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Wang H, Qian T, Zhao Y, Zhuo Y, Wu C, Osakada T, Chen P, Chen Z, Ren H, Yan Y, Geng L, Fu S, Mei L, Li G, Wu L, Jiang Y, Qian W, Zhang L, Peng W, Xu M, Hu J, Jiang M, Chen L, Tang C, Zhu Y, Lin D, Zhou JN, Li Y. A tool kit of highly selective and sensitive genetically encoded neuropeptide sensors. Science 2023; 382:eabq8173. [PMID: 37972184 PMCID: PMC11205257 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are key signaling molecules in the endocrine and nervous systems that regulate many critical physiological processes. Understanding the functions of neuropeptides in vivo requires the ability to monitor their dynamics with high specificity, sensitivity, and spatiotemporal resolution. However, this has been hindered by the lack of direct, sensitive, and noninvasive tools. We developed a series of GRAB (G protein-coupled receptor activation‒based) sensors for detecting somatostatin (SST), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin (NTS), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). These fluorescent sensors, which enable detection of specific neuropeptide binding at nanomolar concentrations, establish a robust tool kit for studying the release, function, and regulation of neuropeptides under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongrui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yizhou Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takuya Osakada
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huixia Ren
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengwei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Mei
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Guochuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiwen Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Weiran Qian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wanling Peng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dayu Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Institute of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Mihara Y, Ishimoto T, Ozasa R, Omura T, Yamato Y, Yamada T, Okamoto A, Matsuyama Y, Nakano T. Deterioration of apatite orientation in the cholecystokinin B receptor gene (Cckbr)-deficient mouse femurs. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:752-759. [PMID: 37676507 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-023-01460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discrepancy between bone mineral density (BMD), the gold standard for bone assessment, and bone strength is a constraint in diagnosing bone function and determining treatment strategies for several bone diseases. Gastric hypochlorhydria induced by clinically used proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy indicates a discordance between changes in BMD and bone strength. Here, we used Cckbr-deficient mice with gastric hypochlorhydria to examine the effect of gastric hypochlorhydria on bone mass, BMD, and preferential orientation of the apatite crystallites, which is a strong indicator of bone strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cckbr-deficient mice were created, and their femurs were analyzed for BMD and preferential orientation of the apatite c-axis along the femoral long axis. RESULTS Cckbr-deficient mouse femurs displayed a slight osteoporotic bone loss at 18 weeks of age; however, BMD was comparable to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, apatite orientation in the femur mid-shaft significantly decreased from 9 to 18 weeks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the deterioration of apatite orientation in the bones of Cckbr-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Lesions in Cckbr-deficient mice occurred earlier in apatite orientation than in bone mass. Hence, bone apatite orientation may be a promising method for detecting hypochlorhydria-induced osteoporosis caused by PPI treatment and warrants urgent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ozasa
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yu Yamato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayako Okamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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CCKergic Tufted Cells Differentially Drive Two Anatomically Segregated Inhibitory Circuits in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6189-6206. [PMID: 32605937 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0769-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Delineation of functional synaptic connections is fundamental to understanding sensory processing. Olfactory signals are synaptically processed initially in the olfactory bulb (OB) where neural circuits are formed among inhibitory interneurons and the output neurons mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). TCs function in parallel with but differently from MCs and are further classified into multiple subpopulations based on their anatomic and functional heterogeneities. Here, we combined optogenetics with electrophysiology to characterize the synaptic transmission from a subpopulation of TCs, which exclusively express the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), to two groups of spatially segregated GABAergic interneurons, granule cells (GCs) and glomerular interneurons in mice of both sexes with four major findings. First, CCKergic TCs receive direct input from the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This monosynaptic transmission exhibits high fidelity in response to repetitive OSN input. Second, CCKergic TCs drive GCs through two functionally distinct types of monosynaptic connections: (1) dendrodendritic synapses onto GC distal dendrites via their lateral dendrites in the superficial external plexiform layer (EPL); (2) axodendritic synapses onto GC proximal dendrites via their axon collaterals or terminals in the internal plexiform layer (IPL) on both sides of each bulb. Third, CCKergic TCs monosynaptically excite two subpopulations of inhibitory glomerular interneurons via dendrodendritic synapses. Finally, sniff-like patterned activation of CCKergic TCs induces robust frequency-dependent depression of the dendrodendritic synapses but facilitation of the axodendritic synapses. These results demonstrated important roles of the CCKergic TCs in olfactory processing by orchestrating OB inhibitory activities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal morphology and organization in the olfactory bulb (OB) have been extensively studied, however, the functional operation of neuronal interactions is not fully understood. We combined optogenetic and electrophysiological approaches to investigate the functional operation of synaptic connections between a specific population of excitatory output neuron and inhibitory interneurons in the OB. We found that these output neurons formed distinct types of synapses with two populations of spatially segregated interneurons. The functional characteristics of these synapses vary significantly depending on the presynaptic compartments so that these output neurons can dynamically rebalance inhibitory feedback or feedforward to other neurons types in the OB in response to dynamic rhythmic inputs.
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Weidner MT, Lardenoije R, Eijssen L, Mogavero F, De Groodt LPMT, Popp S, Palme R, Förstner KU, Strekalova T, Steinbusch HWM, Schmitt-Böhrer AG, Glennon JC, Waider J, van den Hove DLA, Lesch KP. Identification of Cholecystokinin by Genome-Wide Profiling as Potential Mediator of Serotonin-Dependent Behavioral Effects of Maternal Separation in the Amygdala. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:460. [PMID: 31133792 PMCID: PMC6524554 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests a role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, in modulating long-term, neurobiological effects of early-life adversity. Here, we aimed at further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction, and its consequences for socio-emotional behaviors, with a focus on anxiety and social interaction. In this study, adult, male Tph2 null mutant (Tph2 -/-) and heterozygous (Tph2 +/-) mice, and their wildtype littermates (Tph2 +/+) were exposed to neonatal, maternal separation (MS) and screened for behavioral changes, followed by genome-wide RNA expression and DNA methylation profiling. In Tph2 -/- mice, brain 5-HT deficiency profoundly affected socio-emotional behaviors, i.e., decreased avoidance of the aversive open arms in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) as well as decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Tph2 +/- mice showed an ambiguous profile with context-dependent, behavioral responses. In the EPM they showed similar avoidance of the open arm but decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Notably, MS effects on behavior were subtle and depended on the Tph2 genotype, in particular increasing the observed avoidance of EPM open arms in wildtype and Tph2 +/- mice when compared to their Tph2 -/- littermates. On the genomic level, the interaction of Tph2 genotype with MS differentially affected the expression of numerous genes, of which a subset showed an overlap with DNA methylation profiles at corresponding loci. Remarkably, changes in methylation nearby and expression of the gene encoding cholecystokinin, which were inversely correlated to each other, were associated with variations in anxiety-related phenotypes. In conclusion, next to various behavioral alterations, we identified gene expression and DNA methylation profiles to be associated with TPH2 inactivation and its interaction with MS, suggesting a gene-by-environment interaction-dependent, modulatory function of brain 5-HT availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena T. Weidner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roy Lardenoije
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Lars Eijssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Departments of Bioinformatics, Psychiatry & Neuro Psychology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Floriana Mogavero
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandy Popp
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad U. Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED – Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany
- TH Köln, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Angelika G. Schmitt-Böhrer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey C. Glennon
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jonas Waider
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel L. A. van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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Liu X, Liu S. Cholecystokinin selectively activates short axon cells to enhance inhibition of olfactory bulb output neurons. J Physiol 2018; 596:2185-2207. [PMID: 29572837 DOI: 10.1113/jp275511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cholecystokinin (CCK) via CCK-B receptors significantly enhances the GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition of principal olfactory bulb (OB) output neurons. This CCK action requires action potentials in presynaptic neurons. The enhanced inhibition of OB output neurons is a result of CCK-elevated inhibitory input from the glomerular circuit. CCK modulation of the glomerular circuit also leads to potentiated presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals and postsynaptic inhibition of glomerular neurons. Selective excitation of short axon cells underlies the CCK-potentiated glomerular inhibition. ABSTRACT Neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK) are important for many brain functions, including sensory processing. CCK is predominantly present in a subpopulation of excitatory neurons and activation of CCK receptors is implicated in olfactory signal processing in the olfactory bulb (OB). However, the cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying the actions of CCK in the OB remain elusive. In the present study, we characterized the effects of CCK on synaptic inhibition of the principal OB output neurons mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) followed by mechanistic analyses at both circuit and cellular levels. First, we found that CCK via CCK-B receptors enhances the GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous IPSCs in MTCs. Second, CCK does not affect the action potential independent miniature IPSCs in MTCs. Third, CCK potentiates glomerular inhibition resulting in increased GABAB receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals and enhanced spontaneous IPSCs in MTCs and glomerular neurons. Fourth, CCK enhances miniature IPSCs in the excitatory external tufted cells, although neither in the inhibitory short axon cells (SACs) nor in periglomerular cells (PGCs). Finally, CCK excites all tested SACs and a very small minority of GABAergic neurons in the granule cell layer or in periglomerular cells, but not in deep SACs. These results demonstrate that CCK selectively activates SACs to engage the SAC-formed interglomerular circuit and thus elevates inhibition broadly in the OB glomerular layer. This modulation may prevent the system from saturating in response to a high concentration of odourants or facilitate the detection of weak stimuli by increasing signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolin Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Khan M, Huang T, Lin CY, Wu J, Fan BM, Bian ZX. Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104615-104637. [PMID: 29262666 PMCID: PMC5732832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, claiming millions of lives annually, has the highest mortality rate worldwide. This advocates the development of novel cancer therapies that are highly toxic for cancer cells but negligibly toxic for healthy cells. One of the effective treatments is targeting overexpressed surface receptors of cancer cells with receptor-specific drugs. The receptors-in-focus in the current review are the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are often overexpressed in various types of tumors. The peptide subfamily of GPCRs is the pivot of the current article owing to the high affinity and specificity to and of their cognate peptide ligands, and the proven efficacy of peptide-based therapeutics. The article summarizes various ectopically expressed peptide GPCRs in lung cancer, namely, Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin receptor, the Bombesin receptor family, Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors, Arginine vasopressin receptors 1a, 1b and 2, and the Somatostatin receptor type 2. The autocrine growth and pro-proliferative pathways they mediate, and the distinct tumor-inhibitory effects of somatostatin receptors are then discussed. The next section covers how these pathways may be influenced or 'corrected' through therapeutics (involving agonists and antagonists) targeting the overexpressed peptide GPCRs. The review proceeds on to Nano-scaled delivery platforms, which enclose chemotherapeutic agents and are decorated with peptide ligands on their external surface, as an effective means of targeting cancer cells. We conclude that targeting these overexpressed peptide GPCRs is potentially evolving as a highly promising form of lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabin Khan
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lin
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Min Fan
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
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Wu W, Ouyang B, Lu Z, Liu H, Tan Y, Cui P. CCK1 receptor is involved in the regulation of protein lysine acetylation in GBC-SD cells and gallbladder carcinoma. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:883-888. [PMID: 28470351 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCK1 (cholecystokinin receptor 1) and protein lysine acetylation were associated with several cancers, respectively. However, whether they are involved in the alternation of gallbladder carcinoma is unknown. AIMS This study investigated the characteristics of CCK1 and protein lysine acetylation in GBC-SD cells and carcinoma of gallbladder. METHODS The expression and localization of CCK1 were detected by western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence. GBC-SD cells were treated with CCK-8 and CCK-8+CCK1 inhibitor. The protein lysine acetylation from cells, as well as tissues of gallbladder carcinoma, was examined by western blotting. RESULTS CCK1 receptor was expressed and localized in the GBC-SD cells. The synthetic octapeptide of CCK (CCK-8) could accelerate the lysine acetylation of a subset of proteins in dose-dependent manners in GBC-SD cells. Further investigation demonstrated that the specific inhibitor (CR1409) of CCK1 receptor could attenuate the CCK8-induced increase of protein lysine acetylation. In addition, we revealed that the rise of CCK1 receptor expression is associated with the increase of protein lysine acetylation in tissues from carcinoma of gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS CCK might regulate protein lysine acetylation via CCK1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China.
| | - B Ouyang
- Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Z Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China
| | - H Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China
| | - Y Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China
| | - P Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, China.
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Lattmann E, Sattayasai J, Narayanan R, Ngoc N, Burrell D, Balaram PN, Palizdar T, Lattmann P. Cholecystokinin-2/gastrin antagonists: 5-hydroxy-5-aryl-pyrrol-2-ones as anti-inflammatory analgesics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:680-685. [PMID: 30108786 PMCID: PMC6072330 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arylated 5-hydroxy-pyrrol-2-ones were prepared in 2 synthetic steps from mucochloric acid and optimised as CCK2-selective ligands using radiolabelled binding assays. CCK antagonism was confirmed for the ligands in isolated tissue preparations. DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced inflammation was analysed for derivative 7 and PNB-001 with L-365,260 as a standard. The IC50 of PNB-001 was determined to be 10 nM. Subsequent in vivo evaluation confirmed anti-inflammatory activity with respect to IBD assays. The best molecule, PNB-001, showed analgesic activity in the formalin test and in the hotplate assay, in which the analgesic effect of 1.5 mg kg-1 PNB-001 was equivalent to 40 mg kg-1 tramadol. The CCK2-selective antagonist PNB-001 protected rats against indomethacin-induced ulceration at similar doses. The GI protection activity was found to be more potent than that of the 10 mg kg-1 dose of prednisolone, which served as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lattmann
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - J Sattayasai
- Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine , Khon Kaen University , 40002 Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - R Narayanan
- Department of Medicine , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - N Ngoc
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - D Burrell
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - P N Balaram
- PNB Vesper Life Science PVT , Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - T Palizdar
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - P Lattmann
- PNB Vesper Life Science PVT , Cochin , Kerala , India
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9
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Zhou Y, Ru Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Wu B, Upur H, Zhang Y. Cholecystokinin receptors regulate sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation via uptake of HCO3-. Reproduction 2015; 150:257-68. [PMID: 26175429 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone and a neurotransmitter, was detected in mature sperm two decades ago. However, the exact role of CCK and the types of CCK receptors (now termed CCK1 and CCK2) in sperm have not been identified. Here, we find that CCK1 and CCK2 receptors are immunolocalized to the acrosomal region of mature sperm. The antagonist of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor strongly activated the soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway that drives sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in dose- and time-dependent manners. But these actions of stimulation were abolished when sperm were incubated in the medium in the absence of HCO3-. Further investigation demonstrated that the inhibitor of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor could accelerate the uptake of HCO3- and significantly elevate the intracellular pH of sperm. Interestingly, the synthetic octapeptide of CCK (CCK8) showed the same action and mechanism as antagonists of CCK receptors. Moreover, CCK8 and the antagonist of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor were also able to accelerate human sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation by stimulating the influx of HCO3-. Thus, the present results suggest that CCK and its receptors may regulate sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation by modulating the uptake of HCO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Halmurat Upur
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
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10
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Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moreno P, Jensen RT. CI-988 Inhibits EGFR Transactivation and Proliferation Caused by Addition of CCK/Gastrin to Lung Cancer Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:663-72. [PMID: 25761747 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) which are present on lung cancer cells. CCK-8 stimulates the proliferation of lung cancer cells, whereas the CCK2R receptor antagonist CI-988 inhibits proliferation. GPCR for some gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters mediate lung cancer growth by causing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. Here, the role of CCK/gastrin and CI-988 on EGFR transactivation and lung cancer proliferation was investigated. Addition of CCK-8 or gastrin-17 (100 nM) to NCI-H727 human lung cancer cells increased EGFR Tyr(1068) phosphorylation after 2 min. The ability of CCK-8 to cause EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation was blocked by CI-988, gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), and tiron (superoxide scavenger). CCK-8 nonsulfated and gastrin-17 caused EGFR transactivation and bound with high affinity to NCI-H727 cells, suggesting that the CCK2R is present. CI-988 inhibited the ability of CCK-8 to cause ERK phosphorylation and elevate cytosolic Ca(2+). CI-988 or gefitinib inhibited the basal growth of NCI-H727 cells or that stimulated by CCK-8. The results indicate that CCK/gastrin may increase lung cancer proliferation in an EGFR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 2 W-130, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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11
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Doyle JR, Harwood BN, Krishnaji ST, Krishnamurthy VM, Lin WE, Fortin JP, Kumar K, Kopin AS. A two-step strategy to enhance activity of low potency peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110502. [PMID: 25391026 PMCID: PMC4229100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies are needed to expedite the generation and optimization of peptide probes targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have previously shown that membrane tethered ligands (MTLs), recombinant proteins comprised of a membrane anchor, an extracellular linker, and a peptide ligand can be used to identify targeted receptor modulators. Although MTLs provide a useful tool to identify and/or modify functionally active peptides, a major limitation of this strategy is the reliance on recombinant protein expression. We now report the generation and pharmacological characterization of prototype peptide-linker-lipid conjugates, synthetic membrane anchored ligands (SMALs), which are designed as mimics of corresponding MTLs. In this study, we systematically compare the activity of selected peptides as MTLs versus SMALs. As prototypes, we focused on the precursor proteins of mature Substance P (SubP) and Cholecystokinin 4 (CCK4), specifically non-amidated SubP (SubP-COOH) and glycine extended CCK4 (CCK4-Gly-COOH). As low affinity soluble peptides these ligands each presented a challenging test case for assessment of MTL/SMAL technology. For each ligand, MTLs and corresponding SMALs showed agonist activity and comparable subtype selectivity. In addition, our results illustrate that membrane anchoring increases ligand potency. Furthermore, both MTL and SMAL induced signaling can be blocked by specific non-peptide antagonists suggesting that the anchored constructs may be orthosteric agonists. In conclusion, MTLs offer a streamlined approach for identifying low activity peptides which can be readily converted to higher potency SMALs. The ability to recapitulate MTL activity with SMALs extends the utility of anchored peptides as probes of GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Doyle
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Harwood
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Vijay M. Krishnamurthy
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei-En Lin
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Kopin
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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12
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Arey RN, Enwright JF, Spencer SM, Falcon E, Ozburn AR, Ghose S, Tamminga C, McClung CA. An important role for cholecystokinin, a CLOCK target gene, in the development and treatment of manic-like behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:342-50. [PMID: 23399917 PMCID: PMC3783638 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mice with a mutation in the Clock gene (ClockΔ19) have been identified as a model of mania; however, the mechanisms that underlie this phenotype, and the changes in the brain that are necessary for lithium's effectiveness on these mice remain unclear. Here, we find that cholecystokinin (Cck) is a direct transcriptional target of CLOCK and levels of Cck are reduced in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of ClockΔ19 mice. Selective knockdown of Cck expression via RNA interference in the VTA of wild-type mice produces a manic-like phenotype. Moreover, chronic treatment with lithium restores Cck expression to near wild-type and this increase is necessary for the therapeutic actions of lithium. The decrease in Cck expression in the ClockΔ19 mice appears to be due to a lack of interaction with the histone methyltransferase, MLL1, resulting in decreased histone H3K4me3 and gene transcription, an effect reversed by lithium. Human postmortem tissue from bipolar subjects reveals a similar increase in Cck expression in the VTA with mood stabilizer treatment. These studies identify a key role for Cck in the development and treatment of mania, and describe some of the molecular mechanisms by which lithium may act as an effective antimanic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Arey
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - John F. Enwright
- Austin College, Department of Biology, Sherman, TX 75090,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Translational Neuroscience Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Sade M. Spencer
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Edgardo Falcon
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Angela R. Ozburn
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Translational Neuroscience Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Subroto Ghose
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Carol Tamminga
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Colleen A. McClung
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, TX 75390-9070,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Translational Neuroscience Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15219,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed, Colleen A. McClung, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 223, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, (412) 624-5547 phone,
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13
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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14
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Magnan R, Escrieut C, Gigoux V, De K, Clerc P, Niu F, Azema J, Masri B, Cordomi A, Baltas M, Tikhonova IG, Fourmy D. Distinct CCK-2 receptor conformations associated with β-arrestin-2 recruitment or phospholipase-C activation revealed by a biased antagonist. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2560-73. [PMID: 23323542 DOI: 10.1021/ja308784w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs), also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), form the largest class of cell surface membrane receptors, involving several hundred members in the human genome. Nearly 30% of marketed pharmacological agents target 7TMRs. 7TMRs adopt multiple conformations upon agonist binding. Biased agonists, in contrast to non-biased agonists, are believed to stabilize conformations preferentially activating either G-protein- or β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. However, proof that cognate conformations of receptors display structural differences within their binding site where biased agonism initiates, are still lacking. Here, we show that a non-biased agonist, cholecystokinin (CCK) induces conformational states of the CCK2R activating Gq-protein-dependent pathway (CCK2R(G)) or recruiting β-arrestin2 (CCK2R(β)) that are pharmacologically and structurally distinct. Two structurally unrelated antagonists competitively inhibited both pathways. A third ligand (GV150013X) acted as a high affinity competitive antagonist on CCK2R(G) but was nearly inefficient as inhibitor of CCK2R(β). Several structural elements on both GV150013X and in CCK2R binding cavity, which hinder binding of GV150013X only to the CCK2R(β) were identified. At last, proximity between two conserved amino acids from transmembrane helices 3 and 7 interacting through sulfur-aromatic interaction was shown to be crucial for selective stabilization of the CCK2R(β) state. These data establish structural evidence for distinct conformations of a 7TMR associated with β-arrestin-2 recruitment or G-protein coupling and validate relevance of the design of biased ligands able to selectively target each functional conformation of 7TMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Magnan
- EA 4552, Université de Toulouse 3, 31432 Toulouse, France
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15
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Frommelt L, Lembke V, Hofmann T, Goebel-Stengel M, Mönnikes H, Wiedenmann B, Klapp BF, Stengel A, Kobelt P. The CCKB antagonist CI988 reduces food intake in fasted rats via a dopamine mediated pathway. Peptides 2013. [PMID: 23200724 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown a reduction of food intake following peripheral and brain injection of CCK. However, it remains to be established whether endogenous central CCK is involved in the regulation of food intake. We investigated the role of central CCK in the regulation of food intake by pharmacological manipulation of the CCK(B) (CCK(2)) receptor system. Intracerebroventricularly (ICV) cannulated male Sprague Dawley rats were fasted for 24h and received an ICV injection of the CCK(B) receptor antagonist CI988 at a dose of 10 nmol or 49 nmol or vehicle. Another group received two consecutive ICV injections consisting of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor-1 (CRF(1)) antagonist, CP376395 (3 nmol) or the CRF(2) receptor antagonist, K41498 (2 nmol) alone, or followed by CI988 (49 nmol). Lastly, another group of rats received an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the dopamine antagonist, flupentixol (~197 and ~493nmol/kg) alone, or followed by CI988 (49 nmol, ICV). Cumulative food intake was assessed for 11h. Vehicle injected rats showed a robust feeding response. CI988 at 49 nmol reduced food intake by 30% starting at 2h post injection. CP376395 and K41498 had no effect on food intake. Flupentixol injected IP at a dose of 197 and 493 nmol/kg alone did not modulate food intake whereas the higher dose blocked the CI988-induced reduction of feeding. During the dark phase, CI988 had no effect on food intake in unfasted rats. In summary, CCK(B) signaling is involved in the regulation of food intake after a fast likely by downstream dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Frommelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Germany
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16
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The Role of Cholecystokinin Receptors in the Short-Term Control of Food Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:277-316. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Li H, Ohta H, Izumi H, Matsuda Y, Seki M, Toda T, Akiyama M, Matsushima Y, Goto YI, Kaga M, Inagaki M. Behavioral and cortical EEG evaluations confirm the roles of both CCKA and CCKB receptors in mouse CCK-induced anxiety. Behav Brain Res 2012; 237:325-32. [PMID: 23043971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of cholecystokinin (CCK)(A) and CCK(B) receptors on CCK-4-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice through behavioral and neural evaluations. Anxiety-like behaviors in mice were induced by an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of CCK-4, which can bind to both CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptors. The effects of CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptor antagonists (devazepide and CI-988, respectively) were examined using mouse anxiety tests (elevated-plus maze and light-dark box) and also by examining neuronal activities through EEG monitoring and c-Fos immunohistochemistry in the cortex and amygdala. CCK-4 (3 μg/kg of body weight i.c.v.) significantly induced mouse anxiety-like behaviors in the anxiety tests and also affected their EEG patterns with respect to pre-drug tracing, resulting in increase in spectral power in relative power distribution in the delta and theta bands (0.5-5 Hz frequency bands) and also in increase in c-Fos immunopositive neuron counts. These CCK-4 effects were completely suppressed by 1.0mg/kg CCK(B) receptor antagonist, CI-988, while the same amount of CCK(A) receptor antagonist, devazepide was partly able to suppress the same effects. These findings indicated that not only CCK(B) receptors but also CCK(A) receptors in the brain play important roles in regulating anxiety-like behaviors in mice. The present study also proposed a possibility that cortical EEG is useful for assessing anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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18
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Zwanzger P, Domschke K, Bradwejn J. Neuronal network of panic disorder: the role of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:762-74. [PMID: 22553078 DOI: 10.1002/da.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety and avoidance behavior. Its pathogenesis is complex and includes both neurobiological and psychological factors. With regard to neurobiological underpinnings, anxiety in humans seems to be mediated through a neuronal network, which involves several distinct brain regions, neuronal circuits and projections as well as neurotransmitters. A large body of evidence suggests that the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) might be an important modulator of this neuronal network. Key regions of the fear network, such as amygdala, hypothalamus, peraqueductal grey, or cortical regions seem to be connected by CCKergic pathways. CCK interacts with several anxiety-relevant neurotransmitters such as the serotonergic, GABA-ergic and noradrenergic system as well as with endocannabinoids, NPY and NPS. In humans, administration of CCK-4 reliably provokes panic attacks, which can be blocked by antipanic medication. Also, there is some support for a role of the CCK system in the genetic pathomechanism of PD with particularly strong evidence for the CCK gene itself and the CCK-2R (CCKBR) gene. Thus, it is hypothesized that genetic variants in the CCK system might contribute to the biological basis for the postulated CCK dysfunction in the fear network underlying PD. Taken together, a large body of evidence suggests a possible role for the neuropeptide CCK in PD with regard to neuroanatomical circuits, neurotransmitters and genetic factors. This review article proposes an extended hypothetical model for human PD, which integrates preclinical and clinical findings on CCK in addition to existing theories of the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zwanzger
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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19
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ORAL COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb14725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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20
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21
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22
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POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb16283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb14726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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24
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Noble F, Benturquia N, Crete D, Canestrelli C, Mas Nieto M, Wilson J, Roques BP. Relationship between vulnerability to reinforcing effects of morphine and activity of the endogenous cholecystokinin system in Lewis and Fischer rats. Addict Biol 2012; 17:528-38. [PMID: 21309946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A great number of studies have shown the presence of physiological interactions between brain neurotransmitter systems in behavioural responses. This is the case for opioid, cholecystokinin (CCK) and dopamine systems. However, so far the role that the CCK system may play in vulnerability to consumption of drugs of abuse is not clear. This was investigated in this study using Lewis rats that are more sensitive to the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse than Fischer rats. The extraneuronal CCK(8) levels and brain CCK(2) receptors were found higher in Fischer than in Lewis rats in the nucleus accumbens, one of the most important structures involved in drug consumption. Moreover, pharmacological modulation of the CCK system by administration of a selective CCK(2) agonist blocked, in the conditioned place preference, the reinforcing effects of morphine in Lewis rats, whereas a selective CCK(2) antagonist revealed reinforcing effects of the alkaloid in Fischer rats. These results obtained following systemic administrations of the CCK ligands were confirmed following microinjection into the nucleus accumbens. Thus, a low level of CCK efflux in the nucleus accumbens could be one of the many factors involved in drug reinforcing effects, whereas a high level of CCK efflux could attenuate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Noble
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Neuropsychopharmacologie des addictions, France.
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Wyeth MS, Zhang N, Houser CR. Increased cholecystokinin labeling in the hippocampus of a mouse model of epilepsy maps to spines and glutamatergic terminals. Neuroscience 2011; 202:371-83. [PMID: 22155653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is abundant in the CNS and is expressed in a subset of inhibitory interneurons, particularly in their axon terminals. The expression profile of CCK undergoes numerous changes in several models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Previous studies in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy have shown that CCK immunohistochemical labeling is substantially reduced in several regions of the hippocampal formation, consistent with decreased CCK expression as well as selective neuronal degeneration. However, in a mouse pilocarpine model of recurrent seizures, increases in CCK-labeling also occur and are especially striking in the hippocampal dendritic layers of strata oriens and radiatum. Characterizing these changes and determining the cellular basis of the increased labeling were the major goals of the current study. One possibility was that the enhanced CCK labeling could be associated with an increase in GABAergic terminals within these regions. However, in contrast to the marked increase in CCK-labeled structures, labeling of GABAergic axon terminals was decreased in the dendritic layers. Likewise, cannabinoid receptor 1-labeled axon terminals, many of which are CCK-containing GABAergic terminals, were also decreased. These findings suggested that the enhanced CCK labeling was not due to an increase in GABAergic axon terminals. The subcellular localization of CCK immunoreactivity was then examined using electron microscopy, and the identities of the structures that formed synaptic contacts were determined. In pilocarpine-treated mice, CCK was observed in dendritic spines and these were proportionally increased relative to controls, whereas the proportion of CCK-labeled terminals forming symmetric synapses was decreased. In addition, CCK-positive axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses were readily observed in these mice. Double labeling with vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and CCK revealed colocalization in numerous terminals forming asymmetric synapses, confirming the glutamatergic identity of these terminals. These data raise the possibility that expression of CCK is increased in hippocampal pyramidal cells in mice with recurrent, spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wyeth
- Department of Neurobiology, CHS 73-235, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
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Xiao Z, Jaiswal MK, Deng PY, Matsui T, Shin HS, Porter JE, Lei S. Requirement of phospholipase C and protein kinase C in cholecystokinin-mediated facilitation of NMDA channel function and anxiety-like behavior. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1438-50. [PMID: 22072552 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although cholecystokinin (CCK) has long been known to exert anxiogenic effects in both animal anxiety models and humans, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are ill-defined. CCK interacts with CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors resulting in up-regulation of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). However, the roles of PLC and PKC in CCK-mediated anxiogenic effects have not been determined. We have shown previously that CCK facilitates glutamate release in the hippocampus especially at the synapses formed by the perforant path and dentate gyrus granule cells via activations of PLC and PKC. Here we further demonstrated that CCK enhanced NMDA receptor function in dentate gyrus granule cells via activation of PLC and PKC pathway. At the single-channel level, CCK increased NMDA single-channel open probability and mean open time, reduced the mean close time, and had no effects on the conductance of NMDA channels. Because elevation of glutamatergic functions results in anxiety, we explored the roles of PLC and PKC in CCK-induced anxiogenic actions using the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT). Our results from both pharmacological approach and knockout mice demonstrated that microinjection of CCK into the dentate gyrus concentration-dependently increased anxiety-like behavior via activation of PLC and PKC. Our results provide a novel unidentified signaling mechanism whereby CCK increases anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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Subhan F, Pache DM, Sewell RDE. CCKB receptor antagonism attenuates naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal conditioned place aversion and escape behaviour. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Subhan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - D M Pache
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF
| | - R D E Sewell
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF
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28
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Williams M. Overview: Challenges in the Search for CNS Therapeutics in the 1990's. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.1.5.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Magalhães CP, de Freitas MFL, Nogueira MI, Campina RCDF, Takase LF, de Souza SL, de Castro RM. Modulatory role of serotonin on feeding behavior. Nutr Neurosci 2011; 13:246-55. [PMID: 21040622 DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The appearance, the odor, and the flavor of foods, all send messages to the encephalic area of the brain. The hypothalamus, in particular, plays a key role in the mechanisms that control the feeding behavior. These signals modulate the expression and the action of anorexigenic or orexigenic substances that influence feeding behavior. The serotonergic system of neurotransmission consists of neurons that produce and liberate serotonin as well as the serotonin-specific receptor. It has been proven that some serotonergic drugs are effective in modulating the mechanisms of control of feeding behavior. Obesity and its associated illnesses have become significant public health problems. Some drugs that manipulate the serotonergic systems have been demonstrated to be effective interventions in the treatment of obesity. The complex interplay between serotonin and its receptors, and the resultant effects on feeding behavior have become of great interest in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Peixoto Magalhães
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório, S/N - Bela Vista - CEP 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.
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Magnan R, Masri B, Escrieut C, Foucaud M, Cordelier P, Fourmy D. Regulation of membrane cholecystokinin-2 receptor by agonists enables classification of partial agonists as biased agonists. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6707-19. [PMID: 21156802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.196048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of G-protein-coupled receptors as pharmacological targets in medicine, efforts directed at understanding the molecular mechanism by which pharmacological compounds regulate their presence at the cell surface is of paramount importance. In this context, using confocal microscopy and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we have investigated internalization and intracellular trafficking of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) in response to both natural and synthetic ligands with different pharmacological features. We found that CCK and gastrin, which are full agonists on CCK2R-induced inositol phosphate production, rapidly and abundantly stimulate internalization. Internalized CCK2R did not rapidly recycle to plasma membrane but instead was directed to late endosomes/lysosomes. CCK2R endocytosis involves clathrin-coated pits and dynamin and high affinity and prolonged binding of β-arrestin1 or -2. Partial agonists and antagonists on CCK2R-induced inositol phosphate formation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation did not stimulate CCK2R internalization or β-arrestin recruitment to the CCK2R but blocked full agonist-induced internalization and β-arrestin recruitment. The extreme C-terminal region of the CCK2R (and more precisely phosphorylatable residues Ser(437)-Xaa(438)-Thr(439)-Thr(440)-Xaa(441)-Ser(442)-Thr(443)) were critical for β-arrestin recruitment. However, this region and β-arrestins were dispensable for CCK2R internalization. In conclusion, this study allowed us to classify the human CCK2R as a member of class B G-protein-coupled receptors with regard to its endocytosis features and identified biased agonists of the CCK2R. These new important insights will allow us to investigate the role of internalized CCK2R·β-arrestin complexes in cancers expressing this receptor and to develop new diagnosis and therapeutic strategies targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Magnan
- INSERM, Unit 858, 12 MR, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhés, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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31
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Zwier JM, Roux T, Cottet M, Durroux T, Douzon S, Bdioui S, Gregor N, Bourrier E, Oueslati N, Nicolas L, Tinel N, Boisseau C, Yverneau P, Charrier-Savournin F, Fink M, Trinquet E. A fluorescent ligand-binding alternative using Tag-lite® technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:1248-59. [PMID: 20974902 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110384611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial cell surface receptors that transmit signals from a wide range of extracellular ligands. Indeed, 40% to 50% of all marketed drugs are thought to modulate GPCR activity, making them the major class of targets in the drug discovery process. Binding assays are widely used to identify high-affinity, selective, and potent GPCR drugs. In this field, the use of radiolabeled ligands has remained so far the gold-standard method. Here the authors report a less hazardous alternative for high-throughput screening (HTS) applications by the setup of a nonradioactive fluorescence-based technology named Tag-lite(®). Selective binding of various fluorescent ligands, either peptidic or not, covering a large panel of GPCRs from different classes is illustrated, particularly for chemokine (CXCR4), opioid (δ, µ, and κ), and cholecystokinin (CCK1 and CCK2) receptors. Affinity constants of well-known pharmacological agents of numerous GPCRs are in line with values published in the literature. The authors clearly demonstrate that the Tag-lite binding assay format can be successfully and reproducibly applied by using different cellular materials such as transient or stable recombinant cells lines expressing SNAP-tagged GPCR. Such fluorescent-based binding assays can be performed with adherent cells or cells in suspension, in 96- or 384-well plates. Altogether, this new technology offers great advantages in terms of flexibility, rapidity, and user-friendliness; allows easy miniaturization; and makes it completely suitable for HTS applications.
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Rotzinger S, Lovejoy DA, Tan LA. Behavioral effects of neuropeptides in rodent models of depression and anxiety. Peptides 2010; 31:736-56. [PMID: 20026211 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have advocated neuropeptide systems as modulators for the behavioral states found in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. Neuropeptides have been tested in traditional animal models and screening procedures that have been validated by known antidepressants and anxiolytics. However, it has become clear that although these tests are very useful, neuropeptides have distinct behavioral effects and dose-dependent characteristics, and therefore, use of these tests with neuropeptides must be done with an understanding of their unique characteristics. This review will focus on the behavioral actions of neuropeptides and their synthetic analogs, particularly in studies utilizing various preclinical tests of depression and anxiety. Specifically, the following neuropeptide systems will be reviewed: corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urocortin (Ucn), teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin, the Tyr-MIF-1 family, cholecystokinin (CCK), galanin, and substance P. These neuropeptide systems each have a unique role in the regulation of stress-like behavior, and therefore provide intriguing therapeutic targets for mood disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Rotzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Lassiani L, Pavan MV, Berti F, Kokotos G, Markidis T, Mennuni L, Makovec F, Varnavas A. Anthranilic acid based CCK1 receptor antagonists: Blocking the receptor with the same ‘words’ of the endogenous ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2336-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hascoët M, Bourin M. The Mouse Light–Dark Box Test. MOOD AND ANXIETY RELATED PHENOTYPES IN MICE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-303-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Oikonomou E, Buchfelder M, Adams EF. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCK receptor expression by human gliomas: Evidence for an autocrine/paracrine stimulatory loop. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:255-65. [PMID: 18423848 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut-brain peptide has been described to be able to induce mitosis according to recent studies. Additionally, conflicting data has been published on whether tumours of the central and peripheral nervous system in general, and gliomas in particular, express CCK receptors. In the present in vitro study we employed reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate whether mRNA for CCK-A and CCK-B receptors as well as CCK peptide itself is present in primary human gliomas and the U-87 MG GBM cell line. The data show that 14/14 (100%) of the primary gliomas exhibited mRNA expression for the CCK peptide gene and the B receptor including the U-87 MG cells, whereas, only 2/14 (14%) showed presence of the CCK-A receptor. The presence of CCK receptors together with CCK peptide expression itself suggests presence of an autocrine loop controlling glioma cell growth. In support of this conclusion, a neutralizing antibody against the CCK peptide exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of cell growth whereas, antagonists to CCK caused a dose depend inhibition of exogenous stimulated glioma cell growth in vitro, via the CCK-B receptor which is PKC activated. Assessment of apoptosis and proteasome activity were undertaken and we report that treatment with CCK antagonists decreased proteasome and increased caspase-3 activity. These data indicate that CCK peptide and CCK-B are abundant in human gliomas and they act to stimulate cell growth in an autocrine manner, primarily via the high affinity CCK-B receptor, which was blocked by antagonists to CCK, perhaps via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Oikonomou
- School of Health and Life Sciences, The Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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36
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Kim SK, Bae H, Lee G, Jeong H, Woo HS, Han JB, Kim Y, Lee H, Shin MK, Hong MC, Jin YH, Min BI. The endogenous CCK mediation of electroacupuncture stimulation-induced satiety in rats. Peptides 2008; 29:564-70. [PMID: 18289731 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A major satiety hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK) is well known to be released by electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at certain body sites which elicits profound psychophysiological responses. Previous clinical and animal studies have shown that EA stimulation reduces food intake and body weight in both normal and obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the satiety effect of EA stimulation and its mechanism related to CCK in rats. Here we show that EA stimulation at "Zusanli" (ST36) acupoint significantly reduced 30-min and 60-min food intake in 48-h fasted Sprague-Dawley rats, and such effect was reversed by a lorglumide (CCK-1 receptor antagonist, 10mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment. The ST36 EA stimulation-induced satiety was not observed in CCK-1 receptor knockout, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, but in their controls, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy also blocked the satiety effect of ST36 EA stimulation in Sprague-Dawley rats. These results suggest that ST36 EA stimulation elicits satiety in rats and this is mediated by the endogenous CCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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37
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Watson S. Section Review: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Gastrin antagonists and gastrointestinal tumours. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.12.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Progress in developing cholecystokinin (CCK)/gastrin receptor ligands that have therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:583-92. [PMID: 17997137 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are two of the oldest hormones and within the past 15 years there has been an exponential increase in knowledge of their pharmacology, cell biology, receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R), and roles in physiology and pathological conditions. Despite these advances there is no approved disease indication for CCK receptor antagonists and only a minor use of agonists. In this review, the important factors determining this slow therapeutic development are reviewed. To assess this it is necessary to briefly review what is known about the roles of CCK receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) in normal human physiology, their role in pathologic conditions, the selectivity of available potent CCKR agonists/antagonists as well as to review their use in human conditions to date and the results. Despite extensive studies in animals and in humans, recent studies suggest that monotherapy with CCK1R agonists will not be effective in obesity, nor CCK2R antagonists in panic disorders or CCK2R antagonists to inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer. Areas that require more study include the use of CCK2R agonists for imaging tumors and radiotherapy, CCK2R antagonists in hypergastrinemic states especially with long-term PPI use and for potentiation of analgesia as well as use of CCK1R antagonists for a number of gastrointestinal disorders [motility disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, and constipation) and pancreatitis (acute and chronic)].
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Berna MJ, Jensen RT. Role of CCK/gastrin receptors in gastrointestinal/metabolic diseases and results of human studies using gastrin/CCK receptor agonists/antagonists in these diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2007; 7:1211-31. [PMID: 17584143 PMCID: PMC2718729 DOI: 10.2174/156802607780960519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the established and possible roles of CCK1 and CCK2 receptors in gastrointestinal (GI) and metabolic diseases are reviewed and available results from human agonist/antagonist studies are discussed. While there is evidence for the involvement of CCK1R in numerous diseases including pancreatic disorders, motility disorders, tumor growth, regulation of satiety and a number of CCK-deficient states, the role of CCK1R in these conditions is not clearly defined. There are encouraging data from several clinical studies of CCK1R antagonists in some of these conditions, but their role as therapeutic agents remains unclear. The role of CCK2R in physiological (atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia) and pathological (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) hypergastrinemic states, its effects on the gastric mucosa (ECL cell hyperplasia, carcinoids, parietal cell mass) and its role in acid-peptic disorders are clearly defined. Furthermore, recent studies point to a possible role for CCK2R in a number of GI malignancies. Current data from human studies of CCK2R antagonists are presented and their potential role in the treatment of these conditions reviewed. Furthermore, the role of CCK2 receptors as targets for medical imaging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. Berna
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ma KT, Si JQ, Zhang ZQ, Zhao L, Fan P, Jin JL, Li XZ, Zhu L. Modulatory effect of CCK-8S on GABA-induced depolarization from rat dorsal root ganglion. Brain Res 2006; 1121:66-75. [PMID: 17055464 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CCK is a brain-gut peptide that is abundantly distributed in both gastrointestinal tract and mammalian brain. The sulfated octapeptide fragment of cholecystokinin (CCK-8S) has been shown to be involved in numerous physiological functions such as behavior, anxiety, learning/memory processes and neuropathic pain. CCK-8S is one of the strongest endogenous anti-opioid substances and suppresses opioid peptides-mediated 'pre-synaptic inhibition' of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. Here we provide evidence that CCK-8S modulates GABA-evoked membrane depolarization in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using intracellular recording technique. Bath application CCK-8S-induced membrane depolarization in most of the rat DRG neurons. The depolarization was blocked by prolumide but not LY225910. Pretreatment with CCK-8S suppressed the GABA-evoked depolarization in a concentration-dependent manner. The CCK-8S inhibition was also time-dependent and reached the peak at about 2 min. The inhibitory effect of CCK-8S was strongly suppressed by pre-incubation of CCK-B receptor antagonist LY225910, phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine and calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, respectively. The protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 did not affect CCK-8S effect. The results suggest that CCK-8S inhibits GABA-A receptor function by activation of CCK-B receptor followed by activation of intracellular PLC-Ca(2+)-PKC cascade. Thus, CCK-8S might enhance nociceptive information transmission through inhibition of the "pre-synaptic inhibition" evoked by GABA, which may explain its role in modulation of primary sensory information (especially pain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Ma
- The Fundamental Medical School of Wuhan University, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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41
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) are G protein-coupled receptors that have been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years with corresponding advances in the understanding of their functioning and physiology. In this review, we first describe general properties of the receptors, such as the different signaling pathways used to exert short- and long-term effects and the structural data that explain their binding properties, activation, and regulation. We then focus on peripheral cholecystokinin receptors by describing their tissue distribution and physiological actions. Finally, pathophysiological peripheral actions of cholecystokinin receptors and their relevance in clinical disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Dufresne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 531, Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, France
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42
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Kuroki T, Etou K, Uchimura H. Ceruletide, an Analog of Cholecystokinin Octapeptide: New Perspectives on Its Efficacy. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Agnes RS, Lee YS, Davis P, Ma SW, Badghisi H, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of bifunctional peptides based on overlapping pharmacophores at opioid and cholecystokinin receptors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2868-75. [PMID: 16686530 PMCID: PMC1484468 DOI: 10.1021/jm050921q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been identified as a pronociceptive endogenous peptide which also possesses antiopioid actions. CCK may be upregulated in conditions of chronic pain or during sustained morphine administration resulting in attenuation of opioid-mediated pain relief. These complex interactions between opioids and endogenous CCK receptor systems have suggested the need for a new paradigm in drug design for some states of chronic pain. In these circumstances the rational design of potential drugs for the treatment of these conditions must be based on one ligand for multiple targets. We have designed a single peptide which can interact with delta and mu opioid receptors as agonists and with CCK receptors as antagonists. The ligands were designed based on a model of overlapping pharmacophores of opioid and CCK peptide ligands, which incorporates opioid pharmacophores at the N-terminal and CCK tetrapeptide pharmacophores at the C-terminal of the designed ligands. We measured binding and activities of our bifunctional peptides at opioid and CCK receptors. Compound 11 (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-d-Trp-NMeNle-Asp-Phe-NH(2)) demonstrated opioid agonist properties at delta and mu receptors (IC(50) = 63 +/- 27 nM and 150 +/- 65 nM, respectively in MVD and GPI tissue assays) and high binding affinity at CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors (K(i) = 320 and 1.5 nM, respectively). Compound 9 (Tyr-d-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH(2)) displayed potent agonist activity at delta and mu receptors (IC(50) = 23 +/-10 nM and 210 +/- 52 nM, respectively in MVD and GPI tissue assays), with a balanced binding affinity for CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors (K(i) = 9.6 and 15 nM, respectively). These results provide evidence supporting the concept that opioid and CCK receptors have overlapping pharmacophores required for binding affinity and biological activity and that designing overlapping pharmacophores of two peptides into a single peptide is a valid drug design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor J. Hruby
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 520-621-6332. Fax: 520-621-8407. E-mail:
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Harro J. CCK and NPY as anti-anxiety treatment targets: promises, pitfalls, and strategies. Amino Acids 2006; 31:215-30. [PMID: 16738800 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Short CCK peptides elicit panic attacks in humans and anxiogenic-like effects in some animal models, but CCK receptor antagonists have not been found clinically effective. Yet CCK overactivity appears to be involved in submissive behaviour, and CCKB receptor expression and binding are increased in suicide victims and animal models of anxiety. Preliminary data suggest that involvement of CCK and its receptor subtypes in anxiety can be better described when focusing on distinct endophenotypes, and considering environmental contingencies and confounds originating from interactions with dopamin-, opioid- and glutamatergic neurotransmission. In contrast, NPY is an anti-anxiety peptide with robust effects in various animal models when administrated into several brain regions. Studies with non-peptide antagonists selective for receptor subtypes have revealed the role of endogenous NPY in active coping. At least Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors in various brain regions are involved, with the strongest evidence for contribution of Y1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harro
- Department of Psychology and Psychopharmacological Drug Development Group, Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Agnes RS, Lee YS, Davis P, Ma SW, Badghisi H, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of bifunctional peptides based on overlapping pharmacophores at opioid and cholecystokinin receptors. J Med Chem 2006. [PMID: 16686530 DOI: 10.1021/jm050921q10.1021/jm050921q.s001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been identified as a pronociceptive endogenous peptide which also possesses antiopioid actions. CCK may be upregulated in conditions of chronic pain or during sustained morphine administration resulting in attenuation of opioid-mediated pain relief. These complex interactions between opioids and endogenous CCK receptor systems have suggested the need for a new paradigm in drug design for some states of chronic pain. In these circumstances the rational design of potential drugs for the treatment of these conditions must be based on one ligand for multiple targets. We have designed a single peptide which can interact with delta and mu opioid receptors as agonists and with CCK receptors as antagonists. The ligands were designed based on a model of overlapping pharmacophores of opioid and CCK peptide ligands, which incorporates opioid pharmacophores at the N-terminal and CCK tetrapeptide pharmacophores at the C-terminal of the designed ligands. We measured binding and activities of our bifunctional peptides at opioid and CCK receptors. Compound 11 (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-d-Trp-NMeNle-Asp-Phe-NH(2)) demonstrated opioid agonist properties at delta and mu receptors (IC(50) = 63 +/- 27 nM and 150 +/- 65 nM, respectively in MVD and GPI tissue assays) and high binding affinity at CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors (K(i) = 320 and 1.5 nM, respectively). Compound 9 (Tyr-d-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH(2)) displayed potent agonist activity at delta and mu receptors (IC(50) = 23 +/-10 nM and 210 +/- 52 nM, respectively in MVD and GPI tissue assays), with a balanced binding affinity for CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors (K(i) = 9.6 and 15 nM, respectively). These results provide evidence supporting the concept that opioid and CCK receptors have overlapping pharmacophores required for binding affinity and biological activity and that designing overlapping pharmacophores of two peptides into a single peptide is a valid drug design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Agnes
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Offel M, Lattmann P, Singh H, Billington DC, Bunprakob Y, Sattayasai J, Lattmann E. Synthesis of substituted 3-anilino-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ones and their evaluation as cholecystokinin-ligands. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:163-73. [PMID: 16572480 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3-Amino-1,4-benzodiazepines as well as chemically related diverse amines were prepared from oxazepam and subsequently screened on the cholecystokinin receptor in a radiolabel binding assay. Oxazepam 2 was activated via its 3-chloro-1,4-benzodiazepine intermediate 3 and was reacted with a large series of aliphatic and aromatic amines. The substituted 3-anilino-1,4-benzodiazepine structure was identified as lead structure in a diverse series of 3-amino-1,4-benzodiazepines 4-38 and the full SAR (structure-activity relationship) optimisation provided 3-anilinobenzodiazepines 16-38 with CCK1 receptor selectivity to CCK2. The compounds 18, 24, 28 and 33 have shown affinities at the CCK1 receptor of 11, 10, 11 and 9 nM, respectively. These equipotent CCK1 ligands were fully evaluated in behaviour pharmacological essays. An antidepressant effect was identified in the tail suspension- and the Porsolt swimming-test. The ED50 values for 24 and 28 were determined in these assays as 0.46 and 0.49 mg/kg. The mixed antagonist 37 showed in addition to the antidepressant effects anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Offel
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, England
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Lattmann E, Singh H, Boonprakob Y, Lattmann P, Sattayasai J. Synthesis and evaluation of N-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-indole-carboxamides as cholecystokinin antagonists. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:393-401. [PMID: 16536908 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.3.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship optimization of the pyrazoline template 3a resulted in novel 3-oxo-1,2-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-indole carboxamides 4a-4e. These non-peptidal CCK ligands have been shown to act as potent CCK1 ligands in a [125]I-CCK-8 receptor binding assay. The best amides (4c and 4d) of this series displayed an IC50 of 20/25 nM for the CCK1 receptor. In a subsequent in-vivo evaluation using various behaviour pharmacological assays, an anxiolytic effect of these novel 3-oxo-1,2-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-indole carboxamides was found at high doses in the elevated plus-maze. In the despair swimming test, a model for testing antidepressants, an ED50 of 0.33/0.41 mg kg(-1) was determined for amide 4c/4d and the antidepressant effect had a magnitude comparable to desimipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lattmann
- The School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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Chen Q, Nakajima A, Meacham C, Tang YP. Elevated cholecystokininergic tone constitutes an important molecular/neuronal mechanism for the expression of anxiety in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3881-6. [PMID: 16537459 PMCID: PMC1383652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505407103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, plays an important role in anxiogenesis through the activation of CCK receptor-2 (CCKR-2). Accumulating evidence, however, has suggested this role depends on endogenous CCKergic "tone," which is largely determined by the expression level of the CCKR-2. Using the tTA/tetO-inducible transgenic (tg) approach, we show here that overexpression of the CCKR-2 in neurons of the forebrain significantly increases CCKR-2 binding capacity in tg mice compared with their littermate controls. Interestingly, these tg mice consistently exhibit increased fear responses, which are generally interpreted as anxiety-like behaviors in the rodent, in a battery of behavioral tests, which represented conflict situations or delivered stress to the subjects. The inhibition of transgene expression with doxycycline treatment completely diminished both increased receptor-binding activity and all behavioral phenotypes. Furthermore, treatment of tg mice with diazepam significantly attenuated these anxiety-like behaviors. Our results directly demonstrate that the elevated CCKergic tone via overexpression of the CCKR-2 in the brain may constitute an underlying molecular/neuronal mechanism for the expression of anxiety. In addition, our study has validated a robust genetic anxiety model in the mouse in terms of their face, constructive, and predictive validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Corbin Meacham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ya-Ping Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Miyasaka K, Nomoto S, Ohta M, Kanai S, Kaneko T, Tahara S, Funakoshi A. Disturbance of Response to Acute Thermal Pain in Naturally Occurring Cholecystokinin-A Receptor Gene Knockout Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 101:280-5. [PMID: 16891771 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats lack cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCK-AR) because of a genetic abnormality. We observed that body temperature homeostasis in response to changes in ambient temperature was deteriorated in OLETF rats, while the functions of the signal outputs from the hypothalamus to effectors were not impaired. Deteriorated homeostasis was also seen in CCK-AR deficient (-/-) mice. In the present study, we examined whether the sensory pathway involved in transmitting signals about temperature from the skin to the brain was impaired in OLETF rats. To elucidate the involvement of CCK-AR function, we conducted the same experiment in CCK-AR(-/-) mice. Responses to thermal pain were assessed using the Hargreaves' plantar test apparatus. Shortening of withdrawal latency was observed in OLETF rats compared to control rats, indicating thermal hyperalgesia. Behavioral responses following paw withdrawal were disturbed in OLETF rats. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid contents in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of OLETF rats were significantly higher than in those of the controls. CCK-AR(-/-) mice did not show any differences from wild-type mice. In conclusion, OLETF rats showed thermal hyperalgesia and disturbed responses to thermal pain, and an alteration of 5-HT function might have a role in this disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Miyasaka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan.
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50
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Sakurai C, Ohta M, Kanai S, Uematsu H, Funakoshi A, Miyasaka K. Lack of Ghrelin Secretion in Response to Fasting in Cholecystokinin-A (-1), -B (-2) Receptor–Deficient Mice. J Physiol Sci 2006; 56:441-7. [PMID: 17134539 DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp003306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin receptors (CCK-Rs) have been classified into two subtypes: CCK-AR (1R) and -BR (2R). We generated CCK-AR(-/-), CCK-BR(-/-), and CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice and found that the gastric emptying of a liquid meal was increased in CCK-BR(-/-) and AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type and CCK-AR(-/-) mice. Given that enhanced gastric emptying leads to eating, food intake after overnight fasting was examined, as was the effect of CCK-8S on food intake. Male mice 6-8 months of age were deprived of food for 16 h with free access to water, after which they were injected intraperitoneally (0.1 ml/mouse) with either vehicle or CCK-8 (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 nmol/mouse), and their food intake was monitored for 4 h. CCK-8S inhibited food intake in wild-type and CCK-BR(-/-) mice, but not in CCK-AR(-/-) or AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, we observed a lower food intake in CCK-AR(-/-)BR (-/-) mice treated with vehicle than in mice of the other genotypes. To examine the mechanism of decrease in food intake in CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice, the involvement of ghrelin was determined in wild-type and CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice. Fasting plasma ghrelin levels were significantly lower in CCK-AR (-/-)BR(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice, and no increase in response to fasting was observed in CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice. An administration of acyl-ghrelin produced a small increase in food intake in CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice, but not to the levels of wild-type mice. In conclusion, CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice showed lower food intake as well as lower response to exogenous ghrelin, and a lower plasma ghrelin level after fasting, though which receptor is more important is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
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