1
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Xu L, Lin L, Xie N, Chen W, Nong W, Li R. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in infection and inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367734. [PMID: 38680494 PMCID: PMC11045974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by various ligands, including pollutants, microorganisms, and metabolic substances. It is expressed extensively in pulmonary and intestinal epithelial cells, where it contributes to barrier defense. The expression of AhR is pivotal in regulating the inflammatory response to microorganisms. However, dysregulated AhR expression can result in endocrine disorders, leading to immunotoxicity and potentially promoting the development of carcinoma. This review focuses on the crucial role of the AhR in facilitating and limiting the proliferation of pathogens, specifically in relation to the host cell type and the species of etiological agents involved in microbial pathogen infections. The activation of AhR is enhanced through the IDO1-AhR-IDO1 positive feedback loop, which is manipulated by viruses. AhR primarily promotes the infection of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AhR also plays a significant role in regulating various types of T-cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, in the context of pulmonary infections. The AhR pathway plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses within the respiratory and intestinal barriers when they are invaded by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Additionally, we propose that targeting the agonist and antagonist of AhR signaling pathways could serve as a promising therapeutic approach for combating pathogen infections, especially in light of the growing prevalence of drug resistance to multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Luping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weihua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases and Affiliated Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases, University of South China, Changsha, China
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2
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Matsunaga T, Sano H, Takita K, Morita M, Yamanaka S, Ichikawa T, Numakura T, Ida T, Jung M, Ogata S, Yoon S, Fujino N, Kyogoku Y, Sasaki Y, Koarai A, Tamada T, Toyama A, Nakabayashi T, Kageyama L, Kyuwa S, Inaba K, Watanabe S, Nagy P, Sawa T, Oshiumi H, Ichinose M, Yamada M, Sugiura H, Wei FY, Motohashi H, Akaike T. Supersulphides provide airway protection in viral and chronic lung diseases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4476. [PMID: 37491435 PMCID: PMC10368687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Supersulphides are inorganic and organic sulphides with sulphur catenation with diverse physiological functions. Their synthesis is mainly mediated by mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS2) that functions as a principal cysteine persulphide synthase (CPERS). Here, we identify protective functions of supersulphides in viral airway infections (influenza and COVID-19), in aged lungs and in chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We develop a method for breath supersulphur-omics and demonstrate that levels of exhaled supersulphides increase in people with COVID-19 infection and in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lung damage and subsequent lethality that result from oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse models of COPD, IPF, and ageing were mitigated by endogenous supersulphides production by CARS2/CPERS or exogenous administration of the supersulphide donor glutathione trisulphide. We revealed a protective role of supersulphides in airways with various viral or chronic insults and demonstrated the potential of targeting supersulphides in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masanobu Morita
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shun Yamanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Numakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Minkyung Jung
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seiryo Ogata
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sunghyeon Yoon
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoya Fujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yorihiko Kyogoku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yusaku Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Toyama
- Analytical and Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Bio-Structural Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Lisa Kageyama
- Bio-Structural Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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3
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Pleiotropic Functions of Nitric Oxide Produced by Ascorbate for the Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19: A Revaluation of Pauling's Vitamin C Therapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020397. [PMID: 36838362 PMCID: PMC9963342 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Linus Pauling, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, suggested that a high dose of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) might work as a prevention or treatment for the common cold. Vitamin C therapy was tested in clinical trials, but clear evidence was not found at that time. Although Pauling's proposal has been strongly criticized for a long time, vitamin C therapy has continued to be tested as a treatment for a variety of diseases, including coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, belongs to the β-coronavirus lineage, which includes human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This review intends to shed new light on vitamin C antiviral activity that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection through the chemical production of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a gaseous free radical that is largely produced by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in cells. NO produced by upper epidermal cells contributes to the inactivation of viruses and bacteria contained in air or aerosols. In addition to enzymatic production, NO can be generated by the chemical reduction of inorganic nitrite (NO2-), an alternative mechanism for NO production in living organisms. Dietary vitamin C, largely contained in fruits and vegetables, can reduce the nitrite in saliva to produce NO in the oral cavity when chewing foods. In the stomach, salivary nitrite can also be reduced to NO by vitamin C secreted from the epidermal cells of the stomach. The strong acidic pH of gastric juice facilitates the chemical reduction of salivary nitrite to produce NO. Vitamin C contributes in multiple ways to the host innate immune system as a first-line defense mechanism against pathogens. Highlighting chemical NO production by vitamin C, we suggest that controversies on the therapeutic effects of vitamin C in previous clinical trials may partly be due to less appreciation of the pleiotropic functions of vitamin C as a universal bioreductant.
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4
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Potential Role of Superoxide Dismutase 3 (SOD3) in Resistance to Influenza A Virus Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020354. [PMID: 36829913 PMCID: PMC9952479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection induces the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS can overwhelm the antioxidant defense system, leading to increasing intensive oxidative stress. However, antioxidant defense against oxidative damage induced by influenza A virus infection, and in particular the significance of the SOD3 response in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, has not been well characterized. Here, we investigated the potential role of SOD3 in resistance to influenza A virus infection. In this study, SOD3, as an important antioxidant enzyme, was shown to be highly elevated in A549 cells following influenza A virus infection. Furthermore, inhibition of SOD3 impacted viral replication and virulence. We found that SOD3 disrupts IAV replication by impairing the synthesis of vRNA, whereas it did not affect viral ribonucleoprotein nuclear export. In addition, overexpression of SOD3 greatly reduced the levels of ROS caused by influenza A virus infection, regulated the inflammatory response to virus infection by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65 of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibited virus-induced apoptosis to a certain extent. Taken together, these findings indicate that SOD3 is actively involved in influenza A virus replication. Pharmacological modulation or targeting of SOD3 may pave the way for a novel therapeutic approach to combating influenza A virus infection.
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Checconi P, Coni C, Limongi D, Baldelli S, Ciccarone F, De Angelis M, Mengozzi M, Ghezzi P, Ciriolo MR, Nencioni L, Palamara AT. Influenza virus replication is affected by glutaredoxin1-mediated protein deglutathionylation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22729. [PMID: 36583688 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201239rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several redox modifications have been described during viral infection, including influenza virus infection, but little is known about glutathionylation and this respiratory virus. Glutathionylation is a reversible, post-translational modification, in which protein cysteine forms transient disulfides with glutathione (GSH), catalyzed by cellular oxidoreductases and in particular by glutaredoxin (Grx). We show here that (i) influenza virus infection induces protein glutathionylation, including that of viral proteins such as hemagglutinin (HA); (ii) Grx1-mediated deglutathionylation is important for the viral life cycle, as its inhibition, either with an inhibitor of its enzymatic activity or by siRNA, decreases viral replication. Overall these data contribute to the characterization of the complex picture of redox regulation of the influenza virus replication cycle and could help to identify new targets to control respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Checconi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Coni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Biochemistry of Aging, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciccarone
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Aging, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Aging, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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6
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Liu Y, Wei Y, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Pang Z, Liao M, Sun H. Overexpression of TRIM16 Reduces the Titer of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Promotes the Expression of Antioxidant Genes through Regulating the SQSTM1-NRF2-KEAP1 Axis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020391. [PMID: 36851605 PMCID: PMC9960857 DOI: 10.3390/v15020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in viral replication. Tripartite motif containing 16 (TRIM16) is involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the role of TRIM16 in oxidative stress induced by infection of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is unclear. We found that under conditions of H5N1 HPAIV infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells peaked at 24 h post infection (hpi), and antioxidant genes' expression levels were down-regulated. Overexpression of TRIM16 in A549 cells resulted in a decrease in the titter of H5N1 HPAIV and led to significant up-regulation of the antioxidant genes' expression levels, which indicates that TRIM16 positively regulates the sequestosome 1/Kelch-like associated enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 protein/nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-derived 2-like 2 (SQSTM1/NRF2/KEAP1) pathway. Under basal conditions, TRIM16 led to a modification of NRF2 through an increase in K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of NRF2. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into understanding TRIM16's role in anti-oxidative stress in H5N1 HPAIV infected A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yifan Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxia Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-18675861636 (H.S.)
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-18675861636 (H.S.)
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Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting NADPH Oxidase Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031047. [PMID: 36770715 PMCID: PMC9921542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO report, the morbidity and mortality caused by CVD will continue to rise with the estimation of death going up to 22.2 million in 2030. NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in sustained oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Seven distinct members of the family have been identified of which four (namely, NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular functions. Currently, the treatment and management plan for patients with CVDs mainly depends on the drugs. However, prolonged use of prescribed drugs may cause adverse drug reactions. Therefore, it is crucial to find alternative treatment options with lesser adverse effects. Natural products have been gaining interest as complementary therapy for CVDs over the past decade due to their wide range of medicinal properties, including antioxidants. These might be due to their potent active ingredients, such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Numerous natural compounds have been demonstrated to have advantageous effects on cardiovascular disease via NADPH cascade. This review highlights the potential of natural products targeting NOX-derived ROS generation in treating CVDs. Emphasis is put on the activation of the oxidases, including upstream or downstream signalling events.
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Dulin H, Hendricks N, Xu D, Gao L, Wuang K, Ai H, Hai R. Impact of Protein Nitration on Influenza Virus Infectivity and Immunogenicity. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0190222. [PMID: 36314966 PMCID: PMC9769652 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01902-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are deadly respiratory pathogens of special importance due to their long history of global pandemics. During influenza virus infections, the host responds by producing interferons, which activate interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) inside target cells. One of these ISGs is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS produces nitric oxide (NO) from arginine and molecular oxygen inside the cell. NO can react with superoxide radicals to form reactive nitrogen species, principally peroxynitrite. While much work has been done studying the many roles of nitric oxide in influenza virus infections, the direct effect of peroxynitrite on influenza virus proteins has not been determined. Manipulations of NO, either by knocking out iNOS or chemically inhibiting NO, produced no change in virus titers in mouse models of influenza infection. However, peroxynitrite has a known antimicrobial effect on various bacteria and parasites, and the reason for its lack of antimicrobial effect on influenza virus titers in vivo remains unclear. Therefore, we wished to test the direct effect of nitration of influenza virus proteins. We examined the impact of nitration on virus infectivity, replication, and immunogenicity. We observed that the nitration of influenza A virus proteins decreased virus infectivity and replication ex vivo. We also determined that the nitration of influenza virus hemagglutinin protein can reduce antibody responses to native virus protein. However, our study also suggests that nitration of influenza virus proteins in vivo is likely not extensive enough to inhibit virus functions substantially. These findings will help clarify the role of peroxynitrite during influenza virus infections. IMPORTANCE Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite produced during microbial infections have diverse and seemingly paradoxical functions. While nitration of lung tissue during influenza virus infection has been observed in both mice and humans, the direct effect of protein nitration on influenza viruses has remained elusive. We addressed the impact of nitration of influenza virus proteins on virus infectivity, replication, and immunogenicity. We observed that ex vivo nitration of influenza virus proteins reduced virus infectivity and immunogenicity. However, we did not detect nitration of influenza virus hemagglutinin protein in vivo. These results contribute to our understanding of the roles of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Dulin
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nathan Hendricks
- Proteomics Core, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Linfeng Gao
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Keidy Wuang
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Huiwang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Rong Hai
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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9
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Cootes TA, Bhattacharyya ND, Huang SS, Daniel L, Bell-Anderson KS, Stifter SA, Chew T, Solon-Biet SM, Saraiva LR, Cai Y, Chen X, Simpson SJ, Feng CG. The quality of energy- and macronutrient-balanced diets regulates host susceptibility to influenza in mice. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Oza PP, Kashfi K. Utility of NO and H 2S donating platforms in managing COVID-19: Rationale and promise. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:72-102. [PMID: 36029975 PMCID: PMC9398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are a continuing global burden on the human population, underscored by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current treatment options and supportive therapies for many viral infections are relatively limited, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Virus-induced damage occurs through direct infection of host cells and inflammation-related changes. Severe cases of certain viral infections, including COVID-19, can lead to a hyperinflammatory response termed cytokine storm, resulting in extensive endothelial damage, thrombosis, respiratory failure, and death. Therapies targeting these complications are crucial in addition to antiviral therapies. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are two endogenous gasotransmitters that have emerged as key signaling molecules with a broad range of antiviral actions in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties and protective functions in the vasculature and respiratory system. The enhancement of endogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels thus holds promise for managing both early-stage and later-stage viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a model for similar viral infections, here we explore the current evidence regarding nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide's use to limit viral infection, resolve inflammation, and reduce vascular and pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak P Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, 10091, USA.
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11
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Moslemi M, Hejazian SM, Shaddelan M, Javanali F, Mirghaffari A, Sadeghi A, Valizadeh H, Sharifi A, Haramshahi M, Ardalan M, Zununi Vahed S. Evaluating the effect of Edaravone on clinical outcome of patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICU: a randomized clinical trial. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1277-1282. [PMID: 35723849 PMCID: PMC9207828 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine storm is the most prominent hallmark in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that stimulates the free radical storm, both of which induce an overactive immune response during viral infection. We hypothesized that owning to its radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, Edaravone could reduce multi-organ injury, clinical complications, and mortality in severe COVID-19 cases. This single-center randomized clinical trial was accompanied in the intensive care units (ICUs) of the teaching hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences to evaluate the effect of Edaravone on the outcome of patients with severe COVID-19. Thirty-eight patients admitted to ICU were included and randomized into two control and intervention arms. Patients in the intervention group received 30 mg Edaravone by slow intravenous infusion for three days in addition to receiving national therapy. The primary outcome was the need for intubation, the intubation length, and mortality rate. Secondary endpoints were clinical improvement. Edaravone administration improved the primary outcomes; it decreased the need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation [10.52% (n = 2) versus 42.1% (n = 8); p = 0.03] and intubation length [3 (1–7) versus 28 (4–28), p = 0.04] compared to control group. Baseline characteristics and laboratory tests were similar between the studied groups. No marked differences were observed in secondary endpoints (p > 0.05). Administration of Edaravone could decrease the need for mechanical ventilation and length of intubation in severe COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Moslemi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Molod Shaddelan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Javanali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirghaffari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Armin Sadeghi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Valizadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Sharifi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Haramshahi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Kumova OK, Galani IE, Rao A, Johnson H, Triantafyllia V, Matt SM, Pascasio J, Gaskill PJ, Andreakos E, Katsikis PD, Carey AJ. Severity of neonatal influenza infection is driven by type I interferon and oxidative stress. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1309-1320. [PMID: 36352099 PMCID: PMC9724789 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonates exhibit increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections, attributed to inflammation at the developing pulmonary air-blood interface. IFN I are antiviral cytokines critical to control viral replication, but also promote inflammation. Previously, we established a neonatal murine influenza virus (IV) model, which demonstrates increased mortality. Here, we sought to determine the role of IFN I in this increased mortality. We found that three-day-old IFNAR-deficient mice are highly protected from IV-induced mortality. In addition, exposure to IFNβ 24 h post IV infection accelerated death in WT neonatal animals but did not impact adult mortality. In contrast, IFN IIIs are protective to neonatal mice. IFNβ induced an oxidative stress imbalance specifically in primary neonatal IV-infected pulmonary type II epithelial cells (TIIEC), not in adult TIIECs. Moreover, neonates did not have an infection-induced increase in antioxidants, including a key antioxidant, superoxide dismutase 3, as compared to adults. Importantly, antioxidant treatment rescued IV-infected neonatal mice, but had no impact on adult morbidity. We propose that IFN I exacerbate an oxidative stress imbalance in the neonate because of IFN I-induced pulmonary TIIEC ROS production coupled with developmentally regulated, defective antioxidant production in response to IV infection. This age-specific imbalance contributes to mortality after respiratory infections in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogan K. Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ioanna-Evdokia Galani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephanie M. Matt
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judy Pascasio
- Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter J. Gaskill
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alison J. Carey
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Ty SH, Ty SS, Sasanka Ksbs K, Thangaraju P. DO METHYLENE BLUE SATISFIES AN OPTION - IN COVID-19 ARDS. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:62-65. [PMID: 35301956 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220317155947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In COVID-19, the respiratory tract is usually affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to viral transmission in the blood and an overwhelming inflammatory response, including cytokine storm, the condition can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and failure. Methylene blue is the only medicine that has been shown to reduce the excessive generation of reactive species and cytokines. CASE PRESENTATION A 51-year-old male patient came to the hospital with shortness of breath. On room air the patient was having 70% Spo2. The patient was treated with noninvasive ventilator (NIV) and Standard of care (SOC). Due to prolonged hypoxia and respiratory distress, the patient was treated with NIV and the methylene blue (MB) was given in a humidifier for 5 days. RESULT Methylene blue resulted in a significant decrease in respiratory distress and a steep rise in Spo2. CONCLUSION We suggest trying methylene blue as an additional intervention in COVID-related acute respiratory distress, to avoid the disease's devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sree Sudha Ty
- Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur
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14
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Wu K, Vedelaar TA, Damle VG, Morita A, Mougnaud J, San Martin CR, Zhang Y, van der Pol DP, Ende-Metselaar H, Zybert IR, Schirhagl R. Applying NV center-based quantum sensing to study intracellular free radical response upon viral infections. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102279. [PMID: 35349928 PMCID: PMC8965164 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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15
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Blum A, Nicolaou C, Henghes B, Lahav O. On the anti-correlation between COVID-19 infection rate and natural UV light in the UK. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2020.11.28.20240242. [PMID: 34013288 PMCID: PMC8132262 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.28.20240242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that the rate of COVID-19 infections can be suppressed by social distancing, environmental effects may also affect it. We consider the hypothesis that natural Ultra-Violet (UV) light is reducing COVID-19 infections by enhancing human immunity through increasing levels of Vitamin-D and Nitric Oxide or by suppressing the virus itself. We focus on the United Kingdom (UK), by examining daily COVID-19 infections (F) and UV Index (UVI) data from 23 March 2020 to 10 March 2021. We find an intriguing empirical anti-correlation between log10(F) and log10(UVI) with a correlation coefficient of -0.934 from 11 May 2020 (when the first UK lockdown ended) to 10 March 2021. The anti-correlation may reflect causation with other factors which are correlated with the UVI. We advocate that UVI should be added as a parameter in modelling the pattern of COVID-19 infections and deaths. We started quantifying such correlations in other countries and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Blum
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Constantina Nicolaou
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ben Henghes
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ofer Lahav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR, Ng LG, Kwok I. Neutrophil subsets and their differential roles in viral respiratory diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1159-1173. [PMID: 35040189 PMCID: PMC9015493 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1221-345r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play significant roles in immune homeostasis and as neutralizers of microbial infections. Recent evidence further suggests heterogeneity of neutrophil developmental and activation states that exert specialized effector functions during inflammatory disease conditions. Neutrophils can play multiple roles during viral infections, secreting inflammatory mediators and cytokines that contribute significantly to host defense and pathogenicity. However, their roles in viral immunity are not well understood. In this review, we present an overview of neutrophil heterogeneity and its impact on the course and severity of viral respiratory infectious diseases. We focus on the evidence demonstrating the crucial roles neutrophils play in the immune response toward respiratory infections, using influenza as a model. We further extend the understanding of neutrophil function with the studies pertaining to COVID‐19 disease and its neutrophil‐associated pathologies. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these results for future therapeutic options through targeting and regulating neutrophil‐specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
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17
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Sauer A, Peukert K, Putensen C, Bode C. Antibiotics as immunomodulators: a potential pharmacologic approach for ARDS treatment. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/210093. [PMID: 34615700 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0093-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
First described in the mid-1960s, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure with an overall mortality rate of approximately 40%. Despite significant advances in the understanding and treatment of ARDS, no substantive pharmacologic therapy has proven to be beneficial, and current management continues to be primarily supportive. Beyond their antibacterial activity, several antibiotics such as macrolides and tetracyclines exert pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects that might be able to rectify the dysregulated inflammatory response present in patients with ARDS. This review aims to provide an overview of preclinical and clinical studies that describe the immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics in ARDS. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of their immunomodulatory properties will be discussed. Further studies are necessary to investigate their full therapeutic potential and to identify ARDS phenotypes which are most likely to benefit from their immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sauer
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Peukert
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Bode
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Role of neutrophils in acute viral infection. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1186-1196. [PMID: 34472718 PMCID: PMC8589350 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play multiple roles in acute viral infections. They restrict viral replication and diffusion through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst, secretion of cytokines, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, as well as, activate the adaptive immune response. However, the overactivation of neutrophils may cause tissue damage and lead to poor outcomes. Additionally, some characteristics and functions of neutrophils, such as cell number, lifespan, and antiviral capability, can be influenced while eliminating viruses. This review provides a general description of the protective and pathological roles of neutrophils in acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuluan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Antony F, Pundkar C, Sandey M, Jaiswal AK, Mishra A, Kumar A, Channappanavar R, Suryawanshi A. IFN-λ Regulates Neutrophil Biology to Suppress Inflammation in Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Induced Corneal Immunopathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1866-1877. [PMID: 33811102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1 infection of the cornea causes a severe immunoinflammatory and vision-impairing condition called herpetic stromal keratitis (SK). The virus replication in corneal epithelium followed by neutrophil- and CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammation plays a dominant role in SK. Although previous studies demonstrate critical functions of type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) in HSV-1 infection, the role of recently discovered IFN-λ (type III IFN), specifically at the corneal mucosa, is poorly defined. Our study using a mouse model of SK pathogenesis shows that HSV-1 infection induces a robust IFN-λ response compared with type I IFN production at the corneal mucosal surface. However, the normal progression of SK indicates that the endogenous IFN responses are insufficient to suppress HSV-1-induced corneal pathology. Therefore, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of exogenous rIFN-λ during SK progression. Our results show that rIFN-λ therapy suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration in the cornea and significantly reduced the SK pathologic condition. Early rIFN-λ treatment significantly reduced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL-1 production in the cornea. Notably, the virucidal capacity of neutrophils and macrophages measured by reactive oxygen species generation was not affected. Similarly, ex vivo rIFN-λ treatment of HSV-1-stimulated bone marrow-derived neutrophils significantly promoted IFN-stimulated genes without affecting reactive oxygen species production. Collectively, our data demonstrate that exogenous topical rIFN-λ treatment during the development and progression of SK could represent a novel therapeutic approach to control HSV-1-induced inflammation and associated vision impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrin Antony
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Chetan Pundkar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Anil K Jaiswal
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Amarjit Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | | | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849;
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20
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Induces Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, CD3, and CD8 in Naturally Occurring Pneumonia in Lambs. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus that belongs to the Pneumovirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), CD3 (pan T cells), and CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) in lamb lungs naturally infected with RSV using immunohistochemistry (IHC). For this purpose, 100 pneumonic and 10 control lung tissue samples were taken from lambs slaughtered in the slaughterhouse after macroscopic examination. The streptavidin– peroxidase method (ABC) was used for IHC staining, and it revealed RSV positivity in 18 of 100 examined lungs with pneumonia (18%). These positive cases were then immunostained for iNOS, CD3, and CD8, and compared to controls. In all these cases, an increase in iNOS expression (100%) was detected, the higher number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was detected in 14 (78%) cases while CD8+ T lymphocytes were detected in five (28%) cases, only. Given the increase of iNOS immunoexpression in all RSV-positive cases and increase in the number of CD3+ T lymphocytes in most cases, it was concluded that iNOS and CD3+ T lymphocytes play an important role in the immune response in lamb pneumonia with naturally occurring RSV infection. With this study, the role of the mentioned markers was evaluated for the first time in lambs naturally infected with RSV.
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21
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Johansson C, Kirsebom FCM. Neutrophils in respiratory viral infections. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:815-827. [PMID: 33758367 PMCID: PMC7985581 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are a common cause of severe disease, especially in infants, people who are immunocompromised, and in the elderly. Neutrophils, an important innate immune cell, infiltrate the lungs rapidly after an inflammatory insult. The most well-characterized effector mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to host defense are largely extracellular and the involvement of neutrophils in protection from numerous bacterial and fungal infections is well established. However, the role of neutrophils in responses to viruses, which replicate intracellularly, has been less studied. It remains unclear whether and, by which underlying immunological mechanisms, neutrophils contribute to viral control or confer protection against an intracellular pathogen. Furthermore, neutrophils need to be tightly regulated to avoid bystander damage to host tissues. This is especially relevant in the lung where damage to delicate alveolar structures can compromise gas exchange with life-threatening consequences. It is inherently less clear how neutrophils can contribute to host immunity to viruses without causing immunopathology and/or exacerbating disease severity. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of how neutrophils in the lung direct immune responses to viruses, control viral replication and spread, and cause pathology during respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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22
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Puchkova LV, Kiseleva IV, Polishchuk EV, Broggini M, Ilyechova EY. The Crossroads between Host Copper Metabolism and Influenza Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115498. [PMID: 34071094 PMCID: PMC8197124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three main approaches are used to combat severe viral respiratory infections. The first is preemptive vaccination that blocks infection. Weakened or dead viral particles, as well as genetic constructs carrying viral proteins or information about them, are used as an antigen. However, the viral genome is very evolutionary labile and changes continuously. Second, chemical agents are used during infection and inhibit the function of a number of viral proteins. However, these drugs lose their effectiveness because the virus can rapidly acquire resistance to them. The third is the search for points in the host metabolism the effect on which would suppress the replication of the virus but would not have a significant effect on the metabolism of the host. Here, we consider the possibility of using the copper metabolic system as a target to reduce the severity of influenza infection. This is facilitated by the fact that, in mammals, copper status can be rapidly reduced by silver nanoparticles and restored after their cancellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V. Puchkova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ADTS Institute, RC AFMLCS, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Massimo Broggini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Ilyechova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ADTS Institute, RC AFMLCS, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-760-5274
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23
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Vadakedath S, Kandi V, Mohapatra RK, Pinnelli VBK, Yegurla RR, Shahapur PR, Godishala V, Natesan S, Vora KS, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Bilal M, Dhama K. Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A scoping review. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5295-5309. [PMID: 33990972 PMCID: PMC8242919 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human immune system is not adequately equipped to eliminate new microbes and could result in serious damage on first exposure. This is primarily attributed to the exaggerated immune response (inflammatory disease), which may prove detrimental to the host, as evidenced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. From the experiences of Novel Coronavirus Disease‐19 to date, male patients are likely to suffer from high‐intensity inflammation and disease severity than the female population. Hormones are considered the significant pillars of sex differences responsible for the discrepancy in immune response exhibited by males and females. Females appear to be better equipped to counter invading respiratory viral pathogens, including the novel SARS‐CoV‐2, than males. It can be hypothesized that females are more shielded from disease severity, probably owing to the diverse action/influence of estrogen and other sex hormones on both cellular (thymus‐derived T lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (antibodies). Hormones are considered as significant pillars of sex differences and influence both the innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Sex hormones and their potential role in the immune responses has not been completely understood. Females are more shielded from disease severity probably owing to their unique hormonal constitution. In females, the immunological cells have been noted to restrict the spread of infections as compared to males. Males suffer from increased severity of respiratory infections and are less prone to autoimmune disorders as compared to the female counterparts. Estrogen and other sex hormones play a key role both in restricting the inflammatory responses and in effective clearance of pathogens including the novel Coronairus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabitha Vadakedath
- Department of Biochemistry, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Venkata B K Pinnelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Richa R Yegurla
- Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | | | - Vikram Godishala
- Department of Biotechnology, Ganapthi Degree College, Parakal, Telangana, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Ganghinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kranti S Vora
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Ganghinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Al-Nimer MSM. Is COVID-19-induced liver injury different from other RNA viruses? World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:108-127. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is a pandemic disease caused by a novel RNA coronavirus, SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is implicated in the respiratory system. SARS-CoV-2 also targets extrapulmonary systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, central nervous system and others. SARS-CoV-2, like other RNA viruses, targets the liver and produces liver injury. This literature review showed that SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury is different from other RNA viruses by a transient elevation of hepatic enzymes and does not progress to liver fibrosis or other unfavorable events. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury usually occurs in the presence of risk factors, such as nonalcoholic liver fatty disease. This review highlights the important differences between RNA viruses inducing liver injury taking into consideration the clinical, biochemical, histopathological, postmortem findings and the chronicity of liver injury that ultimately leads to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan SM Al-Nimer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
- College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32001, Iraq
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25
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Nolan KE, Baer LA, Karekar P, Nelson AM, Stanford KI, Doolittle LM, Rosas LE, Hickman-Davis JM, Singh H, Davis IC. Metabolic shifts modulate lung injury caused by infection with H1N1 influenza A virus. Virology 2021; 559:111-119. [PMID: 33865074 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection alters lung epithelial cell metabolism in vitro by promoting a glycolytic shift. We hypothesized that this shift benefits the virus rather than the host and that inhibition of glycolysis would improve infection outcomes. A/WSN/33 IAV-inoculated C57BL/6 mice were treated daily from 1 day post-inoculation (d.p.i.) with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) to inhibit glycolysis and with the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) to promote flux through the TCA cycle. To block OXPHOS, mice were treated every other day from 1 d.p.i. with the Complex I inhibitor rotenone (ROT). 2-DG significantly decreased nocturnal activity, reduced respiratory exchange ratios, worsened hypoxemia, exacerbated lung dysfunction, and increased humoral inflammation at 6 d.p.i. DCA and ROT treatment normalized oxygenation and airway resistance and attenuated IAV-induced pulmonary edema, histopathology, and nitrotyrosine formation. None of the treatments altered viral replication. These data suggest that a shift to glycolysis is host-protective in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Priyanka Karekar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew M Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren M Doolittle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lucia E Rosas
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Judy M Hickman-Davis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ian C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lisi F, Zelikin AN, Chandrawati R. Nitric Oxide to Fight Viral Infections. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003895. [PMID: 33850691 PMCID: PMC7995026 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has quickly and deeply affected the world, with over 60 million confirmed cases. There has been a great effort worldwide to contain the virus and to search for an effective treatment for patients who become critically ill with COVID-19. A promising therapeutic compound currently undergoing clinical trials for COVID-19 is nitric oxide (NO), which is a free radical that has been previously reported to inhibit the replication of several DNA and RNA viruses, including coronaviruses. Although NO has potent antiviral activity, it has a complex role in the immunological host responses to viral infections, i.e., it can be essential for pathogen control or detrimental for the host, depending on its concentration and the type of virus. In this Essay, the antiviral role of NO against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other human viruses is highlighted, current development of NO-based therapies used in the clinic is summarized, existing challenges are discussed and possible further developments of NO to fight viral infections are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lisi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney)SydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus UniversityAarhus8000Denmark
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney)SydneyNSW2052Australia
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Sala V, Della Sala A, Ghigo A, Hirsch E. Roles of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) in respiratory diseases. Cell Stress 2021; 5:40-51. [PMID: 33821232 PMCID: PMC8012884 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.04.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is expressed in all the cell types that are involved in airway inflammation and disease, including not only leukocytes, but also structural cells, where it is expressed at very low levels under physiological conditions, while is significantly upregulated after stress. In the airways, PI3Kγ behaves as a trigger or a controller, depending on the pathological context. In this review, the contribution of PI3Kγ in a plethora of respiratory diseases, spanning from acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and response to both bacterial and viral pathogens, will be commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Angela Della Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Kither Biotech S.r.l. Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Equal contribution to senior authorship
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Kither Biotech S.r.l. Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Equal contribution to senior authorship
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Garren MR, Ashcraft M, Qian Y, Douglass M, Brisbois EJ, Handa H. Nitric oxide and viral infection: Recent developments in antiviral therapies and platforms. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2021; 22:100887. [PMID: 38620577 PMCID: PMC7718584 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter of great significance to developing the innate immune response to many bacterial and viral infections, while also modulating vascular physiology. The generation of NO from the upregulation of endogenous nitric oxide synthases serves as an efficacious method for inhibiting viral replication in host defense and warrants investigation for the development of antiviral therapeutics. With increased incidence of global pandemics concerning several respiratory-based viral infections, it is necessary to develop broad therapeutic platforms for inhibiting viral replication and enabling more efficient host clearance, as well as to fabricate new materials for deterring viral transmission from medical devices. Recent developments in creating stabilized NO donor compounds and their incorporation into macromolecular scaffolds and polymeric substrates has created a new paradigm for developing NO-based therapeutics for long-term NO release in applications for bactericidal and blood-contacting surfaces. Despite this abundance of research, there has been little consideration of NO-releasing scaffolds and substrates for reducing passive transmission of viral infections or for treating several respiratory viral infections. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances in developing gaseous NO, NO prodrugs, and NO donor compounds for antiviral therapies; discuss the limitations of NO as an antiviral agent; and outline future prospects for guiding materials design of a next generation of NO-releasing antiviral platforms.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
- AP1, activator protein 1
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- GNSO, S-nitrosoglutathione
- H1N1, influenza A virus subtype H1N1
- HI, Host Immunology
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- I/R, pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion
- IC50, inhibitory concentration 50
- IFN, interferon
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase
- IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Inhalation therapy
- Medical Terminology: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nitric Oxide and Related Compounds: eNOS/NOS 3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- Nitric oxide
- Other: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- P38-MAPK, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PCV2, porcine circovirus type 2
- PHT, pulmonary hypertension
- PKR, protein kinase R
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RNI, reactive nitrogen intermediate
- RSNO, S-nitrosothiol
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine
- STAT-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- Severe acute respiratory distress
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinases-1
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- VAP, ventilator associated pneumonia
- Viral infection
- Viruses: CVB3, coxsackievirus
- dsRNA, double stranded (viral) ribonucleic acid
- gNO, gaseous nitric oxide
- iNOS/NOS 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- mtALDH, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
- nNOS/NOS 1, neuronal nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Garren
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Morgan Ashcraft
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yun Qian
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Megan Douglass
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hitesh Handa
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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29
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Pérez-Rubio G, Ponce-Gallegos MA, Domínguez-Mazzocco BA, Ponce-Gallegos J, García-Ramírez RA, Falfán-Valencia R. Role of the Host Genetic Susceptibility to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1. Viruses 2021; 13:344. [PMID: 33671828 PMCID: PMC7926867 DOI: 10.3390/v13020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most common infectious agent in humans, and infects approximately 10-20% of the world's population, resulting in 3-5 million hospitalizations per year. A scientific literature search was performed using the PubMed database and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Influenza A H1N1" and "Genetic susceptibility". Due to the amount of information and evidence about genetic susceptibility generated from the studies carried out in the last influenza A H1N1 pandemic, studies published between January 2009 to May 2020 were considered; 119 papers were found. Several pathways are involved in the host defense against IAV infection (innate immune response, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, complement activation, and HLA molecules participating in viral antigen presentation). On the other hand, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a type of variation involving the change of a single base pair that can mean that encoded proteins do not carry out their functions properly, allowing higher viral replication and abnormal host response to infection, such as a cytokine storm. Some of the most studied SNPs associated with IAV infection genetic susceptibility are located in the FCGR2A, C1QBP, CD55, and RPAIN genes, affecting host immune responses through abnormal complement activation. Also, SNPs in IFITM3 (which participates in endosomes and lysosomes fusion) represent some of the most critical polymorphisms associated with IAV infection, suggesting an ineffective virus clearance. Regarding inflammatory response genes, single nucleotide variants in IL1B, TNF, LTA IL17A, IL8, IL6, IRAK2, PIK3CG, and HLA complex are associated with altered phenotype in pro-inflammatory molecules, participating in IAV infection and the severest form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (M.A.P.-G.); (B.A.D.-M.); (R.A.G.-R.)
| | - Marco Antonio Ponce-Gallegos
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (M.A.P.-G.); (B.A.D.-M.); (R.A.G.-R.)
| | - Bruno André Domínguez-Mazzocco
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (M.A.P.-G.); (B.A.D.-M.); (R.A.G.-R.)
| | - Jaime Ponce-Gallegos
- High Speciality Cardiology Unit “Korazón”, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Tepic 63173, Nayarit, Mexico;
| | - Román Alejandro García-Ramírez
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (M.A.P.-G.); (B.A.D.-M.); (R.A.G.-R.)
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (M.A.P.-G.); (B.A.D.-M.); (R.A.G.-R.)
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30
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Guo Y, Tu YH, Wu X, Ji S, Shen JL, Wu HM, Fei GH. ResolvinD1 Protects the Airway Barrier Against Injury Induced by Influenza A Virus Through the Nrf2 Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:616475. [PMID: 33643931 PMCID: PMC7907644 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.616475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway barrier damage and excessive inflammation induced by influenza A virus (IAV) are associated with disease progression and prognosis. ResolvinD1 (RvD1) is a promising lipid mediator with critical protection against infection in the lung. However, whether RvD1 protects against IAV-induced injury and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, primary normal human bronchial epithelial (pNHBE) cells were isolated and co-cultured with IAV and/or RvD1. Then, the expressions of E-cadherin, Zonula occludins-1, inflammatory mediators and proteins in Nrf2-dependent pathway were detected. To further explore the mechanisms, Nrf2 short hairpin RNA (Nrf2 shRNA) was applied in pNHBE cells. Furthermore, mice were infected with IAV, and were subsequently treated with RvD1. We found that IAV downregulated expressions of E-cadherin, Zonula occludins-1, Nrf2 and HO-1, upregulated the phosphorylation of NF κ B p65 and IKBα, levels of IL-8 and TNF-α, as well as ROS production. RvD1 reversed these damaging effects induced by IAV. However, when Nrf2 expression was suppressed with shRNA in pNHBE cells, the protective effects of RvD1 on IAV-induced injury were inhibited. In vivo studies further demonstrated that RvD1 could alleviate barrier protein breakdown and reduce airway inflammatory reactions. Collectively, the study demonstrated that RvD1 could play dual beneficial roles in protecting airway epithelium barrier function and reducing inflammation via the Nrf2 pathway, which may provide a better treatment option for influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - You-Hui Tu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji-Long Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guang-He Fei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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31
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Mehrbod P, Hudy D, Shyntum D, Markowski J, Łos MJ, Ghavami S. Quercetin as a Natural Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Influenza Virus. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E10. [PMID: 33374214 PMCID: PMC7824064 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical burden caused by respiratory manifestations of influenza virus (IV) outbreak as an infectious respiratory disease is so great that governments in both developed and developing countries have allocated significant national budget toward the development of strategies for prevention, control, and treatment of this infection, which is seemingly common and treatable, but can be deadly. Frequent mutations in its genome structure often result in resistance to standard medications. Thus, new generations of treatments are critical to combat this ever-evolving infection. Plant materials and active compounds have been tested for many years, including, more recently, active compounds like flavonoids. Quercetin is a compound belonging to the flavonols class and has shown therapeutic effects against influenza virus. The focus of this review includes viral pathogenesis as well as the application of quercetin and its derivatives as a complementary therapy in controlling influenza and its related symptoms based on the targets. We also touch on the potential of this class of compounds for treatment of SARS-COV-2, the cause of new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Divine Shyntum
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
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Zhang J, Peng Q, Zhao W, Sun W, Yang J, Liu N. Proteomics in Influenza Research: The Emerging Role of Posttranslational Modifications. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:110-121. [PMID: 33348980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue evolving and have the ability to cause a global pandemic, so it is very important to elucidate its pathogenesis and find new treatment methods. In recent years, proteomics has made important contributions to describing the dynamic interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts, especially in posttranslational regulation of a variety of key biological processes. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) increase the diversity of functionality of the organismal proteome and affect almost all aspects of pathogen biology, primarily by regulating the structure, function, and localization of the modified proteins. Considerable technical achievements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have been made in a large number of proteome-wide surveys of PTMs in many different organisms. Herein we specifically focus on the proteomic studies regarding a variety of PTMs that occur in both the influenza viruses, mainly influenza A viruses (IAVs), and their hosts, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modification, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, and some types of acylation. Integration of these data sets provides a unique scenery of the global regulation and interplay of different PTMs during the interaction between IAVs and their hosts. Various techniques used to globally profiling these PTMs, mostly MS-based approaches, are discussed regarding their increasing roles in mechanical regulation of interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Dengue Virus Targets Nrf2 for NS2B3-Mediated Degradation Leading to Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01551-20. [PMID: 32999020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01551-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus that infects upward of 300 million people annually and has the potential to cause fatal hemorrhagic fever and shock. While the parameters contributing to dengue immunopathogenesis remain unclear, the collapse of redox homeostasis and the damage induced by oxidative stress have been correlated with the development of inflammation and progression toward the more severe forms of disease. In the present study, we demonstrate that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) late after DENV infection (>24 hpi) resulted from a disruption in the balance between oxidative stress and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant response. The DENV NS2B3 protease complex strategically targeted Nrf2 for degradation in a proteolysis-independent manner; NS2B3 licensed Nrf2 for lysosomal degradation. Impairment of the Nrf2 regulator by the NS2B3 complex inhibited the antioxidant gene network and contributed to the progressive increase in ROS levels, along with increased virus replication and inflammatory or apoptotic gene expression. By 24 hpi, when increased levels of ROS and antiviral proteins were observed, it appeared that the proviral effect of ROS overcame the antiviral effects of the interferon (IFN) response. Overall, these studies demonstrate that DENV infection disrupts the regulatory interplay between DENV-induced stress responses, Nrf2 antioxidant signaling, and the host antiviral immune response, thus exacerbating oxidative stress and inflammation in DENV infection.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that threatens 2.5 billion people in more than 100 countries annually. Dengue infection induces a spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from classical dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome; however, the complexities of DENV immunopathogenesis remain controversial. Previous studies have reported the importance of the transcription factor Nrf2 in the control of redox homeostasis and antiviral/inflammatory or death responses to DENV. Importantly, the production of reactive oxygen species and the subsequent stress response have been linked to the development of inflammation and progression toward the more severe forms of the disease. Here, we demonstrate that DENV uses the NS2B3 protease complex to strategically target Nrf2 for degradation, leading to a progressive increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death in infected cells. This study underlines the pivotal role of the Nrf2 regulatory network in the context of DENV infection.
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Hartshorn KL. Innate Immunity and Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis: Lessons for COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:563850. [PMID: 33194802 PMCID: PMC7642997 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.563850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) is highly complex and plays a key role in protection against IAV induced infection and illness. Unfortunately it also clear that aspects of innate immunity can lead to severe morbidity or mortality from IAV, including inflammatory lung injury, bacterial superinfection, and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. We review broadly the virus and host factors that result in adverse outcomes from IAV and show evidence that inflammatory responses can become damaging even apart from changes in viral replication per se, with special focus on the positive and adverse effects of neutrophils and monocytes. We then evaluate in detail the role of soluble innate inhibitors including surfactant protein D and antimicrobial peptides that have a potential dual capacity for down-regulating viral replication and also inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses and how these innate host factors could possibly be harnessed to treat IAV infection. Where appropriate we draw comparisons and contrasts the SARS-CoV viruses and IAV in an effort to point out where the extensive knowledge existing regarding severe IAV infection could help guide research into severe COVID 19 illness or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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35
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Vanin AF. Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes with Thiol-Containing Ligands Can Suppress Viral Infections as Donors of the Nitrosonium Cation (Hypothesis). Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020; 65:698-702. [PMID: 33100351 PMCID: PMC7569104 DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriateness of verification of the possible antiviral effect of dinitrosyl iron complexes with thiol-containing ligands as donors of nitrosonium cations (NO+) is argued. There is reason to hope that treatment of the human respiratory tract and lungs with sprayed solutions of dinitrosyl iron complexes with glutathione or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as NO+ donors during COVID-19 infection can initiate S-nitrosylation of cellular proteases and thereby suppress viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Vanin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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36
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Tackle the free radicals damage in COVID-19. Nitric Oxide 2020; 102:39-41. [PMID: 32562746 PMCID: PMC7837363 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe pandemic which has caused a devastating amount of loss in lives around the world, and yet we still don't know how to appropriately treat this disease. We know very little about the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which induces the COVID-19. However, COVID-19 does share many similar symptoms with SARS and influenza. Previous scientific discoveries learned from lab animal models and clinical practices shed light on possible pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19. In the past decades, accumulated scientific findings confirmed the pathogenic role of free radicals damage in respiratory virus infection. Astonishingly very few medical professionals mention the crucial role of free radical damage in COVID-19. This hypothesis aims to summarize the crucial pathogenic role of free radical damage in respiratory virus induced pneumonia and suggest an antioxidative therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Additional scheme figure is attached.
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Jindal C, Kumar S, Sharma S, Choi YM, Efird JT. The Prevention and Management of COVID-19: Seeking a Practical and Timely Solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3986. [PMID: 32512826 PMCID: PMC7312104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We read with interest several manuscripts recently published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) on the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. While these articles provide a well-rounded overview on the risk and current status of this virus, we herein add some relevant information on its etiology, prevention and management, especially for resource-limited healthcare systems. The use of protective actions is both complex and expensive. Affordable options are essential to respond to this and future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charulata Jindal
- Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia;
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, King George Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India;
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | | | - Jimmy T. Efird
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Health Services Research and Development (DVAHCS/Duke Affiliated Center), Durham, NC 27705, USA
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38
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Firpo MR, Mounce BC. Diverse Functions of Polyamines in Virus Infection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E628. [PMID: 32325677 PMCID: PMC7226272 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on host cells for the building blocks of progeny viruses. Metabolites such as amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids are central to viral proteins, genomes, and envelopes, and the availability of these molecules can restrict or promote infection. Polyamines, comprised of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in mammalian cells, are also critical for virus infection. Polyamines are small, positively charged molecules that function in transcription, translation, and cell cycling. Initial work on the function of polyamines in bacteriophage infection illuminated these molecules as critical to virus infection. In the decades since early virus-polyamine descriptions, work on diverse viruses continues to highlight a role for polyamines in viral processes, including genome packaging and viral enzymatic activity. On the host side, polyamines function in the response to virus infection. Thus, viruses and hosts compete for polyamines, which are a critical resource for both. Pharmacologically targeting polyamines, tipping the balance to favor the host and restrict virus replication, holds significant promise as a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan C. Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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Zhou J, Wang C, Wu J, Fukunaga A, Cheng Z, Wang J, Yamauchi A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Anti-Allergic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Thioredoxin on Respiratory System Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:785-801. [PMID: 31884805 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation in the respiratory system are closely linked to oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (TRX) is an essential redox balance regulator in organisms and is induced by various oxidative stress factors, including ultraviolet rays, radiation, oxidation, viral infections, ischemia reperfusion, and anticancer agents. Recent Advances: We demonstrated that systemic administration and transgenic overexpression of TRX is useful in a wide variety of in vivo inflammatory respiratory diseases models, such as viral pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, by removing reactive oxygen species, blocking production of inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting migration and activation of neutrophils and eosinophils, and regulating the cellular redox status. In addition, TRX's anti-inflammatory mechanism is different from the mechanisms associated with anti-inflammatory agents, such as glucocorticoids, which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. Critical Issues: Understanding the molecular mechanism of TRX is very helpful for understanding the role of TRX in respiratory diseases. In this review, we show the protective effect of TRX in various respiratory diseases. In addition, we discuss its anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism in detail. Future Directions: The application of TRX may be useful for treating respiratory allergic inflammatory disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 785-801.
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Affiliation(s)
- JieDong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - CuiXue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - JiaLin Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - ZuSheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - JinQuan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nara Prefectural General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.,Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China
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40
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Keshavarz M, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Namdari H, Arjeini Y, Mousavi MJ, Rezaei F. Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:15. [PMID: 32161622 PMCID: PMC7059726 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Kusakisako K, Morokuma H, Talactac MR, Hernandez EP, Yoshii K, Tanaka T. A Peroxiredoxin From the Haemaphysalis longicornis Tick Affects Langat Virus Replication in a Hamster Cell Line. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:7. [PMID: 32047725 PMCID: PMC6997474 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods, and their blood feeding on vertebrate hosts is essential for their development. The vertebrate blood contains high levels of free iron that can react with oxygen in ticks, resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of the reactive oxygen species. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), H2O2-scavenging enzymes, take on an important role in the ticks' oxidative stress coping mechanism. Ticks also transmit several disease-causing pathogens, including tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), in animals and humans. Therefore, the control of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is a key issue that needs to be addressed. Infection with an arthropod-borne flavivirus is known to induce oxidative stress in insect cells. We hypothesize that vector-derived Prxs could have an effect on the infection and/or replication of flaviviruses in the hosts, since ticks Prxs are possibly transmitted from ticks to their hosts. In this study, we established stable strains of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells expressing two types of H2O2-scavenging Prxs from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (BHK-HlPrx and BHK-HlPrx2 cells). Although the infection of TBEV surrogate Langat virus (LGTV) did not induce H2O2 production in normal BHK cells, the mortality rate and the virus titer of LGTV infected BHK-HlPrx cells increased. In addition, HlPrx proteins in BHK cells can facilitate LGTV replication in cells, while HlPrx2 proteins in BHK cells cannot. The results also demonstrated that this facilitation of LGTV replication by the 1-Cys Prx in the BHK cells is not by scavenging H2O2 but by an unknown mechanism. In order to understand this mechanism, more studies using tick-derived cells and ticks are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Morokuma
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang, Philippines
| | - Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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42
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Horio Y, Sogabe R, Shichiri M, Ishida N, Morimoto R, Ohshima A, Isegawa Y. Induction of a 5-lipoxygenase product by daidzein is involved in the regulation of influenza virus replication. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:36-42. [PMID: 32001954 PMCID: PMC6983437 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the regulation mechanism of influenza virus replication following treatment of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with the soy isoflavone daidzein. We performed comparative qualitative and quantitative analyses of lipid peroxide between mock-infected and virus-infected cells treated with or without daidzein, as it had been reported that daidzein was an antioxidant and lipid peroxide levels increased upon virus infection. Contrary to our belief, lipid peroxides were not elevated in virus-infected cells and no decrease in lipid peroxides was observed in daidzein-treated cells. In daidzein-treated cells, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, the 5-lipoxygenase product derived from arachidonate, was significantly elevated compared to other lipid peroxides. Zileuton (5-lipoxygenase inhibitor) and 5-lipoxygenase knockdown reduced the daidzein-induced antiviral effect. Moreover, virus replication was regulated by treatment with 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a precursor of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 5-lipoxygenase primary product. These results suggest that daidzein regulates virus replication via signal transduction through 5-lipoxygenase products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Horio
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
| | - Riho Sogabe
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.,DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishida
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Morimoto
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohshima
- Genomics Program, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yuji Isegawa
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan.,Institute for Biosciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
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43
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Suresh KA, Venkata Subbaiah KC, Thirunavukkarasu C, Chennakesavulu S, Rachamallu A, Chamarti NR, Wudayagiri R, Valluru L. Phosphorylated abacavir analogue (ABC-1) has ameliorative action against Newcastle disease virus induced pathogenesis in chicken. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:977-989. [PMID: 31486095 PMCID: PMC7161887 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes huge economic loss to the poultry industry due to high mortality and morbidity. The present study aimed to assess the protective role of novel phosphorylated analogue ABC-1 in vivo in NDV-infected chickens through the inhibition of fusion protein. Both NDV-induced oxidative damage and protective role of novel phosphorylated ABC-1 were evaluated in vital organs such as the liver and lung of chickens. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that protein oxidation and nitration levels were significantly raised in NDV-infected tissues compared to healthy controls, whereas these levels were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in birds treated with phosphorylated compounds compared to the NDV-infected group alone. Additional investigation with double immunofluorescence showed that the large amount of immuno colocalization and Western blot analysis also confirmed this observation through its band pattern in NDV-infected birds compared to healthy birds, whereas these alterations were reduced in treatment with novel phosphorylated ABC-1. The expression of fusion glycoprotein was studied by immuno colocalization, PCR, and flow cytometry, and results demonstrated that the novel phosphorylated analogues reduced the expression of fusion glycoprotein. These results put forth that novel phosphorylated ABC-1 protects chickens from NDV-induced pathogenesis, protein oxidation/nitration, and exerts potent antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Suresh
- Department of BiotechnologyDravidian UniversityKuppamIndia
| | | | - C. Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPondicherry UniversityPuducherryIndia
| | - S. Chennakesavulu
- Department of Animal SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | - A. Rachamallu
- National Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | - Lokanatha Valluru
- Department of BiotechnologyDravidian UniversityKuppamIndia
- Department of ZoologyRayalaseema UniversityKurnoolIndia
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44
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Oxeiptosis-a cell death pathway to mitigate damage caused by radicals. Cell Death Differ 2019; 25:1191-1193. [PMID: 29844568 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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45
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Tsuyama H, Fujishiro H, Himeno S, Sumi D. Arsenite suppresses NO production evoked by lipopolysaccharide and poly(I:C) via the suppression of interferon-β expression in RAW264.7 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:83-92. [PMID: 30726814 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunological functions are disturbed in humans who have been chronically exposed to arsenic via contaminated groundwater. Little is known about the specific mechanisms underlying the impairment of immunological defense system caused by arsenic. The activation of macrophage cells upon infection with bacteria and viruses plays important roles in the defense against these pathogens. Here we show that exposure to arsenite (As(III)) suppresses nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly(I:C), the compounds mimicking bacterial and viral infection, respectively. As(III) suppressed the LPS- or poly(I:C)-evoked induction of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) without affecting the transactivation of NF-κB. As the interferon (IFN)-β/STAT1 pathway is also involved in the induction of iNOS in addition to NF-κB, we examined the effects of As(III) on the expression and secretion of IFN-β, the expression of the components of IFN-α/β receptor, the phosphorylation of STAT1, and the levels of cytokines involved in STAT1 activation. The results showed that the expression and secretion of IFN-β were specifically suppressed by As(III) treatment in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS or poly(I:C). These results suggest that As(III) suppresses the expression and secretion of IFN-β, leading to the reduced STAT1 activation and consequently the reduced iNOS induction in macrophage cells. Our data suggest an important role of the arsenic-induced suppression of IFN-β on the disturbances in immunological defense against both bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Tsuyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Hitomi Fujishiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Daigo Sumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
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Oxidative Stress in Poultry: Lessons from the Viral Infections. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5123147. [PMID: 30647810 PMCID: PMC6311761 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species (RS), generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are produced during regular metabolism in the host and are required for many cellular processes such as cytokine transcription, immunomodulation, ion transport, and apoptosis. Intriguingly, both RNS and ROS are commonly triggered by the pathogenic viruses and are famous for their dual roles in the clearance of viruses and pathological implications. Uncontrolled production of reactive species results in oxidative stress and causes damage in proteins, lipids, DNA, and cellular structures. In this review, we describe the production of RS, their detoxification by a cellular antioxidant system, and how these RS damage the proteins, lipids, and DNA. Given the widespread importance of RS in avian viral diseases, oxidative stress pathways are of utmost importance for targeted therapeutics. Therefore, a special focus is provided on avian virus-mediated oxidative stresses. Finally, future research perspectives are discussed on the exploitation of these pathways to treat viral diseases of poultry.
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Hatayama K, Nosaka N, Yamada M, Yashiro M, Fujii Y, Tsukahara H, Liu K, Nishibori M, Matsukawa A, Morishima T. Combined effect of anti-high-mobility group box-1 monoclonal antibody and peramivir against influenza A virus-induced pneumonia in mice. J Med Virol 2018; 91:361-369. [PMID: 30281823 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus causes significant morbidity and mortality with severe acute lung injury due to the excessive inflammatory reaction, even with neuraminidase inhibitor use. The anti-inflammatory effect of anti-high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) against influenza pneumonia has been reported. In this study, we evaluated the combined effect of anti-HMGB1 mAb and peramivir against pneumonia induced by influenza A (H1N1) virus in mice. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with H1N1 and treated with intramuscularly administered peramivir at 2 and 3 days post-infection (dpi). The anti-HMGB1 mAb or a control mAb was administered at 2, 3, and 4 dpi. Survival rates were assessed, and lung lavage and pathological analyses were conducted at 5 and 7 dpi. The combination of peramivir with the anti-HMGB1 mAb significantly improved survival rate whereas the anti-HMGB1 mAb alone did not affect virus proliferation in the lungs. This combination therapy also significantly ameliorated histopathological changes, neutrophil infiltration, and macrophage aggregation by inhibiting HMGB1, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. Fluorescence immunostaining showed that the anti-HMGB1 mAb inhibited HMGB1 translocation from type I alveolar epithelial cells. In summary, combining anti-HMGB1 with conventional anti-influenza therapy might be useful against severe influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hatayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nosaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masato Yashiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Morishima
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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48
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Zablockienė B, Kačergius T, Ambrozaitis A, Žurauskas E, Bratchikov M, Jurgauskienė L, Zablockis R, Gravenstein S. Zanamivir Diminishes Lung Damage in Influenza A Virus-infected Mice by Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:473-478. [PMID: 29695548 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Severe pulmonary influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes lung inflammation and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to overproduction of nitric oxide (NO). We studied whether zanamivir reduces pulmonary inflammation through inhibition of NO production in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated IAV-infected mice daily with intranasal zanamivir. Controls were infected and either placebo-treated or untreated, or not infected and placebo-treated. Mice were weighed daily. After euthanasia on day 3, lungs were excised and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and fluid nitrite concentration was determined. Lungs were analyzed microscopically. iNOS and IAV RNA levels in lungs were assessed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Mice undergoing zanamivir treatment had less weight loss, viral replication, and lung damage, as well as significant reductions of local NO and iNOS mRNA synthesis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Zanamivir is associated with an anti-inflammatory effect mediated through inhibition of NO production in IAV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birutė Zablockienė
- Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Kačergius
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Internal Medicine, Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, U.S.A
| | - Arvydas Ambrozaitis
- Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Žurauskas
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maksim Bratchikov
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laimutė Jurgauskienė
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Zablockis
- Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, U.S.A.,Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, School of Public Health, Brown University, and Providence Veterans Administration Hospital, Providence, RI, U.S.A.,Department of Health Services Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, and Providence Veterans Administration Hospital, Providence, RI, U.S.A
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Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein, designated PrPC, is a membrane glycoprotein expressed most abundantly in brains, particularly by neurons, and to a lesser extent in non-neuronal tissues including lungs. Conformational conversion of PrPC into the amyloidogenic isoform is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases. We recently found that PrPC has a protective role against infection with influenza A viruses (IAVs) in mice by reducing reactive oxygen species in the lungs after infection with IAVs. The antioxidative activity of PrPC is probably attributable to its function to activate antioxidative enzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, or SOD1, through regulating Cu content in lungs infected with IAVs. Oxidative stress could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of viral infections. Here, we introduce our and others' studies on the role of PrPC in viral infections, and raise the attractive possibility that PrPC might be a novel target molecule for development of antioxidative therapeutics against not only IAV infection but also other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
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50
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Complexes of Oligoribonucleotides with d-Mannitol Modulate the Innate Immune Response to Influenza A Virus H1N1 (A/FM/1/47) In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030073. [PMID: 30037133 PMCID: PMC6161188 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid replication of the influenza A virus and lung tissue damage caused by exaggerated pro-inflammatory host immune responses lead to numerous deaths. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents that have anti-influenza activities and attenuate excessive pro-inflammatory responses that are induced by an influenza virus infection are needed. Oligoribonucleotides-d-mannitol (ORNs-d-M) complexes possess both antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. The current research was aimed at studying the ORNs-d-M effects on expression of innate immune genes in mice lungs during an influenza virus infection. Expression of genes was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot assays. In the present studies, we found that the ORNs-d-M reduced the influenza-induced up-expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (tlr3, tlr7, tlr8), nuclear factor NF-kB (nfkbia, nfnb1), cytokines (ifnε, ifnk, ifna2, ifnb1, ifnγ, il6, il1b, il12a, tnf), chemokines (ccl3, ccl4, сcl5, cxcl9, cxcl10, cxcl11), interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) (oas1a, oas2, oas3, mx1), and pro-oxidation (nos2, xdh) genes. The ORNs-d-M inhibited the mRNA overexpression of tlr3, tlr7, and tlr8 induced by the influenza virus, which suggests that they impair the upregulation of NF-kB, cytokines, chemokines, ISGs, and pro-oxidation genes induced by the influenza virus by inhibiting activation of the TLR-3, TLR-7, and TLR-8 signaling pathways. By impairing activation of the TLR-3, TLR-7, and TLR-8 signaling pathways, the ORNs-d-M can modulate the innate immune response to an influenza virus infection.
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