1
|
Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hasanzadeh M, Ahmadpour E, Mahami-Oskouei M, Musavi S, Parsaei M, Sarafraz N, Spotin A. Genetic diversity and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in COVID‑19 patients; a first case-control study in Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:42. [PMID: 38172676 PMCID: PMC10763165 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is a serious or life-threatening disease in immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women. This study examined the likely association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and COVID-19 patients with moderate illness. METHODS Seventy blood samples were collected from patients at the Health Reference Laboratory of Tabriz, Northwest Iran from April 2021 to September 2021. In addition, 70 healthy subjects of the same age (37 ± 15 years) and sex distribution were ethnically matched. Sera samples were examined for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies using ELISA. Nested-PCR targets were amplified based on the B1 and GRA6 genes. GRA6 amplicons were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis based on IgG titer was 35.7% in the COVID‑19 patients and 27.1% in the control group, representing not to be associated with the Toxoplasma seropositivity in COVID‑19 patients (P = 0.18) compared to healthy subjects. Anti-T. gondii IgM was not found in any of the patients and healthy individuals. According to PCR amplification of the B1 and GRA6 genes, the frequency of T. gondii in COVID-19 patients was 14.2% (10/70). However, no T. gondii infection was detected in the healthy group. The CD4+T cell count was relatively lower in toxoplasmosis-infected patients (430-450 cells/mm3) than in control group (500-1500 cells/mm3). High genetic diversity (Hd: 0.710) of the type I strain of T. gondii was characterized in the patients. Present results showed that consumption of raw vegetables and close contact with stray cats can increase the transmission of T. gondii to COVID-19 patients (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that T. gondii type I infection is unequivocally circulating among the COVID-19 patients in Tabriz; However, no significant association was observed between the occurrence of Toxoplasma and the severity of COVID-19. To make more accurate health decisions, multicenter investigations with a larger sample size of different ethnic groups of the Iranian population are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hasanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Musavi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of medical science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Parsaei
- Vice chancellor for health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Sarafraz
- Vice chancellor for health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barroso P, Acevedo P, Risalde MA, García-Bocanegra I, Montoro V, Martínez-Padilla AB, Torres MJ, Soriguer RC, Vicente J. Co-exposure to pathogens in wild ungulates from Doñana National Park, South Spain. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:14-28. [PMID: 36608374 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple infections or co-exposure to pathogens should be considered systematically in wildlife to better understand the ecology and evolution of host-pathogen relationships, so as to better determine the potential use of multiple pathogens as indicators to guide health management. We describe the pattern of co-exposure to several pathogens (i.e. simultaneous positive diagnosis to pathogens in an individual considering Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lesions, and the presence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, bluetongue virus, and hepatitis E virus) and assessed their main drivers in the wild ungulate community from Doñana National Park (red deer, fallow deer, and wild boar) for a 13-years longitudinal study. The lower-than-expected frequency of co-exposure registered in all species was consistent with non-mutually exclusive hypotheses (e.g. antagonism or disease-related mortality), which requires further investigation. The habitat generalist species (red deer and wild boar) were exposed to a greater diversity of pathogens (frequency of co-exposure around 50%) and/or risk factors than fallow deer (25.0% ± CI95% 4.9). Positive relationships between pathogens were evidenced, which may be explained by common risk factors favouring exposure. The specific combination of pathogens in individuals was mainly driven by different groups of factors (individual, environmental, stochastic, and populational), as well as its interaction, defining a complex eco-epidemiological landscape. To deepen into the main determinants and consequences of co-infections in a complex assemblage of wild hosts, and at the interface with humans and livestock, there also is needed to expand the range of pathogens and compare diverse assemblages of hosts under different environmental and management circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Barroso
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ). Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ). Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vidal Montoro
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - María J Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Ramón C Soriguer
- Estación Biológica Doñana, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa-Madeira JC, Trindade GB, Almeida PHP, Silva JS, Carregaro V. T Lymphocyte Exhaustion During Human and Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835711. [PMID: 35585983 PMCID: PMC9108272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key point of immunity against protozoan Leishmania parasites is the development of an optimal T cell response, which includes a low apoptotic rate, high proliferative activity and polyfunctionality. During acute infection, antigen-specific T cells recognize the pathogen resulting in pathogen control but not elimination, promoting the development and the maintenance of a population of circulating effector cells that mount rapid response quickly after re-exposure to the parasite. However, in the case of visceral disease, the functionality of specific T cells is lost during chronic infection, resulting in inferior effector functions, poor response to specific restimulation, and suboptimal homeostatic proliferation, a term referred to as T cell exhaustion. Multiple factors, including parasite load, infection duration and host immunity, affect T lymphocyte exhaustion. These factors contribute to antigen persistence by promoting inhibitory receptor expression and sustained production of soluble mediators, influencing suppressive cell function and the release of endogenous molecules into chronically inflamed tissue. Together, these signals encourage several changes, reprogramming cells into a quiescent state, which reflects disease progression to more severe forms, and development of acquired resistance to conventional drugs to treat the disease. These points are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Costa-Madeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly B. Trindade
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. P. Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Project, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zare S, Kabiri M, Amini Y, Najafi A, Mohammadpour F, Ayati SH, Nikpoor AR, Tafaghodi M. Immunological Assessment of Chitosan or Trimethyl Chitosan-Coated PLGA Nanospheres Containing Fusion Antigen as the Novel Vaccine Candidates Against Tuberculosis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:15. [PMID: 34893923 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial challenge in tuberculosis (TB) as a chronic infectious disease is to present a novel vaccine candidate that improves current vaccination and provides efficient protection in individuals. The present study aimed to evaluate the immune efficacy of multi-subunit vaccines containing chitosan (CHT)- or trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-coated PLGA nanospheres to stimulate cell-mediated and mucosal responses against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) in an animal model. The surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) containing tri-fusion protein from three Mtb antigens were produced by the double emulsion technique. The subcutaneously or nasally administered PLGA vaccines in the absence or presence of BCG were assessed to compare the levels of mucosal IgA, IgG1, and IgG2a production as well as secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, and TGF-β cytokines. According to the release profile, the tri-fusion encapsulated in modified PLGA NPs demonstrated a biphasic release profile including initial burst release on the first day and sustained release within 18 days. All designed PLGA vaccines induced a shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1-dominant response. Although immunized mice through subcutaneous injection elicited higher cell-mediated responses relative to the nasal vaccination, the intranasally administered groups stimulated robust mucosal IgA immunity. The modified PLGA NPs using TMC cationic polymer were more efficient to elevate Th1 and mucosal responses in comparison with the CHT-coated PLGA nanospheres. Our findings highlighted that the tri-fusion loaded in TMC-PLGA NPs may represent an efficient prophylactic vaccine and can be considered as a novel candidate against TB.
Collapse
|
6
|
Parsaei M, Spotin A, Matini M, Mahjub H, Aghazadeh M, Ghahremani G, Taherkhani H. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients infected with tuberculosis; a sero-molecular case-control study in northwest Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 81:101720. [PMID: 34990934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possible association between TB and Toxoplasma gondii infection. One hundred confirmed TB individuals living in northwest Iran were classified into three subgroups; newly diagnosed patients (NTB), old diagnosed patients (OTB) and multidrug resistance patients (MDR-TB). One hundred healthy subjects in the same age and sex distribution were ethnically matched. Sera samples were screened for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Nested-PCR was performed by targeting the B1 and GRA6 genes. The frequency of Toxoplasma infection based on IgG titer was 71.1% in the OTB subgroup and 33% in the control group, indicating significant association between Toxoplasma seropositivity and OTB (P = 0.001). According to phylogenetic network, the type I strain of Toxoplasma was identified in the OTB subgroup (10.1%). We concluded that patients with OTB subgroup are at high risk for acquisition of Toxoplasma infection which could reactivate the latent toxoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Parsaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Matini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahjub
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ghahremani
- Member of Iranian association of infection diseases specialties, Tehran, Iran; Vice chancellor for health, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Heshmatollah Taherkhani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β is a potent regulator of the immune system, acting at every stage from thymic differentiation, population of the periphery, control of responsiveness, tissue repair and generation of memory. It is therefore a central player in the immune response to infectious pathogens, but its contribution is often clouded by multiple roles acting on different cells in time and space. Hence, context is all-important in understanding when TGF-β is beneficial or detrimental to the outcome of infection. In this review, a full range of infectious agents from viruses to helminth parasites are explored within this framework, drawing contrasts and general conclusions about the importance of TGF-β in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effect of Helicobacter pylori and Helminth Coinfection on the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3351-3371. [PMID: 34251513 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite decades of efforts to eradicate the disease. Although the immune response controls the infection in most infected individuals (90%), the ability of the bacterium to persist throughout the host's life leads to a risk of reactivation. Underlying conditions including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapies are considered risk factors for progression to active disease. However, many individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may develop clinical disease in the absence of underlying immunosuppression. It is also possible that unknown conditions may drive the progression to disease. The human microbiota can be an important modulator of the immune system; it can not only trigger inflammatory disorders, but also drive the response to other infectious diseases. In developing countries, chronic mucosal infections with Helicobacter pylori and helminths may be particularly important, as these infections frequently coexist throughout the host's life. However, little is known about the interactions of these pathogens with the immune system and their effects on M. tuberculosis clinical disease, if any. In this review, we discuss the potential effects of H. pylori and helminth co-infections on the immune response to M. tuberculosis. This may contribute to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and in designing new strategies for the prevention and control of tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pillay K, Lewis L, Rambaran S, Yende-Zuma N, Archary D, Gengiah S, Govender D, Hassan-Moosa R, Samsunder N, Abdool Karim SS, McKinnon LR, Padayatchi N, Naidoo K, Sivro A. Plasma Biomarkers of Risk of Tuberculosis Recurrence in HIV Co-Infected Patients From South Africa. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631094. [PMID: 33841412 PMCID: PMC8026888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify immunological markers of tuberculosis (TB) risk in HIV co-infected individuals. Previously we have shown that TB recurrence in HIV co-infected individuals on ART was associated with markers of systemic inflammation (IL-6, IL1β and IL-1Rα). Here we examined the effect of additional acute inflammation and microbial translocation marker expression on risk of TB recurrence. Stored plasma samples were drawn from the TB Recurrence upon Treatment with HAART (TRuTH) study, in which individuals with previously treated pulmonary TB were screened for recurrence quarterly for up to 4 years. Recurrent TB cases (n = 37) were matched to controls (n = 102) by original trial study arm assignment and ART start date. Additional subsets of HIV infected (n = 41) and HIV uninfected (n = 37) individuals from Improving Recurrence Success (IMPRESS) study were sampled at active TB and post successful treatment completion. Plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules (sMAdCAM, sICAM and sVCAM), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3) were measured by multiplex immunoassays and ELISA. Cytokine data was square root transformed in order to reduce variability. Multivariable analysis adjusted for a number of potential confounders measured at sample time-point: age, BMI, CD4 count, viral load (VL) and measured at baseline: presence or absence of lung cavities, previous history of TB, and WHO disease stage (4 vs 3). The following analytes were associated with increased risk of TB recurrence in the multivariable model: sICAM (aOR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12, p = 0.009), LBP (aOR 8.78, 95% CI: 1.23-62.66, p = 0.030) and TGF-β3 (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01-2.05, p = 0.044). Additionally, we observed a positive correlation between LBP and sICAM (r= 0.347, p<0.0001), and LBP and IL-6, identified to be one of the strongest predictors of TB risk in our previous study (r=0.623, p=0.03). These data show that increased risk of TB recurrence in HIV infected individuals on ART is likely associated with HIV mediated translocation of microbial products and the resulting chronic immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimesha Pillay
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Lara Lewis
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Santhuri Rambaran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Dhineshree Govender
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Razia Hassan-Moosa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nesri Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Pulmonary Section, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kelly AM, McLoughlin RM. Target the Host, Kill the Bug; Targeting Host Respiratory Immunosuppressive Responses as a Novel Strategy to Improve Bacterial Clearance During Lung Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32425944 PMCID: PMC7203494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is under constant pressure to protect the body from invading bacteria. An effective inflammatory immune response must be tightly orchestrated to ensure complete clearance of any invading bacteria, while simultaneously ensuring that inflammation is kept under strict control to preserve lung viability. Chronic bacterial lung infections are seen as a major threat to human life with the treatment of these infections becoming more arduous as the prevalence of antibiotic resistance becomes increasingly commonplace. In order to survive within the lung bacteria target the host immune system to prevent eradication. Many bacteria directly target inflammatory cells and cytokines to impair inflammatory responses. However, bacteria also have the capacity to take advantage of and strongly promote anti-inflammatory immune responses in the host lung to inhibit local pro-inflammatory responses that are critical to bacterial elimination. Host cells such as T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are often enhanced in number and activity during chronic pulmonary infection. By increasing suppressive cell populations and cytokines, bacteria promote a permissive environment suitable for their prolonged survival. This review will explore the anti-inflammatory aspects of the lung immune system that are targeted by bacteria and how bacterial-induced immunosuppression could be inhibited through the use of host-directed therapies to improve treatment options for chronic lung infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alanna M Kelly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arbués A, Brees D, Chibout SD, Fox T, Kammüller M, Portevin D. TNF-α antagonists differentially induce TGF-β1-dependent resuscitation of dormant-like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008312. [PMID: 32069329 PMCID: PMC7048311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-α- as well as non-TNF-α-targeting biologics are prescribed to treat a variety of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. The well-documented risk of tuberculosis progression associated with anti-TNF-α treatment highlighted the central role of TNF-α for the maintenance of protective immunity, although the rate of tuberculosis detected among patients varies with the nature of the drug. Using a human, in-vitro granuloma model, we reproduce the increased reactivation rate of tuberculosis following exposure to Adalimumab compared to Etanercept, two TNF-α-neutralizing biologics. We show that Adalimumab, because of its bivalence, specifically induces TGF-β1-dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resuscitation which can be prevented by concomitant TGF-β1 neutralization. Moreover, our data suggest an additional role of lymphotoxin-α–neutralized by Etanercept but not Adalimumab–in the control of latent tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, we show that, while Secukinumab, an anti-IL-17A antibody, does not revert Mtb dormancy, the anti-IL-12-p40 antibody Ustekinumab and the recombinant IL-1RA Anakinra promote Mtb resuscitation, in line with the importance of these pathways in tuberculosis immunity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the world’s leading infectious killer. Multi-cellular immune structures called granulomas may constitute a latent form of Mtb infection and a potential reservoir for future cases. Post-marketing surveillance data suggested that Mtb protective immunity is unequally impacted by different TNF-α-targeting drugs used to treat inflammatory disorders. We used an in-vitro granuloma model to reproduce these clinical observations and gain mechanistic insights and, in addition, to assess the risk of tuberculosis reactivation associated with the use of other immunomodulatory drugs. These results may inspire pharmacologists to design future drug-development strategies of biologics in particular, while immunologists and microbiologists will find a relevant experimental approach to disentangle the complex interactions involved in Mtb protective immunity and immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Arbués
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Todd Fox
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MK); (DP)
| | - Damien Portevin
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MK); (DP)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kathamuthu GR, Moideen K, Sridhar R, Baskaran D, Babu S. Enhanced Mycobacterial Antigen-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Lymph Node Tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1401-1406. [PMID: 30994092 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB) is characterized by the enhanced baseline and antigen-specific production of type 1/17 cytokines and reduced baseline and antigen-specific production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 at the site of infection when compared with peripheral blood. However, the cytokine profile in the lymph nodes (LNs) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive LNTB (LNTB+) and negative LNTB (LNTB-) has not been examined. To address this, we have examined the baseline and mycobacterial antigen-stimulated cytokine levels of type 1 (interferon gamma [IFNγ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], IL-2), type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), type 17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22), pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]), and regulatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β]) cytokines in the LN culture supernatants of LNTB+ and LNTB- individuals. We have observed significantly enhanced baseline levels of IL-13 and IL-10 and significantly reduced baseline levels of IL-4 and GM-CSF in LNTB+ individuals compared with LNTB- individuals. By contrast, we have observed significantly enhanced levels of type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), type 17 (IL-17F and IL-22), and pro-inflammatory (IL-1α and GM-CSF) cytokines and significantly reduced levels of TGFβ in response to purified protein derivative, early secreted antigen-6, and culture filtrate protein-10 antigens in LNTB+ compared with LNTB- individuals. On phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin stimulation, no significant difference was observed for any of the cytokines examined. Thus, our study revealed several interesting differences in the cytokine profiles of mycobacterial antigen-stimulated LN cultures in LNTB+ and LNTB- individuals. Therefore, we suggest the presence of mycobacteria plays a significant role in driving the cytokine response at the site of infection in LNTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Raj Kathamuthu
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India.,National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Dhanaraj Baskaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
García-González G, Sánchez-González A, Hernández-Bello R, González GM, Franco-Molina MA, Coronado-Cerda EE, Palma-Nicolás JP. Triggering of protease-activated receptors (PARs) induces alternative M2 macrophage polarization with impaired plasticity. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:278-288. [PMID: 31419704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) have been described in a wide diversity of vertebrate cells, including human immune cells. Macrophages are pivotal cells in the host-pathogen interaction and their polarization in M1 or M2 cells has been described as a new central paradigm in the immune response to pathogens. In this context, we explored the involvement of PAR activation by serine proteases on M1/M2 macrophage differentiation and their impact on the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. Our results demonstrate that the serine proteases, thrombin and trypsin, induce interleukin (IL)-4 release from human monocytes, together with upregulation of the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) in the same way that alternative M2a differentiated cells with M-CSF/IL-4. Protease stimulation of monocytes in the presence of PAR-1 (SCH-79797) or PAR-2 (FSLLRY-NH2) antagonists abolished IL-4 release from monocytes, whereas the use of the peptide agonist for PAR-1 (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF-NH2) or PAR-2 (SLIGKV-NH2) induced the secretion of IL-4 at a level comparable to thrombin or trypsin. When these protease-induced M2 macrophages from healthy human PPD + donors were co-cultured with autologous lymphocyte population in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen, we found a consistent inhibition of IFN-γ/IL-12 release together with persistent IL-4 expression, in contrast to the expected Th1 profile obtained with M2a macrophages. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that proteolytic activation of PAR1/2 receptors in monocytes induces M2-like macrophages with impaired plasticity and their implication in the driving of the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Moisés Armides Franco-Molina
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Av. Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Erika Evangelina Coronado-Cerda
- Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Cumbres, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Las Palmas 5500, Colonia Cima de las Cumbres, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64610, Mexico
| | - José Prisco Palma-Nicolás
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Kuchipudi SV, Kalangi SK. Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31024534 PMCID: PMC6459942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Sciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang Y, Yin L, Tang S, Zhang H, Lan J. Application of molecular, microbiological, and immunological tests for the diagnosis of bone and joint tuberculosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22260. [PMID: 28543876 PMCID: PMC6816924 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the application of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), rifampicin resistant real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technique Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (Xpert MTB/RIF), and the levels of TNF-α and TGF-β in the diagnosis of bone and joint tuberculosis. METHODS Eighty-six patients with bone and joint tuberculosis, diagnosed by pathology or microbiology, were examined by Xpert MTB/RIF and IGRA (T-SPOT. TB) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and the TNF-α and TGF-β levels of the patients were measured. RESULTS The sensitivity of IGRA in diagnosing bone and joint tuberculosis was 81.4%; Xpert MTB/RIF's sensitivity was 70.9%. The combined sensitivity of the two methods was 91.9%. The combined detection sensitivity of the two methods was higher than individual IGRA or Xpert MTB/RIF detection sensitivity. The TNF-α and TGF-β levels in bone and joint tuberculosis patients were higher than those in the control group. CONCLUSION Xpert MTB/RIF, IGRA, TNF-α, and TGF-βs expression have value in the rapid diagnosis of bone and joint tuberculosis, and the sensitivity and accuracy of bone and joint tuberculosis diagnosis by combining them can improve it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Tang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryLiuzhou traditional Chinese Medical Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of traditional Chinese MedicineLiuzhouGuangxiChina
| | - Lianli Yin
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryLiuzhou traditional Chinese Medical Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of traditional Chinese MedicineLiuzhouGuangxiChina
| | - Shifu Tang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryLiuzhou traditional Chinese Medical Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of traditional Chinese MedicineLiuzhouGuangxiChina
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryLiuzhou traditional Chinese Medical Hospitalthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of traditional Chinese MedicineLiuzhouGuangxiChina
| | - Jihui Lan
- Department of Laboratory ScienceGuangxi Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment Centerthe Longtan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionLiuzhouGuangxiChina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Warsinske HC, Pienaar E, Linderman JJ, Mattila JT, Kirschner DE. Deletion of TGF-β1 Increases Bacterial Clearance by Cytotoxic T Cells in a Tuberculosis Granuloma Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1843. [PMID: 29326718 PMCID: PMC5742530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogenic bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world. The only vaccine against TB is minimally protective, and multi-drug resistant TB necessitates new therapeutics to treat infection. Developing new therapies requires a better understanding of the complex host immune response to infection, including dissecting the processes leading to formation of granulomas, the dense cellular lesions associated with TB. In this work, we pair experimental and computational modeling studies to explore cytokine regulation in the context of TB. We use our next-generation hybrid multi-scale model of granuloma formation (GranSim) to capture molecular, cellular, and tissue scale dynamics of granuloma formation. We identify TGF-β1 as a major inhibitor of cytotoxic T-cell effector function in granulomas. Deletion of TGF-β1 from the system results in improved bacterial clearance and lesion sterilization. We also identify a novel dichotomous regulation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages by TGF-β1 and IL-10, respectively. These findings suggest that increasing cytotoxic T-cell effector functions may increase bacterial clearance in granulomas and highlight potential new therapeutic targets for treating TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley C Warsinske
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bai X, Stitzel JA, Bai A, Zambrano CA, Phillips M, Marrack P, Chan ED. Nicotine Impairs Macrophage Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:324-333. [PMID: 28398760 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0270oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure nicotine impairs macrophage killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but it is not known whether the nicotine component in cigarette smoke (CS) plays a role. Moreover, the mechanisms by which nicotine impairs macrophage immunity against MTB have not been explored. To neutralize the effects of nicotine in CS extract, we used a competitive inhibitor to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mecamylamine-as well as macrophages derived from mice with genetic disruption of specific subunits of nAChR. We also determined whether nicotine impaired macrophage autophagy and whether nicotine-exposed T regulatory cells (Tregs) could subvert macrophage anti-MTB immunity. Mecamylamine reduced the CS extract increase in MTB burden by 43%. CS extract increase in MTB was also significantly attenuated in macrophages from mice with genetic disruption of either the α7, β2, or β4 subunit of nAChR. Nicotine inhibited autophagosome formation in MTB-infected THP-1 cells and primary murine alveolar macrophages, as well as increased the intracellular MTB burden. Nicotine increased migration of THP-1 cells, consistent with the increased number of macrophages found in the lungs of smokers. Nicotine induced Tregs to produce transforming growth factor-β. Naive mouse macrophages co-cultured with nicotine-exposed Tregs had significantly greater numbers of viable MTB recovered with increased IL-10 production and urea production, but no difference in secreted nitric oxide as compared with macrophages cocultured with unexposed Tregs. We conclude that nicotine in CS plays an important role in subverting macrophage control of MTB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- 1 Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado.,Departments of 2 Medicine.,3 Academic Affairs, and.,4 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- 5 Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - An Bai
- 1 Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado.,Departments of 2 Medicine.,3 Academic Affairs, and
| | - Cristian A Zambrano
- 5 Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | - Philippa Marrack
- 6 Immunology, and.,7 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Edward D Chan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado.,Departments of 2 Medicine.,3 Academic Affairs, and.,4 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mashaly M, Nabih N, Fawzy IM, El Henawy AA. Tuberculosis/toxoplasmosis co-infection in Egyptian patients: A reciprocal impact. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:315-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
20
|
Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The CD4(+) T cell methylome contributes to a distinct CD4(+) T cell transcriptional signature in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31014. [PMID: 27507428 PMCID: PMC4978967 DOI: 10.1038/srep31014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesised that epigenetic regulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes contributes to a shift toward a dysfunctional T cell phenotype which may impact on their ability to clear mycobacterial infection. Combined RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling and Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing identified 193 significantly differentially expressed genes and 760 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), between CD4+ T cells from M. bovis infected and healthy cattle. 196 DMRs were located within 10 kb of annotated genes, including GATA3 and RORC, both of which encode transcription factors that promote TH2 and TH17 T helper cell subsets respectively. Gene-specific DNA methylation and gene expression levels for the TNFRSF4 and Interferon-γ genes were significantly negatively correlated suggesting a regulatory relationship. Pathway analysis of DMRs identified enrichment of genes involved in the anti-proliferative TGF-β signaling pathway and TGFB1 expression was significantly increased in peripheral blood leukocytes from TB-infected cattle. This first analysis of the bovine CD4+ T cell methylome suggests that DNA methylation directly contributes to a distinct gene expression signature in CD4+ T cells from cattle infected with M. bovis. Specific methylation changes proximal to key inflammatory gene loci may be critical to the emergence of a non-protective CD4+ T cell response during mycobacterial infection in cattle.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hirsch CS, Rojas R, Wu M, Toossi Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Expansion of Foxp3 Positive CD4 T-cells with a Regulatory Profile in Tuberculin Non-sensitized Healthy Subjects: Implications for Effective Immunization against TB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27441095 PMCID: PMC4948752 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Infection by MTB or exposure to MTB constituents is associated with intense microbial stimulation of the immune system, through both antigenic and TLR components, and induction of a milieu that is rich in pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we addressed the basis of induced regulatory T-cell (iT-reg) expansion in response to MTB stimulation, in the absence of prior T cell antigen responsiveness. Methods PBMC from HIV-1 un-infected TST negative and TST positive control subjects were stimulated by virulent MTB H37Rv lysate (L), a French press preparation of MTB that includes all bacterial components. Phenotype of MTB H37RvL induced iT-reg was assessed using immunostaining and flow cytometry. Functional capacity of iT-reg was assessed using 3H-Thymidine incorporation and IFNγ production of non-adherent T cells (NAC) in the presence or absence of iT-reg in corresponding culture supernatants in response to TCR stimulation. Realtime PCR was used to assess IDO and FoxP3 mRNA expression. Results The capacity of MTB H37RvL to induce CD4+CD25hi+ Foxp3+ T-cells in PBMC from TST negative subjects was robust (p<0.001), and in fact comparable to induction of iT-reg in PBMC from TST positive subjects. MTB-induced CD4+CD25hi+ T-reg were TGFβ positive (p<0.05). Further, MTB H37RvL induced CD4+CD25hi+ Foxp3+ iT-reg suppressed 3H-Thymidine incorporation and IFNγ production of non-adherent T cells (NAC) in response to TCR stimulation. MTB H37RvL induction of iT-reg was significantly stronger (p<0.01) than that by TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9 ligands, or combination of all TLR ligands. MTB H37RvL inducted indoleamine 2,3-dideoxygenase (IDO) mRNA expression in monocytes (p<0.001), and co-culture with the IDO inhibitor, D-1MT, decreased frequencies of T-reg (p<0.05). Inhibition of TGFβ by siRNA reduced Foxp3 mRNA expression in CD4 T cells (p<0.05). Conclusion Therefore, MTB and its components expand functional iT-reg in human mononuclear cells from MTB non-sensitized subjects. Also, MTB-induced iT-reg expansion depends on mononuclear phagocyte expression of both TGFβ and IDO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Roxana Rojas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Mianda Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Zahra Toossi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Joshi L, Ponnana M, Sivangala R, Chelluri LK, Nallari P, Valluri VL, Gaddam S. Cytokine production and mRNA expression in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and their household contacts of younger age group (15-25years). J Immunol Methods 2016; 432:65-71. [PMID: 26876300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Household contacts of tuberculosis patients are at high risk of infection and development of active disease. In this study we evaluated the cytokine production and mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10&IL-6 stimulated with r32kDa M. bovis BCGAg in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients (APTB), household contacts (HHC) and healthy controls (HC). The results showed the stimulated levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were low while IL-10 levels were high in APTB and HHC compared to HC. IL-6 has not shown any significant difference. The mRNA expression of TNF- α was 8 fold high in HCs compared to APTB and HHC. The IL-6 expression was 2.2 fold &1 fold less in APTB and HHC compared to HCs. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that the stimulated levels of IFN-γ & IL-6 and sex significantly predicted the HHC group from HCs at p<0.05.In conclusion further follow up studies with r32kd antigen might help to identify the high risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Joshi
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Meenakshi Ponnana
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Ramya Sivangala
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Department of Transplant Biology& Stem Cell, Global Hospital Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Pratibha Nallari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; LEPRA India, Blue Peter Public Health & Research Centre, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vir P, Arrigucci R, Lakehal K, Davidow AL, Pine R, Tyagi S, Bushkin Y, Lardizabal A, Gennaro ML. Single-Cell Cytokine Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells Correlates with Latent Tuberculosis Status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144904. [PMID: 26658491 PMCID: PMC4681842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA flow cytometry (FISH-Flow) achieves high-throughput measurement of single-cell gene expression by combining in-situ nucleic acid hybridization with flow cytometry. We tested whether antigen-specific T-cell responses detected by FISH-Flow correlated with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), a condition affecting one-third of the world population. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from donors, identified as positive or negative for LTBI by current medical practice, were stimulated ex vivo with mycobacterial antigen. IFNG and IL2 mRNA production was assayed by FISH-Flow. Concurrently, immunophenotypes of the cytokine mRNA-positive cells were characterized by conventional, antibody-based staining of cell-surface markers. An association was found between donor LTBI status and antigen-specific induction of IFNG and IL2 transcripts. Induction of these cytokine genes, which was detected by FISH-Flow in a quarter the time required to see release of the corresponding proteins by ELISA, occurred primarily in activated CD4+ T cells via T-cell receptor engagement. Moreover, NK cells contributed to IFNG gene induction. These results show that antigen-driven induction of T-cell cytokine mRNA is a measurable single-cell parameter of the host responses associated with latent tuberculosis. FISH-Flow read-outs contribute a multi-scale dimension to the immunophenotyping afforded by antibody-based flow cytometry. Multi-scale, single-cell analyses may satisfy the need to determine disease stage and therapy response for tuberculosis and other infectious pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Vir
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Arrigucci
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Karim Lakehal
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Davidow
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard Pine
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alfred Lardizabal
- Global Tuberculosis Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
A novel role of Yin-Yang-1 in pulmonary tuberculosis through the regulation of the chemokine CCL4. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:87-95. [PMID: 26786659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the etiological agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB); this disease remains a worldwide health problem. Yin-Yang-1 (YY1) plays a major role in the maintenance and progression of some pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of YY1 in TB remains unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of YY1 in the regulation of CCL4 and its implication in TB. We determined whether YY1 regulates CCL4 using reporter plasmids, ChIP and siRNA assays. Immunohistochemistry and digital pathology were used to measure the expression of YY1 and CCL4 in a mouse model of TB. A retrospective comparison of patients with TB and control subjects was used to measure the expression of YY1 and CCL4 using tissue microarrays. Our results showed that YY1 regulates the transcription of CCL4; moreover, YY1, CCL4 and TGF-β were overexpressed in the lung tissues of mice with TB during the late stages of the disease and the tissues of TB patients. The expression of CCL4 and TGF-β correlated with YY1 expression. In conclusion, YY1 regulates CCL4 transcription; moreover, YY1 is overexpressed in experimental and human TB and is positively correlated with CCL4 and TGF-β expression. Therefore, treatments that decrease YY1 expression may be a new therapeutic strategy against TB.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cho A, Howell VM, Colvin EK. The Extracellular Matrix in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer - A Piece of a Puzzle. Front Oncol 2015; 5:245. [PMID: 26579497 PMCID: PMC4629462 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women and the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an integral component of both the normal and tumor microenvironment. ECM composition varies between tissues and is crucial for maintaining normal function and homeostasis. Dysregulation and aberrant deposition or loss of ECM components is implicated in ovarian cancer progression. The mechanisms by which tumor cells induce ECM remodeling to promote a malignant phenotype are yet to be elucidated. A thorough understanding of the role of the ECM in ovarian cancer is needed for the development of effective biomarkers and new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cho
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Viive M. Howell
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily K. Colvin
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
An update on pathogenesis and management of tuberculosis with special reference to drug resistance. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
Constitutive but not inducible attenuation of transforming growth factor β signaling increases natural killer cell responses without directly affecting dendritic cells early after persistent viral infection. J Virol 2015; 89:3343-55. [PMID: 25589641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03076-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rapid innate responses to viral encounters are crucial to shaping the outcome of infection, from viral clearance to persistence. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a potent immune suppressor that is upregulated early upon viral infection and maintained during chronic infections in both mice and humans. However, the role of TGF-β signaling in regulating individual cell types in vivo is still unclear. Using infections with two different persistent viruses, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV; Cl13), in their natural rodent host, we observed that TGF-β signaling on dendritic cells (DCs) did not dampen DC maturation or cytokine production in the early stages of chronic infection with either virus in vivo. In contrast, TGF-β signaling prior to (but not during) chronic viral infection directly restricted the natural killer (NK) cell number and effector function. This restriction likely compromised both the early control of and host survival upon MCMV infection but not the long-term control of LCMV infection. These data highlight the context and timing of TGF-β signaling on different innate cells that contribute to the early host response, which ultimately influences the outcome of chronic viral infection in vivo. IMPORTANCE In vivo host responses to pathogens are complex processes involving the cooperation of many different immune cells migrating to specific tissues over time, but these events cannot be replicated in vitro. Viruses causing chronic infections are able to subvert this immune response and represent a human health burden. Here we used two well-characterized viruses that are able to persist in their natural mouse host to dissect the role of the suppressive molecule TGF-β in dampening host responses to infection in vivo. This report presents information that allows an increased understanding of long-studied TGF-β signaling by examining its direct effect on different immune cells that are activated very early after in vivo viral infection and may aid with the development of new antiviral therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pattern recognition receptors and cytokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection--the double-edged sword? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:179174. [PMID: 24350246 PMCID: PMC3844256 DOI: 10.1155/2013/179174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major cause of human death worldwide. Innate immunity provides host defense against Mtb. Phagocytosis, characterized by recognition of Mtb by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), is the first step of the innate immune defense mechanism. The recognition of Mtb is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on innate immune cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain like receptors, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), mannose receptors, CD14 receptors, scavenger receptors, and FCγ receptors. Interaction of mycobacterial ligands with PRRs leads macrophages and DCs to secrete selected cytokines, which in turn induce interferon-γ- (IFNγ-) dominated immunity. IFNγ and other cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) regulate mycobacterial growth, granuloma formation, and initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mtb and finally provide protection to the host. However, Mtb can evade destruction by antimicrobial defense mechanisms of the innate immune system as some components of the system may promote survival of the bacteria in these cells and facilitate pathogenesis. Thus, although innate immunity components generally play a protective role against Mtb, they may also facilitate Mtb survival. The involvement of selected PRRs and cytokines on these seemingly contradictory roles is discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jiménez-Arellanes A, Luna-Herrera J, Cornejo-Garrido J, López-García S, Castro-Mussot ME, Meckes-Fischer M, Mata-Espinosa D, Marquina B, Torres J, Hernández-Pando R. Ursolic and oleanolic acids as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory compounds for tuberculosis treatment. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:258. [PMID: 24098949 PMCID: PMC3853017 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New alternatives for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed and medicinal plants represent a potential option. Chamaedora tepejilote and Lantana hispida are medicinal plants from Mexico and their hexanic extracts have shown antimycobacterial activity. Bioguided investigation of these extracts showed that the active compounds were ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA). METHODS The activity of UA and OA against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, four monoresistant strains, and two drug-resistant clinical isolates were determined by MABA test. The intracellular activity of UA and OA against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a MDR clinical isolate were evaluated in a macrophage cell line. Finally, the antitubercular activity of UA and OA was tested in BALB/c mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv or a MDR strain, by determining pulmonary bacilli loads, tissue damage by automated histomorphometry, and expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and iNOS by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The in vitro assay showed that the UA/OA mixture has synergistic activity. The intracellular activity of these compounds against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a MDR clinical isolate in a macrophage cell line showed that both compounds, alone and in combination, were active against intracellular mycobacteria even at low doses. Moreover, when both compounds were used to treat BALB/c mice with TB induced by H37Rv or MDR bacilli, a significant reduction of bacterial loads and pneumonia were observed compared to the control. Interestingly, animals treated with UA and OA showed a higher expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in their lungs, than control animals. CONCLUSION UA and OA showed antimicrobial activity plus an immune-stimulatory effect that permitted the control of experimental pulmonary TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Julieta Luna-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica II, Depto. Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340 D.F, México
| | - Jorge Cornejo-Garrido
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Sonia López-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica II, Depto. Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340 D.F, México
| | - María Eugenia Castro-Mussot
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica II, Depto. Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340 D.F, México
| | - Mariana Meckes-Fischer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Secretaría de Salud, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000 D.F, México
| | - Brenda Marquina
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Secretaría de Salud, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000 D.F, México
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Secretaría de Salud, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000 D.F, México
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ovrutsky AR, Merkel PA, Schonteich E, Bai X, Kinney W, Iseman MD, Kartalija M, Knight V, Chan ED. Patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease have elevated transforming growth factor-beta following ex vivo stimulation of blood with live Mycobacterium intracellulare. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:711-4. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.800947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
32
|
Kumar NP, Gopinath V, Sridhar R, Hanna LE, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS, Nutman TB, Babu S. IL-10 dependent suppression of type 1, type 2 and type 17 cytokines in active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59572. [PMID: 23544075 PMCID: PMC3609860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Type 1 cytokine responses are considered protective in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), their role as well as those of Type 2, 17 and immunoregulatory cytokines in tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) and latent tuberculosis (LTB) have not been well studied. Aim and Methods To identify cytokine responses associated with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), TB lymphadenitits and latent TB, we examined mycobacterial antigen-specific immune responses of PTB, TBL and LTB individuals. More specifically, we examined ESAT-6 and CFP-10 induced Type 1, Type 2 and Type 17 cytokine production and their regulation using multiplex ELISA. Results PTB individuals exhibited a significantly lower baseline as well as antigen-specific production of Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2); Type 2 (IL-4) and Type 17 (IL-17A and IL-17F) cytokines in comparison to both TBL and LTB individuals. TBL individuals exhibited significantly lower antigen-specific IFNγ responses alone in comparison to LTB individuals. Although, IL-10 levels were not significantly higher, neutralization of IL-10 during antigen stimulation resulted in significantly enhanced production of IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-17A in PTB individuals, indicating that IL-10 mediates (at least partially) the suppression of cytokine responses in PTB. Conclusion Pulmonary TB is characterized by an IL-10 dependent antigen-specific suppression of Type 1, Type 2 and Type 17 cytokines, reflecting an important association of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of active TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health—International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Venugopal Gopinath
- National Institutes of Health—International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Luke E. Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health—International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world despite decades of intensive efforts to combat the disease. The poverty in these endemic areas is associated with an increased incidence of tropical helminthic infections. The purpose of this review is to bring to the fore, the urgent need to unravel the potential consequences of helminth coinfection to tuberculosis disease pathogenesis and transmission. RECENT FINDINGS There is now strong experimental evidence that helminth-induced T helper (Th)2 and T regulatory (Treg) responses impinge on host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Several studies show that Th1 response is reduced in helminth coinfected hosts. Emerging studies also indicate that helminth-induced alternatively activated macrophages contribute to enhanced susceptibility to TB. Despite studies showing an association between helminthes and diminished Th1 immunity, maternal antihelminthic treatment had no effect on an infant's response to bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination. SUMMARY Whether helminthes affect tuberculosis (TB) disease is still an open question and clinical trials are warranted to determine at the population level whether helminthes enhance TB incidence and transmission and diminish the protective immune response to vaccines. Consequently, mass deworming of infected individuals could contribute toward overall improvement of global public health.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
For centuries the treatment of TB has presented an enormous challenge to global health. In the 20th century, the treatment of TB patients with long-term multidrug therapy gave hope that TB could be controlled and cured; however, contrary to these expectations and coinciding with the emergence of AIDS, the world has witnessed a rampant increase in hard-to-treat cases of TB, along with the emergence of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Unfortunately, these bacteria are now circulating around the world, and there are few effective drugs to treat them. As a result, the prospects for improved treatment and control of TB in the 21st century have worsened and we urgently need to identify new therapies that deal with this problem. The potential use of immunotherapy for TB is now of greater consideration than ever before, as immunotherapy could potentially overcome the problem of drug resistance. TB immunotherapy targets the already existing host anti-TB immune response and aims to enhance killing of the bacilli. For this purpose, several approaches have been used: the use of anti-Mycobacteria antibodies; enhancing the Th1 protective responses by using mycobacterial antigens or increasing Th1 cytokines; interfering with the inflammatory process and targeting of immunosuppressive pathways and targeting the cell activation/proliferation pathways. This article reviews our current understanding of TB immunity and targets for immunotherapy that could be used in combination with current TB chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guerra C, Morris D, Sipin A, Kung S, Franklin M, Gray D, Tanzil M, Guilford F, Khasawneh FT, Venketaraman V. Glutathione and adaptive immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy and HIV infected individuals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28378. [PMID: 22164280 PMCID: PMC3229597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide antioxidant, is essential for cellular homeostasis and plays a vital role in diverse cellular functions. Individuals who are infected with Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) are known to be susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. We report that by enhancing GSH levels, T-cells are able to inhibit the growth of M. tb inside macrophages. In addition, those GSH-replenished T cell cultures produced increased levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), cytokines, which are known to be crucial for the control of intracellular pathogens. Our study reveals that T lymphocytes that are derived from HIV infected individuals are deficient in GSH, and that this deficiency correlates with decreased levels of Th1 cytokines and enhanced growth of M. tb inside human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerra
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Devin Morris
- Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Sipin
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Kung
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Mesharee Franklin
- Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Gray
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Tanzil
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | | | - Fadi T. Khasawneh
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pydi SS, Bandaru AR, Venkatasubramanian S, Jonnalagada S, Valluri VL. Vaccine for tuberculosis: Up-regulation of IL-15 by Ag85A and not by ESAT-6. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:136-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
37
|
Gupta G, Surolia A, Sampathkumar SG. Lectin microarrays for glycomic analysis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:419-36. [PMID: 20726799 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics is the study of comprehensive structural elucidation and characterization of all glycoforms found in nature and their dynamic spatiotemporal changes that are associated with biological processes. Glycocalyx of mammalian cells actively participate in cell-cell, cell-matrix, and cell-pathogen interactions, which impact embryogenesis, growth and development, homeostasis, infection and immunity, signaling, malignancy, and metabolic disorders. Relative to genomics and proteomics, glycomics is just growing out of infancy with great potential in biomedicine for biomarker discovery, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the immense diversity and complexity of glycan structures and their multiple modes of interactions with proteins pose great challenges for development of analytical tools for delineating structure function relationships and understanding glyco-code. Several tools are being developed for glycan profiling based on chromatography, mass spectrometry, glycan microarrays, and glyco-informatics. Lectins, which have long been used in glyco-immunology, printed on a microarray provide a versatile platform for rapid high throughput analysis of glycoforms of biological samples. Herein, we summarize technological advances in lectin microarrays and critically review their impact on glycomics analysis. Challenges remain in terms of expansion to include nonplant derived lectins, standardization for routine clinical use, development of recombinant lectins, and exploration of plant kingdom for discovery of novel lectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Gupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Regulation of the immune response during active tuberculosis (TB) has been partly deciphered. In pulmonary TB there is transient systemic immunosuppression due to overexpression of transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-10. This is superimposed on a primary T-cell defect. Locally there is intense inflammation (lung, pleural fluid) with overexpression of immunosuppressive factors (bronchoalveolar lavage) and extensive apoptosis. These observations suggest that immune therapies should be aimed at neutralizing the negative regulatory factors rather than accentuating an already intense immune response. Also a partially effective vaccine carries the potential risk of exacerbating disease.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chan ED, Iseman MD. Slender, older women appear to be more susceptible to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:5-18. [PMID: 20189150 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental microbes that are associated with a variety of human diseases, particularly chronic lung infections. Over the past several decades, NTM lung disease has been increasingly seen in postmenopausal women with slender body habitus. OBJECTIVE This article reviewed the clinical and experimental evidence that supports the observation that thin older women (aged 50-80 years) are predisposed to NTM lung disease. We posited 3 potential pathways for this predisposition: relative estrogen deficiency, abnormal levels of adipokines that alter immune responses, and abnormal expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) related to fibrillin anomalies similar to Marfan syndrome (MFS). METHODS Using the PubMed database, a literature search was performed (all publications up to July 2009) by pairing the key phrase nontuberculous mycobacteria with weight, malnutrition, female gender, body habitus, leptin, adipokines, estrogen, menopause, postmenopausal, or body mass index. Non-English-language articles were included if their abstracts were in English. Relevant articles were also identified from the abstracts. RESULTS Published case reports and series indicate that in the past 20 years, NTM lung disease has been recognized in disproportionately increased numbers in postmenopausal women. Among these patients, slender body habitus and thoracic cage abnormalities, such as pectus excavatum and scoliosis, are commonly described. Notably, no long-term prospective clinical studies exist to corroborate that low weight is an independent risk factor for NTM lung disease. However, based on the findings of a limited number of experimental studies, we hypothesize that decreased leptin, increased adiponectin, and/or decreased estrogen in older women with slender body habitus may account for their increased susceptibility to NTM infections. We further speculate that in some patients with features mindful of MPS (slender, scoliosis, pectus excavatum, or mitral valve prolapse), there may be anomalies of fibrillin, similar to MFS, that lead to the expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGP-beta further increasing their susceptibility to NTM. CONCLUSIONS It is likely that both sufficient environmental exposure and host susceptibility are required for the establishment of NTM lung disease. The observation that NTM lung infections are more common in slender, older women without any overt immune defects suggests that abnormal expression of adipokines, sex hormones, and/or TGF-beta may play an important role in their susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ramana Rao PV, Rajasekaran S, Raja A. Natural killer cell-mediated cytokine response among HIV-positive south Indians with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:33-42. [PMID: 20028198 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection mainly through secreted cytokines. Cytokine dysregulation among HIV may cause rapid disease progression. Our objective was to examine whether impaired production of innate cytokines are responsible for cytokine dysregulation during HIV infection. The study included 30 subjects each of normal healthy subjects (NHS), pulmonary tuberculosis patients (TB), HIV-infected individuals (HIV), and HIV-TB co-infected patients (HIV-TB). Intracellular cytokine staining method was used to enumerate the cytokine-positive NK cells. Unlike NHS (100%), only 27% of HIV-TB and 57% of HIV infected patients have detectable plasma interleukin (IL)-15 levels that signify impaired rather than decreased IL-15 production. Basal type 1 cytokine (IL-2, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha])-secreting NK cells (NK1 cytokines) were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in TB, HIV, and HIV-TB, when compared with NHS. Stimulation with M. tuberculosis H37Rv enhanced the NK1 cytokines in NHS (P < 0.05), but not in other groups. With IL-15+IL-12 stimulation, we found increased NK1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) in HIV (P < 0.05), but not in HIV-TB, when compared to unstimulated condition. Supplementing IL-15+IL-12 has potential in improving the frequency of NK1 cytokines for HIV, but not HIV-TB, suggesting that TB influences cytokine response during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V Ramana Rao
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bai X, Kim SH, Azam T, McGibney MT, Huang H, Dinarello CA, Chan ED. IL-32 is a host protective cytokine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in differentiated THP-1 human macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3830-40. [PMID: 20190143 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages provide a first line of defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, in instances where macrophage activation for killing is suboptimal, M. tuberculosis is capable of surviving intracellularly. IL-32 is a recently described cytokine induced by M. tuberculosis in a variety of cell types including human monocytes and macrophages. In this study, we investigated the biological significance of IL-32 in an in vitro model of M. tuberculosis infection in differentiated THP-1 human macrophages in which IL-32 expression was silenced using stable expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Inhibition of endogenous IL-32 production in THP-1 cells that express one of three distinct shRNA-IL-32 constructs significantly decreased M. tuberculosis induction of TNF-alpha by approximately 60%, IL-1beta by 30-60%, and IL-8 by 40-50% and concomitantly increased the number of cell-associated M. tuberculosis bacteria compared with THP-1 cells stably expressing a scrambled shRNA. In THP-1 cells infected with M. tuberculosis and stimulated with rIL-32, a greater level of apoptosis was observed compared with that with M. tuberculosis infection alone. Obversely, there was significant abrogation of apoptosis induced by M. tuberculosis and a concomitant decrease in caspase-3 activation in cells depleted of endogenous IL-32. rIL-32gamma significantly reduced the number of viable intracellular M. tuberculosis bacteria, which was modestly but significantly abrogated with a caspase-3 inhibitor. We conclude that IL-32 plays a host defense role against M. tuberculosis in differentiated THP-1 human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Experimental tuberculosis: designing a better model to test vaccines against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:135-42. [PMID: 20188631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models of infection are good tools for establishing immunological parameters that have an effect on the host-pathogen relationship and also for designing new vaccines and immune therapies. In this work, we evaluated the evolution of experimental tuberculosis in mice infected with increasing bacterial doses or via distinct routes. We showed that mice infected with low bacterial doses by the intratracheal route were able to develop a progressive infection that was proportional to the inoculum size. In the initial phase of disease, mice developed a specific Th1-driven immune response independent of inoculum concentration. However, in the late phase, mice infected with higher concentrations exhibited a mixed Th1/Th2 response, while mice infected with lower concentrations sustained the Th1 pattern. Significant IL-10 concentrations and a more preeminent T regulatory cell recruitment were also detected at 70 days post-infection with high bacterial doses. These results suggest that mice infected with higher concentrations of bacilli developed an immune response similar to the pattern described for human tuberculosis wherein patients with progressive tuberculosis exhibit a down modulation of IFN-gamma production accompanied by increased levels of IL-4. Thus, these data indicate that the experimental model is important in evaluating the protective efficacy of new vaccines and therapies against tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Chan ED, Bai X, Kartalija M, Orme IM, Ordway DJ. Host immune response to rapidly growing mycobacteria, an emerging cause of chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43:387-93. [PMID: 20081053 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0276tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are environmental organisms classified under the broader category of nontuberculous mycobacteria. The most common RGM to cause human diseases are Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium massiliense. Infections due to the RGM are an emerging health problem in the United States. Chronic pulmonary disease and skin/soft-tissue infections are the two most common disorders due to these organisms. Clinical outcomes in the treatment of M. abscessus infections are generally disappointing. Because less is known about the nature of the immune response to M. abscessus than for tuberculosis, we herein highlight the major clinical features associated with infections due to M. abscessus and other RGM, and review the known host immune response to RGM, drawing from experimental animal and clinical studies. Based on in vitro and in vivo murine models, Toll-like receptor 2, dectin-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, leptin, T cells, and possibly neutrophils are important components in the host defense against RGM infections. However, excessive induction of TNF-α by the R morphotype of M. abscessus may allow it to be more pathogenic than the S morphotype. Clinical observations and/or genetic studies in humans corroborate many of the findings in animals in that those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency, genetic defects in IFN-γ-IL-12 axis, and those individuals on TNF-α blockers are at increased risk for nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, including the RGM. However, much remains to be discovered on why seemingly healthy individuals, particularly slender postmenopausal women with thoracic cage anomalies, appear to be at increased risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Chan
- Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lamsyah H, Rueda B, Baassi L, Elaouad R, Bottini N, Sadki K, Martin J. Association ofPTPN22gene functional variants with development of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moroccan population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:228-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Almeida AS, Lago PM, Boechat N, Huard RC, Lazzarini LCO, Santos AR, Nociari M, Zhu H, Perez-Sweeney BM, Bang H, Ni Q, Huang J, Gibson AL, Flores VC, Pecanha LR, Kritski AL, Lapa e Silva JR, Ho JL. Tuberculosis Is Associated with a Down-Modulatory Lung Immune Response That Impairs Th1-Type Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:718-31. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
46
|
In vitro levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-12 in response to a recombinant 32-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium bovis BCG after treatment for tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:111-5. [PMID: 18987165 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00243-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in conferring protection against tuberculosis (TB) on an individual. It is not known whether the immune status correlates with the bacterial load or whether the immunity improves after treatment. Also, it may be important to monitor treatment by being able to discriminate between active disease and successfully treated TB. The main aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a recombinant 32-kDa antigen (r32-kDa Ag) of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Ag85A-BCG) as a diagnostic marker in patients being treated for TB. Specifically, the in vitro T-cell assays and the release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) (Th1-type cytokine) and IL-10 (Th2-type cytokine) in response to the r32-kDa Ag of BCG were assayed in patients with either pulmonary (sputum positive/negative, n = 74) or extrapulmonary TB (n = 49) and healthy controls. The proliferative responses of stimulated cells at 0, 2 to 4, and 6 months of treatment increased and were highly significant (P < 0.000) compared to the responses in controls. The increase in IL-12 and decrease in IL-10 release suggest that there is cytokine expression modification during different stages of TB, and treatment seems to have an influence on the levels of these cytokines, suggesting an augmentation in the protective responses. The in vitro response to the M. bovis BCG r32-kDa Ag may be useful in monitoring treatment of TB.
Collapse
|
47
|
Rao PVR, Rajasekaran S, Raja A. Augumentation of natural killer activity with exogenous interleukins in patients with HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1435-43. [PMID: 19000024 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A depressed level of natural killer (NK) activity is one of the various immunological abnormalities in HIV infection. Defective NK cell functions can be partially restored in vitro by interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-12. IL-15 shares receptor and several biological properties with IL-2. The effect of IL-15 on NK cells in patients with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection (HIV-TB) is unclear. This study examined the cytotoxic activity and cytokine response of NK cells in HIV-TB after stimulation with IL-15 and IL-12/IL-2. The study includes 16 normal healthy subjects (NHS), 15 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), 15 HIV-infected subjects (HIV), and 15 HIV-TB patients. The cytotoxic activity of NK cells was assessed by dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine dye-based flow cytometry. Interferon-gamma present in the culture supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Basal NK cytotoxicity was found to be lower in HIV-TB (p < 0.05) and HIV when compared to NHS or TB. Maximal NK cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) was observed with an IL-15 and IL-12 combination in all the groups. At a 50:1 effector/target ratio, the mean fold increase in NK cytotoxicity upon stimulation was 2.11 for HIV and 1.84 for HIV-TB. Interferon-gamma levels from the stimulated cultures were elevated (p < 0.05) in the HIV and HIV-TB groups. We found no correlation between NK cytotoxicity and CD4 counts in HIV-TB. There is a positive correlation between NK cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma secretion for HIV-TB. The combination of IL-15 and IL-12 may have potential to improve the NK activity of HIV and HIV-TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parasa V. Ramana Rao
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai 600 031, India
| | - S. Rajasekaran
- Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai 600 047, India
| | - Alamelu Raja
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai 600 031, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Herrera MT, Torres M, Nevels D, Perez-Redondo CN, Ellner JJ, Sada E, Schwander SK. Compartmentalized bronchoalveolar IFN-gamma and IL-12 response in human pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 89:38-47. [PMID: 18848499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) principally involves the lungs, where local immunity impacts on the load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Because concomitants of local Th1 immunity are still under-explored in humans, we characterized immune responses in bronchoalveolar cells (BACs) and systemically in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in persons with active pulmonary TB and in healthy community controls. PPD- and live M.tb-induced IFN-gamma-production were observed in CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadeltaTCR(+), and CD56(+) alveolar T cell subpopulations and NK cells (CD3(-)CD56(+)). IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells (mostly CD45RO(+)) were more abundant (p<0.05). M.tb-induced IL-12p70, but interestingly also IL-4, was increased (p<0.05) in BACs from TB patients. Constitutive expression of IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA in BACs and PBMCs and IFN-gammaR1 in BACs was similar in both study groups. Data were normalized to account for differences in proportions of alveolar T cells and macrophages in the study groups. IFN-gamma-production and its induction by IL-12R engagement occur virtually unimpaired in the bronchoalveolar spaces of patients with pulmonary TB. The reasons for the apparent failure to control M. tuberculosis growth during active pulmonary TB disease is unknown but could be the expression of locally acting immunosuppressive mechanisms that subvert the antimycobacterial effects of IFN-gamma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang S, Muneta T, Morito T, Mochizuki T, Sekiya I. Autologous synovial fluid enhances migration of mesenchymal stem cells from synovium of osteoarthritis patients in tissue culture system. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1413-8. [PMID: 18418888 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synovial fluid from osteoarthritic knee contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). One of the possible reservoirs of MSCs in synovial fluid is synovial tissue, and synovial fluid may induce mobilization of MSCs into synovial fluid in osteoarthritis patients. Here, we investigated whether synovial fluid expanded synovial MSCs in a tissue culture system. Human synovium and synovial fluid were obtained from osteoarthritis patients during total knee arthroplasties. In the tissue culture system, autologous synovial fluid expanded synovial cells statistically higher than alpha MEM + FBS, and the addition of TGF beta 3 to alpha MEM + FBS increased expansion to a similar level in all 11 donors. The addition of decorin or anti-TGFbeta neutralizing antibody to synovial fluid partially inhibited synovial cell expansion. In cell culture assay, synovial fluid proliferated synovial cells fewer than alpha MEM + FBS. The expanded synovial cells in synovial fluid retained multipotentiality and showed surface markers similar to those of MSCs. We demonstrated that autologous synovial fluid enhanced expansion of MSCs in tissue culture of synovium from osteoarthritis patients by promoting cell migration. This effect was partially affected by TGFbeta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
D'Avila H, Roque NR, Cardoso RM, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Melo RCN, Bozza PT. Neutrophils recruited to the site of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection undergo apoptosis and modulate lipid body biogenesis and prostaglandin E production by macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2589-604. [PMID: 18771558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil influx to sites of mycobacterial infections is one of the first events of tuberculosis pathogenesis. However, the role of early neutrophil recruitment in mycobacterial infection is not completely understood. We investigated the rate of neutrophil apoptosis and the role of macrophage uptake of apoptotic neutrophils in a pleural tuberculosis model induced by BCG. Recruited neutrophils were shown to phagocyte BCG and a large number of neutrophils undergo apoptosis within 24 h. Notably, the great majority of apoptotic neutrophils were infected by BCG. Increased lipid body (lipid droplets) formation, accompanied by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and TGF-beta1 synthesis, occurred in parallel to macrophage uptake of apoptotic cells. Lipid body and PGE(2) formation was observed after macrophage exposure to apoptotic, but not necrotic or live neutrophils. Blockage of BCG-induced lipid body formation significantly inhibited PGE(2) synthesis. Pre-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD inhibited BCG-induced neutrophil apoptosis and lipid body formation, indicating a role for apoptotic neutrophils in macrophage lipid body biogenesis in infected mice. In conclusion, BCG infection induced activation and apoptosis of infected neutrophils at the inflammatory site. The uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages leads to TGF-beta1 generation and PGE(2)-derived lipid body formation, and may have modulator roles in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|