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Rogers J, Bajur AT, Salaita K, Spillane KM. Mechanical control of antigen detection and discrimination by T and B cell receptors. Biophys J 2024; 123:2234-2255. [PMID: 38794795 PMCID: PMC11331051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by just two cell types, T cells and B cells. Both cells possess the remarkable ability to recognize virtually any antigen through their respective antigen receptors-the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Despite extensive investigations into the biochemical signaling events triggered by antigen recognition in these cells, our ability to predict or control the outcome of T and B cell activation remains elusive. This challenge is compounded by the sensitivity of T and B cells to the biophysical properties of antigens and the cells presenting them-a phenomenon we are just beginning to understand. Recent insights underscore the central role of mechanical forces in this process, governing the conformation, signaling activity, and spatial organization of TCRs and BCRs within the cell membrane, ultimately eliciting distinct cellular responses. Traditionally, T cells and B cells have been studied independently, with researchers working in parallel to decipher the mechanisms of activation. While these investigations have unveiled many overlaps in how these cell types sense and respond to antigens, notable differences exist. To fully grasp their biology and harness it for therapeutic purposes, these distinctions must be considered. This review compares and contrasts the TCR and BCR, placing emphasis on the role of mechanical force in regulating the activity of both receptors to shape cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna T Bajur
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Morita S, O'Dair MK, Groves JT. Discrete protein condensation events govern calcium signal dynamics in T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.606035. [PMID: 39211144 PMCID: PMC11360922 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.606035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Calcium level variations, which occur downstream of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, are an essential aspect of T cell antigen recognition. Although coordinated ion channel activities are known to drive calcium oscillations in other cell types, observations of nonperiodic and heterogeneous calcium patterns in T cells are inconsistent with this mechanism. Here, we track the complete ensemble of individual molecular peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) binding events to TCR, while simultaneously imaging LAT condensation events and calcium level. Individual LAT condensates induce a rapid and additive calcium response, which quickly attenuates upon condensate dissolution. No evidence of cooperativity between LAT condensates or oscillatory calcium response was detected. These results reveal stochastic LAT protein condensation events as a primary driver of calcium signal dynamics in T cells. One-Sentence Summary Ca 2+ fluctuations in T cells reflect stochastic protein condensation events triggered by single molecular antigen-TCR binding.
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3
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Hamid MHBA, Cespedes PF, Jin C, Chen JL, Gileadi U, Antoun E, Liang Z, Gao F, Teague R, Manoharan N, Maldonado-Perez D, Khalid-Alham N, Cerundolo L, Ciaoca R, Hester SS, Pinto-Fernández A, Draganov SD, Vendrell I, Liu G, Yao X, Kvalvaag A, Dominey-Foy DCC, Nanayakkara C, Kanellakis N, Chen YL, Waugh C, Clark SA, Clark K, Sopp P, Rahman NM, Verrill C, Kessler BM, Ogg G, Fernandes RA, Fisher R, Peng Y, Dustin ML, Dong T. Unconventional human CD61 pairing with CD103 promotes TCR signaling and antigen-specific T cell cytotoxicity. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:834-846. [PMID: 38561495 PMCID: PMC11065694 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, leading to increased interest in utilizing immunotherapy strategies for better cancer treatments. In the past decade, CD103+ T cells have been associated with better clinical prognosis in patients with cancer. However, the specific immune mechanisms contributing toward CD103-mediated protective immunity remain unclear. Here, we show an unexpected and transient CD61 expression, which is paired with CD103 at the synaptic microclusters of T cells. CD61 colocalization with the T cell antigen receptor further modulates downstream T cell antigen receptor signaling, improving antitumor cytotoxicity and promoting physiological control of tumor growth. Clinically, the presence of CD61+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes is associated with improved clinical outcomes, mediated through enhanced effector functions and phenotype with limited evidence of cellular exhaustion. In conclusion, this study identified an unconventional and transient CD61 expression and pairing with CD103 on human immune cells, which potentiates a new target for immune-based cellular therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Apyrase
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat H B A Hamid
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pablo F Cespedes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chen Jin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elie Antoun
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhu Liang
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Renuka Teague
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikita Manoharan
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Maldonado-Perez
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nasullah Khalid-Alham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raul Ciaoca
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Svenja S Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adán Pinto-Fernández
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simeon D Draganov
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Charunya Nanayakkara
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Kanellakis
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Sopp
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Najib M Rahman
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fisher
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Bonnet V, Maikranz E, Madec M, Vertti-Quintero N, Cuche C, Mastrogiovanni M, Alcover A, Di Bartolo V, Baroud CN. Cancer-on-a-chip model shows that the adenomatous polyposis coli mutation impairs T cell engagement and killing of cancer spheroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316500121. [PMID: 38442157 PMCID: PMC10945811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to eliminate tumor cells is crucial, for instance, to predict the efficiency of cell therapy in personalized medicine. However, the destruction of a tumor by CTLs involves CTL migration in the extra-tumoral environment, accumulation on the tumor, antigen recognition, and cooperation in killing the cancer cells. Therefore, identifying the limiting steps in this complex process requires spatio-temporal measurements of different cellular events over long periods. Here, we use a cancer-on-a-chip platform to evaluate the impact of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation on CTL migration and cytotoxicity against 3D tumor spheroids. The APC mutated CTLs are found to have a reduced ability to destroy tumor spheroids compared with control cells, even though APC mutants migrate in the extra-tumoral space and accumulate on the spheroids as efficiently as control cells. Once in contact with the tumor however, mutated CTLs display reduced engagement with the cancer cells, as measured by a metric that distinguishes different modes of CTL migration. Realigning the CTL trajectories around localized killing cascades reveals that all CTLs transition to high engagement in the 2 h preceding the cascades, which confirms that the low engagement is the cause of reduced cytotoxicity. Beyond the study of APC mutations, this platform offers a robust way to compare cytotoxic cell efficiency of even closely related cell types, by relying on a multiscale cytometry approach to disentangle complex interactions and to identify the steps that limit the tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Bonnet
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Université Paris Cité, Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, ParisF-75015, France
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau91120, France
| | - Erik Maikranz
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Université Paris Cité, Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, ParisF-75015, France
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau91120, France
| | - Marianne Madec
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Department of immunology, Université Paris Cité, INSERM-U1224, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, ParisF-75015, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Vertti-Quintero
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Université Paris Cité, Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, ParisF-75015, France
| | - Céline Cuche
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Department of immunology, Université Paris Cité, INSERM-U1224, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, ParisF-75015, France
| | - Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Department of immunology, Université Paris Cité, INSERM-U1224, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, ParisF-75015, France
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, New York, NY10461
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Department of immunology, Université Paris Cité, INSERM-U1224, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, ParisF-75015, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Department of immunology, Université Paris Cité, INSERM-U1224, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, ParisF-75015, France
| | - Charles N. Baroud
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Université Paris Cité, Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, ParisF-75015, France
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau91120, France
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5
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Acuto O. T-cell virtuosity in ''knowing thyself". Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343575. [PMID: 38415261 PMCID: PMC10896960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I and II and the αβ T-cell antigen receptor (TCRαβ) govern fundamental traits of adaptive immunity. They form a membrane-borne ligand-receptor system weighing host proteome integrity to detect contamination by nonself proteins. MHC-I and -II exhibit the "MHC-fold", which is able to bind a large assortment of short peptides as proxies for self and nonself proteins. The ensuing varying surfaces are mandatory ligands for Ig-like TCRαβ highly mutable binding sites. Conserved molecular signatures guide TCRαβ ligand binding sites to focus on the MHC-fold (MHC-restriction) while leaving many opportunities for its most hypervariable determinants to contact the peptide. This riveting molecular strategy affords many options for binding energy compatible with specific recognition and signalling aimed to eradicated microbial pathogens and cancer cells. While the molecular foundations of αβ T-cell adaptive immunity are largely understood, uncertainty persists on how peptide-MHC binding induces the TCRαβ signals that instruct cell-fate decisions. Solving this mystery is another milestone for understanding αβ T-cells' self/nonself discrimination. Recent developments revealing the innermost links between TCRαβ structural dynamics and signalling modality should help dissipate this long-sought-after enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Denes A, Hansen CE, Oezorhan U, Figuerola S, de Vries HE, Sorokin L, Planas AM, Engelhardt B, Schwaninger M. Endothelial cells and macrophages as allies in the healthy and diseased brain. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:38. [PMID: 38347307 PMCID: PMC10861611 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are often associated with vascular disturbances or inflammation and frequently both. Consequently, endothelial cells and macrophages are key cellular players that mediate pathology in many CNS diseases. Macrophages in the brain consist of the CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) [also referred to as border-associated macrophages (BAMs)] and microglia, both of which are close neighbours or even form direct contacts with endothelial cells in microvessels. Recent progress has revealed that different macrophage populations in the CNS and a subset of brain endothelial cells are derived from the same erythromyeloid progenitor cells. Macrophages and endothelial cells share several common features in their life cycle-from invasion into the CNS early during embryonic development and proliferation in the CNS, to their demise. In adults, microglia and CAMs have been implicated in regulating the patency and diameter of vessels, blood flow, the tightness of the blood-brain barrier, the removal of vascular calcification, and the life-time of brain endothelial cells. Conversely, CNS endothelial cells may affect the polarization and activation state of myeloid populations. The molecular mechanisms governing the pas de deux of brain macrophages and endothelial cells are beginning to be deciphered and will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Denes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cathrin E Hansen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uemit Oezorhan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sara Figuerola
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Munster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Wither MJ, White WL, Pendyala S, Leanza PJ, Fowler DM, Kueh HY. Antigen perception in T cells by long-term Erk and NFAT signaling dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308366120. [PMID: 38113261 PMCID: PMC10756264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308366120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system threat detection hinges on T cells' ability to perceive varying peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens. As the Erk and NFAT pathways link T cell receptor engagement to gene regulation, their signaling dynamics may convey information about pMHC inputs. To test this idea, we developed a dual reporter mouse strain and a quantitative imaging assay that, together, enable simultaneous monitoring of Erk and NFAT dynamics in live T cells over day-long timescales as they respond to varying pMHC inputs. Both pathways initially activate uniformly across various pMHC inputs but diverge only over longer (9+ h) timescales, enabling independent encoding of pMHC affinity and dose. These late signaling dynamics are decoded via multiple temporal and combinatorial mechanisms to generate pMHC-specific transcriptional responses. Our findings underscore the importance of long timescale signaling dynamics in antigen perception and establish a framework for understanding T cell responses under diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wither
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - William L. White
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sriram Pendyala
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Paul J. Leanza
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Douglas M. Fowler
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109
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8
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Wither MJ, White WL, Pendyala S, Leanza PJ, Fowler D, Kueh HY. Antigen perception in T cells by long-term Erk and NFAT signaling dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543260. [PMID: 37333368 PMCID: PMC10274683 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune system threat detection hinges on T cells' ability to perceive varying peptide major-histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens. As the Erk and NFAT pathways link T cell receptor engagement to gene regulation, their signaling dynamics may convey information about pMHC inputs. To test this idea, we developed a dual reporter mouse strain and a quantitative imaging assay that, together, enable simultaneous monitoring of Erk and NFAT dynamics in live T cells over day-long timescales as they respond to varying pMHC inputs. Both pathways initially activate uniformly across various pMHC inputs, but diverge only over longer (9+ hrs) timescales, enabling independent encoding of pMHC affinity and dose. These late signaling dynamics are decoded via multiple temporal and combinatorial mechanisms to generate pMHC-specific transcriptional responses. Our findings underscore the importance of long timescale signaling dynamics in antigen perception, and establish a framework for understanding T cell responses under diverse contexts. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To counter diverse pathogens, T cells mount distinct responses to varying peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands (pMHCs). They perceive the affinity of pMHCs for the T cell receptor (TCR), which reflects its foreignness, as well as pMHC abundance. By tracking signaling responses in single living cells to different pMHCs, we find that T cells can independently perceive pMHC affinity vs dose, and encode this information through the dynamics of Erk and NFAT signaling pathways downstream of the TCR. These dynamics are jointly decoded by gene regulatory mechanisms to produce pMHC-specific activation responses. Our work reveals how T cells can elicit tailored functional responses to diverse threats and how dysregulation of these responses may lead to immune pathologies.
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9
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Aydin S, Pareja J, Schallenberg VM, Klopstein A, Gruber T, Page N, Bouillet E, Blanchard N, Liblau R, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M, Johnson AJ, Schenk M, Deutsch U, Merkler D, Engelhardt B. Antigen recognition detains CD8 + T cells at the blood-brain barrier and contributes to its breakdown. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3106. [PMID: 37253744 PMCID: PMC10229608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells are found in MS lesions, and antigen (Ag) presentation at the BBB has been proposed to promote CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells process and cross-present Ag, leading to effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. Under physiological flow in vitro, endothelial Ag presentation prevented CD8+ T cell crawling and diapedesis resulting in brain endothelial cell apoptosis and BBB breakdown. Brain endothelial Ag presentation in vivo was limited due to Ag uptake by CNS-resident macrophages but still reduced motility of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells within CNS microvessels. MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation at the BBB during neuroinflammation thus prohibits CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS and triggers CD8+ T cell-mediated focal BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pareja
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Robertson TF, Hou Y, Schrope J, Shen S, Rindy J, Sauer JD, Dinh HQ, Huttenlocher A. A tessellated lymphoid network provides whole-body T cell surveillance in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301137120. [PMID: 37155881 PMCID: PMC10193988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301137120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic trafficking to lymph nodes allows T cells to efficiently survey the host for cognate antigen. Nonmammalian jawed vertebrates lack lymph nodes but maintain diverse T cell pools. Here, we exploit in vivo imaging of transparent zebrafish to investigate how T cells organize and survey for antigen in an animal devoid of lymph nodes. We find that naïve-like T cells in zebrafish organize into a previously undescribed whole-body lymphoid network that supports streaming migration and coordinated trafficking through the host. This network has the cellular hallmarks of a mammalian lymph node, including naïve T cells and CCR7-ligand expressing nonhematopoietic cells, and facilitates rapid collective migration. During infection, T cells transition to a random walk that supports antigen-presenting cell interactions and subsequent activation. Our results reveal that T cells can toggle between collective migration and individual random walks to prioritize either large-scale trafficking or antigen search in situ. This lymphoid network thus facilitates whole-body T cell trafficking and antigen surveillance in the absence of a lymph node system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner F. Robertson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Yiran Hou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Jonathan Schrope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53726
| | - Simone Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Julie Rindy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Huy Q. Dinh
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53792
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11
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Robertson TF, Hou Y, Shen S, Rindy J, Sauer JD, Dinh HQ, Huttenlocher A. A tessellated lymphoid network provides whole-body T cell surveillance in zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524414. [PMID: 36711463 PMCID: PMC9882119 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic trafficking to lymph nodes allows T cells to efficiently survey the host for cognate antigen. Non-mammalian jawed vertebrates lack lymph nodes but maintain similarly diverse T cell pools. Here, we exploit in vivo imaging of transparent zebrafish to investigate how T cells organize and survey for antigen in an animal devoid of lymph nodes. We find that naïve-like T cells in zebrafish organize into a previously undescribed whole-body lymphoid network that supports streaming migration and coordinated trafficking through the host. This network has the cellular hallmarks of a mammalian lymph node, including naïve T cells and CCR7-ligand expressing non-hematopoietic cells, and facilitates rapid collective migration. During infection, T cells transition to a random walk that supports antigen presenting cell interactions and subsequent activation. Our results reveal that T cells can toggle between collective migration and individual random walks to prioritize either large-scale trafficking or antigen search in situ . This novel lymphoid network thus facilitates whole-body T cell trafficking and antigen surveillance in the absence of a lymph node system. Significance Statement In mammals, lymph nodes play a critical role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses by providing a dedicated place for T cells to scan antigen-presenting cells. Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish all maintain diverse repertoires of T cells but lack lymph nodes, raising questions about how adaptive immunity functions in lower jawed vertebrates. Here, we describe a novel network of lymphocytes in zebrafish that supports whole-body T cell trafficking and provides a site for antigen search, mirroring the function of mammalian lymph nodes. Within this network, T cells can prioritize large-scale trafficking or antigen scanning by toggling between two distinct modes of migration. This network provides valuable insights into the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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12
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The Flavonoid Naringenin Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis through Curbing the Migration and Polarization of CD4 + T Lymphocyte Driven by Regulating Mitochondrial Fission. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010279. [PMID: 36613721 PMCID: PMC9820519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune disease. Due to local infiltration and damage to the joints, activated CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the progression of RA. However, the exact regulatory mechanisms are perplexing, which makes the effective management of RA frustrating. This study aimed to investigate the effect of mitochondria fission on the polarization and migration of CD4+ T cells as well as the regulatory mechanism of NAR, so as to provide enlightenment on therapeutic targets and novel strategies for the treatment of RA. In this study, a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was established, and rats were randomly given saline or naringenin (NAR, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day, before being euthanized on the 42nd day of primary immunization. The pain-like behavior, articular index scores, account of synovial-infiltrated CD4+ T cells, and inflammatory factors were investigated in each group. In vitro, spleen CD4+ T lymphocytes were derived from each group. In addition, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) or NAR was added to the cell medium containing C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) in order to induce CD4+ T lymphocytes, respectively. The polarization capacity of CD4+ T cells was evaluated through the immunofluorescence intensity of the F-actin and myosin light chain phosphorylated at Ser19 (pMLC S19), and the mitochondrial distribution was determined by co-localization analysis of the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOM20, the mitochondrial marker) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1, the uropod marker). The mitochondrial fission was investigated by detecting dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1) using Western blot and immunofluorescence. This study revealed that high-dose NAR (50 mg/kg, i.p.) alleviated pain-like behavior and articular index scores, reduced the serum level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and accounted for CD4+ T lymphocytes that infiltrated into the synovial membrane of the CIA group. Meanwhile, NAR (50 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed the polarization of spleen CD4+ T lymphocytes, reduced the redistribution of mitochondria in the uropod, and inhibited the expression of Drp1 and Fis1 in the CIA model. Furthermore, the in vitro experiments confirmed that NAR reduced mitochondrial fission, which in turn inhibited the CXCL12-induced polarization and migration of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrated that the flavonoid NAR was a promising drug for the treatment of RA, which could effectively interfere with mitochondrial fission, thus inhibiting the polarization and migration of CD4+ T cells in the synovial membrane.
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13
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Talaat IM, Kim B. A brief glimpse of a tangled web in a small world: Tumor microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002715. [PMID: 36045917 PMCID: PMC9421133 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor is a result of stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. This notion has deepened the understanding of cancer biology and has introduced the era of targeted therapies. On the other hand, there have been a series of attempts of using the immune system to treat tumors, dating back to ancient history, to sporadic reports of inflamed tumors undergoing spontaneous regression. This was succeeded by modern immunotherapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The recent breakthrough has broadened the sight to other players within tumor tissue. Tumor microenvironment is a niche or a system orchestrating reciprocal and dynamic interaction of various types of cells including tumor cells and non-cellular components. The output of this complex communication dictates the functions of the constituent elements present within it. More complicated factors are biochemical and biophysical settings unique to TME. This mini review provides a brief guide on a range of factors to consider in the TME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Byoungkwon Kim
- Department of Pathology, H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Waldman MM, Rahkola JT, Sigler AL, Chung JW, Willett BAS, Kedl RM, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J. Ena/VASP Protein-Mediated Actin Polymerization Contributes to Naïve CD8 + T Cell Activation and Expansion by Promoting T Cell-APC Interactions In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856977. [PMID: 35757762 PMCID: PMC9222560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LNs) occurs upon recognition of cognate antigen presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs). T cell activation requires cytoskeleton rearrangement and sustained interactions with APCs. Enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) proteins are a family of cytoskeletal effector proteins responsible for actin polymerization and are frequently found at the leading edge of motile cells. Ena/VASP proteins have been implicated in motility and adhesion in various cell types, but their role in primary T cell interstitial motility and activation has not been explored. Our goal was to determine the contribution of Ena/VASP proteins to T cell–APC interactions, T cell activation, and T cell expansion in vivo. Our results showed that naïve T cells from Ena/VASP-deficient mice have a significant reduction in antigen-specific T cell accumulation following Listeria monocytogenes infection. The kinetics of T cell expansion impairment were further confirmed in Ena/VASP-deficient T cells stimulated via dendritic cell immunization. To investigate the cause of this T cell expansion defect, we analyzed T cell–APC interactions in vivo by two-photon microscopy and observed fewer Ena/VASP-deficient naïve T cells interacting with APCs in LNs during priming. We also determined that Ena/VASP-deficient T cells formed conjugates with significantly less actin polymerization at the T cell–APC synapse, and that these conjugates were less stable than their WT counterparts. Finally, we found that Ena/VASP-deficient T cells have less LFA-1 polarized to the T cell–APC synapse. Thus, we conclude that Ena/VASP proteins contribute to T cell actin remodeling during T cell–APC interactions, which promotes the initiation of stable T cell conjugates during APC scanning. Therefore, Ena/VASP proteins are required for efficient activation and expansion of T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Waldman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy T Rahkola
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashton L Sigler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Chung
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin A S Willett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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15
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McKenzie B, Khazen R, Valitutti S. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: How Tumor Cells Defend Against the Siege Weapons of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894306. [PMID: 35592329 PMCID: PMC9110820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the main cellular effectors of the adaptive immune response against cancer cells, which in turn have evolved sophisticated cellular defense mechanisms to withstand CTL attack. Herein we provide a critical review of the pertinent literature on early and late attack/defense events taking place at the CTL/target cell lytic synapse. We examine the earliest steps of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity (“the poison arrows”) elicited within seconds of CTL/target cell encounter, which face commensurately rapid synaptic repair mechanisms on the tumor cell side, providing the first formidable barrier to CTL attack. We examine how breach of this first defensive barrier unleashes the inextinguishable “Greek fire” in the form of granzymes whose broad cytotoxic potential is linked to activation of cell death executioners, injury of vital organelles, and destruction of intracellular homeostasis. Herein tumor cells deploy slower but no less sophisticated defensive mechanisms in the form of enhanced autophagy, increased reparative capacity, and dysregulation of cell death pathways. We discuss how the newly discovered supra-molecular attack particles (SMAPs, the “scorpion bombs”), seek to overcome the robust defensive mechanisms that confer tumor cell resistance. Finally, we discuss the implications of the aforementioned attack/defense mechanisms on the induction of regulated cell death (RCD), and how different contemporary RCD modalities (including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis) may have profound implications for immunotherapy. Thus, we propose that understanding and targeting multiple steps of the attack/defense process will be instrumental to enhance the efficacy of CTL anti-tumor activity and meet the outstanding challenges in clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienne McKenzie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxana Khazen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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16
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The interface between biochemical signaling and cell mechanics shapes T lymphocyte migration and activation. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Hu MD, Golovchenko NB, Burns GL, Nair PM, Kelly TJ, Agos J, Irani MZ, Soh WS, Zeglinski MR, Lemenze A, Bonder EM, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Granville DJ, Keely S, Watson AJ, Edelblum KL. γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Facilitate Pathological Epithelial Cell Shedding Via CD103-Mediated Granzyme Release. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:877-889.e7. [PMID: 34861219 PMCID: PMC8881348 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excessive shedding of apoptotic enterocytes into the intestinal lumen is observed in inflammatory bowel disease and is correlated with disease relapse. Based on their cytolytic capacity and surveillance behavior, we investigated whether intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ IELs) are actively involved in the shedding of enterocytes into the lumen. METHODS Intravital microscopy was performed on GFP γδ T cell reporter mice treated with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) for 90 minutes to induce tumor necrosis factor-mediated apoptosis. Cell shedding in various knockout or transgenic mice in the presence or absence of blocking antibody was quantified by immunostaining for ZO-1 funnels and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3). Granzyme A and granzyme B release from ex vivo-stimulated γδ IELs was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunostaining for γδ T cell receptor and CC3 was performed on duodenal and ileal biopsies from controls and patients with Crohn's disease. RESULTS Intravital microscopy of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice revealed that γδ IELs make extended contact with shedding enterocytes. These prolonged interactions require CD103 engagement by E-cadherin, and CD103 knockout or blockade significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced shedding. Furthermore, we found that granzymes A and B, but not perforin, are required for cell shedding. These extracellular granzymes are released by γδ IELs both constitutively and after CD103/E-cadherin ligation. Moreover, we found that the frequency of γδ IEL localization to CC3-positive enterocytes is increased in Crohn's disease biopsies compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover a previously unrecognized role for γδ IELs in facilitating tumor necrosis factor-mediated shedding of apoptotic enterocytes via CD103-mediated extracellular granzyme release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D. Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Natasha B. Golovchenko
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Grace L. Burns
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Prema M. Nair
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Kelly
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jonathan Agos
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mudar Zand Irani
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Wai Sinn Soh
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Zeglinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Edward M. Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University – The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J. Granville
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Simon Keely
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alastair J.M. Watson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gut Biology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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18
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Ma VPY, Hu Y, Kellner AV, Brockman JM, Velusamy A, Blanchard AT, Evavold BD, Alon R, Salaita K. The magnitude of LFA-1/ICAM-1 forces fine-tune TCR-triggered T cell activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabg4485. [PMID: 35213231 PMCID: PMC8880789 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
T cells defend against cancer and viral infections by rapidly scanning the surface of target cells seeking specific peptide antigens. This key process in adaptive immunity is sparked upon T cell receptor (TCR) binding of antigens within cell-cell junctions stabilized by integrin (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) complexes. A long-standing question in this area is whether the forces transmitted through the LFA-1/ICAM-1 complex tune T cell signaling. Here, we use spectrally encoded DNA tension probes to reveal the first maps of LFA-1 and TCR forces generated by the T cell cytoskeleton upon antigen recognition. DNA probes that control the magnitude of LFA-1 force show that F>12 pN potentiates antigen-dependent T cell activation by enhancing T cell-substrate engagement. LFA-1/ICAM-1 mechanical events with F>12 pN also enhance the discriminatory power of the TCR when presented with near cognate antigens. Overall, our results show that T cells integrate multiple channels of mechanical information through different ligand-receptor pairs to tune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anna V. Kellner
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joshua M. Brockman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Arventh Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aaron T. Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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19
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Germain RN, Radtke AJ, Thakur N, Schrom EC, Hor JL, Ichise H, Arroyo-Mejias AJ, Chu CJ, Grant S. Understanding immunity in a tissue-centric context: Combining novel imaging methods and mathematics to extract new insights into function and dysfunction. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:8-24. [PMID: 34918351 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A central question in immunology is what features allow the immune system to respond in a timely manner to a variety of pathogens encountered at unanticipated times and diverse body sites. Two decades of advanced and static dynamic imaging methods have now revealed several major principles facilitating host defense. Suborgan spatial prepositioning of distinct cells promotes time-efficient interactions upon pathogen sensing. Such pre-organization also provides an effective barrier to movement of pathogens from parenchymal tissues into the blood circulation. Various molecular mechanisms maintain effective intercellular communication among otherwise rapidly moving cells. These and related discoveries have benefited from recent increases in the number of parameters that can be measured simultaneously in a single tissue section and the extension of such multiplex analyses to 3D tissue volumes. The application of new computational methods to such imaging data has provided a quantitative, in vivo context for cell trafficking and signaling pathways traditionally explored in vitro or with dissociated cell preparations. Here, we summarize our efforts to devise and employ diverse imaging tools to probe immune system organization and function, concluding with a commentary on future developments, which we believe will reveal even more about how the immune system operates in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea J Radtke
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nishant Thakur
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward C Schrom
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ichise
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Armando J Arroyo-Mejias
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Colin J Chu
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Spencer Grant
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Puech PH, Bongrand P. Mechanotransduction as a major driver of cell behaviour: mechanisms, and relevance to cell organization and future research. Open Biol 2021; 11:210256. [PMID: 34753321 PMCID: PMC8586914 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How do cells process environmental cues to make decisions? This simple question is still generating much experimental and theoretical work, at the border of physics, chemistry and biology, with strong implications in medicine. The purpose of mechanobiology is to understand how biochemical and physical cues are turned into signals through mechanotransduction. Here, we review recent evidence showing that (i) mechanotransduction plays a major role in triggering signalling cascades following cell-neighbourhood interaction; (ii) the cell capacity to continually generate forces, and biomolecule properties to undergo conformational changes in response to piconewton forces, provide a molecular basis for understanding mechanotransduction; and (iii) mechanotransduction shapes the guidance cues retrieved by living cells and the information flow they generate. This includes the temporal and spatial properties of intracellular signalling cascades. In conclusion, it is suggested that the described concepts may provide guidelines to define experimentally accessible parameters to describe cell structure and dynamics, as a prerequisite to take advantage of recent progress in high-throughput data gathering, computer simulation and artificial intelligence, in order to build a workable, hopefully predictive, account of cell signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Puech
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bongrand
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
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21
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Kantari-Mimoun C, Barrin S, Vimeux L, Haghiri S, Gervais C, Joaquina S, Mittelstaet J, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Kinkhabwala A, Damotte D, Lupo A, Sibony M, Alifano M, Dondi E, Bercovici N, Trautmann A, Kaiser AD, Donnadieu E. CAR T-cell Entry into Tumor Islets Is a Two-Step Process Dependent on IFNγ and ICAM-1. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1425-1438. [PMID: 34686489 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has shown remarkable clinical efficacy against advanced B-cell malignancies but not yet against solid tumors. Here, we used fluorescent imaging microscopy and ex vivo assays to compare the early functional responses (migration, Ca2+, and cytotoxicity) of CD20 and EGFR CAR T cells upon contact with malignant B cells and carcinoma cells. Our results indicated that CD20 CAR T cells rapidly form productive ICAM-1-dependent conjugates with their targets. By comparison, EGFR CAR T cells only initially interacted with a subset of carcinoma cells located at the periphery of tumor islets. After this initial peripheral activation, EGFR CAR T cells progressively relocated to the center of tumor cell regions. The analysis of this two-step entry process showed that activated CAR T cells triggered the upregulation of ICAM-1 on tumor cells in an IFNγ-dependent pathway. The ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction interference, through antibody or shRNA blockade, prevented CAR T-cell enrichment in tumor islets. The requirement for IFNγ and ICAM-1 to enable CAR T-cell entry into tumor islets is of significance for improving CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazade Kantari-Mimoun
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Barrin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Haghiri
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gervais
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Diane Damotte
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lupo
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Sibony
- Department of Pathology, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Dondi
- INSERM, UMR 978, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Inflamex, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadège Bercovici
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France. .,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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22
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Mastrogiovanni M, Di Bartolo V, Alcover A. Cell Polarity Regulators, Multifunctional Organizers of Lymphocyte Activation and Function. Biomed J 2021; 45:299-309. [PMID: 34626864 PMCID: PMC9250085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity regulators are ubiquitous, evolutionary conserved multifunctional proteins. They contain a variety of protein–protein interaction domains endowing them the capacity to interact with cytoskeleton structures, membrane components and multiple regulatory proteins. In this way, they act in complexes and are pivotal for cell growth and differentiation, tissue formation, stability and turnover, cell migration, wound healing, and others. Hence some of these proteins are tumor suppressors. These cellular processes rely on the establishment of cell polarity characterized by the asymmetric localization of proteins, RNAs, membrane domains, or organelles that together condition cell shape and function. Whether apparently stable, as in epithelia or neurons, or very dynamic, as in immune cells, cell polarity is an active process. It involves cytoskeleton reorganization and targeted intracellular traffic, and results in cellular events such as protein synthesis, secretion and assembly taking place at defined cell poles. Multiple polarity regulators orchestrate these processes. Immune cells are particularly versatile in rapidly polarizing and assuming different shapes, so to swiftly adopt specialized behaviors and functions. Polarity regulators act in various ways in different immune cell types and at their distinct differentiation states. Here we review how cell polarity regulators control different processes and functions along T lymphocyte physiology, including cell migration through different tissues, immunological synapse formation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-U1224. F-75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris. France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-U1224. F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-U1224. F-75015 Paris, France.
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23
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Leithner A, Altenburger LM, Hauschild R, Assen FP, Rottner K, Stradal TEB, Diz-Muñoz A, Stein JV, Sixt M. Dendritic cell actin dynamics control contact duration and priming efficiency at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211749. [PMID: 33533935 PMCID: PMC7863705 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the priming of naive T cells and the initiation of adaptive immunity. Priming is initiated at a heterologous cell–cell contact, the immunological synapse (IS). While it is established that F-actin dynamics regulates signaling at the T cell side of the contact, little is known about the cytoskeletal contribution on the DC side. Here, we show that the DC actin cytoskeleton is decisive for the formation of a multifocal synaptic structure, which correlates with T cell priming efficiency. DC actin at the IS appears in transient foci that are dynamized by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). The absence of the WRC in DCs leads to stabilized contacts with T cells, caused by an increase in ICAM1-integrin–mediated cell–cell adhesion. This results in lower numbers of activated and proliferating T cells, demonstrating an important role for DC actin in the regulation of immune synapse functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leithner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Frank P Assen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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24
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Liu W, Guo Y, Liu Y, Sun J, Yin X. Calcium-Sensing Receptor of Immune Cells and Diseases. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which was initially found in the parathyroid gland, is ubiquitously expressed and exerts specific functions in multiple cells, including immune cells. CaSR is functionally expressed on neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and T lymphocytes, but not B
lymphocytes, and regulates cell functions, such as cytokine secretion, chemotaxis, phenotype switching, and ligand delivery. In these immune cells, CaSR is involved in the development of many diseases, such as sepsis, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, rheumatism, myocardial infarction,
diabetes, and peripheral artery disease. Since its discovery, it has been controversial whether CaSR is expressed and plays a role in immune cells. This article reviews current knowledge of the role of CaSR in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yutong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
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25
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Melssen MM, Lindsay RS, Stasiak K, Rodriguez AB, Briegel AM, Cyranowski S, Rutkowski MR, Conaway MR, Melief CJM, van der Burg SH, Eyo U, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH. Differential Expression of CD49a and CD49b Determines Localization and Function of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:583-597. [PMID: 33619119 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell infiltration and effector activity in tumors are correlated with better overall survival of patients, suggesting that the ability of T cells to enter and remain in contact with tumor cells supports tumor control. CD8+ T cells express the collagen-binding integrins CD49a and CD49b, but little is known about their function or how their expression is regulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we found that tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells initially expressed CD49b, gained CD49a, and then lost CD49b over the course of tumor outgrowth. This differentiation sequence was driven by antigen-independent elements in the TME, although T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation further increased CD49a expression. Expression of exhaustion markers and CD49a associated temporally but not mechanistically. Intratumoral CD49a-expressing CD8+ T cells failed to upregulate TCR-dependent Nur77 expression, whereas CD69 was constitutively expressed, consistent with both a lack of productive antigen engagement and a tissue-resident memory-like phenotype. Imaging T cells in live tumor slices revealed that CD49a increased their motility, especially of those in close proximity to tumor cells, suggesting that it may interfere with T-cell recognition of tumor cells by distracting them from productive engagement, although we were not able to augment productive engagement by short-term CD49a blockade. CD49b also promoted relocalization of T cells at a greater distance from tumor cells. Thus, our results demonstrate that expression of these integrins affects T-cell trafficking and localization in tumors via distinct mechanisms, and suggests a new way in which the TME, and likely collagen, could promote tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin S Lindsay
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Katarzyna Stasiak
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Anthony B Rodriguez
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amanda M Briegel
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,ISA Pharmaceutical, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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26
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Serine 165 phosphorylation of SHARPIN regulates the activation of NF-κB. iScience 2021; 24:101939. [PMID: 33392484 PMCID: PMC7773595 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor SHARPIN composes, together with the E3 ligases HOIP and HOIL1, the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). This enzymatic complex catalyzes and stamps atypical linear ubiquitin chains onto substrates to modify their fate and has been linked to the regulation of the NF-κB pathway downstream of most immunoreceptors, inflammation, and cell death. However, how this signaling complex is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we report that a portion of SHARPIN is constitutively phosphorylated on the serine at position 165 in lymphoblastoid cells and can be further induced following T cell receptor stimulation. Analysis of a phosphorylation-resistant mutant of SHARPIN revealed that this mark controls the linear ubiquitination of the NF-κB regulator NEMO and allows the optimal activation of NF-κB in response to TNFα. These results identify an additional layer of regulation of the LUBAC and unveil potential strategies to modulate its action. Part of SHARPIN is constitutively phosphorylated on S165 in lymphoblastoid cells SHARPIN S165 phosphorylation governs TNFα-mediated linear ubiquitination of NEMO Mutation of S165 hinders NF-κB activation
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27
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Miskolci V, Klemm LC, Huttenlocher A. Cell Migration Guided by Cell-Cell Contacts in Innate Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:86-94. [PMID: 33281034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The directed migration of leukocytes to sites of damage or infection is necessary for a productive immune response. There is substantial evidence supporting a key role for chemoattractants in directed migration, however, less is known about how cell-cell contacts affect the migratory behavior of leukocytes in innate immunity. Here, we explore how cell-cell contacts can affect the directed migration of innate immune cells, including their role in attracting, repelling, or stopping cell motility. Further investigation of cell contact dynamics as guidance cues may yield new insights into the regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucas C Klemm
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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28
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Sanz-Ortega L, Rojas JM, Barber DF. Improving Tumor Retention of Effector Cells in Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapies by Magnetic Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E812. [PMID: 32867162 PMCID: PMC7557387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer therapy is a promising anti-tumor immunotherapy in which effector immune cells are transferred to patients to treat tumors. However, one of its main limitations is the inefficient trafficking of inoculated effector cells to the tumor site and the small percentage of effector cells that remain activated when reaching the tumor. Multiple strategies have been attempted to improve the entry of effector cells into the tumor environment, often based on tumor types. It would be, however, interesting to develop a more general approach, to improve and facilitate the migration of specific activated effector lymphoid cells to any tumor type. We and others have recently demonstrated the potential for adoptive cell transfer therapy of the combined use of magnetic nanoparticle-loaded lymphoid effector cells together with the application of an external magnetic field to promote the accumulation and retention of lymphoid cells in specific body locations. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the recent findings in the field of magnetic accumulation and retention of effector cells in tumors after adoptive transfer, and to discuss the possibility of using this approach for tumor targeting with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz-Ortega
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - José Manuel Rojas
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA)-INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Jerison ER, Quake SR. Heterogeneous T cell motility behaviors emerge from a coupling between speed and turning in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:53933. [PMID: 32427565 PMCID: PMC7237209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells in vivo migrate primarily via undirected random walks, but it remains unresolved how these random walks generate an efficient search. Here, we use light sheet microscopy of T cells in the larval zebrafish as a model system to study motility across large populations of cells over hours in their native context. We show that cells do not perform Levy flight; rather, there is substantial cell-to-cell variability in speed, which persists over timespans of a few hours. This variability is amplified by a correlation between speed and directional persistence, generating a characteristic cell behavioral manifold that is preserved under a perturbation to cell speeds, and seen in Mouse T cells and Dictyostelium. Together, these effects generate a broad range of length scales over which cells explore in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
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30
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Chabaud M, Paillon N, Gaus K, Hivroz C. Mechanobiology of antigen‐induced T cell arrest. Biol Cell 2020; 112:196-212. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chabaud
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
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31
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Borsa M, Barnstorf I, Baumann NS, Pallmer K, Yermanos A, Gräbnitz F, Barandun N, Hausmann A, Sandu I, Barral Y, Oxenius A. Modulation of asymmetric cell division as a mechanism to boost CD8 + T cell memory. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/34/eaav1730. [PMID: 30979796 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric partitioning of fate determinants is a mechanism that contributes to T cell differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether the ability of T cells to divide asymmetrically is influenced by their differentiation state, as well as whether enforcing asymmetric cell division (ACD) rates would have an impact on T cell differentiation and memory formation. Using the murine LCMV infection model, we established a correlation between cell stemness and the ability of CD8+ T cells to undergo ACD. Transient mTOR inhibition was proven to increase ACD rates in naïve and memory cells and to install this ability in exhausted CD8+ T cells. Functionally, enforced ACD correlated with increased memory potential, leading to more efficient recall response and viral control upon acute or chronic LCMV infection. Moreover, transient mTOR inhibition also increased ACD rates in human CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional profiling revealed that progenies emerging from enforced ACD exhibited more pronounced early memory signatures, which functionally endowed these cells with better survival in the absence of antigen exposure and more robust homing to secondary lymphoid organs, providing critical access to survival niches. Our data provide important insights into how ACD can improve long-term survival and function of T cells and open new perspectives for vaccination and adoptive T cell transfer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Gräbnitz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niculò Barandun
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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32
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Moreau HD, Lennon-Duménil AM, Pierobon P. “If you please… draw me a cell”. Insights from immune cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs244806. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Studies in recent years have shed light on the particular features of cytoskeleton dynamics in immune cells, challenging the classical picture drawn from typical adherent cell lines. New mechanisms linking the dynamics of the membrane–cytoskeleton interface to the mechanical properties of immune cells have been uncovered and shown to be essential for immune surveillance functions. In this Essay, we discuss these features, and propose immune cells as a new playground for cell biologists who try to understand how cells adapt to different microenvironments to fulfil their functions efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D. Moreau
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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Kumari S, Mak M, Poh YC, Tohme M, Watson N, Melo M, Janssen E, Dustin M, Geha R, Irvine DJ. Cytoskeletal tension actively sustains the migratory T-cell synaptic contact. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102783. [PMID: 31894880 PMCID: PMC7049817 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When migratory T cells encounter antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they arrest and form radially symmetric, stable intercellular junctions termed immunological synapses which facilitate exchange of crucial biochemical information and are critical for T-cell immunity. While the cellular processes underlying synapse formation have been well characterized, those that maintain the symmetry, and thereby the stability of the synapse, remain unknown. Here we identify an antigen-triggered mechanism that actively promotes T-cell synapse symmetry by generating cytoskeletal tension in the plane of the synapse through focal nucleation of actin via Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and contraction of the resultant actin filaments by myosin II. Following T-cell activation, WASP is degraded, leading to cytoskeletal unraveling and tension decay, which result in synapse breaking. Thus, our study identifies and characterizes a mechanical program within otherwise highly motile T cells that sustains the symmetry and stability of the T cell-APC synaptic contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kumari
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT and MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Mak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yeh-Chuin Poh
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mira Tohme
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicki Watson
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariane Melo
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT and MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raif Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT and MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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34
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Zutshi S, Kumar S, Chauhan P, Bansode Y, Nair A, Roy S, Sarkar A, Saha B. Anti-Leishmanial Vaccines: Assumptions, Approaches, and Annulments. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040156. [PMID: 31635276 PMCID: PMC6963565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected protozoan parasitic disease that occurs in 88 countries but a vaccine is unavailable. Vaccination with live, killed, attenuated (physically or genetically) Leishmania have met with limited success, while peptide-, protein-, or DNA-based vaccines showed promise only in animal models. Here, we critically assess several technical issues in vaccination and expectation of a host-protective immune response. Several studies showed that antigen presentation during priming and triggering of the same cells in infected condition are not comparable. Altered proteolytic processing, antigen presentation, protease-susceptible sites, and intracellular expression of pathogenic proteins during Leishmania infection may vary dominant epitope selection, MHC-II/peptide affinity, and may deter the reactivation of desired antigen-specific T cells generated during priming. The robustness of the memory T cells and their functions remains a concern. Presentation of the antigens by Leishmania-infected macrophages to antigen-specific memory T cells may lead to change in the T cells' functional phenotype or anergy or apoptosis. Although cells may be activated, the peptides generated during infection may be different and cross-reactive to the priming peptides. Such altered peptide ligands may lead to suppression of otherwise active antigen-specific T cells. We critically assess these different immunological issues that led to the non-availability of a vaccine for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Yashwant Bansode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, India.
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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36
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Ernst JD, Cornelius A, Desvignes L, Tavs J, Norris BA. Limited Antimycobacterial Efficacy of Epitope Peptide Administration Despite Enhanced Antigen-Specific CD4 T-Cell Activation. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1653-1662. [PMID: 29548008 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with inconsistent and incomplete elimination of the bacteria, despite development of antigen-specific T-cell responses. One mechanism used by M tuberculosis is to limit availability of antigen for activation of CD4 T cells. Methods We examined the utility of systemic administration of epitope peptides to activate pre-existing T cells in mice infected with M tuberculosis. Results We found that systemic peptide administration (1) selectively activates T cells specific for the epitope peptide, (2) loads major histocompatibility complex class II on lung macrophages and dendritic cells, (3) activates CD4 T cells in the lung parenchyma, (4) and has little antimycobacterial activity. Conclusions Further studies revealed that CD4 T cells in lung lesions are distant from the infected cells, suggesting that, even if they can be activated, the positioning of CD4 T cells and their direct interactions with infected cells may be limiting determinants of immunity in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Ernst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York.,Departments of Pathology University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jacqueline Tavs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Brian A Norris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
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Manaster Y, Shipony Z, Hutzler A, Kolesnikov M, Avivi C, Shalmon B, Barshack I, Besser MJ, Feferman T, Shakhar G. Reduced CTL motility and activity in avascular tumor areas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1287-1301. [PMID: 31253998 PMCID: PMC11028152 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patchy infiltration of tumors by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) predicts poorer prognosis for cancer patients. The factors limiting intratumoral CTL dissemination, though, are poorly understood. To study CTL dissemination in tumors, we histologically examined human melanoma samples and used mice to image B16-OVA tumors infiltrated by OT-I CTLs using intravital two-photon microscopy. In patients, most CTLs concentrated around peripheral blood vessels, especially in poorly infiltrated tumors. In mice, OT-I CTLs had to cluster around tumor cells to efficiently kill them in a contact-and perforin-dependent manner and cytotoxicity was strictly antigen-specific. OT-I CTLs as well as non-specific CTLs concentrated around peripheral vessels, and cleared the tumor cells around them. This was also the case when CTLs were injected directly into the tumors. CTLs crawled rapidly only in areas within 50 µm of flowing blood vessels and transient occlusion of vessels immediately, though reversibly, stopped their migration. In vitro, oxygen depletion and blockade of oxidative phosphorylation also reduced CTL motility. Taken together, these results suggest that hypoxia limits CTL migration away from blood vessels, providing immune-privileged niches for tumor cells to survive. Normalizing intratumoral vasculature may thus synergize with tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Manaster
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zohar Shipony
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Hutzler
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Kolesnikov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Camila Avivi
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Bruria Shalmon
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Human Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, 35 Klachkin st, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Feferman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Guy Shakhar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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38
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Mayya V, Judokusumo E, Abu Shah E, Peel CG, Neiswanger W, Depoil D, Blair DA, Wiggins CH, Kam LC, Dustin ML. Durable Interactions of T Cells with T Cell Receptor Stimuli in the Absence of a Stable Immunological Synapse. Cell Rep 2019; 22:340-349. [PMID: 29320731 PMCID: PMC5775504 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engage in two modes of interaction with antigen-presenting surfaces: stable synapses and motile kinapses. Although it is surmised that durable interactions of T cells with antigen-presenting cells involve synapses, in situ 3D imaging cannot resolve the mode of interaction. We have established in vitro 2D platforms and quantitative metrics to determine cell-intrinsic modes of interaction when T cells are faced with spatially continuous or restricted stimulation. All major resting human T cell subsets, except memory CD8 T cells, spend more time in the kinapse mode on continuous stimulatory surfaces. Surprisingly, we did not observe any concordant relationship between the mode and durability of interaction on cell-sized stimulatory spots. Naive CD8 T cells maintain kinapses for more than 3 hr before leaving stimulatory spots, whereas their memory counterparts maintain synapses for only an hour before leaving. Thus, durable interactions do not require stable synapses. Naive T cells spend more time in the motile kinapse state Only human memory CD8 T cells spend more time in the stable synapse state Kinapses do not reduce durability of interaction with cell-sized stimulatory spots Spatial restriction of TCR stimulation does not force formation of a synapse
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Edward Judokusumo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Enas Abu Shah
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Christopher G Peel
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Willie Neiswanger
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Depoil
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - David A Blair
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chris H Wiggins
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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39
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Castro-Sánchez P, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gómez S, Ramirez-Munoz R, Roda-Navarro P. Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Signaling and Immunological Synapse by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31297117 PMCID: PMC6607956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is mediated by the formation of a long-lasting interaction established between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) called immunological synapse (IS). During T cell activation, different signaling molecules as well as the cytoskeleton and the endosomal compartment are polarized to the IS. This molecular dynamics is tightly regulated by phosphorylation networks, which are controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). While some PTPs are known to be important regulators of adhesion, ligand discrimination or the stimulation threshold, there is still little information about the regulatory role of PTPs in cytoskeleton rearrangements and endosomal compartment dynamics. Besides, spatial and temporal regulation of PTPs and substrates at the IS is only barely known. Consistent with an important role of PTPs in T cell activation, multiple mutations as well as altered expression levels or dynamic behaviors have been associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the precise mechanism for the regulation of T cell activation and effector function by PTPs in health and autoimmunity is not fully understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the regulatory role of PTPs in CD4+ T cell activation, IS assembly and effector function. The potential molecular mechanisms mediating the action of these enzymes in autoimmune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
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40
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Glatzová D, Cebecauer M. Dual Role of CD4 in Peripheral T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:618. [PMID: 31001252 PMCID: PMC6454155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of T-cell receptors (TCRs) with self- and non-self-peptides in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) stimulates crucial signaling events, which in turn can activate T lymphocytes. A variety of accessory molecules further modulate T-cell signaling. Of these, the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors make the most critical contributions to T cell sensitivity in vivo. Whereas, CD4 function in T cell development is well-characterized, its role in peripheral T cells remains incompletely understood. It was originally suggested that CD4 stabilizes weak interactions between TCRs and peptides in the MHC and delivers Lck kinases to that complex. The results of numerous experiments support the latter role, indicating that the CD4-Lck complex accelerates TCR-triggered signaling and controls the availability of the kinase for TCR in the absence of the ligand. On the other hand, extremely low affinity of CD4 for MHC rules out its ability to stabilize the receptor-ligand complex. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CD4 in T cells, with a special emphasis on the spatio-temporal organization of early signaling events and the relevance for CD4 function. We further highlight the capacity of CD4 to interact with the MHC in the absence of TCR. It drives the adhesion of T cells to the cells that express the MHC. This process is facilitated by the CD4 accumulation in the tips of microvilli on the surface of unstimulated T cells. Based on these observations, we suggest an alternative model of CD4 role in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Glatzová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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41
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Thompson EA, Mitchell JS, Beura LK, Torres DJ, Mrass P, Pierson MJ, Cannon JL, Masopust D, Fife BT, Vezys V. Interstitial Migration of CD8αβ T Cells in the Small Intestine Is Dynamic and Is Dictated by Environmental Cues. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2859-2867.e4. [PMID: 30865878 PMCID: PMC6754515 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The migratory capacity of adaptive CD8αβ T cells dictates their ability to locate target cells and exert cytotoxicity, which is the basis of immune surveillance for the containment of microbes and disease. The small intestine (SI) is the largest mucosal surface and is a primary site of pathogen entrance. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we found that motility of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8αβ T cells in the SI is dynamic and varies with the environmental milieu. Pathogen-specific CD8αβ T cell movement differed throughout infection, becoming locally confined at memory. Motility was not dependent on CD103 but was influenced by micro-anatomical locations within the SI and by inflammation. CD8 T cells responding to self-protein were initially affected by the presence of self-Ag, but this was altered after complete tolerance induction. These studies identify multiple factors that affect CD8αβ T cell movement in the intestinal mucosa and show the adaptability of CD8αβ T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David J Torres
- Department of Mathematics and Physical Science, Northern New Mexico College, Espanola, NM 87532, USA
| | - Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mark J Pierson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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42
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A Protocol to Study T-Cell Signaling in an Immune Synapse by Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30610606 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9036-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The immune synapse is a complex cellular structure that enables cell-cell communications between immune cells, mainly at the interface of an effector T-cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) that expresses the appropriate peptide-MHC complexes. With progressive technological advances, there has been increasing interest in understanding molecular events that take place in motile T-lymphocytes at the immune synapse. Here, we provide an optimized method to induce the formation of an immune synapse between a T-cell and an APC in vitro. The experimental protocol described herein would be useful in characterizing the role of cell surface molecules and downstream signaling pathways in the context of cell-to-cell communications between T-cells and APCs.
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43
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Live-Cell FRET Imaging Reveals a Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activity Dynamics in Thymocyte Motility. iScience 2018; 10:98-113. [PMID: 30508722 PMCID: PMC6277225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) plays critical roles in T cell development in the thymus. Nevertheless, the dynamics of ERK activity and the role of ERK in regulating thymocyte motility remain largely unknown due to technical limitations. To visualize ERK activity in thymocytes, we here developed knockin reporter mice expressing a Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensor for ERK from the ROSA26 locus. Live imaging of thymocytes isolated from the reporter mice revealed that ERK regulates thymocyte motility in a subtype-specific manner. Negative correlation between ERK activity and motility was observed in CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes and CD8 single-positive thymocytes, but not in CD4 single-positive thymocytes. Interestingly, however, the temporal deviations of ERK activity from the average correlate with the motility of CD4 single-positive thymocytes. Thus, live-cell FRET imaging will open a window to understanding the dynamic nature and the diverse functions of ERK signaling in T cell biology. Mice expressing EKAREV from ROSA26 locus enable ERK activity monitoring in T cells ERK activity negatively regulates the motility of thymocytes in the thymus Temporal dynamics of ERK activity regulates cell motility of CD4-SP in the medulla TCR signal from intercellular association induces ERK activity dynamics in CD4-SP
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44
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Perforin inhibition protects from lethal endothelial damage during fulminant viral hepatitis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4805. [PMID: 30442932 PMCID: PMC6237769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells protect the liver against viral infection, but can also cause severe liver damage that may even lead to organ failure. Given the lack of mechanistic insights and specific treatment options in patients with acute fulminant hepatitis, we develop a mouse model reflecting a severe acute virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated hepatitis. Here we show that antigen-specific CD8 T cells induce liver damage in a perforin-dependent manner, yet liver failure is not caused by effector responses targeting virus-infected hepatocytes alone. Additionally, CD8 T cell mediated elimination of cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells causes endothelial damage that leads to a dramatically impaired sinusoidal perfusion and indirectly to hepatocyte death. With the identification of perforin-mediated killing as a critical pathophysiologic mechanism of liver failure and the protective function of a new class of perforin inhibitor, our study opens new potential therapeutic angles for fulminant viral hepatitis. CD8 T cells can protect the liver from viral infection, but can also result in severe liver damage and organ failure. Here, the authors develop a mouse model reflecting fulminant CD8 T cell mediated viral hepatitis, which occurs in a perforin-dependent manner that is protected by the use of perforin inhibitors.
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45
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Martín-Cófreces NB, Vicente-Manzanares M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Adhesive Interactions Delineate the Topography of the Immune Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:149. [PMID: 30425987 PMCID: PMC6218456 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells form adhesive contacts with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as part of the normal surveillance process that occurs in lymph nodes and other tissues. Most of these adhesive interactions are formed by integrins that interact with ligands expressed on the surface of the APC. The interactive strength of integrins depends on their degree of membrane proximity as well as intracellular signals that dictate the conformation of the integrin. Integrins appear in different conformations that endow them with different affinities for their ligand(s). Integrin conformation and thus adhesive strength between the T cell and the APC is tuned by intracellular signals that are turned on by ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) and chemokine receptors. During the different stages of the process, integrins, the TCR and chemokine receptors may be interconnected by the actin cytoskeleton underneath the plasma membrane, forming a chemical and physical network that facilitates the spatiotemporal dynamics, positioning, and function of these receptors and supports cell-cell adhesion during T cell activation, allowing it to perform its effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Beatriz Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CIC-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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Burbage M, Keppler SJ. Shaping the humoral immune response: Actin regulators modulate antigen presentation and influence B-T interactions. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:370-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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47
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Papa I, Vinuesa CG. Synaptic Interactions in Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1858. [PMID: 30150988 PMCID: PMC6099157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a complex, highly dynamic microanatomical niche that allows the generation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B cells. These cells constitute the basis of long-lived highly protective antibody responses. For affinity maturation to occur, B cells undergo multiple rounds of proliferation and mutation of the genes that encode the immunoglobulin V region followed by selection by specialized T cells called follicular helper T (TFH) cells. In order to achieve this result, the GC requires spatially and temporally coordinated interactions between the different cell types, including B and T lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells. Cognate interactions between TFH and GC B cells resemble cellular connections and synaptic communication within the nervous system, which allow signals to be transduced rapidly and effectively across the synaptic cleft. Such immunological synapses are particularly critical in the GC where the speed of T–B cell interactions is faster and their duration shorter than at other sites. In addition, the antigen-based specificity of cognate interactions in GCs is critical for affinity-based selection in which B cells compete for T cell help so that rapid modulation of the signaling threshold determines the outcome of the interaction. In the context of GCs, which contain large numbers of cells in a highly compacted structure, focused delivery of signals across the interacting cells becomes particularly important. Promiscuous or bystander delivery of positive selection signals could potentially lead to the appearance of long-lived self-reactive B cell clones. Cytokines, cytotoxic granules, and more recently neurotransmitters have been shown to be transferred from TFH to B cells upon cognate interactions. This review describes the current knowledge on immunological synapses occurring during GC responses including the type of granules, their content, and function in TFH-mediated help to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Papa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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48
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Park SM, Kim H, Song KH, Eom S, Park H, Doh J, Kim DS. Ultra-thin, aligned, free-standing nanofiber membranes to recapitulate multi-layered blood vessel/tissue interface for leukocyte infiltration study. Biomaterials 2018; 169:22-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Finetti F, Baldari CT. The immunological synapse as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:118-133. [PMID: 29898412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cell mediated immunity relies on the assembly of a highly specialized interface between T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC), known as the immunological synapse (IS). IS assembly is triggered when the T cell receptor (TCR) binds to specific peptide antigen presented in association to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by the APC, and is followed by the spatiotemporal dynamic redistribution of TCR, integrins, co-stimulatory receptors and signaling molecules, allowing for the fine-tuning and integration of the signals that lead to T cell activation. The knowledge acquired to date about the mechanisms of IS assembly underscores this structure as a robust pharmacological target. The activity of molecules involved in IS assembly and function can be targeted by specific compounds to modulate the immune response in a number of disorders, including cancers and autoimmune diseases, or in transplanted patients. Here, we will review the state-of-the art of the current therapies which exploit the IS to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
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50
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Dong TX, Othy S, Greenberg ML, Jairaman A, Akunwafo C, Leverrier S, Yu Y, Parker I, Dynes JL, Cahalan MD. Intermittent Ca 2+ signals mediated by Orai1 regulate basal T cell motility. eLife 2017; 6:27827. [PMID: 29239723 PMCID: PMC5747518 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ influx through Orai1 channels is crucial for several T cell functions, but a role in regulating basal cellular motility has not been described. Here, we show that inhibition of Orai1 channel activity increases average cell velocities by reducing the frequency of pauses in human T cells migrating through confined spaces, even in the absence of extrinsic cell contacts or antigen recognition. Utilizing a novel ratiometric genetically encoded cytosolic Ca2+ indicator, Salsa6f, which permits real-time monitoring of cytosolic Ca2+ along with cell motility, we show that spontaneous pauses during T cell motility in vitro and in vivo coincide with episodes of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling. Furthermore, lymph node T cells exhibited two types of spontaneous Ca2+ transients: short-duration 'sparkles' and longer duration global signals. Our results demonstrate that spontaneous and self-peptide MHC-dependent activation of Orai1 ensures random walk behavior in T cells to optimize immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias X Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Milton L Greenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Amit Jairaman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Chijioke Akunwafo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Sabrina Leverrier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Joseph L Dynes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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