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Kim J, Jang J. 3D printable conductive composite inks for the fabrication of biocompatible electrodes in tissue engineering application. Int J Bioprint 2022; 9:643. [PMID: 36636129 PMCID: PMC9831065 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v9i1.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native tissues are affected by the microenvironment surrounding the tissue, including electrical activities. External electrical stimulation, which is used in replicating electrical activities and regulating cell behavior, is mainly applied in neural and cardiac tissues due to their electrophysiological properties. The in vitro cell culture platform with electrodes provides precise control of the stimulation property and eases the observation of the effects on the cells. The frequently used electrodes are metal or carbon rods, but their risk of damaging tissue and their mechanical properties that are largely different from those of native tissues hinder further applications. Biocompatible polymer reinforced with conductive fillers emerges as a potential solution to fabricate the complex structure of the platform and electrode. Conductive polymer can be used as an ink in the extrusion-based printing method, thus enabling the fabrication of volumetric structures. The filler simultaneously alters the electrical and rheological properties of the ink; therefore, the amount of additional compound should be precisely determined regarding printability and conductivity. This review provides an overview on the rheology and conductivity change relative to the concentration of conductive fillers and the applications of printed electrodes. Next, we discuss the future potential use of a cell culture platform with electrodes from in vitro and in vivo perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea,Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea,Corresponding author: Jinah Jang ()
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2
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Reilly L, Munawar S, Zhang J, Crone WC, Eckhardt LL. Challenges and innovation: Disease modeling using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:966094. [PMID: 36035948 PMCID: PMC9411865 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.966094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease modeling using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) has both challenges and promise. While patient-derived iPSC-CMs provide a unique opportunity for disease modeling with isogenic cells, the challenge is that these cells still demonstrate distinct properties which make it functionally less akin to adult cardiomyocytes. In response to this challenge, numerous innovations in differentiation and modification of hiPSC-CMs and culture techniques have been developed. Here, we provide a focused commentary on hiPSC-CMs for use in disease modeling, the progress made in generating electrically and metabolically mature hiPSC-CMs and enabling investigative platforms. The solutions are bringing us closer to the promise of modeling heart disease using human cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Reilly
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Saba Munawar
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wendy C. Crone
- Department of Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lee L. Eckhardt
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Lee L. Eckhardt
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3
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Fang Y, Sun W, Zhang T, Xiong Z. Recent advances on bioengineering approaches for fabrication of functional engineered cardiac pumps: A review. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121298. [PMID: 34864451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of cardiac tissue engineering has advanced over the past decades; however, most research progress has been limited to engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) at the microscale with minimal geometrical complexities such as 3D strips and patches. Although microscale ECTs are advantageous for drug screening applications because of their high-throughput and standardization characteristics, they have limited translational applications in heart repair and the in vitro modeling of cardiac function and diseases. Recently, researchers have made various attempts to construct engineered cardiac pumps (ECPs) such as chambered ventricles, recapitulating the geometrical complexity of the native heart. The transition from microscale ECTs to ECPs at a translatable scale would greatly accelerate their translational applications; however, researchers are confronted with several major hurdles, including geometrical reconstruction, vascularization, and functional maturation. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the recent advances on bioengineering approaches for fabrication of functional engineered cardiac pumps. We first review the bioengineering approaches to fabricate ECPs, and then emphasize the unmatched potential of 3D bioprinting techniques. We highlight key advances in bioprinting strategies with high cell density as researchers have begun to realize the critical role that the cell density of non-proliferative cardiomyocytes plays in the cell-cell interaction and functional contracting performance. We summarize the current approaches to engineering vasculatures both at micro- and meso-scales, crucial for the survival of thick cardiac tissues and ECPs. We showcase a variety of strategies developed to enable the functional maturation of cardiac tissues, mimicking the in vivo environment during cardiac development. By highlighting state-of-the-art research, this review offers personal perspectives on future opportunities and trends that may bring us closer to the promise of functional ECPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcong Fang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, PR China; "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, PR China; "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, PR China; "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, PR China; "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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4
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Rowton M, Guzzetta A, Rydeen AB, Moskowitz IP. Control of cardiomyocyte differentiation timing by intercellular signaling pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:94-106. [PMID: 34144893 PMCID: PMC8968240 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), malformations of the heart present at birth, is the most common class of life-threatening birth defect (Hoffman (1995) [1], Gelb (2004) [2], Gelb (2014) [3]). A major research challenge is to elucidate the genetic determinants of CHD and mechanistically link CHD ontogeny to a molecular understanding of heart development. Although the embryonic origins of CHD are unclear in most cases, dysregulation of cardiovascular lineage specification, patterning, proliferation, migration or differentiation have been described (Olson (2004) [4], Olson (2006) [5], Srivastava (2006) [6], Dunwoodie (2007) [7], Bruneau (2008) [8]). Cardiac differentiation is the process whereby cells become progressively more dedicated in a trajectory through the cardiac lineage towards mature cardiomyocytes. Defects in cardiac differentiation have been linked to CHD, although how the complex control of cardiac differentiation prevents CHD is just beginning to be understood. The stages of cardiac differentiation are highly stereotyped and have been well-characterized (Kattman et al. (2011) [9], Wamstad et al. (2012) [10], Luna-Zurita et al. (2016) [11], Loh et al. (2016) [12], DeLaughter et al. (2016) [13]); however, the developmental and molecular mechanisms that promote or delay the transition of a cell through these stages have not been as deeply investigated. Tight temporal control of progenitor differentiation is critically important for normal organ size, spatial organization, and cellular physiology and homeostasis of all organ systems (Raff et al. (1985) [14], Amthor et al. (1998) [15], Kopan et al. (2014) [16]). This review will focus on the action of signaling pathways in the control of cardiomyocyte differentiation timing. Numerous signaling pathways, including the Wnt, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Hedgehog, Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Insulin-like Growth Factor, Thyroid Hormone and Hippo pathways, have all been implicated in promoting or inhibiting transitions along the cardiac differentiation trajectory. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms controlling cardiac differentiation timing promises to yield insights into the etiology of CHD and to inform approaches to restore function to damaged hearts.
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Cui J, Song L, Wang R, Hu S, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Sun B, Cui W. Maternal Metformin Treatment during Gestation and Lactation Improves Skeletal Muscle Development in Offspring of Rat Dams Fed High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103417. [PMID: 34684418 PMCID: PMC8538935 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal high-fat (HF) diet is associated with offspring metabolic disorder. This study intended to determine whether maternal metformin (MT) administration during gestation and lactation prevents the effect of maternal HF diet on offspring’s skeletal muscle (SM) development and metabolism. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups according to maternal diet {CHOW (11.8% fat) or HF (60% fat)} and MT administration {control (CT) or MT (300 mg/kg/day)} during gestation and lactation: CH-CT, CH-MT, HF-CT, HF-MT. All offspring were weaned on CHOW diet. SM was collected at weaning and 18 weeks in offspring. Maternal metformin reduced plasma insulin, leptin, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in male and female offspring. Maternal metformin increased MyoD expression but decreased Ppargc1a, Drp1 and Mfn2 expression in SM of adult male and female offspring. Decreased MRF4 expression in SM, muscle dysfunction and mitochondrial vacuolization were observed in weaned HF-CT males, while maternal metformin normalized them. Maternal metformin increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in SM of male and female offspring. Our data demonstrate that maternal metformin during gestation and lactation can potentially overcome the negative effects of perinatal exposure to HF diet in offspring, by altering their myogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics through AMPK/mTOR pathways in SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Second Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (L.S.); (R.W.); (S.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (L.S.); (R.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Shuyuan Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (L.S.); (R.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zengtie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xi’an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (L.S.); (R.W.); (S.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Second Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (W.C.)
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6
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Garbern JC, Lee RT. Mitochondria and metabolic transitions in cardiomyocytes: lessons from development for stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:177. [PMID: 33712058 PMCID: PMC7953594 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods to differentiate cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) inadequately recapitulate complete development and result in PSC-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) with an immature or fetal-like phenotype. Embryonic and fetal development are highly dynamic periods during which the developing embryo or fetus is exposed to changing nutrient, oxygen, and hormone levels until birth. It is becoming increasingly apparent that these metabolic changes initiate developmental processes to mature cardiomyocytes. Mitochondria are central to these changes, responding to these metabolic changes and transitioning from small, fragmented mitochondria to large organelles capable of producing enough ATP to support the contractile function of the heart. These changes in mitochondria may not simply be a response to cardiomyocyte maturation; the metabolic signals that occur throughout development may actually be central to the maturation process in cardiomyocytes. Here, we review methods to enhance maturation of PSC-CMs and highlight evidence from development indicating the key roles that mitochondria play during cardiomyocyte maturation. We evaluate metabolic transitions that occur during development and how these affect molecular nutrient sensors, discuss how regulation of nutrient sensing pathways affect mitochondrial dynamics and function, and explore how changes in mitochondrial function can affect metabolite production, the cell cycle, and epigenetics to influence maturation of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Garbern
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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7
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Tanumihardja E, Slaats RH, van der Meer AD, Passier R, Olthuis W, van den Berg A. Measuring Both pH and O 2 with a Single On-Chip Sensor in Cultures of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Track Induced Changes in Cellular Metabolism. ACS Sens 2021; 6:267-274. [PMID: 33371688 PMCID: PMC7836059 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies which focus on cellular metabolism can benefit from time-resolved readouts from the living cells. pH and O2 concentration are fundamental parameters upon which cellular metabolism is often inferred. This work demonstrates a novel use of a ruthenium oxide (RuOx) electrode for in vitro studies. The RuOx electrode was characterized to measure both pH and O2 using two different modes. When operated potentiometrically, continuous pH reading can be obtained, and O2 concentration can be measured chronoamperometrically. In this work, we demonstrate the use of the RuOx electrodes in inferring two different types of metabolism of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We also show and discuss the interpretation of the measurements into meaningful extracellular acidification rates and oxygen consumption rates of the cells. Overall, we present the RuOx electrode as a versatile and powerful tool in in vitro cell metabolism studies, especially in comparative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Tanumihardja
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf H. Slaats
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D. van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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8
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Chanthra N, Uosaki H. Maturity of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Future Perspectives for Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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The Effect of Angiotensin II, Retinoic Acid, EGCG, and Vitamin C on the Cardiomyogenic Differentiation Induction of Human Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228752. [PMID: 33228183 PMCID: PMC7699548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) may be potentially applied in cell therapy or regenerative medicine as a new alternative source of stem cells. They could be particularly valuable in restoring cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the potential of biologically active compounds, namely, angiotensin II, retinoic acid (RA), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), vitamin C alone, and the combinations of RA, EGCG, and vitamin C with angiotensin II to induce cardiomyogenic differentiation of AF-MSCs. We observed that the upregulated expression of cardiac gene markers (NKX2-5, MYH6, TNNT2, and DES) and cardiac ion channel genes (sodium, calcium, the potassium) also the increased levels of Connexin 43 and Nkx2.5 proteins. Extracellular flux analysis, applied for the first time on AF-MSCs induced with biologically active compounds, revealed the switch in AF-MSCS energetic phenotype and enhanced utilization of oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. Moreover, we demonstrated changes in epigenetic marks associated with transcriptionally active (H3K4me3, H3K9ac, and H4hyperAc) or repressed (H3K27me3) chromatin. All in all, we demonstrated that explored biomolecules were able to induce alterations in AF-MSCs at the phenotypic, genetic, protein, metabolic, and epigenetic levels, leading to the formation of cardiomyocyte progenitors that may become functional heart cells in vitro or in vivo.
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10
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Webb M, Sideris DP. Intimate Relations-Mitochondria and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207580. [PMID: 33066461 PMCID: PMC7589147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with ageing, but the detailed causal relationship between the two is still unclear. We review the major phenomenological manifestations of mitochondrial age-related dysfunction including biochemical, regulatory and energetic features. We conclude that the complexity of these processes and their inter-relationships are still not fully understood and at this point it seems unlikely that a single linear cause and effect relationship between any specific aspect of mitochondrial biology and ageing can be established in either direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Webb
- Mitobridge Inc., an Astellas Company, 1030 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dionisia P Sideris
- Mitobridge Inc., an Astellas Company, 1030 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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11
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Li Y, Chen B, Yang X, Zhang C, Jiao Y, Li P, Liu Y, Li Z, Qiao B, Bond Lau W, Ma XL, Du J. S100a8/a9 Signaling Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiomyocyte Death in Response to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation 2019; 140:751-764. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.039262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury is a significant clinical problem without effective therapy. Unbiased omics approaches may reveal key MI/R mediators to initiate MI/R injury.
Methods:
We used a dynamic transcriptome analysis of mouse heart exposed to various MI/R periods to identify S100a8/a9 as an early mediator. Using loss/gain-of-function approaches to understand the role of S100a8/a9 in MI/R injury, we explored the mechanisms through transcriptome and functional experiment. Dynamic serum S100a8/a9 levels were measured in patients with acute myocardial infarction before and after percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients were prospectively followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events.
Results:
S100a8/a9 was identified as the most significantly upregulated gene during the early reperfusion stage. Knockout of S100a9 markedly decreased cardiomyocyte death and improved heart function, whereas hematopoietic overexpression of S100a9 exacerbated MI/R injury. Transcriptome/functional studies revealed that S100a8/a9 caused mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, S100a8/a9 downregulated NDUF gene expression with subsequent mitochondrial complex I inhibition via Toll-like receptor 4/Erk–mediated Pparg coactivator 1 alpha/nuclear respiratory factor 1 signaling suppression. Administration of S100a9 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced MI/R injury and improved cardiac function. Finally, we demonstrated that serum S100a8/a9 levels were significantly increased 1 day after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and elevated S100a8/a9 levels were associated with the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events.
Conclusions:
Our study identified S100a8/a9 as a master regulator causing cardiomyocyte death in the early stage of MI/R injury via the suppression of mitochondrial function. Targeting S100a8/a9-intiated signaling may represent a novel therapeutic intervention against MI/R injury.
Clinical Trial Registration:
URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT03752515
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Boya Chen
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Xinying Yang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Yao Jiao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Zhenya Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Bokang Qiao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-l.M.)
| | - Xin-liang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-l.M.)
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (Y. Li, B.C., Z.Y., C.Z., Y.J., P.L., Y. Liu, Z.L., B.Q., J.D.)
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12
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Gasiūnienė M, Petkus G, Matuzevičius D, Navakauskas D, Navakauskienė R. Angiotensin II and TGF- β1 Induce Alterations in Human Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Leading to Cardiomyogenic Differentiation Initiation. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:251-264. [PMID: 31023001 PMCID: PMC6657950 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) may be a valuable source for cardiovascular tissue engineering and cell therapy. The aim of this study is to verify angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) as potential cardiomyogenic differentiation inducers of AF-MSCs. Methods and Results AF-MSCs were obtained from amniocentesis samples from second-trimester pregnant women, isolated and characterized by the expression of cell surface markers (CD44, CD90, CD105 positive; CD34 negative) and pluripotency genes (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, REX1). Cardiomyogenic differentiation was induced using different concentrations of angiotensin II and TGF-β1. Successful initiation of differentiation was confirmed by alterations in cell morphology, upregulation of cardiac genes-markers NKX2-5, TBX5, GATA4, MYH6, TNNT2, DES and main cardiac ion channels genes (sodium, calcium, potassium) as determined by RT-qPCR. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed the increased expression of Connexin43, the main component of gap junctions, and Nkx2.5, the early cardiac transcription factor. Induced AF-MSCs switched their phenotype towards more energetic and started utilizing oxidative phosphorylation more than glycolysis for energy production as assessed using Agilent Seahorse XF analyzer. The immune analysis of chromatin-modifying enzymes DNMT1, HDAC1/2 and Polycomb repressive complex 1 and 2 (PRC1/2) proteins BMI1, EZH2 and SUZ12 as well as of modified histones H3 and H4 indicated global chromatin remodeling during the induced differentiation. Conclusions Angiotensin II and TGF-β1 are efficient cardiomyogenic inducers of human AF-MSCs; they initiate alterations at the gene and protein expression, metabolic and epigenetic levels in stem cells leading towards cardiomyocyte- like phenotype formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gasiūnienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Petkus
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Matuzevičius
- Electronic Systems Department, Electronics Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Navakauskas
- Electronic Systems Department, Electronics Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Navakauskienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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13
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Michelson NJ, Eles JR, Vazquez AL, Ludwig KA, Kozai TDY. Calcium activation of cortical neurons by continuous electrical stimulation: Frequency dependence, temporal fidelity, and activation density. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:620-638. [PMID: 30585651 PMCID: PMC6469875 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the brain has become a mainstay of fundamental neuroscience research and an increasingly prevalent clinical therapy. Despite decades of use in basic neuroscience research and the growing prevalence of neuromodulation therapies, gaps in knowledge regarding activation or inactivation of neural elements over time have limited its ability to adequately interpret evoked downstream responses or fine-tune stimulation parameters to focus on desired responses. In this work, in vivo two-photon microscopy was used to image neuronal calcium activity in layer 2/3 neurons of somatosensory cortex (S1) in male C57BL/6J-Tg(Thy1-GCaMP6s)GP4.3Dkim/J mice during 30 s of continuous electrical stimulation at varying frequencies. We show frequency-dependent differences in spatial and temporal somatic responses during continuous stimulation. Our results elucidate conflicting results from prior studies reporting either dense spherical activation of somas biased toward those near the electrode, or sparse activation of somas at a distance via axons near the electrode. These findings indicate that the neural element specific temporal response local to the stimulating electrode changes as a function of applied charge density and frequency. These temporal responses need to be considered to properly interpret downstream circuit responses or determining mechanisms of action in basic science experiments or clinical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CA
| | - James R. Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alberto L. Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison
| | - Takashi DY Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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14
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Yoshida S, Sumomozawa K, Nagamine K, Nishizawa M. Hydrogel Microchambers Integrated with Organic Electrodes for Efficient Electrical Stimulation of Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900060. [PMID: 31038841 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A hydrogel-based microchamber with organic electrodes for efficient electrical stimulations of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) is described. The microchamber is made from molecularly permeable, optically transparent, and electrically conductive polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel and highly capacitive carbon electrode modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Spheroids of hiPSC-CMs are cultured in microchambers, and electrically stimulated by the electrode for maturation. The large interfacial capacitance of the electrodes enables several days of electrical stimulation without generation of cytotoxic bubbles even when the electrodes are placed near the spheroids. The spheroids can be cultivated in the closed microchambers because of the permeated nutrients through the hydrogel, thus the spheroids are stably addressable and the culture medium around the sealed microchambers can be simply exchanged. Synchronized beating of the spheroids can be optically analyzed in situ, which makes it possible to selectively collect electrically responsive cells for further use. As the hydrogel is electrically conductive, the amount of electrical charge needed for maturing the spheroids can be reduced by configuring electrodes on the top and the bottom of the microchamber. The bioreactor will be useful for efficient production of matured hiPSC-CMs for regenerative medicine and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Yoshida
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-1 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sumomozawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-1 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nagamine
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-1 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-1 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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15
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Dwenger M, Kowalski WJ, Ye F, Yuan F, Tinney JP, Setozaki S, Nakane T, Masumoto H, Campbell P, Guido W, Keller BB. Chronic optical pacing conditioning of h-iPSC engineered cardiac tissues. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419841748. [PMID: 31024681 PMCID: PMC6472158 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419841748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immaturity of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived engineered cardiac
tissues limits their ability to regenerate damaged myocardium and to serve as
robust in vitro models for human disease and drug toxicity
studies. Several chronic biomimetic conditioning protocols, including mechanical
stretch, perfusion, and/or electrical stimulation promote engineered cardiac
tissue maturation but have significant technical limitations. Non-contacting
chronic optical stimulation using heterologously expressed channelrhodopsin
light-gated ion channels, termed optogenetics, may be an advantageous
alternative to chronic invasive electrical stimulation for engineered cardiac
tissue conditioning. We designed proof-of-principle experiments to successfully
transfect human induced pluripotent stem cell derived engineered cardiac tissues
with a desensitization resistant, chimeric channelrhodopsin protein, and then
optically paced engineered cardiac tissues to accelerate maturation. We
transfected human induced pluripotent stem cell engineered cardiac tissues using
an adeno-associated virus packaged chimeric channelrhodopsin and then verified
optically paced by whole cell patch clamp. Engineered cardiac tissues were then
chronically optically paced above their intrinsic beat rates in
vitro from day 7 to 14. Chronically optically paced resulted in
improved engineered cardiac tissue electrophysiological properties and subtle
changes in the expression of some cardiac relevant genes, though active force
generation and histology were unchanged. These results validate the feasibility
of a novel chronically optically paced paradigm to explore non-invasive and
scalable optically paced–induced engineered cardiac tissue maturation
strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dwenger
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - William J Kowalski
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Fangping Yuan
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joseph P Tinney
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shuji Setozaki
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okamura Memorial Hospital, Shimizu, Japan
| | - Takeichiro Nakane
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Masumoto
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Wako, Japan
| | - Peter Campbell
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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16
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Tang X, Daneshmandi L, Awale G, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 5:233-251. [PMID: 33778155 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have the intrinsic ability to regenerate after minor injury, but under certain circumstances such as severe trauma from accidents, chronic diseases or battlefield injuries the regeneration process is limited. Skeletal muscle regenerative engineering has emerged as a promising approach to address this clinical issue. The regenerative engineering approach involves the convergence of advanced materials science, stem cell science, physical forces, insights from developmental biology, and clinical translation. This article reviews recent studies showing the potential of the convergences of technologies involving biomaterials, stem cells and bioactive factors in concert with clinical translation, in promoting skeletal muscle regeneration. Several types of biomaterials such as electrospun nanofibers, hydrogels, patterned scaffolds, decellularized tissues, and conductive matrices are being investigated. Detailed discussions are given on how these biomaterials can interact with cells and modulate their behavior through physical, chemical and mechanical cues. In addition, the application of physical forces such as mechanical and electrical stimulation are reviewed as strategies that can further enhance muscle contractility and functionality. The review also discusses established animal models to evaluate regeneration in two clinically relevant muscle injuries; volumetric muscle loss (VML) and muscle atrophy upon rotator cuff injury. Regenerative engineering approaches using advanced biomaterials, cells, and physical forces, developmental cues along with insights from immunology, genetics and other aspects of clinical translation hold significant potential to develop promising strategies to support skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Leila Daneshmandi
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Guleid Awale
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lakshmi S Nair
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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17
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Tan SH, Ye L. Maturation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: a Critical Step for Drug Development and Cell Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 11:375-392. [PMID: 29557052 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are emerging as an invaluable alternative to primarily sourced cardiomyocytes. The potentially unlimited number of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) that may be obtained in vitro facilitates high-throughput applications like cell transplantation for myocardial repair, cardiotoxicity testing during drug development, and patient-specific disease modeling. Despite promising progress in these areas, a major disadvantage that limits the use of hPSC-CMs is their immaturity. Improvements to the maturity of hPSC-CMs are necessary to capture physiologically relevant responses. Herein, we review and discuss the different maturation strategies undertaken by others to improve the morphology, contractility, electrophysiology, and metabolism of these derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hua Tan
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | - Lei Ye
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
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18
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Besser RR, Ishahak M, Mayo V, Carbonero D, Claure I, Agarwal A. Engineered Microenvironments for Maturation of Stem Cell Derived Cardiac Myocytes. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:124-140. [PMID: 29290797 PMCID: PMC5743464 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the use of stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes, tissue-engineered human myocardial constructs are poised for modeling normal and diseased physiology of the heart, as well as discovery of novel drugs and therapeutic targets in a human relevant manner. This review highlights the recent bioengineering efforts to recapitulate microenvironmental cues to further the maturation state of newly differentiated cardiac myocytes. These techniques include long-term culture, co-culture, exposure to mechanical stimuli, 3D culture, cell-matrix interactions, and electrical stimulation. Each of these methods has produced various degrees of maturation; however, a standardized measure for cardiomyocyte maturation is not yet widely accepted by the scientific community.
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19
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Chung E, Joiner HE, Skelton T, Looten KD, Manczak M, Reddy PH. Maternal exercise upregulates mitochondrial gene expression and increases enzyme activity of fetal mouse hearts. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13184. [PMID: 28292876 PMCID: PMC5350185 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal exercise during pregnancy has been shown to improve the long‐term health of offspring in later life. Mitochondria are important organelles for maintaining adequate heart function, and mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of maternal exercise during pregnancy on mitochondrial biogenesis in hearts are not well understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial gene expression in fetal myocardium would be upregulated by maternal exercise. Twelve‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Mice in the exercise group were exposed to a voluntary cage‐wheel from gestational day 1 through 17. Litter size and individual fetal weights were taken when pregnant dams were sacrificed at 17 days of gestation. Three to four hearts from the same group were pooled to study gene expression, protein expression, and enzyme activity. There were no significant differences in litter size, sex distribution, and average fetal body weight per litter between sedentary and exercised dams. Genes encoding mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, including nuclear respiratory factor‐1 (Nrf1), Nrf2, and dynamin‐related GTPase termed mitofusin‐2 (Mfn2) were significantly upregulated in the fetal hearts from exercised dams. Cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP production were significantly increased, while the hydrogen peroxide level was significantly decreased in the fetal hearts by maternal exercise. Our results demonstrate that maternal exercise initiated at day 1 of gestation could transfer the positive mitochondrial phenotype to fetal hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Chung
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hayli E Joiner
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Tracer Skelton
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Kalli D Looten
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Maria Manczak
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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20
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Maturing human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in human engineered cardiac tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:110-34. [PMID: 25956564 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Engineering functional human cardiac tissue that mimics the native adult morphological and functional phenotype has been a long held objective. In the last 5 years, the field of cardiac tissue engineering has transitioned from cardiac tissues derived from various animal species to the production of the first generation of human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs), due to recent advances in human stem cell biology. Despite this progress, the hECTs generated to date remain immature relative to the native adult myocardium. In this review, we focus on the maturation challenge in the context of hECTs, the present state of the art, and future perspectives in terms of regenerative medicine, drug discovery, preclinical safety testing and pathophysiological studies.
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21
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Hood DA, Tryon LD, Vainshtein A, Memme J, Chen C, Pauly M, Crilly MJ, Carter H. Exercise and the Regulation of Mitochondrial Turnover. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:99-127. [PMID: 26477912 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a well-known stimulus for the expansion of the mitochondrial pool within skeletal muscle. Mitochondria have a remarkable ability to remodel their networks and can respond to an array of signaling stimuli following contractile activity to adapt to the metabolic demands of the tissue, synthesizing proteins to expand the mitochondrial reticulum. In addition, when they become dysfunctional, these organelles can be recycled by a specialized intracellular system. The signals regulating this mitochondrial life cycle of synthesis and degradation during exercise are still an area of great research interest. As mitochondrial turnover has valuable consequences in physical performance, in addition to metabolic health, disease, and aging, consideration of the signals which control this cycle is vital. This review focuses on the regulation of mitochondrial turnover in skeletal muscle and summarizes our current understanding of the impact that exercise has in modulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Liam D Tryon
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Vainshtein
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Memme
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Chen
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marion Pauly
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J Crilly
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Carter
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Dong J, Zhao J, Zhang M, Liu G, Wang X, Liu Y, Yang N, Liu Y, Zhao G, Sun J, Tian J, Cheng C, Wei L, Li Y, Li W. β3-Adrenoceptor Impairs Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Energy Metabolism During Rapid Atrial Pacing-Induced Atrial Fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 21:114-26. [PMID: 26130614 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415590440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) is implicated in cardiac remodeling. Since metabolic dysfunction due to loss of mitochondria plays an important role in heart diseases, we examined the effects of β3-AR on mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS Atrial fibrillation was created by rapid atrial pacing in adult rabbits. Rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, pacing (P7), β3-AR antagonist (L748337), and β3-AR agonist (BRL37344) groups. Atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and AF induction rate were measured. Atrial concentrations of adenine nucleotides and phosphocreatine were quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography. Mitochondrial DNA content was determined. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to examine the expression levels of signaling intermediates related to mitochondrial biogenesis. RESULTS After pacing for 7 days, β3-AR was significantly upregulated, AERP was reduced, and the AF induction rate was increased. The total adenine nucleotides pool was significantly reduced due to the decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The P7 group showed decreased activity of F0F1-ATPase. Mitochondrial DNA content was decreased and mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits were downregulated after pacing. Furthermore, expression of transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), was lower in the P7 group in response to β3-AR activation. Further stimulation of β3-AR with BRL37344 exacerbated these effects, together with a significant decrease in the levels of phosphocreatine. In contrast, inhibition of β3-AR with L748337 partially restored mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism of atria in the paced rabbits. CONCLUSION The activation of β3-AR contributes to atrial metabolic remodeling via transcriptional downregulation of PGC-1α/NRF-1/Tfam pathway that are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which ultimately perturbs mitochondrial function in rapid pacing-induced AF. The β3-AR is therefore a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangzhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Ultrasonic Cardiogram Room, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwu Liu
- Centre for Drug Safety Evaluation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guanqi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingpu Tian
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheping Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Harbin City, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Tandler B, Fujioka H, Hoppel CL, Haldar SM, Jain MK. Megamitochondria in Cardiomyocytes of a Knockout (Klf15-/-) Mouse. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 39:336-9. [PMID: 26111268 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2015.1042610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Kruppel-like factors (KLF) family of zinc-finger transcriptional regulators control many aspects of cardiomyocyte structure and function. Deletion of Klf15 from the nuclear genome in mice affects cardiac mitochondria. Some become grossly enlarged, extending many sarcomeres in length. These display many sites of incipient pinching, but there is little attenuation of the megamitochondria at these sites; there are no examples of organelles that clearly have reached the point where further membrane encroachment will cause separation into smaller daughter mitochondria. It is clear that deletion of Klf15 interferes with nuclear control of mitochondrial fission, whereas fusion appears to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Tandler
- a Department of Biological Sciences , School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA .,b Center for Mitochondrial Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- b Center for Mitochondrial Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA .,c Electron Microscopy Facility, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- b Center for Mitochondrial Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA .,d Departments of Pharmacology and of Medicine , School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- e Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA , and.,f Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- e Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA , and.,f Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Cleveland , OH , USA
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Cao H, Kang BJ, Lee CA, Shung KK, Hsiai TK. Electrical and Mechanical Strategies to Enable Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 8:114-24. [PMID: 25974948 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2015.2431681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate replacement of lost ventricular myocardium from myocardial infarction leads to heart failure. Investigating the regenerative capacity of mammalian hearts represents an emerging direction for tissue engineering and cell-based therapy. Recent advances in stem cells hold promise to restore cardiac functions. However, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes lack functional phenotypes of the native myocardium, and transplanted tissues are not fully integrated for synchronized electrical and mechanical coupling with the host. In this context, this review highlights the mechanical and electrical strategies to promote cardiomyocyte maturation and integration, and to assess the functional phenotypes of regenerating myocardium. Simultaneous microelectrocardiogram and high-frequency ultrasound techniques will also be introduced to assess electrical and mechanical coupling for small animal models of heart regeneration.
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Functional maturation of human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in vitro--correlation between contraction force and electrophysiology. Biomaterials 2015; 51:138-150. [PMID: 25771005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CM) have many potential applications in disease modelling and drug target discovery but their phenotypic similarity to early fetal stages of cardiac development limits their applicability. In this study we compared contraction stresses of hPSC-CM to 2nd trimester human fetal derived cardiomyocytes (hFetal-CM) by imaging displacement of fluorescent beads by single contracting hPSC-CM, aligned by microcontact-printing on polyacrylamide gels. hPSC-CM showed distinctly lower contraction stress than cardiomyocytes isolated from hFetal-CM. To improve maturation of hPSC-CM in vitro we made use of commercial media optimized for cardiomyocyte maturation, which promoted significantly higher contraction stress in hPSC-compared with hFetal-CM. Accordingly, other features of cardiomyocyte maturation were observed, most strikingly increased upstroke velocities and action potential amplitudes, lower resting membrane potentials, improved sarcomeric organization and alterations in cardiac-specific gene expression. Performing contraction force and electrophysiology measurements on individual cardiomyocytes revealed strong correlations between an increase in contraction force and a rise of the upstroke velocity and action potential amplitude and with a decrease in the resting membrane potential. We showed that under standard differentiation conditions hPSC-CM display lower contractile force than primary hFetal-CM and identified conditions under which a commercially available culture medium could induce molecular, morphological and functional maturation of hPSC-CM in vitro. These results are an important contribution for full implementation of hPSC-CM in cardiac disease modelling and drug discovery.
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Zhu R, Blazeski A, Poon E, Costa KD, Tung L, Boheler KR. Physical developmental cues for the maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 25688759 PMCID: PMC4396914 DOI: 10.1186/scrt507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) are the most promising source of cardiomyocytes (CMs) for experimental and clinical applications, but their use is largely limited by a structurally and functionally immature phenotype that most closely resembles embryonic or fetal heart cells. The application of physical stimuli to influence hPSC-CMs through mechanical and bioelectrical transduction offers a powerful strategy for promoting more developmentally mature CMs. Here we summarize the major events associated with in vivo heart maturation and structural development. We then review the developmental state of in vitro derived hPSC-CMs, while focusing on physical (electrical and mechanical) stimuli and contributory (metabolic and hypertrophic) factors that are actively involved in structural and functional adaptations of hPSC-CMs. Finally, we highlight areas for possible future investigation that should provide a better understanding of how physical stimuli may promote in vitro development and lead to mechanistic insights. Advances in the use of physical stimuli to promote developmental maturation will be required to overcome current limitations and significantly advance research of hPSC-CMs for cardiac disease modeling, in vitro drug screening, cardiotoxicity analysis and therapeutic applications.
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Abstract
The discovery of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including both human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells, has opened up novel paths for a wide range of scientific studies. The capability to direct the differentiation of hPSCs into functional cardiomyocytes has provided a platform for regenerative medicine, development, tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug toxicity testing. Despite exciting progress, achieving the optimal benefits has been hampered by the immature nature of these cardiomyocytes. Cardiac maturation has long been studied in vivo using animal models; however, finding ways to mature hPSC cardiomyocytes is only in its initial stages. In this review, we discuss progress in promoting the maturation of the hPSC cardiomyocytes, in the context of our current knowledge of developmental cardiac maturation and in relation to in vitro model systems such as rodent ventricular myocytes. Promising approaches that have begun to be examined in hPSC cardiomyocytes include long-term culturing, 3-dimensional tissue engineering, mechanical loading, electric stimulation, modulation of substrate stiffness, and treatment with neurohormonal factors. Future studies will benefit from the combinatorial use of different approaches that more closely mimic nature's diverse cues, which may result in broader changes in structure, function, and therapeutic applicability.
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Hood DA, Uguccioni G, Vainshtein A, D'souza D. Mechanisms of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle: implications for health and disease. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1119-34. [PMID: 23733637 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have paradoxical functions within cells. Essential providers of energy for cellular survival, they are also harbingers of cell death (apoptosis). Mitochondria exhibit remarkable dynamics, undergoing fission, fusion, and reticular expansion. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encode vital sets of proteins which, when incorporated into the inner mitochondrial membrane, provide electron transport capacity for ATP production, and when mutated lead to a broad spectrum of diseases. Acute exercise can activate a set of signaling cascades in skeletal muscle, leading to the activation of the gene expression pathway, from transcription, to post-translational modifications. Research has begun to unravel the important signals and their protein targets that trigger the onset of mitochondrial adaptations to exercise. Exercise training leads to an accumulation of nuclear- and mtDNA-encoded proteins that assemble into functional complexes devoted to mitochondrial respiration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the import of proteins and metabolites, or apoptosis. This process of biogenesis has important consequences for metabolic health, the oxidative capacity of muscle, and whole body fitness. In contrast, the chronic muscle disuse that accompanies aging or muscle wasting diseases provokes a decline in mitochondrial content and function, which elicits excessive ROS formation and apoptotic signaling. Research continues to seek the molecular underpinnings of how regular exercise can be used to attenuate these decrements in organelle function, maintain skeletal muscle health, and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Jiang Y, Liu J, Li Y, Chang H, Li G, Xu B, Chen X, Li W, Xia W, Xu S. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A at the reference dose impairs mitochondria in the heart of neonatal rats. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1012-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Huailong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Gengqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Bing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Weiyong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College; HuaZhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation); Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
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Zhang X, Wang Q, Gablaski B, Zhang X, Lucchesi P, Zhao Y. A microdevice for studying intercellular electromechanical transduction in adult cardiac myocytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3090-7. [PMID: 23753064 PMCID: PMC3770274 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular electromechanical transduction in adult cardiac myocytes plays an important role in regulating heart function. The efficiency of intercellular electromechanical transduction has so far been investigated only to a limited extent, which is largely due to the lack of appropriate tools that can quantitatively assess the contractile performance of interconnected adult cardiac myocytes. In this paper we report a microengineered device that is capable of applying electrical stimulation to the selected adult cardiac myocyte in a longitudinally connected cell doublet and quantifying the intercellular electromechanical transduction by measuring the contractile performance of stimulated and un-stimulated cells in the same doublet. The capability of applying selective electrical stimulation on only one cell in the doublet is validated by examining cell contractile performance while blocking the intercellular communication. Quantitative assessment of cell contractile performance in isolated adult cardiac myocytes is performed by measuring the change in cell length. The proof-of-concept assessment of gap junction performance shows that the device is useful in studying the efficiency of gap junctions in adult cardiac myocytes, which is most relevant to the synchronized pumping performance of native myocardium. Collectively, this work provides a quantitative tool for studying intercellular electromechanical transduction and is expected to develop a comprehensive understanding of the role of intercellular communication in various heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
| | - Brian Gablaski
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205 USA
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205 USA
| | - Pamela Lucchesi
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205 USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
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Bekhite MM, Figulla HR, Sauer H, Wartenberg M. Static magnetic fields increase cardiomyocyte differentiation of Flk-1+ cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells via Ca2+ influx and ROS production. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:798-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Piantadosi CA, Suliman HB. Redox regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2043-53. [PMID: 23000245 PMCID: PMC3604744 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell renews, adapts, or expands its mitochondrial population during episodes of cell damage or periods of intensified energy demand by the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. This bigenomic program is modulated by redox-sensitive signals that respond to physiological nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. This review summarizes our current ideas about the pathways involved in the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis by the physiological gases leading to changes in the redox milieu of the cell, with an emphasis on the responses to oxidative stress and inflammation. The cell's energy supply is protected from conditions that damage mitochondria by an inducible transcriptional program of mitochondrial biogenesis that operates in large part through redox signals involving the nitric oxide synthase and the heme oxygenase-1/CO systems. These redox events stimulate the coordinated activities of several multifunctional transcription factors and coactivators also involved in the elimination of defective mitochondria and the expression of counterinflammatory and antioxidant genes, such as IL10 and SOD2, as part of a unified damage-control network. The redox-regulated mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis schematically outlined in the graphical abstract link mitochondrial quality control to an enhanced capacity to support the cell's metabolic needs while improving its resistance to metabolic failure and avoidance of cell death during periods of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude A Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and the Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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33
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Kim MH, Lee YJ, Kim KI, Lee TS, Woo KS, Lee DS, Kim CW, Choi CW, Lim SM, Kang JH. In vitro monitoring of cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells using sodium iodide symporter gene. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-012-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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34
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Devin A, Rigoulet M. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in eukaryotic cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 14:271-9. [PMID: 20021106 DOI: 10.1080/15376520490479620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria amount within a cell is modulated in response to energy demand. This involves a tight regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the coordinated expression of hundreds of genes, both at the nuclear and at the mitochondrial level. This review will focus on two aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis regulation: (i) In mammalian cells, physiological effectors, and the regulatory proteins that control the expression of the respiratory apparatus, will be considered, and different kinds of tissue will be addressed. (ii) In yeast, the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in response to growth conditions as well as the signaling pathway involved will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Devin
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS/Université Victor Segalen, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux cedex, 33077, France
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35
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Piantadosi CA, Suliman HB. Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis and its interface with inflammatory processes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:532-41. [PMID: 22265687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells avoid major mitochondrial damage and energy failure during systemic inflammatory states, such as severe acute infections, by specific targeting of the inflammatory response and by inducing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant defenses. Recent evidence indicates that these cell defenses also include mitochondrial biogenesis and the clearance of damaged mitochondria through autophagy. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review addresses a group of transcriptional signaling mechanisms that engage mitochondrial biogenesis, including energy-sensing and redox-regulated transcription factors and co-activators, after major inflammatory events. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of the innate immune system by activation of toll-like receptors (TLR) generates pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), necessary for optimal host defense, but which also contribute to mitochondrial damage through oxidative stress and other mechanisms. To protect its energy supply, host cells sense mitochondrial damage and initiate mitochondrial biogenesis under the control of an inducible transcriptional program that also activates anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory gene expression. This multifunctional network not only increases cellular resistance to metabolic failure, oxidative stress, and cell death, but promotes immune tolerance as shown in the graphical abstract. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The post-inflammatory induction of mitochondrial biogenesis supports metabolic function and cell viability while helping to control inflammation. In clinical settings, patients recovering from severe systemic infections may develop transient immune suppression, placing them at risk for recurrent infection, but there may be therapeutic opportunities to enhance mitochondrial quality control that would improve the resolution of life-threatening host responses to such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude A Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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36
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Nguyen LMD, Hood DA. Contractile activity-induced gene expression in fast- and slow-twitch muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:233-41. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M.-D. Nguyen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, The Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David A. Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, The Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Raffaello A, Milan G, Masiero E, Carnio S, Lee D, Lanfranchi G, Goldberg AL, Sandri M. JunB transcription factor maintains skeletal muscle mass and promotes hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 191:101-13. [PMID: 20921137 PMCID: PMC2953439 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing JunB expression causes muscle atrophy, whereas overexpression induces hypertrophy and blocks atrophy via myostatin inhibition and regulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF expression via FoxO3. The size of skeletal muscle cells is precisely regulated by intracellular signaling networks that determine the balance between overall rates of protein synthesis and degradation. Myofiber growth and protein synthesis are stimulated by the IGF-1/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In this study, we show that the transcription factor JunB is also a major determinant of whether adult muscles grow or atrophy. We found that in atrophying myotubes, JunB is excluded from the nucleus and that decreasing JunB expression by RNA interference in adult muscles causes atrophy. Furthermore, JunB overexpression induces hypertrophy without affecting satellite cell proliferation and stimulated protein synthesis independently of the Akt/mTOR pathway. When JunB is transfected into denervated muscles, fiber atrophy is prevented. JunB blocks FoxO3 binding to atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 promoters and thus reduces protein breakdown. Therefore, JunB is important not only in dividing populations but also in adult muscle, where it is required for the maintenance of muscle size and can induce rapid hypertrophy and block atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biology, Innovative Biotechnologies Interdepartmental Research Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
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38
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Martherus RSRM, Vanherle SJV, Timmer EDJ, Zeijlemaker VA, Broers JL, Smeets HJ, Geraedts JP, Ayoubi TAY. Electrical signals affect the cardiomyocyte transcriptome independently of contraction. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:283-9. [PMID: 20858713 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00182.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes in vivo are continuously subjected to electrical signals that evoke contractions and instigate drastic changes in the cells' morphology and function. Studies on how electrical stimulation affects the cardiac transcriptome have remained limited to a small number of heart-specific genes. Furthermore, these studies have ignored the interplay between the electrical excitation and the subsequent contractions. We carried out a genomewide assessment of the effects of electrical signaling on gene expression, while distinguishing between the effects deriving from the electrical pulses themselves and the effects instigated by the evoked contractions. Changes in gene expression in primary cultures of neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes from Lewis Rattus norvegicus were investigated with microarrays and RT-quantitative PCR (QPCR). A series of experiments was included in which the culture medium was supplemented with the contraction inhibitor blebbistatin to allow for electrical stimulation in the absence of contraction. Electrical stimulation was shown to directly enhance calcium handling and induce cardiomyocyte differentiation by arresting cell division and activating key cardiac transcription factors as well as additional differentiation mechanisms such as wnt signaling. Several genes involved in metabolism were also directly activated by electrical stimulation. Furthermore, our data suggest that contraction exerts negative feedback on the transcription of various genes. Together, these observations indicate that intercellular electric currents between adjacent cardiomyocytes have an important role in cardiomyocyte development. They act at least partially through a pulse-specific gene expression program that is activated independently from the evoked contractions.
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39
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Adam T, Opie LH, Essop MF. AMPK activation represses the human gene promoter of the cardiac isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase: Role of nuclear respiratory factor-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:495-9. [PMID: 20599696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac-enriched isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCbeta) produces malonyl-CoA, a potent inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. AMPK inhibits ACCbeta activity, lowering malonyl-CoA levels and promoting mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Previously, AMPK increased promoter binding of nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), a pivotal transcriptional modulator controlling gene expression of mitochondrial proteins. We therefore hypothesized that NRF-1 inhibits myocardial ACCbeta promoter activity via AMPK activation. A human ACCbeta promoter-luciferase construct was transiently transfected into neonatal cardiomyocytes+/-a NRF-1 expression construct. NRF-1 overexpression decreased ACCbeta gene promoter activity by 71+/-4.6% (p<0.001 vs. control). Transfections with 5'-end serial promoter deletions revealed that NRF-1-mediated repression of ACCbeta was abolished with a pPIIbeta-18/+65-Luc deletion construct. AMPK activation dose-dependently reduced ACCbeta promoter activity, while NRF-1 addition did not further decrease it. We also investigated NRF-1 inhibition in the presence of upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1), a known transactivator of the human ACCbeta gene promoter. Here NRF-1 blunted USF1-dependent induction of ACCbeta promoter activity by 58+/-7.5% (p<0.001 vs. control), reversed with a dominant negative NRF-1 construct. NRF-1 also suppressed endogenous USF1 transcriptional activity by 55+/-6.2% (p<0.001 vs. control). This study demonstrates that NRF-1 is a novel transcriptional inhibitor of the human ACCbeta gene promoter in the mammalian heart. Our data extends AMPK regulation of ACCbeta to the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Adam
- Hatter Cardiovascular Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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40
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Suliman HB, Sweeney TE, Withers CM, Piantadosi CA. Co-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor-1 by NFkappaB and CREB links LPS-induced inflammation to mitochondrial biogenesis. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2565-75. [PMID: 20587593 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) gene is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which might reflect TLR4-mediated mitigation of cellular inflammatory damage via initiation of mitochondrial biogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we examined NRF1 promoter regulation by NFκB, and identified interspecies-conserved κB-responsive promoter and intronic elements in the NRF1 locus. In mice, activation of Nrf1 and its downstream target, Tfam, by Escherichia coli was contingent on NFκB, and in LPS-treated hepatocytes, NFκB served as an NRF1 enhancer element in conjunction with NFκB promoter binding. Unexpectedly, optimal NRF1 promoter activity after LPS also required binding by the energy-state-dependent transcription factor CREB. EMSA and ChIP assays confirmed p65 and CREB binding to the NRF1 promoter and p65 binding to intron 1. Functionality for both transcription factors was validated by gene-knockdown studies. LPS regulation of NRF1 led to mtDNA-encoded gene expression and expansion of mtDNA copy number. In cells expressing plasmid constructs containing the NRF-1 promoter and GFP, LPS-dependent reporter activity was abolished by cis-acting κB-element mutations, and nuclear accumulation of NFκB and CREB demonstrated dependence on mitochondrial H(2)O(2). These findings indicate that TLR4-dependent NFκB and CREB activation co-regulate the NRF1 promoter with NFκB intronic enhancement and redox-regulated nuclear translocation, leading to downstream target-gene expression, and identify NRF-1 as an early-phase component of the host antibacterial defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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41
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Acin-Perez R, Salazar E, Brosel S, Yang H, Schon EA, Manfredi G. Modulation of mitochondrial protein phosphorylation by soluble adenylyl cyclase ameliorates cytochrome oxidase defects. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 1:392-406. [PMID: 20049744 PMCID: PMC2814779 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.200900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of respiratory chain components has emerged as a mode of regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, but its mechanisms are still largely unexplored. A recently discovered intramitochondrial signalling pathway links CO2 generated by the Krebs cycle with the respiratory chain, through the action of a mitochondrial soluble adenylyl cyclase (mt-sAC). Cytochrome oxidase (COX), whose deficiency causes a number of fatal metabolic disorders, is a key mitochondrial enzyme activated by mt-sAC. We have now discovered that the mt-sAC pathway modulates mitochondrial biogenesis in a reactive oxygen species dependent manner, in cultured cells and in animals with COX deficiency. We show that upregulation of mt-sAC normalizes reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby restoring mitochondrial function. This is the first example of manipulation of a mitochondrial signalling pathway to achieve a direct positive modulation of COX, with clear implications for the development of novel approaches to treat mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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42
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Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise and aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:223-34. [PMID: 19682549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute contractile activity of skeletal muscle initiates the activation of signaling kinases. This promotes the phosphorylation of transcription factors, leading to enhanced DNA binding and transcriptional activation and/or repression. The mRNA products of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins are translated in the cytosol and imported into pre-existing mitochondria. When contractile activity is repeated, the recapitulation of these cellular events progressively leads to an expansion of the mitochondrial reticulum within muscle. This has physiologically relevant health benefit, including enhanced lipid metabolism and reduced muscle fatigability. In aging skeletal muscle, the response to contractile activity appears to be attenuated, suggesting that a greater contractile stimulus is required to attain a similar phenotype adaptation. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of exercise on the gene expression pathway leading to organelle biogenesis in muscle.
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Sadek H, Latif S, Collins R, Garry MG, Garry DJ. Use of ferumoxides for stem cell labeling. Regen Med 2009; 3:807-16. [PMID: 18947305 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.6.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Although numerous clinical trials have shown promising results with regards to the cardiac regenerative capacity of different types of stem cells, there remains virtually no evidence of the fate of stem cells in these human studies, primarily owing to safety concerns associated with the use of cell-labeling strategies. METHODS In this study, we utilized two cell types that are used extensively in cardiac regeneration studies, namely bone marrow-derived human mononuclear cells and C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. The US FDA-approved compounds feridex (ferumoxide) and protamine sulfate (as a transfection agent) were used in combination for cellular labeling. We assessed the effect of this cell labeling strategy on cellular viability, proliferation and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The ferumoxide-protamine sulfate combination had no effect on cellular viability, proliferation or differentiation. We show that the labeled human mononuclear cells were easily identified within the rat myocardium 1 month following injection into the myocardium. These human cells expressed human-specific cardiac troponin I, whereas the neighboring rat myocardium did not. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this labeling strategy can be used with high accuracy for magnetic separation of the labeled cells based on the intracellular ferumoxide particles. CONCLUSIONS The ferumoxide-protamine sulfate combination can be used safely and effectively to enhance the detection and isolation of cardiogenic stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX, USA
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44
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Lumini JA, Magalhães J, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A. Beneficial effects of exercise on muscle mitochondrial function in diabetes mellitus. Sports Med 2009; 38:735-50. [PMID: 18712941 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838090-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The physiopathology of diabetes mellitus has been closely associated with a variety of alterations in mitochondrial histology, biochemistry and function. Generally, the alterations comprise increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation, resulting in oxidative stress and damage; decreased capacity to metabolize lipids, leading to intramyocyte lipid accumulation; and diminished mitochondrial density and reduced levels of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), with consequent impairment in mitochondrial function. Chronic physical exercise is a physiological stimulus able to induce mitochondrial adaptations that can counteract the adverse effects of diabetes on muscle mitochondria. However, the mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial adaptations in the muscles of diabetic patients are still unclear. The main mechanisms by which exercise may be considered an important non-pharmacological strategy for preventing and/or attenuating diabetes-induced mitochondrial impairments may involve (i) increased mitochondrial biogenesis, which is dependent on the increased expression of some important proteins, such as the 'master switch' peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma-coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and heat shock proteins (HSPs), both of which are severely downregulated in the muscles of diabetic patients; and (ii) the restoration or attenuation of the low UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle mitochondria of diabetic patients, which is suggested to play a pivotal role in mitochondrial dysfunction.There is evidence that chronic exercise and lifestyle interventions reverse impairments in mitochondrial density and size, in the activity of respiratory chain complexes and in cardiolipin content; however, the mechanisms by which chronic exercise alters mitochondrial respiratory parameters, mitochondrial antioxidant systems and other specific proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism in the muscles of diabetic patients remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Lumini
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Valle A, Guevara R, García-Palmer FJ, Roca P, Oliver J. Caloric restriction retards the age-related decline in mitochondrial function of brown adipose tissue. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:597-604. [PMID: 18593277 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to prevent the age-associated loss of mitochondrial function and biogenesis in several tissues such as liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. However, little is known about the effects of CR on a tissue in which the mitochondria have no adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing purpose but show a high degree of uncoupling, namely brown adipose tissue (BAT). Hence, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of long-term CR on BAT mitochondrial function and biogenesis. BAT mitochondria obtained from 24-month-old male and female rats previously subjected to 40% CR for 12 months were compared with mitochondria from old (24 months) and young (6 months) ad libitum fed rats. Old restricted rats compared to old ad libitum fed ones showed a reduction in BAT size with respect to fat content and adipocyte number. Mitochondrial DNA content in BAT increased with age and even more so in restricted rats, indicating a summative effect of age and CR on mitochondrial proliferation. CR induced resistance to lose total and mitochondrial protein, COX activity, and uncoupling capacity with advancing age, in relation with a lower decrease of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). In summary, our results demonstrate CR prevents the age-associated decline in mitochondrial function in BAT, probably in relation with a lower impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamo Valle
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Spain
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Ventura-Clapier R, Garnier A, Veksler V. Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis: the central role of PGC-1alpha. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:208-17. [PMID: 18430751 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the concept of energy starvation in the failing heart was proposed decades ago, still very little is known about the origin of energetic failure. Recent advances in molecular biology have started to elucidate the transcriptional events governing mitochondrial biogenesis. In particular, a great step was taken with the discovery that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC-1alpha) is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the downregulation of PGC-1alpha and the consequent decrease in mitochondrial function in heart failure are, however, still poorly understood. Indeed, the main pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis are thought to be up- rather than down-regulated in pathological hypertrophy and heart failure. The current review summarizes recent advances in this field and is restricted to the heart when cardiac data are available.
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CREB-1alpha is recruited to and mediates upregulation of the cytochrome c promoter during enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis accompanying skeletal muscle differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:2446-59. [PMID: 18227154 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00980-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand pathways coordinating the expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, we studied mitochondrial biogenesis during differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes. This energy-demanding process was accompanied by a fivefold increase of ATP turnover, covered by an eightfold increase of mitochondrial activity. While no change in mitochondrial DNA copy number was observed, mRNAs as well as proteins for nucleus-encoded cytochrome c, cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) increased, together with total cellular RNA and protein levels. Detailed analysis of the cytochrome c promoter by luciferase reporter, binding affinity, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays as well as mutagenesis studies revealed a critical role for cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) for promoter activation. Expression of two CREB-1 isoforms was observed by using specific antibodies and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and a shift from phosphorylated CREB-1Delta in myoblasts to phosphorylated CREB-1alpha protein in myotubes was shown, while mRNA ratios remained unchanged. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed preferential binding of CREB-1alpha in situ to the cytochrome c promoter in myotubes. Overexpression of constitutively active and dominant-negative forms supported the key role of CREB-1 in regulating the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins during myogenesis and probably also in other situations of enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Mattingly KA, Ivanova MM, Riggs KA, Wickramasinghe NS, Barch MJ, Klinge CM. Estradiol stimulates transcription of nuclear respiratory factor-1 and increases mitochondrial biogenesis. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:609-22. [PMID: 18048642 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on mitochondrial activity, but the mechanisms mediating these effects remain unclear. Others reported that long-term estradiol (E(2)) treatment increased nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) protein in cerebral blood vessels of ovariectomized rats. NRF-1 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, e.g. mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), that control transcription of the mitochondrial genome. Here we tested the hypothesis that E(2) increases NRF-1 transcription resulting in a coordinate increase in the expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial- encoded genes and mitochondrial respiratory activity. We show that E(2) increased NRF-1 mRNA and protein in MCF-7 breast and H1793 lung adenocarcinoma cells in a time-dependent manner. E(2)-induced NRF-1 expression was inhibited by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 and actinomycin D but not by phosphoinositide-3 kinase and MAPK inhibitors, indicating a genomic mechanism of E(2) regulation of NRF-1 transcription. An estrogen response element (ERE) in the NRF-1 promoter bound ER alpha and ER beta in vitro, and E(2) induced ER alpha and ER beta recruitment to this ERE in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in MCF-7 cells. The NRF-1 ERE activated reporter gene expression in transfected cells. Small interfering RNA to ER alpha and ER beta revealed that ER alpha mediates E(2)-induced NRF-1 transcription. The E(2)-induced increase in NRF-1 was followed by increased TFAM and the transcription of Tfam-regulated mitochondrial DNA-encoded COI and NDI genes and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Knockdown of NRF-1 blocked E(2) stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity, indicating a mechanism by which estrogens regulate mitochondrial function by increasing NRF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Mattingly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Abstract
Cell-based therapy is emerging as an innovative approach for the treatment of degenerative diseases, and stem cells appear to be an ideal source of cells for this. In cardiology, in particular, human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes theoretically fulfill most, if not all, of the properties of an ideal donor cell, but several critical obstacles need to be overcome. Many research projects are focusing on set-up strategies for directing hESC differentiation toward the cardiac lineage. It is one of the main difficulties in the search to provide a valuable source of cells to effect regeneration of myocardial tissue in patients with severe heart failure. To date, there are no easy and efficient protocols for the induction of hESC differentiation toward the cardiac lineage. Discovering new molecules or tools capable of doing this is imperative.
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50
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Ahuja P, Sdek P, Maclellan WR. Cardiac myocyte cell cycle control in development, disease, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:521-44. [PMID: 17429040 PMCID: PMC2708177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myocytes rapidly proliferate during fetal life but exit the cell cycle soon after birth in mammals. Although the extent to which adult cardiac myocytes are capable of cell cycle reentry is controversial and species-specific differences may exist, it appears that for the vast majority of adult cardiac myocytes the predominant form of growth postnatally is an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) not number. Unfortunately, this limits the ability of the heart to restore function after any significant injury. Interest in novel regenerative therapies has led to the accumulation of much information on the mechanisms that regulate the rapid proliferation of cardiac myocytes in utero, their cell cycle exit in the perinatal period, and the permanent arrest (terminal differentiation) in adult myocytes. The recent identification of cardiac progenitor cells capable of giving rise to cardiac myocyte-like cells has challenged the dogma that the heart is a terminally differentiated organ and opened new prospects for cardiac regeneration. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of cardiomyocyte cell cycle control in normal development and disease. In addition, we also discuss the potential usefulness of cardiomyocyte self-renewal as well as feasibility of therapeutic manipulation of the cardiac myocyte cell cycle for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Robb Maclellan
- Corresponding author: W. Robb MacLellan, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen school of Medicine at UCLA, 675 C.E. Young Dr., MRL 3-645, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1760; Phone: (310) 825-2556; Fax: (310) 206-5777; e-mail:
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