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Scafidi A, Lind-Holm Mogensen F, Campus E, Pailas A, Neumann K, Legrave N, Bernardin F, Pereira SL, Antony PM, Nicot N, Mittelbronn M, Grünewald A, Nazarov PV, Poli A, Van Dyck E, Michelucci A. Metformin impacts the differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells into macrophages affecting tumour immunity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37792. [PMID: 39315158 PMCID: PMC11417223 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that metformin reduces the risk of developing several types of cancer, including gliomas, and improves the overall survival in cancer patients. Nevertheless, while the effect of metformin on cancer cells has been extensively studied, its impact on other components of the tumour microenvironment, such as macrophages, is less understood. Results Metformin-treated mouse bone marrow cells differentiate into spindle-shaped macrophages exhibiting increased phagocytic activity and tumour cell cytotoxicity coupled with modulated expression of co-stimulatory molecules displaying reduced sensitivity to inflammatory cues compared with untreated cells. Transcriptional analyses of metformin-treated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages show decreased expression levels of pro-tumour genes, including Tgfbi and Il1β, related to enhanced mTOR/HIF1α signalling and metabolic rewiring towards glycolysis. Significance Our study provides novel insights into the immunomodulatory properties of metformin in macrophages and its potential application in preventing tumour onset and in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scafidi
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Frida Lind-Holm Mogensen
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Eleonora Campus
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandros Pailas
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Katrin Neumann
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Legrave
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - François Bernardin
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sandro L. Pereira
- Molecular and Functional Neurobiology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul M.A. Antony
- Bioimaging Platform, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- LuxGen Genome Center, Luxembourg Institute of Health & Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
- National Center of Pathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Molecular and Functional Neurobiology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V. Nazarov
- Bioinformatics and AI unit, Department of Medical Informatics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
- Multiomics Data Science Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Poli
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Porte S, Audemard-Verger A, Wu C, Durand A, Level T, Giraud L, Lombès A, Germain M, Pierre R, Saintpierre B, Lambert M, Auffray C, Peyssonnaux C, Goldwasser F, Vaulont S, Alves-Guerra MC, Dentin R, Lucas B, Martin B. Iron Boosts Antitumor Type 1 T-cell Responses and Anti-PD1 Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:1252-1267. [PMID: 38912762 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancers only develop if they escape immunosurveillance, and the success of cancer immunotherapies relies in most cases on their ability to restore effector T-cell functions, particularly IFNγ production. Revolutionizing the treatment of many cancers, immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints such as PD1 can increase survival and cure patients. Unfortunately, although immunotherapy has greatly improved the prognosis of patients, not all respond to anti-PD1 immunotherapy, making it crucial to identify alternative treatments that could be combined with current immunotherapies to improve their effectiveness. Here, we show that iron supplementation significantly boosts T-cell responses in vivo and in vitro. The boost was associated with a metabolic reprogramming of T cells in favor of lipid oxidation. We also found that the "adjuvant" effect of iron led to a marked slowdown of tumor cell growth after tumor cell line transplantation in mice. Specifically, our results suggest that iron supplementation promotes antitumor responses by increasing IFNγ production by T cells. In addition, iron supplementation improved the efficacy of anti-PD1 cancer immunotherapy in mice. Finally, our study suggests that, in patients with cancer, the quality and efficacy of the antitumor response following anti-PD1 immunotherapy may be modulated by plasma ferritin levels. In summary, our results suggest the benefits of iron supplementation on the reactivation of antitumor responses and support the relevance of a fruitful association between immunotherapy and iron supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Porte
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Wu
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Durand
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Théo Level
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Léa Giraud
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Lombès
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Germain
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Pierre
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Saintpierre
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Lambert
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Auffray
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Clotilde Alves-Guerra
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Dentin
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Martin
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
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Davar D, Cavalcante L, Lakhani N, Moser J, Millward M, McKean M, Voskoboynik M, Sanborn RE, Grewal JS, Narayan A, Patnaik A, Gainor JF, Sznol M, Enstrom A, Blanchfield L, LeBlanc H, Thomas H, Chisamore MJ, Peng SL, Naumovski A. Phase I studies of davoceticept (ALPN-202), a PD-L1-dependent CD28 co-stimulator and dual PD-L1/CTLA-4 inhibitor, as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors (NEON-1 and NEON-2). J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009474. [PMID: 39097413 PMCID: PMC11344531 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Davoceticept (ALPN-202) is an Fc fusion of a CD80 variant immunoglobulin domain designed to mediate programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-dependent CD28 co-stimulation while inhibiting the PD-L1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) checkpoints. The safety and efficacy of davoceticept monotherapy and davoceticept and pembrolizumab combination therapy in adult patients with advanced solid tumors were explored in NEON-1 and NEON-2, respectively. METHODS In NEON-1 (n=58), davoceticept 0.001-10 mg/kg was administered intravenous either once weekly (Q1W) or once every 3 weeks (Q3W). In NEON-2 (n=29), davoceticept was administered intravenously at 2 dose levels (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) Q1W or Q3W with pembrolizumab (400 mg once every 6 weeks). In both studies, primary endpoints included incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT); type, incidence, and severity of adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities; and seriousness of AEs. Secondary endpoints included antitumor efficacy assessed using RECIST v1.1, pharmacokinetics, anti-drug antibodies, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. RESULTS The incidence of treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) was 67% (39/58) and 36% (21/58) with davoceticept monotherapy, and 62% (18/29) and 31% (9/29) with davoceticept and pembrolizumab combination, respectively. The incidence of ≥grade (Gr)3 TRAEs and ≥Gr3 irAEs was 12% (7/58) and 5% (3/58) with davoceticept monotherapy, and 24% (7/29) and 10% (3/29) with davoceticept and pembrolizumab combination, respectively. One DLT of Gr3 immune-related gastritis occurred during davoceticept monotherapy 3 mg/kg Q3W. During davoceticept combination with pembrolizumab, two Gr5 cardiac DLTs occurred; one instance each of cardiogenic shock (0.3 mg/kg Q3W, choroidal melanoma metastatic to the liver) and immune-mediated myocarditis (0.1 mg/kg Q3W, microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma), prompting early termination of both studies. Across both studies, five patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exhibited evidence of clinical benefit (two partial response, three stable disease). CONCLUSIONS Davoceticept was generally well tolerated as monotherapy at intravenous doses up to 10 mg/kg. Evidence of clinical activity was observed with davoceticept monotherapy and davoceticept in combination with pembrolizumab, notably in RCC. However, two fatal cardiac events occurred with the combination of low-dose davoceticept and pembrolizumab. Future clinical investigation with davoceticept should not consider combination with programmed death-1-inhibitor anticancer mechanisms, until its safety profile is more fully elucidated. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NEON-1 (NCT04186637) and NEON-2 (NCT04920383).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Davar
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Moser
- HonorHealth Research and Innovation Institute, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Millward
- Linear Clinical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Mark Voskoboynik
- Nucleus Network Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel E Sanborn
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Ajita Narayan
- Franciscan Physician Network with Franciscan Alliance, Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Mario Sznol
- Yale University Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Heidi LeBlanc
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Gilmour BC, Corthay A, Øynebråten I. High production of IL-12 by human dendritic cells stimulated with combinations of pattern-recognition receptor agonists. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38702320 PMCID: PMC11068792 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-12p70 is crucial for T helper 1 (Th1) polarization and the generation of type 1 immunity required to fight cancer and pathogens. Therefore, strategies to optimize the production of IL-12p70 by human dendritic cells (DCs) may significantly improve the efficacy of vaccines and immunotherapies. However, the rules governing the production of IL-12p70 remain obscure. Here, we stimulated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) representing five families of PRRs, to evaluate their ability to elicit high production of IL-12p70 by monocyte-derived DCs. We used ten well-characterized agonists and stimulated DCs in vitro with either single agonists or 27 different combinations. We found that poly(I:C), which engages the RNA-sensing PRRs TLR3 and MDA5, and LPS which stimulates TLR4, were the only agonists that could elicit notable IL-12p70 production when used as single ligands. We identified six different combinations of PRR agonists, all containing either the TLR3/MDA5 agonist poly(I:C) or the TLR7/8 agonist R848, that could synergize to elicit high production of IL-12p70 by human DCs. Five of the six combinations also triggered high production of the antiviral and antitumor cytokine IFNβ. Overall, the tested PRR ligands could be divided into three groups depending on whether they triggered production of both IL-12p70 and IFNβ, only one of the two, or neither. Thus, combinations of PRR agonists were found to increase the production of IL-12p70 by human DCs in a synergistic manner, and we identified six PRR agonist combinations that may represent strong adjuvant candidates, in particular for therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Gilmour
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Jo W, Won T, Daoud A, Čiháková D. Immune checkpoint inhibitors associated cardiovascular immune-related adverse events. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340373. [PMID: 38375475 PMCID: PMC10875074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are specialized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target immune checkpoints and their ligands, counteracting cancer cell-induced T-cell suppression. Approved ICIs like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) have improved cancer patient outcomes by enhancing anti-tumor responses. However, some patients are unresponsive, and others experience immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting organs like the lung, liver, intestine, skin and now the cardiovascular system. These cardiac irAEs include conditions like myocarditis, atherosclerosis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. Ongoing clinical trials investigate promising alternative co-inhibitory receptor targets, including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT). This review delves into the mechanisms of approved ICIs (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3) and upcoming options like Tim-3 and TIGIT. It explores the use of ICIs in cancer treatment, supported by both preclinical and clinical data. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms behind cardiac toxic irAEs, focusing on ICI-associated myocarditis and atherosclerosis. These insights are vital as ICIs continue to revolutionize cancer therapy, offering hope to patients, while also necessitating careful monitoring and management of potential side effects, including emerging cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Abdel Daoud
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ikeda H, Nagasaki J, Shimizu D, Katsuya Y, Horinouchi H, Hosomi Y, Tanji E, Iwata T, Itami M, Kawazu M, Ohe Y, Suzuki T, Togashi Y. Immunologic Significance of CD80/CD86 or Major Histocompatibility Complex-II Expression in Thymic Epithelial Tumors. JTO Clin Res Rep 2023; 4:100573. [PMID: 37799325 PMCID: PMC10550405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Unresectable or recurrent thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) have a poor prognosis, and treatment options are limited. This study aimed to investigate the immunologic significance of CD80/CD86 or major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) expression in TETs, as potential predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods We analyzed CD80, CD86, MHC class I (MHC-I), and MHC-II expression in TETs using immunohistochemistry and investigated their association with T-cell infiltration or ICI efficacy. In addition, we generated CD80- or MHC-II-expressing mouse tumors, evaluated the effects of ICIs, and analyzed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We also performed tumor-rechallenge experiments in vivo. Results We found that approximately 50% and 30% of TETs had high expression of CD80/CD86 and MHC-II in tumor cells, respectively, and that this expression was related to T-cell infiltration in clinical samples. In mouse models, both CD80 and MHC-II increase the effects of ICIs. In addition, senescent T cells and long-lived memory precursor effector T cells were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from CD80-expressing tumors, and rechallenged tumors were completely rejected after the initial eradication of CD80-expressing tumors by programmed cell death protein 1 blockade. Indeed, patients with CD80-high thymic carcinoma had longer progression-free survival with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibody. Conclusions Half of the TETs had high expression of CD80/CD86 or MHC-II with high T-cell infiltration. These molecules could potentially increase the effects of ICIs, particularly inducing a durable response. CD80/CD86 and MHC-II can be predictive biomarkers of ICIs in TETs, promoting the development of drugs for such TETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ikeda
- Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Nagasaki
- Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Katsuya
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehito Horinouchi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Hosomi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tanji
- Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takekazu Iwata
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makiko Itami
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Togashi
- Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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7
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Fortman DD, Hurd D, Davar D. The Microbiome in Advanced Melanoma: Where Are We Now? Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:997-1016. [PMID: 37269504 PMCID: PMC11090495 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent data linking gut microbiota composition to ICI outcomes and gut microbiota-specific interventional clinical trials in melanoma. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the effects of the gut microbiome modulation upon ICI response in advanced melanoma, with growing evidence supporting the ability of the gut microbiome to restore or improve ICI response in advanced melanoma through dietary fiber, probiotics, and FMT. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting the PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 negative regulatory checkpoints have transformed the management of melanoma. ICIs are FDA-approved in advanced metastatic disease, stage III resected melanoma, and high-risk stage II melanoma and are being investigated more recently in the management of high-risk resectable melanoma in the peri-operative setting. The gut microbiome has emerged as an important tumor-extrinsic modulator of both response and immune-related adverse event (irAE) development in ICI-treated cancer in general, and melanoma in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Fortman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Drew Hurd
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pavilion, Suite 1.32d, 5115, Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pavilion, Suite 1.32d, 5115, Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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8
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Lin Z, Tang Y, Chen Z, Li S, Xu X, Hou X, Chen Z, Wen J, Zeng W, Meng X, Fan H. Soluble CD80 oral delivery by recombinant Lactococcus suppresses tumor growth by enhancing antitumor immunity. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10533. [PMID: 37476068 PMCID: PMC10354755 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD80 is an important co-stimulatory molecule that participates in the immune response. Soluble CD80 can induce T cell activation and overcome PDL1-mediated immune suppression. In this study, we aimed to construct recombinant Lactococcus lactis for oral delivery of the soluble CD80 (hsCD80) protein or the fusion protein containing the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and hsCD80 (CTB-hsCD80) under the control of the nisin-inducible expression system. The recombinant L. lactis expressed and secreted hsCD80 or CTB-hsCD80 fusion proteins after induction by nisin in vitro and in the enteric cavity. Additionally, the CTB-hsCD80 fusion protein showed uptake by intestinal epithelial cells, was cleaved by the furin protease, and was released as free hsCD80 protein into the blood circulation. Orally administered hsCD80 and CTB-hsCD80 containing L. lactis increased the proportion of activated T cells in the spleen and intestinal epithelium, inhibited tumor growth, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The hsCD80-containing L. lactis showed greater therapeutic effects on primary colonic adenoma in APCmin/- mice and completely suppressed tumor growth. Further, recombinant CTB-hsCD80 in L. lactis was more efficient than hsCD80-containing bacteria in inhibiting the growth of xenografted colon cancer and melanoma cells. hsCD80 engineered probiotics may serve as a promising new approach for antitumor immunotherapy, especially for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Virotech Phamaceutical Co., LtdGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zerong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Urology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Simin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xueyan Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical UniversitySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xufeng Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenhui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junjie Wen
- Guangzhou Weisengene Biological Technology Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Weisen Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Hongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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9
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Chmiel P, Gęca K, Michalski A, Kłosińska M, Kaczyńska A, Polkowski WP, Pelc Z, Skórzewska M. Vista of the Future: Novel Immunotherapy Based on the Human V-Set Immunoregulatory Receptor for Digestive System Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9945. [PMID: 37373091 PMCID: PMC10297928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While gastrointestinal tumors remain a multifactorial and prevalent group of malignancies commonly treated surgically in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, advancements regarding immunotherapeutic approaches continue to occur. Entering a new era of immunotherapy focused on overcoming resistance to preceding therapies caused the emergence of new therapeutic strategies. A promising solution surfaces with a V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), a negative regulator of a T-cell function expressed in hematopoietic cells. Due to VISTA's ability to act as both a ligand and a receptor, several therapeutic approaches can be potentially developed. A broad expression of VISTA was discovered on various tumor-growth-controlling cells, which proved to increase in specific tumor microenvironment (TME) conditions, thus serving as a rationale behind the development of new VISTA-targeting. Nevertheless, VISTA's ligands and signaling pathways are still not fully understood. The uncertain results of clinical trials suggest the need for future examining inhibitor agents for VISTA and implicating a double immunotherapeutic blockade. However, more research is needed before the breakthrough can be achieved. This review discusses perspectives and novel approaches presented in the current literature. Based on the results of the ongoing studies, VISTA might be considered a potential target in combined therapy, especially for treating gastrointestinal malignancies.
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10
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Nikoo M, Rabiee F, Mohebbi H, Eghbalifard N, Rajabi H, Yazdani Y, Sakhaei D, Khosravifarsani M, Akhavan-Sigari R. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy in cancer: Current evidence to date. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109881. [PMID: 37012882 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy, yielding significant antitumor responses across multiple cancer types. Combination ICI therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies outperforms either antibody alone in terms of clinical efficacy. As a consequence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) plus nivolumab (anti-PD-1) as the first-ever approved therapies for combined ICI in patients with metastatic melanoma. Despite the success of ICIs, treatment with checkpoint inhibitor combinations poses significant clinical challenges, such as increased rates of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and drug resistance. Thus, identifying optimal prognostic biomarkers could help to monitor the safety and efficacy of ICIs and identify patients who may benefit the most from these treatments. In this review, we will first go over the fundamentals of the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways, as well as the mechanisms of ICI resistance. The results of clinical findings that evaluated the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab are then summarized to support future research in the field of combination therapy. Finally, the irAEs associated with combined ICI therapy, as well as the underlying biomarkers involved in their management, are discussed.
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11
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Wang D, Bauersachs J, Berliner D. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Associated Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy: A Translational Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030472. [PMID: 36979163 PMCID: PMC10045178 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized oncology and transformed the treatment of various malignancies. By unleashing the natural immunological brake of the immune system, ICIs were initially considered an effective, gentle therapy with few side effects. However, accumulated clinical knowledge reveals that ICIs are associated with inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs, leading to immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Most irAEs involve the skin and gastrointestinal tract; however, cardiovascular involvement is associated with very high mortality rates, and its underlying pathomechanisms are poorly understood. Ranging from acute myocarditis to chronic cardiomyopathies, ICI-induced cardiotoxicity can present in various forms and entities. Revealing the inciting factors, understanding the pathogenesis, and identifying effective treatment strategies are needed to improve the care of tumor patients and our understanding of the immune and cardiovascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dominik Berliner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Prakash A, Gates T, Zhao X, Wangmo D, Subramanian S. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in the colorectal cancer immune environment and immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108332. [PMID: 36526013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) continue to have limited utility outside of microsatellite-high disease. Given the durable response to immunotherapy seen across malignancies, increasing CRC response rates to ICI therapy is an active area of clinical research. An increasing body of work has demonstrated that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are key modulators in tumor signaling and the determinants of the tumor microenvironment. Pre-clinical models have shown that TEVs are directly involved in antigen presentation and are involved in radiation-induced DNA damage signaling. Both direct and indirect modifications of these TEVs can alter CRC immunogenicity and ICI treatment response, making them attractive targets for potential therapeutic development. In addition, modified TEVs can be developed using several different mechanisms, with varied cargo including micro-RNAs and small peptide molecules. Recent work has shown strong pre-clinical evidence of injected modified TEV-induced ICI activity, with knockdown of the micro-RNA miR-424 in TEVs improving CRC immunogenicity and increasing anti-PD-1 activity in mouse models. Clinical trials are ongoing in the evaluation of modified TEVs in cancer therapy, but they appear to be a promising therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Prakash
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Travis Gates
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Dechen Wangmo
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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13
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Kong Y, Tang L, You Y, Li Q, Zhu X. Analysis of causes for poor persistence of CAR-T cell therapy in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1063454. [PMID: 36761742 PMCID: PMC9905114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1063454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T-cell) therapy has been well researched to date because of its ability to target malignant tumor cells. The most common CAR-T cells are CD19 CAR-T cells, which play a large role in B-cell leukemia treatment. However, most CAR-T cells are associated with relapse after clinical treatment, so the quality and persistence of CAR-T cells need to be improved. With continuous optimization, there have been four generations of CARs and each generation of CARs has better quality and durability than the previous generation. In addition, it is important to increase the proportion of memory cells in CAR-T cells. Studies have shown that an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) can lead to dysfunction of CAR-T cells, resulting in decreased cell proliferation and poor persistence. Thus, overcoming the challenges of immunosuppressive molecules and targeting cytokines in the TME can also improve CAR-T cell persistence. In this paper, we explored how to improve the durability of CAR-T cell therapy by improving the structure of CARs, increasing the proportion of memory CAR-T cells and improving the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Kong
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong You
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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rs2013278 in the multiple immunological-trait susceptibility locus CD28 regulates the production of non-functional splicing isoforms. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:46. [PMID: 36271469 PMCID: PMC9585755 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ligation of CD28 with ligands such as CD80 or CD86 provides a critical second signal alongside antigen presentation by class II major histocompatibility complex expressed on antigen-presenting cells through the T cell antigen receptor for naïve T cell activation. A number of studies suggested that CD28 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified CD28 as a susceptibility locus for lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and primary biliary cholangitis. However, the primary functional variant and molecular mechanisms of disease susceptibility in this locus remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify the primary functional variant from thousands of genetic variants in the CD28 locus and elucidate its functional effect on the CD28 molecule. Results Among the genetic variants exhibiting stronger linkage disequilibrium (LD) with all GWAS-lead variants in the CD28 locus, rs2013278, located in the Rbfox binding motif related to splicing regulation, was identified as a primary functional variant related to multiple immunological traits. Relative endogenous expression levels of CD28 splicing isoforms (CD28i and CD28Δex2) compared with full-length CD28 in allele knock-in cell lines generated using CRISPR/Cas9 were directly regulated by rs2013278 (P < 0.05). Although full-length CD28 protein expressed on Jurkat T cells showed higher binding affinity for CD80/CD86, both CD28i and CD28Δex2 encoded loss-of-function isoforms. Conclusion The present study demonstrated for the first time that CD28 has a shared disease-related primary functional variant (i.e., rs2013278) that regulates the CD28 alternative splicing that generates loss-of-function isoforms. They reduce disease risk by inducing anergy of effector T cells that over-react to autoantigens and allergens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-022-00419-7.
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15
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Jain M, Mishra A, Singh MK, Shyam H, Kumar S, Shankar P, Singh S. Immunotherapeutic and their immunological aspects: Current treatment strategies and agents. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2022; 13:322-329. [PMID: 36683928 PMCID: PMC9851344 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_62_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is often caused by the immune system's inability to deal with malignant cells and allows them to progress and proliferate. Emerging cancerous cells constantly evade the immune system, and as a result, these cancerous cells acquire more mutations and exhibit the deadliest characteristics among malignant tumors. The importance of understanding tumor immunology, particularly the functions of tumor antigens and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, is highlighted by the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy therapies. Many innovative immunotherapy drugs that effectively battle cancer have been produced since the 1980s. At present, in cancer treatment, immunotherapy appears as a paradigm that targets immune checkpoints of tumor cells such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and monoclonal antibodies (MABs), although the treatment of cancer is classified into non-specific and specific types. Specific types define the antibody targeting cell receptors as a new cancer treatment modality. For a number of malignancies, checkpoint inhibitors, MABs, and their derivatives have become standard-of-care therapy. Other immunotherapy techniques, such as most cancer vaccines and cell-based therapies, are still in the experimental stage. Many new immunotherapy techniques and agents are being explored and evaluated in clinical trials, which is a good thing. Thus, this review discusses the role of checkpoint inhibitors and MABs in the treatment of tumor cells. Moreover, these findings help us to understand the mechanism of action of this class of therapeutics and provide support for the management of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Jain
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul K. Singh
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Shyam
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratap Shankar
- Center for Advance Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saumya Singh
- Department of Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Kim GR, Choi JM. Current Understanding of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Signaling in T-Cell Biology and Disease Therapy. Mol Cells 2022; 45:513-521. [PMID: 35950451 PMCID: PMC9385567 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an immune checkpoint molecule that is mainly expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells that inhibits T-cell activation and regulates immune homeostasis. Due to the crucial functions of CTLA-4 in T-cell biology, CTLA-4-targeted immunotherapies have been developed for autoimmune disease as well as cancers. CTLA-4 is known to compete with CD28 to interact with B7, but some studies have revealed that its downstream signaling is independent of its ligand interaction. As a signaling domain of CTLA-4, the tyrosine motif plays a role in inhibiting T-cell activation. Recently, the lysine motif has been shown to be required for the function of Treg cells, emphasizing the importance of CTLA-4 signaling. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CTLA-4 biology and molecular signaling events and discuss strategies to target CTLA-4 signaling for immune modulation and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Ran Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute for Rheumatology Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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17
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Immune System in Action. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:1-43. [PMID: 34972961 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells is found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the crosstalk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Assistant Professor, Service Chief of Adult Allergy & Immunology, Division of Immunology, Allergy & Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children' Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Jacquelot N, Ghaedi M, Warner K, Chung DC, Crome SQ, Ohashi PS. Immune Checkpoints and Innate Lymphoid Cells-New Avenues for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5967. [PMID: 34885076 PMCID: PMC8657134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (IC) are broadly characterized as inhibitory pathways that tightly regulate the activation of the immune system. These molecular "brakes" are centrally involved in the maintenance of immune self-tolerance and represent a key mechanism in avoiding autoimmunity and tissue destruction. Antibody-based therapies target these inhibitory molecules on T cells to improve their cytotoxic function, with unprecedented clinical efficacies for a number of malignancies. Many of these ICs are also expressed on innate lymphoid cells (ILC), drawing interest from the field to understand their function, impact for anti-tumor immunity and potential for immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight ILC specificities at different tissue sites and their migration potential upon inflammatory challenge. We further summarize the current understanding of IC molecules on ILC and discuss potential strategies for ILC modulation as part of a greater anti-cancer armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquelot
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; (M.G.); (K.W.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Maryam Ghaedi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; (M.G.); (K.W.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Kathrin Warner
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; (M.G.); (K.W.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Douglas C. Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; (M.G.); (K.W.); (D.C.C.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Sarah Q. Crome
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; (M.G.); (K.W.); (D.C.C.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
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19
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Cappell KM, Kochenderfer JN. A comparison of chimeric antigen receptors containing CD28 versus 4-1BB costimulatory domains. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:715-727. [PMID: 34230645 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered proteins designed to target T cells to cancer cells. To effectively activate the T cells in which they are expressed, CARs must contain a costimulatory domain. The CAR T cell products approved for the treatment of B cell lymphomas and/or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or multiple myeloma incorporate either a CD28-derived or a 4-1BB-derived costimulatory domain. Almost all other clinically tested CARs also use costimulatory domains from CD28 or 4-1BB. In preclinical experiments, cytokine release is usually greater with CARs containing CD28 versus 4-1BB costimulatory domains; however, constructs with either domain confer similar anticancer activity in mouse models. T cell products expressing CARs with either CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory domains have been highly efficacious in patients with relapsed haematological malignancies, with anti-CD19 products having similar activity regardless of the source of the costimulatory domain. In large-cohort clinical trials, the rates of neurological toxicities have been higher with CD28-costimulated CARs, although this finding is probably the result of a combination of factors rather than due to CD28 signalling alone. Future preclinical and clinical research should aim to compare different costimulatory domains while controlling for confounding variables. Herein, we provide an overview of T cell costimulation by CD28 and 4-1BB and, using the available preclinical and clinical data, compare the efficacy and toxicity profiles associated with CARs containing either costimulatory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Cappell
- Hematology Oncology Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Khan M, Arooj S, Wang H. Soluble B7-CD28 Family Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Proteins and Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651634. [PMID: 34531847 PMCID: PMC8438243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory B7-CD28 family member proteins negatively regulate T cell responses and are extensively involved in tumor immune evasion. Blockade of classical CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4) and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) checkpoint pathways have become the cornerstone of anti-cancer immunotherapy. New inhibitory checkpoint proteins such as B7-H3, B7-H4, and BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) are being discovered and investigated for their potential in anti-cancer immunotherapy. In addition, soluble forms of these molecules also exist in sera of healthy individuals and elevated levels are found in chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Soluble forms are generated by proteolytic shedding or alternative splicing. Elevated circulating levels of these inhibitory soluble checkpoint molecules in cancer have been correlated with advance stage, metastatic status, and prognosis which underscore their broader involvement in immune regulation. In addition to their potential as biomarker, understanding their mechanism of production, biological activity, and pathological interactions may also pave the way for their clinical use as a therapeutic target. Here we review these aspects of soluble checkpoint molecules and elucidate on their potential for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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21
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Distinct roles of ICOS and CD40L in human T-B cell adhesion and antibody production. Cell Immunol 2021; 368:104420. [PMID: 34418679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD40-CD40L and inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS)-ICOSL ligations are demonstrated to play critical roles in CD4+T-B interaction for B cell activation and differentiation in mouse models. Herein, by using a micropipette adhesion assay and an in vitro CD4+T-B cell coculture system simultaneously, we intended to dissect their roles in human CD4+T-B adhesion and IgG/IgM production. With the upregulation of CD40L and ICOS expressions on CD4+ T cells upon TCR/CD28 stimulation in vitro, activated CD4+ T cells exhibited enhanced adhesion with autologous B cells at a single cell level when compared to the resting counterparts. Blockade of ICOS dramatically damped the adhesion between CD4+ T and B cells whereas less effect of CD40L blockade was observed. On the contrary, blockade of CD40L led to the dramatic decrease in IgG/IgM production when B cells were cocultured with activated CD4+ T cells together with the decrease in the induction of CD19hi B cells. However, ICOS blockade displayed less attenuation on IgG/IgM production. Distinct roles of CD40-CD40L and ICOS-ICOSL in cell adhesion and IgG/IgM production were also observed in CD4+T-B cell interaction in system lupus erythematosus patients. The blockade of CD40L, rather than ICOS, led to the dramatic decrease in the phosphorylation of Pyk2 in CD19hi B cells and total B cells. Our study thus provides the evidence that CD40L and ICOS on activated CD4+ T cells either upon in vitro activation or at the pathogenic state function diversely during CD4+T-B cell interactions. While ICOS-ICOSL ligation is more likely to be engaged in cell adhesion, CD40-CD40L provides indispensable signal for B cell differentiation and IgG/IgM production. Our results are thus indicative for the segregating costimulation of CD40-CD40L and ICOS-ICOSL on CD4+ T cells for B cell activation and differentiation, which might be helpful for the dissection of SLE pathogenesis.
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22
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Xiao Z, Kandel A, Li L. Synergistic Activation of Bovine CD4+ T Cells by Neutrophils and IL-12. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060694. [PMID: 34204973 PMCID: PMC8228106 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell activation requires inflammatory cytokines to provide a third signal (3SI), such as interleukin-12 (IL-12). We recently reported that bovine neutrophils can enhance the activation of bovine CD4+ T cells. To explore the interactions between neutrophils and third signal cytokines in bovine CD4+ T cell activation, naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from cattle lymph nodes and stimulated for 3.5 days with anti-bovine CD3 (first signal; 1SI), anti-bovine CD28 (second signal; 2SI), and recombinant human IL-12 (3SI) in the presence or absence of neutrophils harvested from the same animals. Indeed, the strongest activation was achieved in the presence of all three signals, as demonstrated by CD25 upregulation, IFNγ production in CD4+ T cells, and secretion of IFNγ and IL-2 in cell supernatants. More importantly, 1SI plus neutrophils led to enhanced CD25 expression that was further increased by IL-12, suggesting synergistic action by IL-12 and neutrophils. Consistently, neutrophils significantly increased IFNγ production in 1SI plus IL-12-stimulated CD4+ T cells. Our data suggest the synergy of neutrophils and IL-12 as a novel regulator on bovine CD4+ T cell activation in addition to three signals. This knowledge could assist the development of immune interventions for the control of infectious diseases in cattle.
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23
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Dawson JC, Serrels A, Stupack DG, Schlaepfer DD, Frame MC. Targeting FAK in anticancer combination therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:313-324. [PMID: 33731845 PMCID: PMC8276817 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is both a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an adaptor protein that primarily regulates adhesion signalling and cell migration, but FAK can also promote cell survival in response to stress. FAK is commonly overexpressed in cancer and is considered a high-value druggable target, with multiple FAK inhibitors currently in development. Evidence suggests that in the clinical setting, FAK targeting will be most effective in combination with other agents so as to reverse failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies and enhance efficacy of immune-based treatments of solid tumours. Here, we discuss the recent preclinical evidence that implicates FAK in anticancer therapeutic resistance, leading to the view that FAK inhibitors will have their greatest utility as combination therapies in selected patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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24
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Shen P, Chen Y, Luo S, Fan Z, Wang J, Chang J, Deng J. Applications of biomaterials for immunosuppression in tissue repair and regeneration. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:31-44. [PMID: 33722787 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays an essential role in tissue repair and regeneration. Regardless of innate or adaptive immune responses, immunosuppressive strategies such as macrophage polarization and regulatory T (Treg) cell induction can be used to modulate the immune system to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Biomaterials can improve the production of anti-inflammatory macrophages and Treg cells by providing physiochemical cues or delivering therapeutics such as cytokines, small molecules, microRNA, growth factors, or stem cells in the damaged tissues. Herein, we present an overview of immunosuppressive modulation by biomaterials in tissue regeneration and highlight the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and Treg cell induction. Overall, we foresee that future biomaterials for regenerative strategies will entail more interactions between biomaterials and the immune cells, and more mechanisms of immunosuppression related to T cell subsets remain to be discovered and applied to develop novel biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Immunosuppression plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration, and biomaterials can interact with the immune system through their biological properties and by providing physiochemical cues. Here, we summarize the studies on biomaterials that have been used for immunosuppression to facilitate tissue regeneration. In the first part of this review, we demonstrate the crucial role of macrophage polarization and induction of T regulatory (Treg) cells in immunosuppression. In the second part, distinct approaches used by biomaterials to induce immunosuppression are introduced, which show excellent performance in terms of promoting tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuai Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jilong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junjie Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.
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25
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Bozward AG, Warricker F, Oo YH, Khakoo SI. Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells Cross Talk in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Exploring Therapeutic Options for the Next Decade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643310. [PMID: 33995362 PMCID: PMC8120158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in immunotherapy, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenging target. Natural Killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the anti-HCC immune response, which can be manipulated for immunotherapeutic benefit as primary targets, modulators of the tumour microenvironment and in synchronising with tumour antigen specific effector CD8 cells for tumour clearance. Regulatory T cells shape the anti-tumour response from effector T cells via multiple suppressive mechanisms. Future research is needed to address the development of novel NK cell-targeted immunotherapy and on restraining Treg frequency and function in HCC. We have now entered a new era of anti-cancer treatment using checkpoint inhibitor (CPI)-based strategies. Combining GMP-NK cell immunotherapy to enhance the frequency of NK cells with CPI targeting both NK and CD8 T cells to release co-inhibitory receptors and enhance the cells anti-tumour immunity of HCC would be an attractive therapeutic option in the treatment of HCC. These therapeutic approaches should now be complemented by the application of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches to understanding the microenvironment of HCC which, together with deep immune profiling of peripheral blood and HCC tissue before and during treatment, will provide the much-needed personalised medicine approach required to improve clinical outcomes for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber G. Bozward
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR BRC) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre- Rare Liver, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer Warricker
- The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ye H. Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR BRC) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre- Rare Liver, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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26
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Poto R, Marone G, Pirozzi F, Galdiero MR, Cuomo A, Formisano L, Bianco R, Della Corte CM, Morgillo F, Napolitano S, Troiani T, Tocchetti CG, Mercurio V, Varricchi G. How can we manage the cardiac toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:685-694. [PMID: 33749484 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1906860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer immunotherapies with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immune checkpoints (i.e. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1) have revolutionized antineoplastic treatments. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) approved for cancer immunotherapy are mAbs anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), anti-PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and cemiplimab), and anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab). Treatment with ICIs can be associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including an increased risk of developing myocarditis. These findings are compatible with the observation that, CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 pathways play a central role in the modulation of autoimmunity.Areas covered: In this paper, we start from examining the pathogenesis of cardiovascular adverse events from ICIs, and then we focus on risk factors and strategies to prevent and manage this cardiotoxicity.Expert opinion: There is a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach of ICI-associated cardiotoxicity, involving oncologists, cardiologists, and immunologists. Prevention and effective management of ICIs cardiotoxicity starts with an in-depth screening and surveillance strategies of high-risk patients, in order to improve early detection and appropriate management in a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Flora Pirozzi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Floriana Morgillo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo G Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Mercurio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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27
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Ghosh C, Luong G, Sun Y. A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12:2735-2746. [PMID: 33854633 PMCID: PMC8040720 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can evade the attack from host immune systems via hijacking the regulatory circuits mediated by immune checkpoints. Therefore, reactivating the antitumor immunity by blockade of immune checkpoints is considered as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are critical immune checkpoint proteins that responsible for negative regulation of the stability and the integrity of T-cell immune function. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs have been developed for immune checkpoint blockade and can induce clinical responses across different types of cancers, which provides a new hope to cure cancer. However, the patients' response rates to current anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapies are still low and many initial responders finally develop resistance to these therapies. In this review, we provides a snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 molecular structure, mechanisms controlling their expression, signaling modulated by PD-1/PD-L1, current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, and the future perspectives to overcome the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Ghosh
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Gary Luong
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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28
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Cetin B, Gumusay O. Understanding relevant immune mechanisms in gastrointestinal oncology. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021; 27:1222-1234. [PMID: 33557689 DOI: 10.1177/1078155221992862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and successful drug development has resulted in multiple treatment options for gastrointestinal cancer, requiring careful decision making for individual patients. The general theme in modern immunology is that the field is moving beyond establishing the fundamental principles of immune response mechanisms to applying these propositions to understand human diseases and develop new therapies. Immunotherapy has contributed enormously to cancer treatments with a virtual explosion in novel therapeutics including checkpoint inhibitors and other recently developed immunomodulators and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Although the majority of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are generally considered poorly immunogenic, clinical trials have revealed that some of the patients with various gastrointestinal cancers are highly responsive to immune checkpoint inhibition-based therapies. We paid special attention to the clinical relevance of immunology and emphasized how newly developed therapies work, including what their strengths and pitfalls are. This review aims to enhance the interest of practitioners in the many specialties and subspecialties that the discipline influences and to assist them in understanding this increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Cetin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ozge Gumusay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Roach CA, Cross AH. Anti-CD20 B Cell Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 11:595547. [PMID: 33551958 PMCID: PMC7862116 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.595547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of lytic therapies targeting B cells in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). More modest efficacy has been noted in the primary progressive subtype of MS. Clinical success has increased interest in the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS and in ways to potentially improve upon current B cell therapies. In this mini review, we will critically review previous and ongoing clinical trials of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in MS, including rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab. Side effects and adverse event profiles will be discussed. Studies examining the proposed mechanisms of action of B cell depleting therapies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Roach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Jiang X, Liu G, Li Y, Pan Y. Immune checkpoint: The novel target for antitumor therapy. Genes Dis 2021; 8:25-37. [PMID: 33569511 PMCID: PMC7859424 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory checkpoint molecules include programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), human endogenous retrovirus-H Long terminal repeat-associating 2 (HHLA2), B7 homolog 4 protein (B7-H4), T cell membrane protein-3 (TIM-3) and Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), which are up-regulated during tumorigenesis. These pathways are essential to down-regulate the immune system by blocking the activation of T cells. In recent years, immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) against PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 or TIM-3 has made remarkable progress in the clinical application, revolutionizing the treatment of malignant tumors and improving patients' overall survival. However, the efficacy of ICBs in some patients does not seem to be good enough, and more immune-related adverse events (irAEs) will inevitably occur. Therefore, biomarkers research provides practical guidance for clinicians to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from or exhibit resistance to particular types of immune checkpoint therapy. There are two points in general. On the one hand, given the spatial and temporal differential expression of immune checkpoint molecules during immunosuppression process, it is essential to understand their mechanisms to design the most effective individualized therapy. On the other hand, due to the lack of potent immune checkpoints, it is necessary to combine them with novel biomarkers (such as exosomes and ctDNA) and other anticancer modalities (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Guohong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
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31
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Magnetic bead extraction with acid dissociation immunoassay for the determination of serum CD80-Fc fusion protein. Bioanalysis 2020; 13:89-100. [PMID: 33356549 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To detect concentrations of subtherapeutic doses of the CD80-Fc fusion protein FPT155 in serum in Phase I studies, a highly sensitive assay was developed. Materials & methods: FPT155 was purified from human serum using magnetic beads coupled to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4. After washing away the serum components, FTP155 was released by acid dissociation and neutralization. The eluted drug was quantified in an ELISA using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 as a capture reagent and biotinylated anti-human Fc for detection. The assay was validated with a calibration range of 5-40 ng/ml and a dilutional integrity of up to 100,000 ng/ml. Conclusion: A highly sensitive assay to determine serum concentrations of FPT155 using readily available reagents was developed. The results were in conformity with theoretical calculations.
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32
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Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer: Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Response and Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:223-249. [PMID: 33197221 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042020-042741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 256.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made an indelible mark in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Starting with the approval of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) for advanced-stage melanoma in 2011, ICIs-which now also include antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1)-quickly gained US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of a wide array of cancer types, demonstrating unprecedented extension of patient survival. However, despite the success of ICIs, resistance to these agents restricts the number of patients able to achieve durable responses, and immune-related adverse events complicate treatment. Thus, a better understanding of the requirements for an effective and safe antitumor immune response following ICI therapy is needed. Studies of both tumoral and systemic changes in the immune system following ICI therapy have yielded insight into the basis for both efficacy and resistance. Ultimately, by building on these insights, researchers should be able to combine ICIs with other agents, or design new immunotherapies, to achieve broader and more durable efficacy as well as greater safety. Here, we review the history and clinical utility of ICIs, the mechanisms of resistance to therapy, and local and systemic immune cell changes associated with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA; ,
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA; ,
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA; ,
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33
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Calabrese LH, Caporali R, Blank CU, Kirk AD. Modulating the wayward T cell: New horizons with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments in autoimmunity, transplant, and cancer. J Autoimmun 2020; 115:102546. [PMID: 32980229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell response is regulated by the balance between costimulatory and coinhibitory signals. Immune checkpoints are essential for efficient T-cell activation, but also for maintaining self-tolerance and protecting tissues from damage caused by the immune system, and for providing protective immunity. Modulating immune checkpoints can serve diametric goals, such that blocking a coinhibitory molecule can unleash anti-cancer immunity whereas stimulating the same molecule can reduce an over-reaction in autoimmune disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the regulation of T-cell costimulation and coinhibition, which is central to the processes underpinning autoimmunity, transplant rejection and immune evasion in cancer. We will focus on the immunomodulation agents that regulate these unwanted over- and under-reactions. The use of such agents has led to control of symptoms and slowing of progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, reduced rejection rates in transplant patients, and prolonged survival in patients with cancer. The management of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in certain challenging patient populations, including patients with pre-existing autoimmune conditions or transplant patients who develop cancer, as well as the management of immune-related adverse events in patients receiving antitumor therapy, is examined. Finally, the future of immune checkpoint inhibitors, including examples of emerging targets that are currently in development, as well as recent insights gained using new molecular techniques, is discussed. T-cell costimulation and coinhibition play vital roles in these diverse therapeutic areas. Targeting immune checkpoints continues to be a powerful avenue for the development of agents suitable for treating autoimmune diseases and cancers and for improving transplant outcomes. Enhanced collaboration between therapy area specialists to share learnings across disciplines will improve our understanding of the opposing effects of treatments for autoimmune disease/transplant rejection versus cancer on immune checkpoints, which has the potential to lead to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Caporali
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health and Rheumatology Division, ASST Pini-CTO Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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34
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Flem-Karlsen K, Fodstad Ø, Nunes-Xavier CE. B7-H3 Immune Checkpoint Protein in Human Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4062-4086. [PMID: 31099317 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190517115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B7-H3 belongs to the B7 family of immune checkpoint proteins, which are important regulators of the adaptive immune response and emerging key players in human cancer. B7-H3 is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of tumor cells, antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells, tumor endothelial cells, but can also be present in intra- and extracellular vesicles. Additionally, B7-H3 may be present as a circulating soluble isoform in serum and other body fluids. B7-H3 is overexpressed in a variety of tumor types, in correlation with poor prognosis. B7-H3 is a promising new immunotherapy target for anti-cancer immune response, as well as a potential biomarker. Besides its immunoregulatory role, B7-H3 has intrinsic pro-tumorigenic activities related to enhanced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, metastatic capacity and anti-cancer drug resistance. B7-H3 has also been found to regulate key metabolic enzymes, promoting the high glycolytic capacity of cancer cells. B7-H3 receptors are still not identified, and little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying B7-H3 functions. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of B7-H3 in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Flem-Karlsen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Fodstad
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Isolation of Two Novel Human Anti-CTLA-4 mAbs with Intriguing Biological Properties on Tumor and NK Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082204. [PMID: 32781690 PMCID: PMC7464132 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has been considered an IC exclusively expressed on T cells, where it counteracts the co-stimulatory CD28 receptor, by competing for its binding to CD-80 and CD-86. We recently found that it is expressed also on tumor and NK cells, suggesting other possible unknown roles of CTLA-4. To shed light on these novel aspects of CTLA-4, we used Ipilimumab, the first FDA approved human antibody targeting CTLA-4, in parallel studies with two novel human mAbs we isolated by using an efficient phage display selection strategy on live activated lymphocytes and purified mouse and human CTLA-4. The selection for cross-reactive mAbs was guaranteed by a high throughput sequencing to identify the sequences commonly enriched by two parallel pannings on human and mouse CTLA-4. Two isolated antibodies were found to bind with high affinity to both human and mouse CTLA-4 and lymphocytes, showing nanomolar or sub-nanomolar Kd values. They were able to kill Treg cells by ADCC, and to activate both human and mouse PBMCs, by strongly increasing cytokines secretion. Interestingly, they activated NK cells, exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells by inducing ADCC and inhibited tumor cell growth by affecting CTLA-4 downstream pathways in a similar fashion to CD-80 and CD-86 ligands and differently from Ipilimumab. Moreover, the novel mAbs showed a reduced ability to interfere in the binding of CD-80 ligands to CTLA-4 on T cells with respect to Ipilimumab, suggesting that they could allow for anti-tumor effects without the irAEs associated with the potent antagonistic activity of Ipilimumab.
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Xu S, Wang Q, Kang Y, Liu J, Yin Y, Liu L, Wu H, Li S, Sui S, Shen M, Zheng W, Pang D. Long Noncoding RNAs Control the Modulation of Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:937-951. [PMID: 32321773 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) that are associated with immune checkpoints have not been identified, and the mechanism by which such lncRNAs might regulate the expression of immune checkpoints is unknown in human cancer. Immune checkpoint-associated lncRNAs (ICP-lncRNA) were identified and validated via a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data. These ICP-lncRNAs were involved in key immune response and immune cell receptor signaling pathways. The expression of ICP-lncRNAs was upregulated and correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with cancer. HLA complex P5 (HCP5) and myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) promoted tumor growth and upregulated the expression of PD-L1/CD274 via a competing endogenous RNA mechanism of sponging miR-150-5p. The combination of MIAT knockdown and PD-L1 antibody administration showed a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth. Finally, the expression of both HCP5 and MIAT was confirmed to be transcriptionally suppressed by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and lipopolysaccharide induced CTCF eviction from the HCP5 and MIAT promoters, attenuating the transcriptionally suppressive activity of CTCF. This study enlarges the functional landscape of known lncRNAs in human cancer and indicates novel insights into their roles in the field of tumor immunity and immunotherapy. These findings may aid in the comprehensive management of human cancer with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujuan Kang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiena Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanling Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shiyao Sui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Jeong S, Park SH. Co-Stimulatory Receptors in Cancers and Their Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e3. [PMID: 32158591 PMCID: PMC7049585 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapeutic agents, are now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of various types of cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs varies among patients and cancer types. Moreover, most patients do not develop durable antitumor responses after ICI therapy due to an ephemeral reversal of T-cell dysfunction. As co-stimulatory receptors play key roles in regulating the effector functions of T cells, activating co-stimulatory pathways may improve checkpoint inhibition efficacy, and lead to durable antitumor responses. Here, we review recent advances in our understating of co-stimulatory receptors in cancers, providing the necessary groundwork for the rational design of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Zhong C, Lang Q, Yu J, Wu S, Xu F, Tian Y. Phenotypical and potential functional characteristics of different immune cells expressing CD28H/B7-H5 and their relationship with cancer prognosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:12-21. [PMID: 31901178 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD28H and B7-H5 have been identified as receptor-ligand pairs in the B7/CD28 family, and have co-stimulatory activity in immune cells. Here, we have systematically reviewed the research reports concerning the CD28H/B7-H5 pathway. It was found that CD28H is mainly expressed in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells with naive and poorly differentiated properties, and repeated antigen stimulation leads to permanent loss of CD28H. In tumors, CD28H is mainly expressed in tissue-resident memory (TRM ) lymphocyte T cells, which is associated with improved tumor prognosis. B7-H5 is a ligand for CD28H and is widely expressed in tumor cells. B7-H5 expression is closely related to the prognosis of the tumor. Studies have shown that high expression of B7-H5 in tumor is related to a worse prognosis for lung cancer, osteosarcoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), breast carcinoma, human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) and colorectal cancer (CRC), but is associated with a better prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and glioma. Controversial views exist in studies on gastric cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Q Lang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - J Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - S Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - F Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Passariello M, Camorani S, Vetrei C, Ricci S, Cerchia L, De Lorenzo C. Ipilimumab and Its Derived EGFR Aptamer-Based Conjugate Induce Efficient NK Cell Activation against Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E331. [PMID: 32024070 PMCID: PMC7072174 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-antigen 4), which inhibits the co-stimulatory CD28 signal on T cells, has been recently found expressed on other cell populations, such as tumor and natural killer (NK) cells. We tested for the first time the effects of ipilimumab, the human anti-CTLA4 mAb in clinical use, on these cells and found that it inhibits the growth of tumor cells expressing CTLA-4 also in the absence of lymphocytes, and efficiently activates NK cells, thus suggesting an important unexplored role of NK cells in ipilimumab-modulated immune responses. Interestingly, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to play a key role in tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and in cytotoxic T lymphocyte inhibition. Thus, we tested combinatorial treatments of ipilimumab with an anti-EGFR aptamer endowed with anti-tumor activity, and constructed for the first time a novel bispecific immunoconjugate, made up of these two compounds. The novel immunoconjugate binds to the target cells, induces the activation of lymphocytes, including NK cells, and inhibits the growth of tumor target cells more efficiently than the parental compounds, by strongly enhancing the cytotoxic activity of both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and NK cells against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Passariello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (C.V.); (S.R.)
- Ceinge – Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Camorani
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vetrei
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (C.V.); (S.R.)
- Ceinge – Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (C.V.); (S.R.)
- Ceinge – Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia De Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (C.V.); (S.R.)
- Ceinge – Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
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Canel M, Taggart D, Sims AH, Lonergan DW, Waizenegger IC, Serrels A. T-cell co-stimulation in combination with targeting FAK drives enhanced anti-tumor immunity. eLife 2020; 9:e48092. [PMID: 31959281 PMCID: PMC6974352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical testing in combination with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, which patients are most likely to benefit from FAK inhibitors, and what the optimal FAK/immunotherapy combinations are, is currently unknown. We identify that cancer cell expression of the T-cell co-stimulatory ligand CD80 sensitizes murine tumors to a FAK inhibitor and show that CD80 is expressed by human cancer cells originating from both solid epithelial cancers and some hematological malignancies in which FAK inhibitors have not been tested clinically. In the absence of CD80, we identify that targeting alternative T-cell co-stimulatory receptors, in particular OX-40 and 4-1BB in combination with FAK, can drive enhanced anti-tumor immunity and even complete regression of murine tumors. Our findings provide rationale supporting the clinical development of FAK inhibitors in combination with patient selection based on cancer cell CD80 expression, and alternatively with therapies targeting T-cell co-stimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - David Taggart
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - David W Lonergan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Hu Y, Zeng T, Xiao Z, Hu Q, Li Y, Tan X, Yue H, Wang W, Tan H, Zou J. Immunological role and underlying mechanisms of B7-H6 in tumorigenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 502:191-198. [PMID: 31904350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B7 homolog 6 (B7-H6) has been identified as involved in tumorigenesis. Elucidating its role and potential mechanism of action is essential for understanding tumorigenesis and the potential development of an effective clinical strategy. Abnormal overexpression of B7-H6 in various types of tumors was reported to be linked with poor prognosis. B7-H6 suppresses the initiation of the "caspase cascade" and induces anti-apoptosis by STAT3 pathway activation to provoke tumorigenesis. B7-H6 facilitates tumor proliferation and cell cycle progression by regulating apoptosis suppressors. B7-H6 induces cellular cytotoxicity, secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ and B7-H6-specific BiTE triggers T cells to accelerate tumorigenesis. B7-H6 induces abnormal immunological progression by HER2-scFv mediated ADCC and NKp30 immune escape to promote tumorigenesis. B7-H6 promotes tumorigenesis via apoptosis inhibition, proliferation and immunological progression. B7-H6 may a valuable potential biomarker and therapeutic strategy for diagnostics, prognostics and treatment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zheng Xiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Qihao Hu
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yukun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiongjin Tan
- The Second Department of Orthopaedic, 922 Hospital of PLA, Hengyang, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yue
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, PR China
| | - Wensong Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Tan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Van Coillie S, Wiernicki B, Xu J. Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:7-32. [PMID: 32185705 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and CD86, are typically found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and can either bind CD28 or CTLA-4, resulting in a costimulatory or a co-inhibitory response, respectively. Because of its dampening effect, CTLA-4 is a crucial regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance. The mechanisms by which CTLA-4 exerts its inhibitory function can be categorized as either cell-intrinsic (affects the CTLA-4 expressing T-cell) or cell-extrinsic (affects secondary cells). Research from the last decade has shown that CTLA-4 mainly acts in a cell-extrinsic manner via its competition with CD28, CTLA-4-mediated trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86, and its direct tolerogenic effects on the interacting cell. Nonetheless, intrinsic CTLA-4 signaling has been implicated in T-cell motility and the regulation of CTLA-4 its subcellular localization amongst others. CTLA-4 is well recognized as a key immune checkpoint and has gained significant momentum as a therapeutic target in the field of autoimmunity and cancer. In this chapter, we describe the role of costimulation in immune response induction as well as the main mechanisms by which CTLA-4 can inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Van Coillie
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bartosz Wiernicki
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Abstract
Tumor development is characterized by the accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that transform normal cells and survival pathways into self-sustaining cells capable of untrammeled growth. Although multiple modalities including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are available for the treatment of cancer, the benefits conferred are often limited. The immune system is capable of specific, durable, and adaptable responses. However, cancers hijack immune mechanisms such as negative regulatory checkpoints that have evolved to limit inflammatory and immune responses to thwart effective antitumor immunity. The development of monoclonal antibodies against inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells has produced durable responses in a broad array of advanced malignancies and heralded a new dawn in the cancer armamentarium. However, these remarkable responses are limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Preclinical and clinical studies with immune checkpoint blockade are exploring the therapeutic potential antibody-based therapy targeting multiple inhibitory receptors. In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the structure, ligand specificities, function, and signaling activities of various inhibitory receptors. Additionally, we discuss the current development status of various immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting these negative immune receptors and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.
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Overview of Basic Immunology and Clinical Application. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:1-36. [PMID: 32301008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and cross-talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors win the 2018 Nobel Prize. Biomed J 2019; 42:299-306. [PMID: 31783990 PMCID: PMC6889239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Tasuku Honjo and James Allison for their discoveries in cancer immunology. Professor Honjo was awarded due to his discovery of the programmed death molecule-1 (PD-1) on T cells. Professor Allison discovered another important immunosuppressive molecule: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Suppression of T cell activation by PD-1 and/or CTLA-4 is considered one of the major escape mechanisms of cancer cells. Inhibition of these molecules by immune checkpoint inhibitors can successfully activate the immune system to fight cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors have brought about a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, reviving the hope of curing patients with end-stage cancer, including a wide variety of cancer types. In metastatic malignant melanoma, the previous long-term survival of only 5% can now be extended to 50% with anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 combined treatment in the latest report. More checkpoint molecules such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 are under investigation. The achievement of Drs. Honjo and Allison in cancer immunotherapy has encouraged research into other immune-pathological diseases.
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Zhu N, Weng S, Wang J, Chen J, Yu L, Fang X, Yuan Y. Preclinical rationale and clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy in urogenital tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:3021-3036. [PMID: 31617075 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have shown good clinical responses in various solid cancers. However, a major challenge in the process of ICB treatment is when tumors do not have enough infiltrating T cells. Antiangiogenic drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors have been approved for the treatment of various malignant solid tumors alone or in combination with other therapies. Our review mainly discusses the preclinical rationale and clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic and ICB combination therapy in urogenital tumors. METHODS We reviewed relevant literature on preclinical research and clinical trial results regarding antiangiogenic and ICB combination therapy in urogenital tumors from PubMed. In addition, we searched ongoing clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov to collect information related to this specific topic. RESULTS Antiangiogenesis therapy could enhance T cell recruitment and increase T cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment by blocking VEGF-VEGF receptor 2 binding and downstream signaling pathways to normalize tumor blood vessels. The combination of ICB and antiangiogenesis therapy could improve antitumor activity according to subsequent preclinical experiments and several phase I/II/III clinical trials on urogenital tumors. CONCLUSION Combined therapy has shown some antitumor efficacy in several urogenital tumors, such as metastatic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic urothelial and genitourinary tumors, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, and fallopian tube cancer. Combination therapy is a promising strategy that can be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy, and the identification of precise biomarkers of this combined therapy is the direction of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Weng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linzhen Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Chinese National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Chapoval AI, Chapoval SP, Shcherbakova NS, Shcherbakov DN. Immune Checkpoints of the B7 Family. Part 1. General Characteristics and First Representatives: B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1, B7-H2, and B7-DC. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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West SM, Deng XA. Considering B7-CD28 as a family through sequence and structure. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1577-1583. [PMID: 31208204 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219855970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of immuno-oncology, new therapeutic agents that modulate immune activation and regulation are being used to treat cancer patients with durable response. It is well known that following T-cell receptor (TCR) activation, many co-receptors can augment or suppress the TCR signal, and therapeutically targeting these co-receptors has proven effective. The B7-CD28 family is comprised of such immune-regulatory receptors, and antibodies against its members programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have revolutionized cancer treatment. These therapies promote an immune response against tumor cells, which demonstrated better long-term survival and tolerability compared to traditional cancer treatments. In this review we describe the history of the expanding B7-CD28 family, and by comparison of sequence and structure reveal that it is a non-traditional family. The family has grown to include proteins that share low sequence identity, generally grouped by regulation of immune response, which utilize the common immunoglobulin fold. This low level of commonality has provided additional challenges to the drug discovery process as the mechanisms and therapeutic potency between family members can vary greatly. Impact statement Immunotherapy as a field has dramatically expanded in the last decade in the area of oncology with efficacy demonstrated by PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 blockade. With all three “checkpoint blockade” receptors being in the B7-CD28 family, there has been increased interest in targeting other members in this family due to redundancy in immune regulation, i.e., the combination of therapeutic agents targeting multiple co-inhibitory receptors may yield additional antitumor efficacy. Therefore significant resources are being dedicated to developing additional B7-CD28 treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M West
- Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Xiaodi A Deng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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49
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Cuomo A, Rodolico A, Galdieri A, Russo M, Campi G, Franco R, Bruno D, Aran L, Carannante A, Attanasio U, Tocchetti CG, Varricchi G, Mercurio V. Heart Failure and Cancer: Mechanisms of Old and New Cardiotoxic Drugs in Cancer Patients. Card Fail Rev 2019; 5:112-118. [PMID: 31179022 PMCID: PMC6545979 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2018.32.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there have been many improvements in prognosis for patients with cancer, anticancer therapies are burdened by the risk of cardiovascular toxicity. Heart failure is one of the most dramatic clinical expressions of cardiotoxicity, and it may occur acutely or appear years after treatment. This article reviews the main mechanisms and clinical presentations of left ventricular dysfunction induced by some old and new cardiotoxic drugs in cancer patients, referring to the most recent advances in the field. The authors describe the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by anthracyclines, which can lead to cardiovascular problems in up to 48% of patients who take them. The authors also describe mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by biological drugs that produce left ventricular dysfunction through secondary mechanisms. They outline the recent advances in immunotherapies, which have revolutionised anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Rodolico
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Amalia Galdieri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Campi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Franco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Dalila Bruno
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Aran
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Carannante
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Attanasio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo G Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Mercurio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University Naples, Italy
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50
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Ferrata M, Schad A, Zimmer S, Musholt TJ, Bahr K, Kuenzel J, Becker S, Springer E, Roth W, Weber MM, Fottner C. PD-L1 Expression and Immune Cell Infiltration in Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) and Non-GEP Neuroendocrine Neoplasms With High Proliferative Activity. Front Oncol 2019; 9:343. [PMID: 31134150 PMCID: PMC6514221 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) to respond to checkpoint inhibitors is largely unknown and full of great expectations. Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the tumor microenvironment and its implications in predicting the response to checkpoint inhibition is a very active subject. Currently, the combined analysis of PD-L1 expression and tumor-associated immune cell (TAIC) infiltration is considered the best predictive marker of therapeutic response. Here we investigated the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells (TC) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) by IHC in 68 NEN samples with a high proliferation rate (Ki-67 >20%) from 57 patients and in 22 samples we correlated it with TAIC density by assessing intratumoral infiltration of CD3+, CD8+, and CD68+ cells. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment was evaluated according to the classification of Teng et al. We detected PD-L1 expression in 31.6% of NEN G3. Its expression usually was weak and more IC than TC expressed PD-L1. The proportion of tumors positive for PD-L1 was comparable in NEN from different sites of origin but varied depending on tumor differentiation and disease extension. No positive IHC staining was found in 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with a proliferation rate above 20% (NET G3). When analyzing TAIC, we rarely (18.2%) detected intratumoral CD8+ cells, whereas infiltration by CD3+ and CD68+ cells was more common (45.5 and 59.1%, respectively). By combining CD3+ cells and PD-L1 status, we identified the immune ignorant phenotype of tumor microenvironment as being the most common phenotype, supporting the concept of a preferably combined immunotherapeutic approach in neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferrata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I Medical Clinic, University Hospital, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arno Schad
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zimmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas J Musholt
- Clinic of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Endocrine Surgery Section, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Bahr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Kuenzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erik Springer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias M Weber
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I Medical Clinic, University Hospital, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Fottner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I Medical Clinic, University Hospital, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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