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Michael R, Ranjan A, Gautam S, Trivedi PK. HY5 and PIF antagonistically regulate HMGR expression and sterol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112168. [PMID: 38914157 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites play multiple crucial roles in plants by modulating various regulatory networks. The biosynthesis of these compounds is unique to each species and is intricately controlled by a range of developmental and environmental factors. While light's role in certain secondary metabolites is evident, its impact on sterol biosynthesis remains unclear. Previous studies indicate that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a bZIP transcription factor, is pivotal in skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis transition. Additionally, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), bHLH transcription factors, act as negative regulators. To unveil the light-dependent regulation of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, a precursor for sterol biosynthesis, mutants of light signaling components, specifically hy5-215 and the pifq quadruple mutant (pif 1,3,4, and 5), were analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene expression analysis in wild-type and mutants implicates HY5 and PIFs in regulating sterol biosynthesis genes. DNA-protein interaction analysis confirms their interaction with key genes like AtHMGR2 in the rate-limiting pathway. Results strongly suggest HY5 and PIFs' pivotal role in light-dependent MVA pathway regulation, including the sterol biosynthetic branch, in Arabidopsis, highlighting a diverse array of light signaling components finely tuning crucial growth pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Michael
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Avriti Ranjan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India; Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Swati Gautam
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India; Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, India.
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2
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes from Glycine max regulate plant growth and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3902. [PMID: 36890158 PMCID: PMC9995466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a large kind of plant natural products, are synthesized by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. As one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the MVA pathway of soybean (Glycine max), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is encoded by eight isogenes (GmHMGR1-GmHMGR8). To begin, we used lovastatin (LOV), a specific inhibitor of GmHMGR, to investigate their role in soybean development. To further investigate, we overexpressed the GmHMGR4 and GmHMGR6 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The growth of soybean seedlings, especially the development of lateral roots, was inhibited after LOV treatment, accompanied by a decrease in sterols content and GmHMGR gene expression. After the overexpression of GmHMGR4 and GmHMGR6 in A. thaliana, the primary root length was higher than the wild type, and total sterol and squalene contents were significantly increased. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the product tocopherol from the MEP pathway. These results further support the fact that GmHMGR1-GmHMGR8 play a key role in soybean development and isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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3
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Haywood J, Breese KJ, Zhang J, Waters MT, Bond CS, Stubbs KA, Mylne JS. A fungal tolerance trait and selective inhibitors proffer HMG-CoA reductase as a herbicide mode-of-action. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5563. [PMID: 36137996 PMCID: PMC9500038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of intense herbicide use has led to resistance in weeds. Without innovative weed management practices and new herbicidal modes of action, the unabated rise of herbicide resistance will undoubtedly place further stress upon food security. HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) is the rate limiting enzyme of the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway successfully targeted by statins to treat hypercholesterolemia in humans. As HMGR inhibitors have been shown to be herbicidal, HMGR could represent a mode of action target for the development of herbicides. Here, we present the crystal structure of a HMGR from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHMG1) which exhibits a wider active site than previously determined structures from different species. This plant conserved feature enables the rational design of specific HMGR inhibitors and we develop a tolerance trait through sequence analysis of fungal gene clusters. These results suggest HMGR to be a viable herbicide target modifiable to provide a tolerance trait. Managing herbicide resistance problem needs the identification of new herbicidal modes of action. Here, the authors solve the crystal structures of Arabidopsis HMGR and show HMGR as a potential new herbicide target by identifying plant-specific HMGR inhibitors and engineering tolerant trait in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Haywood
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia. .,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Karen J Breese
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark T Waters
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua S Mylne
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia. .,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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4
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Molecular characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) in relation to aconite biosynthesis in Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Grados-Torrez RE, López-Iglesias C, Ferrer JC, Campos N. Loose Morphology and High Dynamism of OSER Structures Induced by the Membrane Domain of HMG-CoA Reductase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179132. [PMID: 34502042 PMCID: PMC8430881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane domain of eukaryotic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) has the conserved capacity to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proliferation and membrane association into Organized Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (OSER) structures. These formations develop in response to overexpression of particular proteins, but also occur naturally in cells of the three eukaryotic kingdoms. Here, we characterize OSER structures induced by the membrane domain of Arabidopsis HMGR (1S domain). Immunochemical confocal and electron microscopy studies demonstrate that the 1S:GFP chimera co-localizes with high levels of endogenous HMGR in several ER compartments, such as the ER network, the nuclear envelope, the outer and internal membranes of HMGR vesicles and the OSER structures, which we name ER-HMGR domains. After high-pressure freezing, ER-HMGR domains show typical crystalloid, whorled and lamellar ultrastructural patterns, but with wide heterogeneous luminal spaces, indicating that the native OSER is looser and more flexible than previously reported. The formation of ER-HMGR domains is reversible. OSER structures grow by incorporation of ER membranes on their periphery and progressive compaction to the inside. The ER-HMGR domains are highly dynamic in their formation versus their disassembly, their variable spherical-ovoid shape, their fluctuating borders and their rapid intracellular movement, indicating that they are not mere ER membrane aggregates, but active components of the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Enrique Grados-Torrez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Department of Molecular Genetics, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Scientific and Technological Centers, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Microscopy CORE Lab, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Carles Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Narciso Campos
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Department of Molecular Genetics, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Xie D, Tarin MWK, Chen L, Ren K, Yang D, Zhou C, Wan J, He T, Rong J, Zheng Y. Consequences of LED Lights on Root Morphological Traits and Compounds Accumulation in Sarcandra glabra Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7179. [PMID: 34281238 PMCID: PMC8268991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of different light spectra (white light; WL, blue light; BL and red light; RL) on the root morphological traits and metabolites accumulation and biosynthesis in Sarcandra glabra. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling by RNA-seq and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), respectively. When morphological features were compared to WL, BL substantially increased under-ground fresh weight, root length, root surface area, and root volume, while RL inhibited these indices. A total of 433 metabolites were identified, of which 40, 18, and 68 compounds differentially accumulated in roots under WL (WG) vs. roots under BL (BG), WG vs. roots under RL (RG), and RG vs. BG, respectively. In addition, the contents of sinapyl alcohol, sinapic acid, fraxetin, and 6-methylcoumarin decreased significantly in BG and RG. In contrast, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinyl glucoside, quercitrin and quercetin were increased considerably in BG. Furthermore, the contents of eight terpenoids compounds significantly reduced in BG. Following transcriptomic profiling, several key genes related to biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived and terpenoids metabolites were differentially expressed, such as caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase) (COMT), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), O-methyltransferase (OMT), and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthetase (DXS). In summary, our findings showed that BL was suitable for growth and accumulation of bioactive metabolites in root tissue of S. glabra. Exposure to a higher ratio of BL might have the potential to improve the production and quality of S. glabra seedlings, but this needs to be confirmed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejin Xie
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.X.); (K.R.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Khan Tarin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.K.T.); (L.C.); (C.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Lingyan Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.K.T.); (L.C.); (C.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Ke Ren
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.X.); (K.R.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Deming Yang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.X.); (K.R.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Chengcheng Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.K.T.); (L.C.); (C.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Jiayi Wan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.X.); (K.R.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Tianyou He
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.K.T.); (L.C.); (C.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Jundong Rong
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.X.); (K.R.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Yushan Zheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.X.); (K.R.); (D.Y.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.K.T.); (L.C.); (C.Z.); (T.H.)
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7
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Gutensohn M, Henry LK, Gentry SA, Lynch JH, Nguyen TTH, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. Overcoming Bottlenecks for Metabolic Engineering of Sesquiterpene Production in Tomato Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691754. [PMID: 34220915 PMCID: PMC8248349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of plant metabolites that also includes volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes which are involved in biotic interactions of plants. Due to the limited natural availability of these terpenes and the tight regulation of their biosynthesis, there is strong interest to introduce or enhance their production in crop plants by metabolic engineering for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. While engineering of monoterpenes has been quite successful, expression of sesquiterpene synthases in engineered plants frequently resulted in production of only minor amounts of sesquiterpenes. To identify bottlenecks for sesquiterpene engineering in plants, we have used two nearly identical terpene synthases, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) nerolidol/linalool synthase-1 and -2 (AmNES/LIS-1/-2), that are localized in the cytosol and plastids, respectively. Since these two bifunctional terpene synthases have very similar catalytic properties with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), their expression in target tissues allows indirect determination of the availability of these substrates in both subcellular compartments. Both terpene synthases were expressed under control of the ripening specific PG promoter in tomato fruits, which are characterized by a highly active terpenoid metabolism providing precursors for carotenoid biosynthesis. As AmNES/LIS-2 fruits produced the monoterpene linalool, AmNES/LIS-1 fruits were found to exclusively produce the sesquiterpene nerolidol. While nerolidol emission in AmNES/LIS-1 fruits was 60- to 584-fold lower compared to linalool emission in AmNES/LIS-2 fruits, accumulation of nerolidol-glucosides in AmNES/LIS-1 fruits was 4- to 14-fold lower than that of linalool-glucosides in AmNES/LIS-2 fruits. These results suggest that only a relatively small pool of FPP is available for sesquiterpene formation in the cytosol. To potentially overcome limitations in sesquiterpene production, we transiently co-expressed the key pathway-enzymes hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), as well as the regulator isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK). While HMGR and IPK expression increased metabolic flux toward nerolidol formation 5.7- and 2.9-fold, respectively, DXS expression only resulted in a 2.5-fold increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Laura K. Henry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Scott A. Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph H. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Thuong T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Du J, Song XY, Shi XB, Tang X, Chen JB, Zhang ZH, Chen G, Zhang Z, Zhou XG, Liu Y, Zhang DY. NSs, the Silencing Suppressor of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus, Interferes With JA-Regulated Host Terpenoids Expression to Attract Frankliniella occidentalis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590451. [PMID: 33362737 PMCID: PMC7758462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causes serious crop losses worldwide and is transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). NSs protein is the silencing suppressor of TSWV and plays an important role in virus infection, cycling, and transmission process. In this research, we investigated the influences of NSs protein on the interaction of TSWV, plants, and F. occidentalis with the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with the wild-type Col-0 plant, F. occidentalis showed an increased number and induced feeding behavior on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing exogenous NSs. Further analysis showed that NSs reduced the expression of terpenoids synthesis-related genes and the content of monoterpene volatiles in Arabidopsis. These monoterpene volatiles played a repellent role in respect to F. occidentalis. In addition, the expression level of plant immune-related genes and the content of the plant resistance hormone jasmonic acid (JA) in transgenic Arabidopsis were reduced. The silencing suppressor of TSWV NSs alters the emission of plant volatiles and reduces the JA-regulated plant defenses, resulting in enhanced attractiveness of plants to F. occidentalis and may increase the transmission probability of TSWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Du
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Song
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China.,High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Shi
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Bin Chen
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Zhan-Hong Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetable, Changsha, China
| | - Gong Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Xu-Guo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - De-Yong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
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9
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Lange I, Lange BM, Navarre DA. Altering potato isoprenoid metabolism increases biomass and induces early flowering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4109-4124. [PMID: 32296842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids constitute the largest class of plant natural products and have diverse biological functions including in plant growth and development. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of isoprenoids through the mevalonate pathway is unclear. We assessed the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) homologs in potato development and in the metabolic regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis by generating transgenic lines with down-regulated expression (RNAi-hmgr) or overexpression (OE) of one (StHMGR1 or StHMGR3) or two genes, HMGR and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS; StHMGR1/StFPS1 or StHMGR3/StFPS1). Levels of sterols, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), and plastidial isoprenoids were elevated in the OE-HMGR1, OE-HMGR1/FPS1, and OE-HMGR3/FPS1 lines, and these plants exhibited early flowering, increased stem height, increased biomass, and increased total tuber weight. However, OE-HMGR3 lines showed dwarfism and had the highest sterol amounts, but without an increase in SGA levels, supporting a rate-limiting role for HMGR3 in the accumulation of sterols. Potato RNAi-hmgr lines showed inhibited growth and reduced cytosolic isoprenoid levels. We also determined the relative importance of transcriptional control at regulatory points of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis by assessing gene-metabolite correlations. These findings provide novel insights into specific end-products of the sterol pathway and could be important for crop yield and bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Duroy A Navarre
- Washington State University/IAREC, Prosser, WA, USA
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA, USA
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10
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Villano C, D’Amelia V, Esposito S, Adelfi MG, Contaldi F, Ferracane R, Vitaglione P, Aversano R, Carputo D. Genome-Wide HMG Family Investigation and Its Role in Glycoalkaloid Accumulation in Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum commersonii. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10040037. [PMID: 32290207 PMCID: PMC7235733 DOI: 10.3390/life10040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are a class of nitrogen-containing glycosides occurring in several plant families and biosynthesized through a specific pathway. HMG-CoA reductase is the first enzyme of this pathway, and its transcription can be regulated by biotic and abiotic stressors and even in a tissue-specific manner. This study aimed to characterize the HMG genes family in a tuber-bearing potato species, Solanum commersonii, using transcriptional and functional approaches. Our results provided evidence that four ScHMGs with different tissue-specificities represent the HMG gene family in S. commersonii and that they originated from ScHMG1 through segmental duplications. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ScHMG1 is the direct ortholog of AtHMG1, which is associated with SGAs accumulation in plants. Its overexpression in S. commersonii revealed that this gene plays a key role in the accumulation of glycoalkaloids regulating the production of dehydrocommersonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Vincenzo D’Amelia
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Esposito
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, SA, Italy; (S.E.); (F.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Adelfi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Felice Contaldi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, SA, Italy; (S.E.); (F.C.)
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Domenico Carputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
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11
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Zhang M, Liu H, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhang Y. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 5 gene from Malus domestica enhances oxidative stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:269-277. [PMID: 31783202 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the first rate-limiting enzyme regulating the synthesis of terpenoids upstream of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. In higher plants, members of the HMGR genes families play an important role in plant growth and development and in response to various environmental stresses. In the present study, a novel HMGR gene, designated MdHMGR5, was isolated from apple (Malus domestica L.) and characterized. Expression of MdHMGR5 enhanced the activity of HMGR enzyme in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants. Under oxidative stress, transgenic A. thaliana plants over-expressing MdHMGR5 had a higher germination rate, a longer main root length, higher chlorophyll and proline content, and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, relative conductivity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production rate were significantly lower than in wild type plants. These results indicated that over-expression of MdHMGR5 enhanced plant tolerance to oxidative stress by scavenging ROS in transgenic plants. Over-expression of MdHMGR5 also affected the expression levels of genes in mevalonic acid and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MVA and MEP) pathways of A. thaliana plants. These results indicate that over-expression of MdHMGR5 enhances tolerance to oxidative stress by maintaining photosynthesis and scavenging ROS in transgenic A. thaliana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Heng Liu
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Shimada TL, Shimada T, Okazaki Y, Higashi Y, Saito K, Kuwata K, Oyama K, Kato M, Ueda H, Nakano A, Ueda T, Takano Y, Hara-Nishimura I. HIGH STEROL ESTER 1 is a key factor in plant sterol homeostasis. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1154-1166. [PMID: 31712757 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants strictly regulate the levels of sterol in their cells, as high sterol levels are toxic. However, how plants achieve sterol homeostasis is not fully understood. We isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that abundantly accumulated sterol esters in structures of about 1 µm in diameter in leaf cells. We designated the mutant high sterol ester 1 (hise1) and called the structures sterol ester bodies. Here, we show that HISE1, the gene product that is altered in this mutant, functions as a key factor in plant sterol homeostasis on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and participates in a fail-safe regulatory system comprising two processes. First, HISE1 downregulates the protein levels of the β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductases HMGR1 and HMGR2, which are rate-limiting enzymes in the sterol synthesis pathway, resulting in suppression of sterol overproduction. Second, if the first process is not successful, excess sterols are converted to sterol esters by phospholipid sterol acyltransferase1 (PSAT1) on ER microdomains and then segregated in SE bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaori Oyama
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Kato
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
- SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | | | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan.
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Validation of suitable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in Tripterygium wilfordii. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4161-4174. [PMID: 31111371 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Validation of suitable reference genes is critical in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Suitable and reliable reference genes for the normalization of gene expression data are characterized by high gene expression stability across tissues and different experimental conditions. This study evaluated the gene expression stability of ten reference genes commonly used in Arabidopsis thaliana for their suitability in qRT-PCR analysis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. The orthologous sequences of these ten candidate genes were identified from T. wilfordii transcriptomic data (Project No. SRX472292). Five algorithms including GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder were used to assess the gene expression stability of these putative reference genes in different plant tissues and different stress conditions. The results identified ACTINT7 and TBP as the most suitable reference genes across all samples. The gene expressions of TwHMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, KU246037.1) and of TwDXR (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, KJ174341.1) were investigated to validate the suitability of the reference genes. The validation analysis confirmed the suitability of ACTINT7 and TBP as the best reference genes for elucidating secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway in T. wilfordii. In summary, this study identified the most suitable and reliable reference genes for future qRT-PCR- based studies in T. wilfordii.
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15
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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Bansal S, Narnoliya LK, Mishra B, Chandra M, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. HMG-CoA reductase from Camphor Tulsi (Ocimum kilimandscharicum) regulated MVA dependent biosynthesis of diverse terpenoids in homologous and heterologous plant systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3547. [PMID: 29476116 PMCID: PMC5824918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocimum kilimandscharicum is unique in possessing terpenoids whereas other Ocimum species are renowned for phenylpropanoids as major constituents of essential oil. The key enzyme of MVA/terpenoid metabolic pathway viz 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-A reductase (OkHMGR) of 1.7-Kb ORF encoding ~60-kDa protein was cloned from O. kilimandscharicum and its kinetic characteristics revealed the availability of HMG-CoA as a control point of MVA-pathway. Transcript profiling of the OkHMGR elucidated tissue-specific functions of the gene in flower and leaf tissues in accumulation of terpenoidal essential oil. OkHMGR was differentially regulated in response to exposure to methyl-jasmonate, salicylic-acid, and stress conditions such-as salt and temperature stress, demonstrating its key role in managing signaling and stress-responses. To elucidate its functional role, OkHMGR was transiently over-expressed in homologous and heterologous plants such as O. sanctum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, Withania somnifera and Artemisia annua. The over-expression and inhibition dual strategy revealed that the additional OkHMGR in-planta could afford endogenous flow of isoprenoid units towards synthesis of terpenoids. The present study provides in-depth insight of OkHMGR in regulation of biosynthesis of non-plastidal isoprenoids. This is first report on any gene of MVA/isoprenoid pathway from under-explored Camphor Tulsi belonging to genus Ocimum. Studies also suggested that OkHMGR could be a potential tool for attempting metabolic engineering for enhancing medicinally important terpenoidal metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Bansal
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre Campus, Sector- 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre Campus, Sector- 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Muktesh Chandra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Neelam Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre Campus, Sector- 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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17
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Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGR) Gene Family in Gossypium. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020193. [PMID: 29364830 PMCID: PMC6017885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are the largest and most diverse class of secondary metabolites in plants and play a very important role in plant adaptation to environment. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the process of terpene biosynthesis in the cytosol. Previous study found the HMGR genes underwent gene expansion in Gossypium raimondii, but the characteristics and evolution of the HMGR gene family in Gossypium genus are unclear. In this study, genome-wide identification and comparative study of HMGR gene family were carried out in three Gossypium species with genome sequences, i.e., G. raimondii, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium hirsutum. In total, nine, nine and 18 HMGR genes were identified in G. raimondii, G. arboreum, and G. hirsutum, respectively. The results indicated that the HMGR genes underwent gene expansion and a unique gene cluster containing four HMGR genes was found in all the three Gossypium species. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the expansion of HMGR genes had occurred in their common ancestor. There was a pseudogene that had a 10-bp deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation and could not be translated into functional proteins in G. arboreum and the A-subgenome of G. hirsutum. The expression profiles of the two pseudogenes showed that they had tissue-specific expression. Additionally, the expression pattern of the pseudogene in the A-subgenome of G. hirsutum was similar to its paralogous gene in the D-subgenome of G. hirsutum. Our results provide useful information for understanding cytosolic terpene biosynthesis in Gossypium species.
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Wagatsuma T, Maejima E, Watanabe T, Toyomasu T, Kuroda M, Muranaka T, Ohyama K, Ishikawa A, Usui M, Hossain Khan S, Maruyama H, Tawaraya K, Kobayashi Y, Koyama H. Dark conditions enhance aluminum tolerance in several rice cultivars via multiple modulations of membrane sterols. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:567-577. [PMID: 29294038 PMCID: PMC5853495 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed increased Al tolerance under dark conditions, because less Al accumulated in the root tips (1 cm) under dark than under light conditions. Under dark conditions, the root tip concentration of total sterols, which generally reduce plasma membrane permeabilization, was higher in the most Al-sensitive japonica cultivar, Koshihikari (Ko), than in the most Al-tolerant cultivar, Rikuu-132 (R132), but the phospholipid content did not differ between the two. The Al treatment increased the proportion of stigmasterol (which has no ability to reduce membrane permeabilization) out of total sterols similarly in both cultivars under light conditions, but it decreased more in Ko under dark conditions. The carotenoid content in the root tip of Al-treated Ko was significantly lower under dark than under light conditions, indicating that isopentenyl diphosphate transport from the cytosol to plastids was decreased under dark conditions. HMG2 and HMG3 (encoding the key sterol biosynthetic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase) transcript levels in the root tips were enhanced under dark conditions. We suggest that the following mechanisms contribute to the increase in Al tolerance under dark conditions: inhibition of stigmasterol formation to retain membrane integrity; greater partitioning of isopentenyl diphosphate for sterol biosynthesis; and enhanced expression of HMGs to increase sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Wagatsuma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eriko Maejima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Masami Usui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | | | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Yuriko Kobayashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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19
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Boher P, Soler M, Sánchez A, Hoede C, Noirot C, Paiva JAP, Serra O, Figueras M. A comparative transcriptomic approach to understanding the formation of cork. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:103-118. [PMID: 29143299 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome comparison of two oak species reveals possible candidates accounting for the exceptionally thick and pure cork oak phellem, such as those involved in secondary metabolism and phellogen activity. Cork oak, Quercus suber, differs from other Mediterranean oaks such as holm oak (Quercus ilex) by the thickness and organization of the external bark. While holm oak outer bark contains sequential periderms interspersed with dead secondary phloem (rhytidome), the cork oak outer bark only contains thick layers of phellem (cork rings) that accumulate until reaching a thickness that allows industrial uses. Here we compare the cork oak outer bark transcriptome with that of holm oak. Both transcriptomes present similitudes in their complexity, but whereas cork oak external bark is enriched with upregulated genes related to suberin, which is the main polymer responsible for the protective function of periderm, the upregulated categories of holm oak are enriched in abiotic stress and chromatin assembly. Concomitantly with the upregulation of suberin-related genes, there is also induction of regulatory and meristematic genes, whose predicted activities agree with the increased number of phellem layers found in the cork oak sample. Further transcript profiling among different cork oak tissues and conditions suggests that cork and wood share many regulatory mechanisms, probably reflecting similar ontogeny. Moreover, the analysis of transcripts accumulation during the cork growth season showed that most regulatory genes are upregulated early in the season when the cork cambium becomes active. Altogether our work provides the first transcriptome comparison between cork oak and holm oak outer bark, which unveils new regulatory candidate genes of phellem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Boher
- Laboratori del Suro, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del Suro, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Sánchez
- Laboratori del Suro, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Claire Hoede
- PF Bioinfo GenoToul, MIAT, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Céline Noirot
- PF Bioinfo GenoToul, MIAT, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Jorge Almiro Pinto Paiva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del Suro, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del Suro, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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Robertlee J, Kobayashi K, Tang J, Suzuki M, Muranaka T. Evidence that the Arabidopsis thaliana 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 is phosphorylated at Ser577 in planta. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:1-7. [PMID: 31275031 PMCID: PMC6543733 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.17.1208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is an essential enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. In higher plants, mevalonate pathway involves in the production of precursor for isoprenoids biosynthesis, including essential components for cell functions. Previously, we confirmed that the Arabidopsis thaliana HMGR1S (AtHMGR1S) is phosphorylated at S577 by the combination of sucrose non-fermenting related kinase-1 (SnRK1) and geminivirus rep-interacting kinase-1 (GRIK1) in vitro. However, even in quantitative phosphoproteomics studies that were directed to find SnRK1 target substrates, AtHMGR1S phosphorylation at S577 has never been detected in planta. In this study, we expressed AtHMGR1S as a C-terminal FLAG-fusion protein in A. thaliana hmg1 mutant to confirm its phosphorylation in planta. Our results provide the first direct evidence that AtHMGR1S is phosphorylated at S577 in planta. Moreover, phosphatase inhibitors treatment to the A. thaliana seedlings induced AtHMGR1S phosphorylation at sites other than S577, suggesting the presence of a novel HMGR regulatory mechanism in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekson Robertlee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Jianwei Tang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-6-6879-7423 Fax: +81-6-6879-7426
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21
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Chai J, Wang D, Peng Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li P, Fang X, Wang M, Cai X. Molecular cloning, expression and immunolocalization analysis of diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase involved in terpenoid biosynthesis from Euphorbia helioscopia L. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1370677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Dou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Xiaoai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, China
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22
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Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Unland K, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in dandelion latex is enhanced by the overexpression of three key enzymes involved in the mevalonate pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 28532507 PMCID: PMC5441070 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latex from the dandelion species Taraxacum brevicorniculatum contains many high-value isoprenoid end products, e.g. triterpenes and polyisoprenes such as natural rubber. The isopentenyl pyrophosphate units required as precursors for these isoprenoids are provided by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The key enzyme in this pathway is 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and its activity has been thoroughly characterized in many plant species including dandelion. However, two enzymes acting upstream of HMGR have not been characterized in dandelion latex: ATP citrate lyase (ACL), which provides the acetyl-CoA utilized in the MVA pathway, and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT), which catalyzes the first step in the pathway to produce acetoacetyl-CoA. Here we isolated ACL and AACT genes from T. brevicorniculatum latex and characterized their expression profiles. We also overexpressed the well-characterized HMGR, ACL and AACT genes from Arabidopsis thaliana in T. brevicorniculatum to determine their impact on isoprenoid end products in the latex. RESULTS The spatial and temporal expression profiles of T. brevicorniculatum ACL and AACT revealed their pivotal role in the synthesis of precursors necessary for isoprenoid biosynthesis in latex. The overexpression of A. thaliana ACL and AACT and HMGR in T. brevicorniculatum latex resulted in the accumulation of all three enzymes, increased the corresponding enzymatic activities and ultimately increased sterol levels by ~5-fold and pentacyclic triterpene and cis-1,4-isoprene levels by ~2-fold. Remarkably high levels of the triterpene precursor squalene were also detected in the triple-transgenic lines (up to 32 mg/g root dry weight) leading to the formation of numerous lipid droplets which were observed in root cross-sections. CONCLUSIONS We could show the effective expression of up to three transgenes in T. brevicorniculatum latex which led to increased enzymatic activity and resulted in high level squalene accumulation in the dandelion roots up to an industrially relevant amount. Our data provide insight into the regulation of the MVA pathway in dandelion latex and can be used as a basis for metabolic engineering to enhance the production of isoprenoid end products in this specialized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Pütter
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
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23
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Robertlee J, Kobayashi K, Suzuki M, Muranaka T. AKIN10, a representativeArabidopsisSNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1), phosphorylates and downregulates plant HMG-CoA reductase. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1159-1166. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jekson Robertlee
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; Japan Women's University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita Japan
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24
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Jadaun JS, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Singh N, Bansal S, Mishra B, Sangwan RS. Over-expression of DXS gene enhances terpenoidal secondary metabolite accumulation in rose-scented geranium and Withania somnifera: active involvement of plastid isoprenogenic pathway in their biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:381-400. [PMID: 27580641 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) is one of the most important aromatic plants and is well known for its diverse perfumery uses. Its economic importance is due to presence of fragrance rich essential oil in its foliage. The essential oil is a mixture of various volatile phytochemicals which are mainly terpenes (isoprenoids) in nature. In this study, on the geranium foliage genes related to isoprenoid biosynthesis (DXS, DXR and HMGR) were isolated, cloned and confirmed by sequencing. Further, the first gene of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (GrDXS), was made full length by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends strategy. GrDXS contained a 2157 bp open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 792 amino acids having calculated molecular weight 77.5 kDa. This study is first report on heterologous expression and kinetic characterization of any gene from this economically important plant. Expression analysis of these genes was performed in different tissues as well as at different developmental stages of leaves. In response to external elicitors, such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, light and wounding, all the three genes showed differential expression profiles. Further GrDXS was over expressed in the homologous (rose-scented geranium) as well as in heterologous (Withania somnifera) plant systems through genetic transformation approach. The over-expression of GrDXS led to enhanced secondary metabolites production (i.e. essential oil in rose-scented geranium and withanolides in W. somnifera). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the expression profile of the three genes related to isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways operated in rose-scented geranium as well as functional characterization study of any gene from rose-scented geranium through a genetic transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Lokesh K Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali - 160071, Punjab, India
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25
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Ruiz-Sola MÁ, Barja MV, Manzano D, Llorente B, Schipper B, Beekwilder J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1393-1402. [PMID: 27707890 PMCID: PMC5100792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A wide diversity of isoprenoids is produced in different plant compartments. Most groups of isoprenoids synthesized in plastids, and some produced elsewhere in the plant cell derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), five genes appear to encode GGPPS isoforms localized in plastids (two), the endoplasmic reticulum (two), and mitochondria (one). However, the loss of function of the plastid-targeted GGPPS11 isoform (referred to as G11) is sufficient to cause lethality. Here, we show that the absence of a strong transcription initiation site in the G11 gene results in the production of transcripts of different lengths. The longer transcripts encode an isoform with a functional plastid import sequence that produces GGPP for the major groups of photosynthesis-related plastidial isoprenoids. However, shorter transcripts are also produced that lack the first translation initiation codon and rely on a second in-frame ATG codon to produce an enzymatically active isoform lacking this N-terminal domain. This short enzyme localizes in the cytosol and is essential for embryo development. Our results confirm that the production of differentially targeted enzyme isoforms from the same gene is a central mechanism to control the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors in different plant cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Águila Ruiz-Sola
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - M Victoria Barja
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - David Manzano
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Bert Schipper
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
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26
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Manzano D, Andrade P, Caudepón D, Altabella T, Arró M, Ferrer A. Suppressing Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Alters Chloroplast Development and Triggers Sterol-Dependent Induction of Jasmonate- and Fe-Related Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:93-117. [PMID: 27382138 PMCID: PMC5074618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two genes (FPS1 and FPS2) encoding FPS. Single fps1 and fps2 knockout mutants are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants, while fps1/fps2 double mutants are embryo lethal. To assess the effect of FPS down-regulation at postembryonic developmental stages, we generated Arabidopsis conditional knockdown mutants expressing artificial microRNAs devised to simultaneously silence both FPS genes. Induction of silencing from germination rapidly caused chlorosis and a strong developmental phenotype that led to seedling lethality. However, silencing of FPS after seed germination resulted in a slight developmental delay only, although leaves and cotyledons continued to show chlorosis and altered chloroplasts. Metabolomic analyses also revealed drastic changes in the profile of sterols, ubiquinones, and plastidial isoprenoids. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction transcriptomic analysis showed that a reduction in FPS activity levels triggers the misregulation of genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, the most prominent one being the rapid induction of a set of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway. Down-regulation of FPS also triggered an iron-deficiency transcriptional response that is consistent with the iron-deficient phenotype observed in FPS-silenced plants. The specific inhibition of the sterol biosynthesis pathway by chemical and genetic blockage mimicked these transcriptional responses, indicating that sterol depletion is the primary cause of the observed alterations. Our results highlight the importance of sterol homeostasis for normal chloroplast development and function and reveal important clues about how isoprenoid and sterol metabolism is integrated within plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Transcriptome sequencing provides insights into the metabolic pathways of patchouli alcohol and pogostone in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Sharma E, Pandey S, Gaur AK. In silico characterization and differential expression pattern analysis of conserved HMG CoA reductase domain isolated from Aconitum balfourii Stapf. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:89. [PMID: 28330159 PMCID: PMC4781813 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) is the key enzyme of mevalonate pathway in plants. A partial genomic DNA fragment encoding HMGR conserved domain (denoted as AbHMGR) is isolated from Aconitum balfourii Stapf. It comprises 871 bp encoding 290 amino acids. In silico analysis reveals that it had extensive similarities to other plant HMGR gene. Domain analysis of AbHMGR showed two highly conserved NADPH and HMG CoA domains. Docking study predicted inhibitor, substrate and cofactor binding sites in the protein. Expression analysis revealed that AbHMGR is similarly expressed in all tested tissues with differential pattern. The highest expression was found in leaf tissue. However, fold expression in root and shoot tissue was almost similar. Enzyme activity of HMGR was found to be much higher in leaf tissue as compared to other tissues. The highest aconitine content (0.015 %) was obtained in root tissues. Our data laid a foundation for further investigation of HMGR role in Aconitum balfourii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eti Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ICGEB, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Gaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
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29
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Lv Y, Tahir II, Olsson ME. Factors affecting the content of the ursolic and oleanolic acid in apple peel: influence of cultivars, sun exposure, storage conditions, bruising and Penicillium expansum infection. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2161-9. [PMID: 26147234 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For health promotion and as part of natural plant protection, it might be of interest to increase the content of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) by biofortification in breeding programs, although the extent of the influence of genetic and environmental factors needs to be clarified. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cultivar, sun exposure, storage, bruising and fungal infection on the OA and UA content in apple peel. RESULTS Three apple cultivars with different ripening times--'Discovery' (early), 'Aroma' (middle) and 'Gloster' (late)--were investigated. The content of OA and UA was mainly influenced by cultivar and side subjected to sun exposure, and to a minor extent by storage and seasonal year. 'Gloster' had the highest OA and UA content of the investigated cultivars. OA and UA content on the shaded side was higher than that on the sun-exposed side in all three cultivars. Inoculation with Penicillium expansum did not have any consistent effect on OA or UA, except in a few cases where the levels decreased. CONCLUSION OA and UA content can be increased by choice of cultivar in the breeding process and to some extent by cultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Lv
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim I Tahir
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Marie E Olsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden
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30
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Tian X, Ruan J, Huang J, Fang X, Mao Y, Wang L, Chen X, Yang C. Gossypol: phytoalexin of cotton. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:122-9. [PMID: 26803304 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids are a class of 15-carbon secondary metabolites that play diverse roles in plant adaptation to environment. Cotton plants accumulate a large amount of sesquiterpene aldehydes (including gossypol) as phytoalexins against pathogens and herbivores. They are stored in pigment glands of aerial organs and in epidermal layers of roots. Several enzymes of gossypol biosynthesis pathway have been characterized, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) that catalyze the formation of the precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (CDN) which is the first enzyme committed to gossypol biosynthesis, and the downstream enzymes of CYP706B1 and methyltransferase. Expressions of these genes are tightly regulated during cotton plants development and induced by jasmonate and fungi elicitors. The transcription factor GaWRKY1 has been shown to be involved in gossypol pathway regulation. Recent development of new genomic platforms and methods and releases of diploid and tetraploid cotton genome sequences will greatly facilitate the elucidation of gossypol biosynthetic pathway and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juxin Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingbo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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31
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Teh L, Möllers C. Genetic variation and inheritance of phytosterol and oil content in a doubled haploid population derived from the winter oilseed rape Sansibar × Oase cross. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:181-99. [PMID: 26518571 PMCID: PMC4703628 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of QTL for phytosterol content, oil content, fatty acids content, protein content of defatted meal, and seed weight by multiple interval mapping in a Brassica napus DH population. Phytosterols are minor seed constituents in oilseed rape which have recently drawn wide-interest from the food and nutrition industry due to their health benefit in lowering LDL cholesterol in humans. To understand the genetic basis of phytosterol content and its relationship with other seed quality traits in oilseed rape, QTL mapping was performed in a segregating DH population derived from the cross of two winter oilseed rape varieties, Sansibar and Oase, termed SODH population. Both parental lines are of canola quality which differ in phytosterol and oil content in seed. A genetic map was constructed for SODH population based on a total of 1638 markers organized in 23 linkage groups and covering a map length of 2350 cM with a mean marker interval of 2.0 cM. The SODH population and the parental lines were cultivated at six environments in Europe and were phenotyped for phytosterol content, oil content, fatty acids content, protein content of the defatted meal, and seed weight. Multiple interval mapping identified between one and six QTL for nine phytosterol traits, between two and six QTL for four fatty acids, five QTL for oil content, four QTL for protein content of defatted meal, and three QTL for seed weight. Colocalizations of QTL for different traits were more frequently observed than individual isolated QTL. Major QTL (R (2) ≥ 25%) were all located in the A genome, and the possible candidate genes were investigated by physical localization of the QTL to the reference genome sequence of Brassica rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishia Teh
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Möllers
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Ferrero S, Grados-Torrez RE, Leivar P, Antolín-Llovera M, López-Iglesias C, Cortadellas N, Ferrer JC, Campos N. Proliferation and Morphogenesis of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Driven by the Membrane Domain of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:899-914. [PMID: 26015445 PMCID: PMC4741317 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) has a key regulatory role in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis and is composed of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring membrane domain with low sequence similarity among eukaryotic kingdoms and a conserved cytosolic catalytic domain. Organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum (OSER) structures are common formations of hypertrophied tightly packed ER membranes devoted to specific biosynthetic and secretory functions, the biogenesis of which remains largely unexplored. We show that the membrane domain of plant HMGR suffices to trigger ER proliferation and OSER biogenesis. The proliferating membranes become highly enriched in HMGR protein, but they do not accumulate sterols, indicating a morphogenetic rather than a metabolic role for HMGR. The N-terminal MDVRRRPP motif present in most plant HMGR isoforms is not required for retention in the ER, which was previously proposed, but functions as an ER morphogenic signal. Plant OSER structures are morphologically similar to those of animal cells, emerge from tripartite ER junctions, and mainly build up beside the nuclear envelope, indicating conserved OSER biogenesis in high eukaryotes. Factors other than the OSER-inducing HMGR construct mediate the tight apposition of the proliferating membranes, implying separate ER proliferation and membrane association steps. Overexpression of the membrane domain of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HMGR leads to ER hypertrophy in every tested cell type and plant species, whereas the knockout of the HMG1 gene from Arabidopsis, encoding its major HMGR isoform, causes ER aggregation at the nuclear envelope. Our results show that the membrane domain of HMGR contributes to ER morphogenesis in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferrero
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Ricardo Enrique Grados-Torrez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Pablo Leivar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Meritxell Antolín-Llovera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Nuria Cortadellas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Joan Carles Ferrer
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Narciso Campos
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
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Paradas WC, Crespo TM, Salgado LT, de Andrade LR, Soares AR, Hellio C, Paranhos RR, Hill LJ, de Souza GM, Kelecom AGAC, Da Gama BAP, Pereira RC, Amado-Filho GM. Mevalonosomes: specific vacuoles containing the mevalonate pathway in Plocamium brasiliense cortical cells (Rhodophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:225-235. [PMID: 26986518 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper has identified, for the first time in a member of the Rhodophyta, a vacuolar organelle containing enzymes that are involved in the mevalonate pathway-an important step in red algal isoprenoid biosynthesis. These organelles were named mevalonosomes (Mev) and were found in the cortical cells (CC) of Plocamium brasiliense, a marine macroalgae that synthesizes several halogenated monoterpenes. P. brasiliense specimens were submitted to a cytochemical analysis of the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS). Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we confirmed the presence of HMGS activity within the Mev. Because HMGS is necessary for the biosynthesis of halogenated monoterpenes, we isolated a hexanic fraction (HF) rich in halogenated monoterpenes from P. brasiliense that contained a pentachlorinated monoterpene as a major metabolite. Because terpenes are often related to chemical defense, the antifouling (AF) activity of pentachlorinated monoterpene was tested. We found that the settlement of the mussel Perna perna was reduced by HF treatment (2.25 times less than control; 40% and 90% of fouled surface, respectively; P = 0.001; F9,9 = 1.13). The HF (at 10 μg · mL(-1) ) also inhibited three species of fouling microalgae (Chlorarachnion reptans, Cylindrotheca cloisterium, and Exanthemachrysis gayraliae), while at a higher concentration (50 μg · mL(-1) ), it inhibited the bacteria Halomonas marina, Polaribacter irgensii, Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Vibrio aestuarianus. The AF activity of P. brasiliense halogenated monoterpenes and the localization of HMGS activity inside Mev suggest that this cellular structure found in CC may play a role in thallus protection against biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Costa Paradas
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thalita Mendes Crespo
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tavares Salgado
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rodrigues de Andrade
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco: B, sala F2-27, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angélica Ribeiro Soares
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Social de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Rotary Club, s/no., São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claire Hellio
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR UMR 6539, IUEM - Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané, France
| | - Ricardo Rogers Paranhos
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilian Jorge Hill
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geysa Marinho de Souza
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Antônio Perez Da Gama
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Crespo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Menezes Amado-Filho
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tholl D. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:63-106. [PMID: 25583224 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids (isoprenoids) represent the largest and most diverse class of chemicals among the myriad compounds produced by plants. Plants employ terpenoid metabolites for a variety of basic functions in growth and development but use the majority of terpenoids for more specialized chemical interactions and protection in the abiotic and biotic environment. Traditionally, plant-based terpenoids have been used by humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, and more recently have been exploited in the development of biofuel products. Genomic resources and emerging tools in synthetic biology facilitate the metabolic engineering of high-value terpenoid products in plants and microbes. Moreover, the ecological importance of terpenoids has gained increased attention to develop strategies for sustainable pest control and abiotic stress protection. Together, these efforts require a continuous growth in knowledge of the complex metabolic and molecular regulatory networks in terpenoid biosynthesis. This chapter gives an overview and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways, and addresses the most important functions of volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid specialized metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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Yu ZX, Wang LJ, Zhao B, Shan CM, Zhang YH, Chen DF, Chen XY. Progressive regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) by the miR156-targeted SPL transcription factors. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:98-110. [PMID: 25578275 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant metabolites vary at different stages of their life cycle. Although it is well documented that environmental factors stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, the regulation by endogenous developmental cues remains poorly understood. The microRNA156 (miR156)-targeted squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) factors function as a major age cue in regulating developmental phase transition and flowering. We show here that the miR156-targeted SPL transcription factor plays an important role in the spatiotemporal regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the miR156-SPL module regulates the formation of (E)-β-caryophyllene in the flowering stage through modulating expression of the sesquiterpene synthase gene TPS21. We demonstrated that SPL9 directly binds to TPS21 promoter and activates its expression. In the perennial fragrant herb Pogostemon cablin, the accumulation of patchouli oil, largely composed of sesquiterpenes dominated by (-)-patchoulol, is also age-regulated, and the SPL promotes biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes in elder plants by upregulating patchoulol synthase (PatPTS) gene expression. As miR156-SPLs are highly conserved in plants, our finding not only uncovers a molecular link between developmental timing and sesquiterpene production but also suggests a new strategy to engineer plants for accelerated growth with enhanced production of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Xia Yu
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China; College of Bioengineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Min Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Hua Zhang
- Firmenich Aromatics (China) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Dong-Fang Chen
- Firmenich Aromatics (China) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Kim YJ, Lee OR, Oh JY, Jang MG, Yang DC. Functional analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase encoding genes in triterpene saponin-producing ginseng. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 24569845 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222596/1532-2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are glycosylated triterpenes that are considered to be important pharmaceutically active components of the ginseng (Panax ginseng 'Meyer') plant, which is known as an adaptogenic herb. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of triterpene saponin through the mevalonate pathway in ginseng remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) concerning ginsenoside biosynthesis. Through analysis of full-length complementary DNA, two forms of ginseng HMGR (PgHMGR1 and PgHMGR2) were identified as showing high sequence identity. The steady-state mRNA expression patterns of PgHMGR1 and PgHMGR2 are relatively low in seed, leaf, stem, and flower, but stronger in the petiole of seedling and root. The transcripts of PgHMGR1 were relatively constant in 3- and 6-year-old ginseng roots. However, PgHMGR2 was increased five times in the 6-year-old ginseng roots compared with the 3-year-old ginseng roots, which indicates that HMGRs have constant and specific roles in the accumulation of ginsenosides in roots. Competitive inhibition of HMGR by mevinolin caused a significant reduction of total ginsenoside in ginseng adventitious roots. Moreover, continuous dark exposure for 2 to 3 d increased the total ginsenosides content in 3-year-old ginseng after the dark-induced activity of PgHMGR1. These results suggest that PgHMGR1 is associated with the dark-dependent promotion of ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also observed that the PgHMGR1 can complement Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hmgr1-1 and that the overexpression of PgHMGR1 enhanced the production of sterols and triterpenes in Arabidopsis and ginseng. Overall, this finding suggests that ginseng HMGRs play a regulatory role in triterpene ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 449-701, Korea
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Kim YJ, Lee OR, Oh JY, Jang MG, Yang DC. Functional analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase encoding genes in triterpene saponin-producing ginseng. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:373-87. [PMID: 24569845 PMCID: PMC4012596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are glycosylated triterpenes that are considered to be important pharmaceutically active components of the ginseng (Panax ginseng 'Meyer') plant, which is known as an adaptogenic herb. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of triterpene saponin through the mevalonate pathway in ginseng remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) concerning ginsenoside biosynthesis. Through analysis of full-length complementary DNA, two forms of ginseng HMGR (PgHMGR1 and PgHMGR2) were identified as showing high sequence identity. The steady-state mRNA expression patterns of PgHMGR1 and PgHMGR2 are relatively low in seed, leaf, stem, and flower, but stronger in the petiole of seedling and root. The transcripts of PgHMGR1 were relatively constant in 3- and 6-year-old ginseng roots. However, PgHMGR2 was increased five times in the 6-year-old ginseng roots compared with the 3-year-old ginseng roots, which indicates that HMGRs have constant and specific roles in the accumulation of ginsenosides in roots. Competitive inhibition of HMGR by mevinolin caused a significant reduction of total ginsenoside in ginseng adventitious roots. Moreover, continuous dark exposure for 2 to 3 d increased the total ginsenosides content in 3-year-old ginseng after the dark-induced activity of PgHMGR1. These results suggest that PgHMGR1 is associated with the dark-dependent promotion of ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also observed that the PgHMGR1 can complement Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hmgr1-1 and that the overexpression of PgHMGR1 enhanced the production of sterols and triterpenes in Arabidopsis and ginseng. Overall, this finding suggests that ginseng HMGRs play a regulatory role in triterpene ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Li W, Liu W, Wei H, He Q, Chen J, Zhang B, Zhu S. Species-specific expansion and molecular evolution of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene family in plants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94172. [PMID: 24722776 PMCID: PMC3983158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpene compounds represent the largest and most diverse class of plant secondary metabolites which are important in plant growth and development. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC 1.1.1.34) is one of the key enzymes contributed to terpene biosynthesis. To better understand the basic characteristics and evolutionary history of the HMGR gene family in plants, a genome-wide analysis of HMGR genes from 20 representative species was carried out. A total of 56 HMGR genes in the 14 land plant genomes were identified, but no genes were found in all 6 algal genomes. The gene structure and protein architecture of all plant HMGR genes were highly conserved. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the plant HMGRs were derived from one ancestor gene and finally developed into four distinct groups, two in the monocot plants and two in dicot plants. Species-specific gene duplications, caused mainly by segmental duplication, led to the limited expansion of HMGR genes in Zea mays, Gossypium raimondii, Populus trichocarpa and Glycine max after the species diverged. The analysis of Ka/Ks ratios and expression profiles indicated that functional divergence after the gene duplications was restricted. The results suggested that the function and evolution of HMGR gene family were dramatically conserved throughout the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Qiuling He
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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The GATA and SORLIP motifs in the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase promoter of Picrorhiza kurrooa for the control of light-mediated expression. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:191-203. [PMID: 24318764 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Light upregulates the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) in Picrorhiza kurrooa, an endangered medicinal herb. Upstream sequences of HMGR of P. kurrooa (PropkHMGR) were analyzed in relation to its role in light-mediated regulation of gene expression. GATA motif in PropkHMGR exhibited stronger DNA-protein interaction with the nuclear extract of dark-exposed plants in contrast to SORLIP that exhibited stronger binding with the nuclear extract of light-exposed plants. Analysis of PropkHMGR (PropkHMGR-D1, -1,059/-1) and its deletion fragments PropkHMGR-D2 (-825/-1), PropkHMGR-D3 (-651/-1), PropkHMGR-D4 (-452/-1), and PropkHMGR-D5 (-101/-1) in Arabidopsis thaliana showed PropkHMGR to regulate gene expression [β-glucuronidase (GUS) was used as a reporter gene] at all the developmental stages but only in actively dividing tissues, excluding anthers. Whereas, PropkHMGR-D2 regulated GUS expression in relatively older seedlings but the expression was observed only in shoot apical meristem, root tips, and anthers. PropkHMGR-mediated gene expression was higher in dark as compared to that in the light in Arabidopsis across four temperatures studied. As opposed to the results in P. kurrooa, GATA motifs exhibited DNA-protein interaction with nuclear extract of light-exposed plants of Arabidopsis. SORLIP motifs in Arabidopsis also exhibited DNA-protein interaction with nuclear extract of light-exposed plants as in P. kurrooa. Data showed that (1) PropkHMGR regulated light-mediated gene expression and (2) GATA motif exhibited an inverse relationship between strength of DNA-protein interaction and the gene expression whereas the relationship was species specific for SORLIP.
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Akhtar N, Gupta P, Sangwan NS, Sangwan RS, Trivedi PK. Cloning and functional characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene from Withania somnifera: an important medicinal plant. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:613-22. [PMID: 22936023 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is one of the most valuable medicinal plants synthesizing a large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides, the C28-steroidal lactones derived from triterpenoids. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the biosynthetic pathway and genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have characterized the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC 1.1.1.34) catalyzing the key regulatory step of the isoprenoid biosynthesis. The 1,728-bp full-length cDNA of Withania HMGR (WsHMGR) encodes a polypeptide of 575 amino acids. The amino acid sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis suggest that WsHMGR has typical structural features of other known plant HMGRs. The relative expression analysis suggests that WsHMGR expression varies in different tissues as well as chemotypes and is significantly elevated in response to exposure to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and mechanical injury. The functional color assay in Escherichia coli showed that WsHMGR could accelerate the biosynthesis of carotenoids, establishing that WsHMGR encoded a functional protein and may play a catalytic role by its positive influence in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Akhtar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Doblas VG, Amorim-Silva V, Posé D, Rosado A, Esteban A, Arró M, Azevedo H, Bombarely A, Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Ferrer A, Tavares RM, Botella MA. The SUD1 gene encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase and is a positive regulator of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:728-43. [PMID: 23404890 PMCID: PMC3608789 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme catalyzes the major rate-limiting step of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway from which sterols and other isoprenoids are synthesized. In contrast with our extensive knowledge of the regulation of HMGR in yeast and animals, little is known about this process in plants. To identify regulatory components of the MVA pathway in plants, we performed a genetic screen for second-site suppressor mutations of the Arabidopsis thaliana highly drought-sensitive drought hypersensitive2 (dry2) mutant that shows decreased squalene epoxidase activity. We show that mutations in SUPPRESSOR OF DRY2 DEFECTS1 (SUD1) gene recover most developmental defects in dry2 through changes in HMGR activity. SUD1 encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that shows sequence and structural similarity to yeast Degradation of α factor (Doα10) and human TEB4, components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation C (ERAD-C) pathway. While in yeast and animals, the alternative ERAD-L/ERAD-M pathway regulates HMGR activity by controlling protein stability, SUD1 regulates HMGR activity without apparent changes in protein content. These results highlight similarities, as well as important mechanistic differences, among the components involved in HMGR regulation in plants, yeast, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G. Doblas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - David Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona-Universidad de Barcelona), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo CP12900, Uruguay
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona-Universidad de Barcelona), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui M. Tavares
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Karst F, Plochocka D, Meyer S, Szkopinska A. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity affects ergosterol level and proliferation of yeastSaccharomyces cerevisae. Cell Biol Int 2013; 28:193-7. [PMID: 14984745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The yeast farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) gene was engineered so as to construct allelic forms giving various activities of the enzyme. One of the substitutions was F96W in the chain length determination region. The other, K197, conserved within a consensus sequence found in the majority of FPP and GGPP synthases, was substituted by R, E and V. An intricate correlation has been found between the FPPS activity, the amount of ergosterol synthesized and cell growth of a mutant strain defective in FPPS. About 40% of wt FPPS activity was sufficient to support normal growth of the mutant. With further decline of FPPS activity (20 down to 3%) the amount of ergosterol remained unchanged at approximately 0.16% (vs dry weight), whereas growth yield decreased and lag times increased. We postulate that, in addition to ergosterol initiating and maintaining growth of yeast cells, FPP and/or its derivatives participate in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Karst
- Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, INRA, Oenologie, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
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43
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Vranová E, Coman D, Gruissem W. Network analysis of the MVA and MEP pathways for isoprenoid synthesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:665-700. [PMID: 23451776 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential for all living organisms, and isoprenoids are also of industrial and agricultural interest. All isoprenoids are derived from prenyl diphosphate (prenyl-PP) precursors. Unlike isoprenoid biosynthesis in other living organisms, prenyl-PP, as the precursor of all isoprenoids in plants, is synthesized by two independent pathways: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. This review focuses on progress in our understanding of how the precursors for isoprenoid biosynthesis are synthesized in the two subcellular compartments, how the underlying pathway gene networks are organized and regulated, and how network perturbations impact each pathway and plant development. Because of the wealth of data on isoprenoid biosynthesis, we emphasize research in Arabidopsis thaliana and compare the synthesis of isoprenoid precursor molecules in this model plant with their synthesis in other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vranová
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase from an endophytic taxol-producing fungus BT2. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Jin H, Song Z, Nikolau BJ. Reverse genetic characterization of two paralogous acetoacetyl CoA thiolase genes in Arabidopsis reveals their importance in plant growth and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:1015-32. [PMID: 22332816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acetoacetyl CoA thiolase (AACT, EC 2.3.1.9) catalyzes the condensation of two acetyl CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl CoA. Two AACT-encoding genes, At5g47720 (AACT1) and At5g48230 (AACT2), were functionally identified in the Arabidopsis genome by direct enzymological assays and functional expression in yeast. Promoter::GUS fusion experiments indicated that AACT1 is primarily expressed in the vascular system and AACT2 is highly expressed in root tips, young leaves, top stems and anthers. Characterization of T-DNA insertion mutant alleles at each AACT locus established that AACT2 function is required for embryogenesis and for normal male gamete transmission. In contrast, plants lacking AACT1 function are completely viable and show no apparent growth phenotypes, indicating that AACT1 is functionally redundant with respect to AACT2 function. RNAi lines that express reduced levels of AACT2 show pleiotropic phenotypes, including reduced apical dominance, elongated life span and flowering duration, sterility, dwarfing, reduced seed yield and shorter root length. Microscopic analysis reveals that the reduced stature is caused by a reduction in cell size and fewer cells, and male sterility is caused by loss of the pollen coat and premature degeneration of the tapetal cells. Biochemical analyses established that the roots of AACT2 RNAi plants show quantitative and qualitative alterations in phytosterol profiles. These phenotypes and biochemical alterations are reversed when AACT2 RNAi plants are grown in the presence of mevalonate, which is consistent with the role of AACT2 in generating the bulk of the acetoacetyl CoA precursor required for the cytosol-localized, mevalonate-derived isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, IA 50011, USA
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase 1 (HMG1) is highly associated with the cell division during the early stage of fruit development which determines the final fruit size in Litchi chinensis. Gene 2012; 498:28-35. [PMID: 22326527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR, EC: 1.1.1.34), an enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, has been reported to be involved in the fruit size determination through the regulation of early cell division. In litchi, the cell number achieved by this early cell division determines the final fruit size, but whether HMGR plays any role in this process was unknown. In this study, we set out to address this question with gene cloning and expression analysis in fruits of different pheno- or genotypes. We found that the litchi genome includes two HMGR homologues, denoted as LcHMG1 and LcHMG2. Despite 70% sequence identity at the amino acid level, they exhibited distinct expression patterns during litchi fruit development. LcHMG1 expression was highest in the early stage of fruit development, correlated with the high level of cell division. Absolute levels of LcHMG1 expression varied among fruits of different pheno- or genotypes, with expression in large-fruited types reaching higher levels for longer duration compared to that in small-fruited types. The expression patterns for LcHMG1 strongly suggest that this gene is involved in early cell division and fruit size determination in litchi. In contrast, LcHMG2 was most highly expressed in the late stage of fruit development, in association with biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds required for later cell enlargement. These findings provided new insights on the function of HMGR genes during fruit development.
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Vranová E, Coman D, Gruissem W. Structure and dynamics of the isoprenoid pathway network. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:318-33. [PMID: 22442388 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are functionally and structurally the most diverse group of plant metabolites reported to date. They can function as primary metabolites, participating in essential plant cellular processes, and as secondary metabolites, of which many have substantial commercial, pharmacological, and agricultural value. Isoprenoid end products participate in plants in a wide range of physiological processes acting in them both synergistically, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids during photosynthesis, or antagonistically, such as gibberellic acid and abscisic acid during seed germination. It is therefore expected that fluxes via isoprenoid metabolic network are tightly controlled both temporally and spatially, and that this control occurs at different levels of regulation and in an orchestrated manner over the entire isoprenoid metabolic network. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the topology of the plant isoprenoid pathway network and its regulation at the gene expression level following diverse stimuli. We conclude by discussing agronomical and biotechnological applications emerging from the plant isoprenoid metabolism and provide an outlook on future directions in the systems analysis of the plant isoprenoid pathway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vranová
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Isoprenoid biosynthesis is required for miRNA function and affects membrane association of ARGONAUTE 1 in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1778-83. [PMID: 22247288 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant and metazoan microRNAs (miRNAs) guide ARGONAUTE (AGO) protein complexes to regulate expression of complementary RNAs via base pairing. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the main miRNA effector is AGO1, but few other factors required for miRNA activity are known. Here, we isolate the genes defined by the previously described miRNA action deficient (mad) mutants, mad3 and mad4. Both genes encode enzymes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. MAD3 encodes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG1), which functions in the initial C(5) building block biogenesis that precedes isoprenoid metabolism. HMG1 is a key regulatory enzyme that controls the amounts of isoprenoid end products. MAD4 encodes sterol C-8 isomerase (HYDRA1) that acts downstream in dedicated sterol biosynthesis. Using yeast complementation assays and in planta application of lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG1, we show that defects in HMG1 catalytic activity are sufficient to inhibit miRNA activity. Many isoprenoid derivatives are indispensable structural and signaling components, and especially sterols are essential membrane constituents. Accordingly, we provide evidence that AGO1 is a peripheral membrane protein. Moreover, specific hypomorphic mutant alleles of AGO1 display compromised membrane association and AGO1-membrane interaction is reduced upon knockdown of HMG1/MAD3. These results suggest a possible basis for the requirement of isoprenoid biosynthesis for the activity of plant miRNAs, and unravel mechanistic features shared with their metazoan counterparts.
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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