of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3. Cells 2023; 12:1407. [PMID: 37408241 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, activates the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) to mediate the transcription of target genes involved in calcium homeostasis as well as in non-classical 1,25(OH)2D3 actions. In this study, CARM1, an arginine methyltransferase, was found to mediate coactivator synergy in the presence of GRIP1 (a primary coactivator) and to cooperate with G9a, a lysine methyltransferase, in 1,25(OH)2D3 induced transcription of Cyp24a1 (the gene involved in the metabolic inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3). In mouse proximal renal tubule (MPCT) cells and in mouse kidney, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that dimethylation of histone H3 at arginine 17, which is mediated by CARM1, occurs at Cyp24a1 vitamin D response elements in a 1,25(OH)2D3 dependent manner. Treatment with TBBD, an inhibitor of CARM1, repressed 1,25(OH)2D3 induced Cyp24a1 expression in MPCT cells, further suggesting that CARM1 is a significant coactivator of 1,25(OH)2D3 induction of renal Cyp24a1 expression. CARM1 was found to act as a repressor of second messenger-mediated induction of the transcription of CYP27B1 (involved in the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3), supporting the role of CARM1 as a dual function coregulator. Our findings indicate a key role for CARM1 in the regulation of the biological function of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila J Mady
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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10
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Zhang W, Cao X, Zhong X, Wu H, Feng M, Gwack Y, Noah I, Sun Z. Steroid nuclear receptor coactivator 2 controls immune tolerance by promoting induced T reg differentiation via up-regulating Nr4a2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7662. [PMID: 35704583 PMCID: PMC9200286 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid nuclear receptor coactivator 2 (SRC2) is a member of a family of transcription coactivators. While SRC1 inhibits the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) critical for establishing immune tolerance, we show here that SRC2 stimulates Treg differentiation. SRC2 is dispensable for the development of thymic Tregs, whereas naive CD4+ T cells from mice deficient of SRC2 specific in Tregs (SRC2fl/fl/Foxp3YFP-Cre) display defective Treg differentiation. Furthermore, the aged SRC2fl/fl/Foxp3YFP-Cre mice spontaneously develop autoimmune phenotypes including enlarged spleen and lung inflammation infiltrated with IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells. SRC2fl/fl/Foxp3YFP-Cre mice also develop severer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) due to reduced Tregs. Mechanically, SRC2 recruited by NFAT1 binds to the promoter and activates the expression of Nr4a2, which then stimulates Foxp3 expression to promote Treg differentiation. Members of SRC family coactivators thus play distinct roles in Treg differentiation and are potential drug targets for controlling immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiancai Zhong
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hongmin Wu
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Isakov Noah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Bear Sheva, Israel
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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11
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Strickland BA, Ansari SA, Dantoft W, Uhlenhaut NH. How to tame your genes: mechanisms of inflammatory gene repression by glucocorticoids. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2596-2616. [PMID: 35612756 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used therapeutic agents to treat a broad range of inflammatory conditions. Their functional effects are elicited by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which regulates transcription of distinct gene networks in response to ligand. However, the mechanisms governing various aspects of undesired side effects versus beneficial immunomodulation upon GR activation remain complex and incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss emerging models of inflammatory gene regulation by GR, highlighting GR's regulatory specificity conferred by context-dependent changes in chromatin architecture and transcription factor or co-regulator dynamics. GR controls both gene activation and repression, with the repression mechanism being central to favorable clinical outcomes. We describe current knowledge about 3D genome organization and its role in spatiotemporal transcriptional control by GR. Looking beyond, we summarize the evidence for dynamics in gene regulation by GR through cooperative convergence of epigenetic modifications, transcription factor crosstalk, molecular condensate formation and chromatin looping. Further characterizing these genomic events will reframe our understanding of mechanisms of transcriptional repression by GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Strickland
- Metabolic Programming, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Suhail A Ansari
- Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology (IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Widad Dantoft
- Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology (IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - N Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Metabolic Programming, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology (IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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12
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Viho EMG, Buurstede JC, Berkhout JB, Mahfouz A, Meijer OC. Cell type specificity of glucocorticoid signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13072. [PMID: 34939259 PMCID: PMC9286676 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid stress hormones are powerful modulators of brain function and can affect mood and cognitive processes. The hippocampus is a prominent glucocorticoid target and expresses both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR: Nr3c1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR: Nr3c2). These nuclear steroid receptors act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Transcriptional effects of glucocorticoids have often been deduced from bulk mRNA measurements or spatially informed individual gene expression. However, only sparse data exists allowing insights on glucocorticoid-driven gene transcription at the cell type level. Here, we used publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data to assess the cell-type specificity of GR and MR signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus. The data confirmed that Nr3c1 and Nr3c2 expression differs across neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations. We analyzed co-expression with sex hormones receptors, transcriptional coregulators, and receptors for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Our results provide insights in the cellular basis of previous bulk mRNA results and allow the formulation of more defined hypotheses on the effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. G. Viho
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jari B. Berkhout
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics LaboratoryDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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13
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Malbeteau L, Pham HT, Eve L, Stallcup MR, Poulard C, Le Romancer M. How Protein Methylation Regulates Steroid Receptor Function. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:160-197. [PMID: 33955470 PMCID: PMC8755998 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear hormonal receptor family, many of which are transcription factors regulated by ligand binding. SRs regulate various human physiological functions essential for maintenance of vital biological pathways, including development, reproduction, and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, aberrant expression of SRs or dysregulation of their signaling has been observed in a wide variety of pathologies. SR activity is tightly and finely controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) targeting the receptors and/or their coregulators. Whereas major attention has been focused on phosphorylation, growing evidence shows that methylation is also an important regulator of SRs. Interestingly, the protein methyltransferases depositing methyl marks are involved in many functions, from development to adult life. They have also been associated with pathologies such as inflammation, as well as cardiovascular and neuronal disorders, and cancer. This article provides an overview of SR methylation/demethylation events, along with their functional effects and biological consequences. An in-depth understanding of the landscape of these methylation events could provide new information on SR regulation in physiology, as well as promising perspectives for the development of new therapeutic strategies, illustrated by the specific inhibitors of protein methyltransferases that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Malbeteau
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ha Thuy Pham
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Louisane Eve
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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14
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Hu X, Deng S, Luo L, Jiang Y, Ge H, Yin F, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Li X, Feng J. GLCCI1 Deficiency Induces Glucocorticoid Resistance via the Competitive Binding of IRF1:GRIP1 and IRF3:GRIP1 in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:686493. [PMID: 34504850 PMCID: PMC8421568 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.686493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
GLCCI1 plays a significant role in modulating glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity in asthma. This project determines the underlying mechanism that GLCCI1 deficiency attenuates GC sensitivity in dexamethasone (Dex)-treated Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mice and epithelial cells through upregulating binding of IRF1:GRIP1 and IRF3:GRIP1. Dexamethasone treatment led to less reduced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and activation of the components responsible for GC activity, as determined by decreased GR and glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) expression but augmented IRF1 and IRF3 expression in GLCCI1−/− asthmatic mice compared with wild type asthmatic mice. Moreover, the recruitment of GRIP1 to GR was downregulated, while the individual recruitment of GRIP1 to IRF1 and IRF3 was upregulated in GLCCI1−/− Dex-treated asthmatic mice compared to wild type Dex-treated asthmatic mice. We also found that GLCCI1 knockdown reduced GR and GRIP1 expression but increased IRF1 and IRF3 expression in Beas2B and A549 cells. Additionally, GLCCI1 silencing increased the interactions between GRIP1 with IRF1 and GRIP1 with IRF3, but decreased the recruitment of GRIP1 to GR. These studies support a critical but previously unrecognized effect of GLCCI1 expression on epithelial cells in asthma GC responses by which GLCCI1 deficiency reduces the GR and GRIP1 interaction but competitively enhances the recruitment of GRIP1 to IRF1 and IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuanglinzi Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lisha Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daimo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaozhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Li Z, Trakooljul N, Hadlich F, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K, Murani E. Transcriptome analysis of porcine PBMCs reveals lipopolysaccharide-induced immunomodulatory responses and crosstalk of immune and glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Virulence 2021; 12:1808-1824. [PMID: 34288827 PMCID: PMC8296968 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current level of knowledge on transcriptome responses triggered by endotoxins and glucocorticoids in immune cells in pigs is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we treated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dexamethasone (DEX) separately or combined for 2 hours. The resultant transcriptional responses were examined by mRNA sequencing. We found that the LPS treatment triggered pronounced inflammatory responses as evidenced by upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and related signaling pathways like NF-κB. Concurrently, a series of downregulated pro-inflammatory and upregulated anti-inflammatory molecules were identified. These are involved in the inhibition of TLR, NF-κB, and MAPK cascades and activation of signaling mediated by Tregs and STAT3, respectively. These findings suggested that LPS initiated also an anti-inflammatory process to prevent an overwhelming inflammatory response. The transcriptome responses further revealed substantial crosstalk of immune responses and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. This was apparent in four aspects: constitutive inhibition of T cell signaling by DEX through a subset of genes showing no response to LPS; inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory genes by DEX; attenuation of DEX action by LPS paralleled by the regulation of genes implicated in cytokine and calcium signaling; and DEX-induced changes in genes associated with the activation of pro-inflammatory TLR, NF-κB, iNOS, and IL-1 signaling. Consequently, our study provides novel insights into inflammatory and GR signaling in pigs, as well as an understanding of the application of glucocorticoid drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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16
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Martins CS, de Castro M. Generalized and tissue specific glucocorticoid resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111277. [PMID: 33864884 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that influence several physiologic functions and are among the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. Resistance to GCs has been observed in the context of the familial generalized GC resistance (Chrousos' syndrome) or tissue specific GC resistance in chronic inflammatory states. In this review, we have summarized the major factors that influence individual glucocorticoid sensitivity/resistance. The fine-tuning of GC action is determined in a tissue-specific fashion that includes the combination of different GC receptor promoters, translation initiation sites, splice isoforms, interacting proteins, post-translational modifications, and alternative mechanisms of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Silva Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Repression of transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor: A parsimonious model for the genomics era. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100687. [PMID: 33891947 PMCID: PMC8141881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat an extraordinary range of human disease, including COVID-19, underscoring the ongoing importance of understanding their molecular mechanisms. Early studies of GR signaling led to broad acceptance of models in which glucocorticoid receptor (GR) monomers tether repressively to inflammatory transcription factors, thus abrogating inflammatory gene expression. However, newer data challenge this core concept and present an exciting opportunity to reframe our understanding of GR signaling. Here, we present an alternate, two-part model for transcriptional repression by glucocorticoids. First, widespread GR-mediated induction of transcription results in rapid, primary repression of inflammatory gene transcription and associated enhancers through competition-based mechanisms. Second, a subset of GR-induced genes, including targets that are regulated in coordination with inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB, exerts secondary repressive effects on inflammatory gene expression. Within this framework, emerging data indicate that the gene set regulated through the cooperative convergence of GR and NF-κB signaling is central to the broad clinical effectiveness of glucocorticoids in terminating inflammation and promoting tissue repair.
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18
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Yang J, Liu P, Ma D, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Chen Y, Wang J. Glucocorticoid resistance induced by ANXA5 overexpression in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2021; 38:36-48. [PMID: 33231128 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2020.1810182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of chemo‑resistance is ultimately responsible for treatment failure and relapse in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, the mechanism underlying glucocorticoid (GC) resistance remains unclear. This study was performed to identify GC resistance-related genes using the transcriptome chip from the GEO database, and preliminarily analyze drug resistance mechanism in B-ALL. Here, we found that ANXA5 expression was upregulated in B-ALL cells and high-level ANXA5 was associated with dexamethasone (DEX) resistance. Then, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was designed to silence ANXA5 expression in the B-ALL cell lines, and the apoptotic rate of cells treated with DEX was detected by flow cytometry. As a result, cell apoptosis was dramatically promoted in B-ALL cells following silencing of ANXA5 and DEX administration versus that in ANXA5-silenced alone or DEX-treated alone cells. It was further found that down-regulation of ANXA5 in B-ALL cells significantly increased the relative amount of cleaved Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 induced by DEX. Collectively, inhibition of ANXA5 gene expression may represent a novel method to restore the sensitivity of treatment-resistant B-ALL tumors to GC-induced cell death, which is of important clinical significance to overcome drug resistance associated with B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yang
- Clinical Medical College of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yinghao Lu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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19
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Syed AP, Greulich F, Ansari SA, Uhlenhaut NH. Anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid action: genomic insights and emerging concepts. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Stallcup MR, Poulard C. Gene-Specific Actions of Transcriptional Coregulators Facilitate Physiological Plasticity: Evidence for a Physiological Coregulator Code. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:497-510. [PMID: 32413325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The actions of transcriptional coregulators are highly gene-specific, that is, each coregulator is required only for a subset of the genes regulated by a specific transcription factor. These coregulator-specific gene subsets often represent selected physiological responses among multiple pathways targeted by a transcription factor. Regulating the activity of a coregulator via post-translational modifications would thus affect only a subset of the transcription factor's physiological actions. Using the context of transcriptional regulation by steroid hormone receptors, this review focuses on gene-specific actions of coregulators and evidence linking individual coregulators with specific physiological pathways. Such evidence suggests that there is a 'physiological coregulator code', which represents a fertile area for future research with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089-9176, USA.
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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21
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Poulard C, Baulu E, Lee BH, Pufall MA, Stallcup MR. Increasing G9a automethylation sensitizes B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to glucocorticoid-induced death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1038. [PMID: 30305606 PMCID: PMC6180122 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are used to treat lymphoid cancers, but many patients develop resistance to treatment, especially to GC. By identifying genes that influence sensitivity to GC-induced cell death, we found that histone methyltransferases G9a and G9a-like protein (GLP), two glucocorticoid receptor (GR) coactivators, are required for GC-induced cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cell line Nalm6. We previously established in a few selected genes that automethylated G9a and GLP recruit heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) as another required coactivator. Here, we used a genome-wide analysis to show that HP1γ is selectively required for GC-regulated expression of the great majority of GR target genes that require G9a and GLP. To further address the importance of G9a and GLP methylation in this process and in cell physiology, we found that JIB-04, a selective JmjC family lysine demethylase inhibitor, increased G9a methylation and thereby increased G9a binding to HP1γ. This led to increased expression of GR target genes regulated by G9a, GLP and HP1γ and enhanced Nalm6 cell death. Finally, the KDM4 lysine demethylase subfamily demethylates G9a in vitro, in contrast to other KDM enzymes tested. Thus, inhibiting G9a/GLP demethylation potentially represents a novel method to restore sensitivity of treatment-resistant B-ALL tumors to GC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Poulard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Estelle Baulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Brian H Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Miles A Pufall
- Department of Biochemistry, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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22
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Frank F, Okafor CD, Ortlund EA. The first crystal structure of a DNA-free nuclear receptor DNA binding domain sheds light on DNA-driven allostery in the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13497. [PMID: 30201977 PMCID: PMC6131172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a steroid hormone receptor of the nuclear receptor family that regulates gene expression in response to glucocorticoid hormone signaling. Interaction with specific GR DNA binding sequences causes conformational changes in the GR DNA binding domain (DBD) that result in recruitment of specific sets of co-regulators that determine transcriptional outcomes. We have solved the crystal structure of GR DBD in its DNA-free state, the first such crystal structure from any nuclear receptor. In contrast to previous NMR structures, this crystal structure reveals that free GR DBD adopts a conformation very similar to DNA-bound states. The lever arm region is the most variable element in the free GR DBD. Molecular dynamics of the free GR DBD as well as GR DBD bound to activating and repressive DNA elements confirm lever arm flexibility in all functional states. Cluster analysis of lever arm conformations during simulations shows that DNA binding and dimerization cause a reduction in the number of conformations sampled by the lever arm. These results reveal that DNA binding and dimerization drive conformational selection in the GR DBD lever arm region and show how DNA allosterically controls GR structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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23
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Byrne CJ, Khurana S, Kumar A, Tai TC. Inflammatory Signaling in Hypertension: Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Biosynthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 30013513 PMCID: PMC6036303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is increasingly recognized for its role in the genesis and progression of hypertension. The adrenal gland is a major site that coordinates the stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system. Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla function in the neuro-hormonal regulation of blood pressure and have a well-established link to hypertension. The immune system has an active role in the progression of hypertension and cytokines are powerful modulators of adrenal cell function. Adrenal medullary cells integrate neural, hormonal, and immune signals. Changes in adrenal cytokines during the progression of hypertension may promote blood pressure elevation by influencing catecholamine biosynthesis. This review highlights the potential interactions of cytokine signaling networks with those of catecholamine biosynthesis within the adrenal, and discusses the role of cytokines in the coordination of blood pressure regulation and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Byrne
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T. C. Tai
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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24
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McNamara KM, Kannai A, Sasano H. Possible roles for glucocorticoid signalling in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:38-50. [PMID: 28687451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of breast cancer biology, and our ability to manipulate breast cancers have grown exponentially in the last 20 years. Much of that expansion has focused on the roles of steroids in driving these neoplasms. Initially this research focused on estrogens and progesterone receptors, and more recently on androgen actions in breast cancers. This review aims to make the case for glucocorticoids as the next essential steroid subclass that contributes significantly to our understanding of steroidogenic regulation of these neoplasms. Glucocorticoids have the potential to play multiple roles in the regulation of breast cancers including their control of cellular differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation. Beyond this they also act as a master integrator of organ homeostats in relation to such as circadian rhythms and stress responses. Therefore a better understanding of glucocorticoids and breast cancer could help to explain some of the epidemiological links between circadian disruption and/or stress and breast cancer development. Finally glucocorticoids are currently used during chemotherapeutic treatment in breast cancer therapy and yet results of various studies suggest that this may have an adverse impact on treatment success. This review aims to summarise the current evidence for glucocorticoids as actors in breast cancer and then suggest future essential approaches in order to determine the roles of glucocorticoids in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Ayako Kannai
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Glucocorticoid-induced phosphorylation by CDK9 modulates the coactivator functions of transcriptional cofactor GRIP1 in macrophages. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1739. [PMID: 29170386 PMCID: PMC5700924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) suppresses inflammation by activating anti-inflammatory and repressing pro-inflammatory genes. GR-interacting protein-1 (GRIP1) is a GR corepressor in macrophages, however, whether GRIP1 mediates GR-activated transcription, and what dictates its coactivator versus corepressor properties is unknown. Here we report that GRIP1 loss in macrophages attenuates glucocorticoid induction of several anti-inflammatory targets, and that GC treatment of quiescent macrophages globally directs GRIP1 toward GR binding sites dominated by palindromic GC response elements (GRE), suggesting a non-redundant GRIP1 function as a GR coactivator. Interestingly, GRIP1 is phosphorylated at an N-terminal serine cluster by cyclin-dependent kinase-9 (CDK9), which is recruited into GC-induced GR:GRIP1:CDK9 hetero-complexes, producing distinct GRE-specific GRIP1 phospho-isoforms. Phosphorylation potentiates GRIP1 coactivator but, remarkably, not its corepressor properties. Consistently, phospho-GRIP1 and CDK9 are not detected at GR transrepression sites near pro-inflammatory genes. Thus, GR restricts actions of its own coregulator via CDK9-mediated phosphorylation to a subset of anti-inflammatory genes. Glucocorticoid reduces inflammation by both inducing anti-inflammatory genes and suppressing pro-inflammatory genes, but how these two functions are dictated is unclear. Here the authors show that phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) serves as a coactivator for this response in macrophage.
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Gray JD, Kogan JF, Marrocco J, McEwen BS. Genomic and epigenomic mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the brain. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:661-673. [PMID: 28862266 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and other brain regions, research has focused on understanding the effects of glucocorticoids in the brain and their role in regulating emotion and cognition. Glucocorticoids are essential for adaptation to stressors (allostasis) and in maladaptation resulting from allostatic load and overload. Allostatic overload, which can occur during chronic stress, can reshape the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through epigenetic modification of genes in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and other stress-responsive brain regions. Glucocorticoids exert their effects on the brain through genomic mechanisms that involve both glucocorticoid receptors and mineralocorticoid receptors directly binding to DNA, as well as by non-genomic mechanisms. Furthermore, glucocorticoids synergize both genomically and non-genomically with neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, sex hormones and other stress mediators to shape an organism's present and future responses to a stressful environment. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in the brain and review how glucocorticoids interact with stress mediators in the context of allostasis, allostatic load and stress-induced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Gray
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065. USA
| | - Joshua F Kogan
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065. USA
| | - Jordan Marrocco
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065. USA
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065. USA
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Yang F, Ma Q, Liu Z, Li W, Tan Y, Jin C, Ma W, Hu Y, Shen J, Ohgi KA, Telese F, Liu W, Rosenfeld MG. Glucocorticoid Receptor:MegaTrans Switching Mediates the Repression of an ERα-Regulated Transcriptional Program. Mol Cell 2017; 66:321-331.e6. [PMID: 28475868 PMCID: PMC5510478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the opposing functions of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and estrogen receptor α (ERα) in breast cancer development remain poorly understood. Here we report that, in breast cancer cells, liganded GR represses a large ERα-activated transcriptional program by binding, in trans, to ERα-occupied enhancers. This abolishes effective activation of these enhancers and their cognate target genes, and it leads to the inhibition of ERα-dependent binding of components of the MegaTrans complex. Consistent with the effects of SUMOylation on other classes of nuclear receptors, dexamethasone (Dex)-induced trans-repression of the estrogen E2 program appears to depend on GR SUMOylation, which leads to stable trans-recruitment of the GR-N-CoR/SMRT-HDAC3 corepressor complex on these enhancers. Together, these results uncover a mechanism by which competitive recruitment of DNA-binding nuclear receptors/transcription factors in trans to hot spot enhancers serves as an effective biological strategy for trans-repression, with clear implications for breast cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qi Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuliang Tan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunyu Jin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wubin Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yiren Hu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jia Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kenneth A Ohgi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Sasaki S, Matsushita A, Kuroda G, Nakamura HM, Oki Y, Suda T. The Mechanism of Negative Transcriptional Regulation by Thyroid Hormone: Lessons From the Thyrotropin β Subunit Gene. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:97-127. [PMID: 29407449 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) activates (positive regulation) or represses (negative regulation) target genes at the transcriptional level. The molecular mechanism of the former has been elucidated in detail; however, the mechanism for negative regulation has not been established. The best example of the gene that is negatively regulated by T3 is the thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) β subunit (TSHβ) gene. Analogous to the T3-responsive element (TRE) in positive regulation, a negative TRE (nTRE) has been postulated in the TSHβ gene. However, TSHβ promoter analysis, performed in the presence of transcription factors Pit1 and GATA2, which are determinants of thyrotroph differentiation in the pituitary, revealed that the nTRE is dispensable for inhibition by T3. We propose a tethering model in which the T3 receptor is tethered to GATA2 via protein-protein interaction and inhibits GATA2-dependent transactivation of the TSHβ gene in a T3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Go Kuroda
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Oki
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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29
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Sullivan DA, Rocha EM, Aragona P, Clayton JA, Ding J, Golebiowski B, Hampel U, McDermott AM, Schaumberg DA, Srinivasan S, Versura P, Willcox MDP. TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:284-333. [PMID: 28736336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of DED. This sex-related difference in DED prevalence is attributed in large part to the effects of sex steroids (e.g. androgens, estrogens), hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics (e.g. microRNAs). In addition to sex, gender also appears to be a risk factor for DED. "Gender" and "sex" are words that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. "Gender" refers to a person's self-representation as a man or woman, whereas "sex" distinguishes males and females based on their biological characteristics. Both gender and sex affect DED risk, presentation of the disease, immune responses, pain, care-seeking behaviors, service utilization, and myriad other facets of eye health. Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men. The purpose of this Subcommittee report is to review and critique the nature of this role, as well as to recommend areas for future research to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between sex, gender, hormones and DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eduardo M Rocha
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ocular Surface Diseases Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy
| | - Janine A Clayton
- National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Ding
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulrike Hampel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sruthi Srinivasan
- Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Piera Versura
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Clancy RM, Markham AJ, Jackson T, Rasmussen SE, Blumenberg M, Buyon JP. Cardiac fibroblast transcriptome analyses support a role for interferogenic, profibrotic, and inflammatory genes in anti-SSA/Ro-associated congenital heart block. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00256.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The signature lesion of SSA/Ro autoantibody-associated congenital heart block (CHB) is fibrosis and a macrophage infiltrate, supporting an experimental focus on cues influencing the fibroblast component. The transcriptomes of human fetal cardiac fibroblasts were analyzed using two complementary approaches. Cardiac injury conditions were simulated in vitro by incubating human fetal cardiac fibroblasts with supernatants from macrophages transfected with the SSA/Ro-associated noncoding Y ssRNA. The top 10 upregulated transcripts in the stimulated fibroblasts reflected a type I interferon (IFN) response [e.g., IFN-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L), of MX dynamin-like GTPase (MX)1, MX2, and radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (Rsad2)]. Within the fibrotic pathway, transcript levels of endothelin-1 (EDN1), phosphodiesterase (PDE)4D, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)2, and CXCL3 were upregulated, while others, including adenomedullin, RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 (RAPGEF3), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1, TIMP3, and dual specificity phosphatase 1, were downregulated. Agnostic Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery analysis revealed a significant increase in inflammatory genes, including complement C3A receptor 1 (C3AR1), F2R-like thrombin/trypsin receptor 3, and neutrophil cytosolic factor 2. In addition, stimulated fibroblasts expressed high levels of phospho-MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2 [a substrate of MAPK5 (ERK5)], which was inhibited by BIX-02189, a specific inhibitor of ERK5. Translation to human disease leveraged an unprecedented opportunity to interrogate the transcriptome of fibroblasts freshly isolated and cell sorted without stimulation from a fetal heart with CHB and a matched healthy heart. Consistent with the in vitro data, five IFN response genes were among the top 10 most highly expressed transcripts in CHB fibroblasts. In addition, the expression of matrix-related genes reflected fibrosis. These data support the novel finding that cardiac injury in CHB may occur secondary to abnormal remodeling due in part to upregulation of type 1 IFN response genes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Congenital heart block is a rare disease of the fetal heart associated with maternal anti-Ro autoantibodies which can result in death and for survivors, lifelong pacing. This study provides in vivo and in vitro transcriptome-support that injury may be mediated by an effect of Type I Interferon on fetal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Clancy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Androo J Markham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tanisha Jackson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sara E Rasmussen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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31
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Poulard C, Bittencourt D, Wu DY, Hu Y, Gerke DS, Stallcup MR. A post-translational modification switch controls coactivator function of histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1442-1459. [PMID: 28615290 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many transcription regulators, histone methyltransferases G9a and G9a-like protein (GLP) can act gene-specifically as coregulators, but mechanisms controlling this specificity are mostly unknown. We show that adjacent post-translational methylation and phosphorylation regulate binding of G9a and GLP to heterochromatin protein 1 gamma (HP1γ), formation of a ternary complex with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on chromatin, and function of G9a and GLP as coactivators for a subset of GR target genes. HP1γ is recruited by G9a and GLP to GR binding sites associated with genes that require G9a, GLP, and HP1γ for glucocorticoid-stimulated transcription. At the physiological level, G9a and GLP coactivator function is required for glucocorticoid activation of genes that repress cell migration in A549 lung cancer cells. Thus, regulated methylation and phosphorylation serve as a switch controlling G9a and GLP coactivator function, suggesting that this mechanism may be a general paradigm for directing specific transcription factor and coregulator actions on different genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Poulard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Bittencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dai-Ying Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Gerke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Grbesa I, Hakim O. Genomic effects of glucocorticoids. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1175-1185. [PMID: 28013411 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and their receptor (GR) have been an important area of research because of their pleiotropic physiological functions and extensive use in the clinic. In addition, the association between GR and glucocorticoids, which is highly specific, leads to rapid nuclear translocation where GR associates with chromatin to regulate gene transcription. This simplified model system has been instrumental for studying the complexity of transcription regulation processes occurring at chromatin. In this review we discuss our current understanding of GR action that has been enhanced by recent developments in genome wide measurements of chromatin accessibility, histone marks, chromatin remodeling and 3D chromatin structure in various cell types responding to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grbesa
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 206, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofir Hakim
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 206, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Lee BH, Stallcup MR. Glucocorticoid receptor binding to chromatin is selectively controlled by the coregulator Hic-5 and chromatin remodeling enzymes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9320-9334. [PMID: 28381557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone-activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates cellular stress pathways by binding to genomic regulatory elements of target genes and recruiting coregulator proteins to remodel chromatin and regulate transcription complex assembly. The coregulator hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5 (Hic-5) is required for glucocorticoid (GC) regulation of some genes but not others and blocks the regulation of a third gene set by inhibiting GR binding. How Hic-5 exerts these gene-specific effects and specifically how it blocks GR binding to some genes but not others is unclear. Here we show that site-specific blocking of GR binding is due to gene-specific requirements for ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. By depletion of 11 different chromatin remodelers, we found that ATPases chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 9 (CHD9) and Brahma homologue (BRM, a product of the SMARCA2 gene) are required for GC-regulated expression of the blocked genes but not for other GC-regulated genes. Furthermore, CHD9 and BRM were required for GR occupancy and chromatin remodeling at GR-binding regions associated with blocked genes but not at GR-binding regions associated with other GC-regulated genes. Hic-5 selectively inhibits GR interaction with CHD9 and BRM, thereby blocking chromatin remodeling and robust GR binding at GR-binding sites associated with blocked genes. Thus, Hic-5 regulates GR binding site selection by a novel mechanism, exploiting gene-specific requirements for chromatin remodeling enzymes to selectively influence DNA occupancy and gene regulation by a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176
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Weikum ER, Knuesel MT, Ortlund EA, Yamamoto KR. Glucocorticoid receptor control of transcription: precision and plasticity via allostery. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:159-174. [PMID: 28053348 PMCID: PMC6257982 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a constitutively expressed transcriptional regulatory factor (TRF) that controls many distinct gene networks, each uniquely determined by particular cellular and physiological contexts. The precision of GR-mediated responses seems to depend on combinatorial, context-specific assembly of GR-nucleated transcription regulatory complexes at genomic response elements. In turn, evidence suggests that context-driven plasticity is conferred by the integration of multiple signals, each serving as an allosteric effector of GR conformation, a key determinant of regulatory complex composition and activity. This structural and mechanistic perspective on GR regulatory specificity is likely to extend to other eukaryotic TRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Weikum
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Matthew T Knuesel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Keith R Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GC) regulate essential physiological functions including energy homeostasis, embryonic and postembryonic development, and the stress response. From the biomedical perspective, GC have garnered a tremendous amount of attention as highly potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medications indispensable in the clinic. GC signal through the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor whose structure, DNA binding, and the molecular partners that it employs to regulate transcription have been under intense investigation for decades. In particular, next-generation sequencing-based approaches have revolutionized the field by introducing a unified platform for a simultaneous genome-wide analysis of cellular activities at the level of RNA production, binding of transcription factors to DNA and RNA, and chromatin landscape and topology. Here we describe fundamental concepts of GC/GR function as established through traditional molecular and in vivo approaches and focus on the novel insights of GC biology that have emerged over the last 10 years from the rapidly expanding arsenal of system-wide genomic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Sacta
- Hospital for Special Surgery, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, NY 10021; .,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering MD/PhD program, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yurii Chinenov
- Hospital for Special Surgery, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, NY 10021;
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, NY 10021; .,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering MD/PhD program, New York, NY 10021
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36
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Audas TE, Hardy-Smith PW, Penney J, Taylor T, Lu R. Characterization of nuclear foci-targeting of Luman/CREB3 recruitment factor (LRF/CREBRF) and its potential role in inhibition of herpes simplex virus-1 replication. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:611-622. [PMID: 28029379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently identified Luman/CREB3-binding partner LRF (Luman/CREB3 recruitment factor) was shown to localize to discrete sub-nuclear foci. Luman is implicated in herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) latency/reactivation and the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway; therefore, we sought to characterize the formation of the LRF nuclear foci in the context of cellular signaling and HSV-1 replication. Here, we mapped the nuclear foci-targeting sequence to the central region containing the first leucine zipper (a.a.415-519), and found that the integrity of the whole region appears essential for LRF foci formation. LRF foci integrity was unaffected by inhibition of cellular DNA replication and translation, however, disruption of transcription resulted in altered LRF localization. When compared to other cellular and viral foci LRF co-localized with the nuclear receptor co-activator GRIP1, while the HSV-1 gene products ICP4, ICP27 and VP13/14 disrupted foci formation to varying degrees. Interestingly, cells over-expressing LRF were resistant to productive HSV-1 infection and this resistance was dependent upon protein targeting and an N-terminal transactivation domain. When LRF knockdown cells were subjected to primary infection, HSV-1 gene expression and progeny virus yield were enhanced by ∼3 fold compared to wildtype cells. Taken together, these results indicate that LRF is a key regulator that may act direct or indirectly as a repressor of essential genes required for productive viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Audas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Philip W Hardy-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jenna Penney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tiegh Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ray Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Greulich F, Hemmer MC, Rollins DA, Rogatsky I, Uhlenhaut NH. There goes the neighborhood: Assembly of transcriptional complexes during the regulation of metabolism and inflammation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Steroids 2016; 114:7-15. [PMID: 27192428 PMCID: PMC5052104 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), as ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), represent one of the most effective and frequently used classes of drugs for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, its role in physiological and pathophysiological processes makes the GR an important research target. The past decades have yielded a wealth of insight into the physiological and pharmacological effects of GCs. Today's era of next generation sequencing techniques is now beginning to elucidate the molecular and genomic circuits underlying GR's cell type-specific actions. This review focuses on the concepts and insights gained from recent studies in two of the most important tissues for GC action: the liver (mediating GR's metabolic effects) and macrophages (as the main target of anti-inflammatory GC therapy). We summarize results obtained from transgenic mouse models, molecular and genome-wide studies to illustrate GR's complex interactions with DNA, chromatin, co-regulators and other transcription factors. Characterizing the cell type-specific transcriptional complexes assembled around GR will pave the road for the development of new anti-inflammatory and metabolic therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Greulich
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), IDO, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Munich, Germany
| | - M Charlotte Hemmer
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), IDO, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Munich, Germany
| | - David A Rollins
- Hospital for Special Surgery, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - N Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), IDO, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Dougherty EJ, Elinoff JM, Ferreyra GA, Hou A, Cai R, Sun J, Blaine KP, Wang S, Danner RL. Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) trans-Activation of Inflammatory AP-1 Signaling: DEPENDENCE ON DNA SEQUENCE, MR CONFORMATION, AND AP-1 FAMILY MEMBER EXPRESSION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23628-23644. [PMID: 27650495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are commonly used to treat inflammatory disorders. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can tether to inflammatory transcription factor complexes, such as NFκB and AP-1, and trans-repress the transcription of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In contrast, aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) primarily promote cardiovascular inflammation by incompletely understood mechanisms. Although MR has been shown to weakly repress NFκB, its role in modulating AP-1 has not been established. Here, the effects of GR and MR on NFκB and AP-1 signaling were directly compared using a variety of ligands, two different AP-1 consensus sequences, GR and MR DNA-binding domain mutants, and siRNA knockdown or overexpression of core AP-1 family members. Both GR and MR repressed an NFκB reporter without influencing p65 or p50 binding to DNA. Likewise, neither GR nor MR affected AP-1 binding, but repression or activation of AP-1 reporters occurred in a ligand-, AP-1 consensus sequence-, and AP-1 family member-specific manner. Notably, aldosterone interactions with both GR and MR demonstrated a potential to activate AP-1. DNA-binding domain mutations that eliminated the ability of GR and MR to cis-activate a hormone response element-driven reporter variably affected the strength and polarity of these responses. Importantly, MR modulation of NFκB and AP-1 signaling was consistent with a trans-mechanism, and AP-1 effects were confirmed for specific gene targets in primary human cells. Steroid nuclear receptor trans-effects on inflammatory signaling are context-dependent and influenced by nuclear receptor conformation, DNA sequence, and the expression of heterologous binding partners. Aldosterone activation of AP-1 may contribute to its proinflammatory effects in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Dougherty
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Angela Hou
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rongman Cai
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Junfeng Sun
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kevin P Blaine
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Shuibang Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert L Danner
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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39
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Kolovos P, Georgomanolis T, Koeferle A, Larkin JD, Brant L, Nikolicć M, Gusmao EG, Zirkel A, Knoch TA, van Ijcken WF, Cook PR, Costa IG, Grosveld FG, Papantonis A. Binding of nuclear factor κB to noncanonical consensus sites reveals its multimodal role during the early inflammatory response. Genome Res 2016; 26:1478-1489. [PMID: 27633323 PMCID: PMC5088591 DOI: 10.1101/gr.210005.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have developed intricate mechanisms to interpret, integrate, and respond to extracellular stimuli. For example, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) rapidly activates proinflammatory genes, but our understanding of how this occurs against the ongoing transcriptional program of the cell is far from complete. Here, we monitor the early phase of this cascade at high spatiotemporal resolution in TNF-stimulated human endothelial cells. NF-κB, the transcription factor complex driving the response, interferes with the regulatory machinery by binding active enhancers already in interaction with gene promoters. Notably, >50% of these enhancers do not encode canonical NF-κB binding motifs. Using a combination of genomics tools, we find that binding site selection plays a key role in NF-κΒ–mediated transcriptional activation and repression. We demonstrate the latter by describing the synergy between NF-κΒ and the corepressor JDP2. Finally, detailed analysis of a 2.8-Mbp locus using sub-kbp-resolution targeted chromatin conformation capture and genome editing uncovers how NF-κΒ that has just entered the nucleus exploits pre-existing chromatin looping to exert its multimodal role. This work highlights the involvement of topology in cis-regulatory element function during acute transcriptional responses, where primary DNA sequence and its higher-order structure constitute a regulatory context leading to either gene activation or repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Kolovos
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Koeferle
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Larkin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lilija Brant
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miloš Nikolicć
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eduardo G Gusmao
- IZKF Computational Biology Research Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Zirkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias A Knoch
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter R Cook
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan G Costa
- IZKF Computational Biology Research Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank G Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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40
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Coppo M, Chinenov Y, Sacta MA, Rogatsky I. The transcriptional coregulator GRIP1 controls macrophage polarization and metabolic homeostasis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12254. [PMID: 27464507 PMCID: PMC4974480 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity causes chronic macrophage-driven inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) leading to insulin resistance. WAT macrophages, however, differ in their origin, gene expression and activities: unlike infiltrating monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophages, WAT-resident macrophages counteract inflammation and insulin resistance, yet, the mechanisms underlying their transcriptional programming remain poorly understood. We recently reported that a nuclear receptor cofactor—glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-interacting protein (GRIP)1—cooperates with GR to repress inflammatory genes. Here, we show that GRIP1 facilitates macrophage programming in response to IL4 via a GR-independent pathway by serving as a coactivator for Kruppel-like factor (KLF)4—a driver of tissue-resident macrophage differentiation. Moreover, obese mice conditionally lacking GRIP1 in macrophages develop massive macrophage infiltration and inflammation in metabolic tissues, fatty livers, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance recapitulating metabolic disease. Thus, GRIP1 is a critical regulator of immunometabolism, which engages distinct transcriptional mechanisms to coordinate the balance between macrophage populations and ultimately promote metabolic homeostasis. GRIP1 cooperates with the glucocorticoid receptor to repress inflammatory genes. Here the authors show that GRIP1 also controls macrophage polarization, by promoting KLF4-driven activation in response to IL-4, and that mice lacking GRIP1 in macrophages develop severe metabolic dysfunction on a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Coppo
- The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Yurii Chinenov
- The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Maria A Sacta
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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41
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Sasse SK, Altonsy MO, Kadiyala V, Cao G, Panettieri RA, Gerber AN. Glucocorticoid and TNF signaling converge at A20 (TNFAIP3) to repress airway smooth muscle cytokine expression. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L421-32. [PMID: 27371733 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle is a major target tissue for glucocorticoid (GC)-based asthma therapies, however, molecular mechanisms through which the GC receptor (GR) exerts therapeutic effects in this key airway cell type have not been fully elucidated. We previously identified the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor, A20 (TNFAIP3), as a mediator of cytokine repression by glucocorticoids (GCs) in airway epithelial cells and defined cooperative regulation of anti-inflammatory genes by GR and NF-κB as a key mechanistic underpinning of airway epithelial GR function. Here, we expand on these findings to determine whether a similar mechanism is operational in human airway smooth muscle (HASM). Using HASM cells derived from normal and fatal asthma samples as an in vitro model, we demonstrate that GCs spare or augment TNF-mediated induction of A20 (TNFAIP3), TNIP1, and NFKBIA, all implicated in negative feedback control of NF-κB-driven inflammatory processes. We applied chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter analysis to show that GR and NF-κB directly regulate A20 expression in HASM through cooperative induction of an intronic enhancer. Using overexpression, we show for the first time that A20 and its interacting partner, TNIP1, repress TNF signaling in HASM cells. Moreover, we applied small interfering RNA-based gene knockdown to demonstrate that A20 is required for maximal cytokine repression by GCs in HASM. Taken together, our data suggest that inductive regulation of A20 by GR and NF-κB contributes to cytokine repression in HASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Sasse
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Vineela Kadiyala
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gaoyuan Cao
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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42
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Jubb AW, Young RS, Hume DA, Bickmore WA. Enhancer Turnover Is Associated with a Divergent Transcriptional Response to Glucocorticoid in Mouse and Human Macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:813-822. [PMID: 26663721 PMCID: PMC4707550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic differences between individuals and species are controlled in part through differences in expression of a relatively conserved set of genes. Genes expressed in the immune system are subject to especially powerful selection. We have investigated the evolution of both gene expression and candidate enhancers in human and mouse macrophages exposed to glucocorticoid (GC), a regulator of innate immunity and an important therapeutic agent. Our analyses revealed a very limited overlap in the repertoire of genes responsive to GC in human and mouse macrophages. Peaks of inducible binding of the GC receptor (GR) detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq correlated with induction, but not repression, of target genes in both species, occurred at distal regulatory sites not promoters, and were strongly enriched for the consensus GR-binding motif. Turnover of GR binding between mice and humans was associated with gain and loss of the motif. There was no detectable signal of positive selection at species-specific GR binding sites, but clear evidence of purifying selection at the small number of conserved sites. We conclude that enhancer divergence underlies the difference in transcriptional activation after GC treatment between mouse and human macrophages. Only the shared inducible loci show evidence of selection, and therefore these loci may be important for the subset of responses to GC that is shared between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair W Jubb
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert S Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
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43
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Glucocorticoid-induced tethered transrepression requires SUMOylation of GR and formation of a SUMO-SMRT/NCoR1-HDAC3 repressing complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E635-43. [PMID: 26712006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522826113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon binding of a glucocorticoid (GC), the GC receptor (GR) can exert one of three transcriptional regulatory functions. We recently reported that SUMOylation of the GR at position K293 in humans (K310 in mice) within the N-terminal domain is indispensable for GC-induced evolutionary conserved inverted repeated negative GC response element (IR nGRE)-mediated direct transrepression. We now demonstrate that the integrity of this GR SUMOylation site is mandatory for the formation of a GR-small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs)-SMRT/NCoR1-HDAC3 repressing complex, which is indispensable for NF-κB/AP1-mediated GC-induced tethered indirect transrepression in vitro. Using GR K310R mutant mice or mice containing the N-terminal truncated GR isoform GRα-D3 lacking the K310 SUMOylation site, revealed a more severe skin inflammation than in WT mice. Importantly, cotreatment with dexamethasone (Dex) could not efficiently suppress a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in these mutant mice, whereas it was clearly decreased in WT mice. In addition, in mice selectively ablated in skin keratinocytes for either nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1)/silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) corepressors or histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), Dex-induced tethered transrepression and the formation of a repressing complex on DNA-bound NF-κB/AP1 were impaired. We previously suggested that GR ligands that would lack both (+)GRE-mediated transactivation and IR nGRE-mediated direct transrepression activities of GCs may preferentially exert the therapeutically beneficial GC antiinflammatory properties. Interestingly, we now identified a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory selective GR agonist (SEGRA) that selectively lacks both Dex-induced (+)GRE-mediated transactivation and IR nGRE-mediated direct transrepression functions, while still exerting a tethered indirect transrepression activity and could therefore be clinically lesser debilitating on long-term GC therapy.
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44
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Chow CC, Finn KK, Storchan GB, Lu X, Sheng X, Simons SS. Kinetically-defined component actions in gene repression. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004122. [PMID: 25816223 PMCID: PMC4376387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene repression by transcription factors, and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in particular, is a critical, but poorly understood, physiological response. Among the many unresolved questions is the difference between GR regulated induction and repression, and whether transcription cofactor action is the same in both. Because activity classifications based on changes in gene product level are mechanistically uninformative, we present a theory for gene repression in which the mechanisms of factor action are defined kinetically and are consistent for both gene repression and induction. The theory is generally applicable and amenable to predictions if the dose-response curve for gene repression is non-cooperative with a unit Hill coefficient, which is observed for GR-regulated repression of AP1LUC reporter induction by phorbol myristate acetate. The theory predicts the mechanism of GR and cofactors, and where they act with respect to each other, based on how each cofactor alters the plots of various kinetic parameters vs. cofactor. We show that the kinetically-defined mechanism of action of each of four factors (reporter gene, p160 coactivator TIF2, and two pharmaceuticals [NU6027 and phenanthroline]) is the same in GR-regulated repression and induction. What differs is the position of GR action. This insight should simplify clinical efforts to differentially modulate factor actions in gene induction vs. gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C. Chow
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CCC); (SSS)
| | - Kelsey K. Finn
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geoffery B. Storchan
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xinping Lu
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - S. Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CCC); (SSS)
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45
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Simandi Z, Czipa E, Horvath A, Koszeghy A, Bordas C, Póliska S, Juhász I, Imre L, Szabó G, Dezso B, Barta E, Sauer S, Karolyi K, Kovacs I, Hutóczki G, Bognár L, Klekner Á, Szucs P, Bálint BL, Nagy L. PRMT1 and PRMT8 Regulate Retinoic Acid-Dependent Neuronal Differentiation with Implications to Neuropathology. Stem Cells 2015; 33:726-41. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Simandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Erik Czipa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Attila Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Aron Koszeghy
- Department of Physiology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Csilla Bordas
- Department of Physiology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - István Juhász
- Department of Dermatology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Surgery and Operative Techniques; Faculty of Dentistry University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Imre
- Department of Biophysics and Cell biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Balazs Dezso
- Department of Pathology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Endre Barta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Katalin Karolyi
- Department of Pathology; Kenézy Hospital and Outpatient Clinic; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovacs
- Department of Pathology; Kenézy Hospital and Outpatient Clinic; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gábor Hutóczki
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Álmos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Peter Szucs
- Department of Physiology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- MTA-DE-NAP B-Pain Control Group; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Bálint L. Bálint
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- MTA-DE “Lendulet” Immunogenomics Research Group; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona; Orlando Florida USA
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46
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Rollins DA, Coppo M, Rogatsky I. Minireview: nuclear receptor coregulators of the p160 family: insights into inflammation and metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:502-17. [PMID: 25647480 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivators (NCOAs) are multifunctional transcriptional coregulators for a growing number of signal-activated transcription factors. The members of the p160 family (NCOA1/2/3) are increasingly recognized as essential and nonredundant players in a number of physiological processes. In particular, accumulating evidence points to the pivotal roles that these coregulators play in inflammatory and metabolic pathways, both under homeostasis and in disease. Given that chronic inflammation of metabolic tissues ("metainflammation") is a driving force for the widespread epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and associated comorbidities, deciphering the role of NCOAs in "normal" vs "pathological" inflammation and in metabolic processes is indeed a subject of extreme biomedical importance. Here, we review the evolving and, at times, contradictory, literature on the pleiotropic functions of NCOA1/2/3 in inflammation and metabolism as related to nuclear receptor actions and beyond. We then briefly discuss the potential utility of NCOAs as predictive markers for disease and/or possible therapeutic targets once a better understanding of their molecular and physiological actions is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rollins
- Hospital for Special Surgery (D.A.R., M.C., I.R.), The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, New York 10021; and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis (D.A.R., I.R.), Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021
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47
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Meijsing SH. Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Gene Transcription. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26215990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One fascinating aspect of glucocorticoid signaling is their broad range of physiological and pharmacological effects. These effects are at least in part a consequence of transcriptional regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Activation of GR by glucocorticoids results in tissue-specific changes in gene expression levels with some genes being activated whereas others are repressed. This raises two questions: First, how does GR regulate different subsets of target genes in different tissues? And second, how can GR both activate and repress the expression of genes?To answer these questions, this chapter will describe the function of the various "components" and how they cooperate to mediate the transcriptional responses to glucocorticoids. The first "component" is GR itself. The second "component" is the chromatin and its role in specifying where in the genome GR binds. Binding to the genome however is just the first step in regulating the expression of genes and transcriptional regulation by GR depends on the recruitment of coregulator proteins that either directly or indirectly influence the recruitment and or activity of RNA polymerase II. Ultimately, the integration of inputs including GR isoform, DNA sequence, chromatin and cooperation with coregulators determines which genes are regulated and the direction of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biology, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin, 14195, Germany,
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48
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones with widespread effects. They control intermediate metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver, mobilize amino acids from extra hepatic tissues, inhibit glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, and stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue. They also mediate stress response. They exert potent immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects particularly when administered pharmacologically. Understanding these diverse effects of glucocorticoids requires a detailed knowledge of their mode of action. Research over the years has uncovered several details on the molecular action of this hormone, especially in immune cells. In this chapter, we have summarized the latest findings on the action of glucocorticoids in immune cells with a view of identifying important control points that may be relevant in glucocorticoid therapy.
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49
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Wu DY, Ou CY, Chodankar R, Siegmund KD, Stallcup MR. Distinct, genome-wide, gene-specific selectivity patterns of four glucocorticoid receptor coregulators. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2014; 12:e002. [PMID: 25422592 PMCID: PMC4242289 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the
glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which then positively or negatively regulates
transcription of many genes that govern multiple important physiological
pathways such as inflammation and metabolism of glucose, fat and bone. The
remodeling of chromatin and regulated assembly or disassembly of active
transcription complexes by GR and other DNA-binding transcription factors is
mediated and modulated by several hundred transcriptional coregulator proteins.
Previous studies focusing on single coregulators demonstrated that each
coregulator is required for regulation of only a subset of all the genes
regulated by a steroid hormone. We hypothesized that the gene-specific patterns
of coregulators may correspond to specific physiological pathways such that
different coregulators modulate the pathway-specificity of hormone action,
thereby providing a mechanism for fine tuning of the hormone response. We tested
this by direct comparison of multiple coregulators, using siRNA to deplete the
products of four steroid hormone receptor coregulator genes
(CCAR1, CCAR2, CALCOCO1
and ZNF282). Global analysis of glucocorticoid-regulated gene
expression after siRNA mediated depletion of coregulators confirmed that each
coregulator acted in a selective and gene-specific manner and demonstrated both
positive and negative effects on glucocorticoid-regulated expression of
different genes. We identified several classes of hormone-regulated genes based
on the effects of coregulator depletion. Each coregulator supported hormonal
regulation of some genes and opposed hormonal regulation of other genes
(coregulator-modulated genes), blocked hormonal regulation of a second class of
genes (coregulator-blocked genes), and had no effect on hormonal regulation of a
third gene class (coregulator-independent genes). In spite of previously
demonstrated physical and functional interactions among these four coregulators,
the majority of the several hundred modulated and blocked genes for each of the
four coregulators tested were unique to that coregulator. Finally, pathway
analysis on coregulator-modulated genes supported the hypothesis that individual
coregulators may regulate only a subset of the many physiological pathways
controlled by glucocorticoids. We conclude that gene-specific actions of
coregulators correspond to specific physiological pathways, suggesting that
coregulators provide a potential mechanism for physiological fine tuning in vivo
and may thus represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Ying Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Chen-Yin Ou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Rajas Chodankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Kimberly D Siegmund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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Liberman AC, Antunica-Noguerol M, Arzt E. Modulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Post-Translational Modifications. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.11131/2014/101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
| | - María Antunica-Noguerol
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
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