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Balakrishnan N, Katkar R, Pham PV, Downey T, Kashyap P, Anastasiu DC, Ramasubramanian AK. Prospection of Peptide Inhibitors of Thrombin from Diverse Origins Using a Machine Learning Pipeline. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1300. [PMID: 38002424 PMCID: PMC10669389 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a key enzyme involved in the development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases. Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), with their minimum off-target effects and immediacy of action, have greatly improved the treatment of these diseases. However, the risk of bleeding, pharmacokinetic issues, and thrombotic complications remain major concerns. In an effort to increase the effectiveness of the DTI discovery pipeline, we developed a two-stage machine learning pipeline to identify and rank peptide sequences based on their effective thrombin inhibitory potential. The positive dataset for our model consisted of thrombin inhibitor peptides and their binding affinities (KI) curated from published literature, and the negative dataset consisted of peptides with no known thrombin inhibitory or related activity. The first stage of the model identified thrombin inhibitory sequences with Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 83.6%. The second stage of the model, which covers an eight-order of magnitude range in KI values, predicted the binding affinity of new sequences with a log room mean square error (RMSE) of 1.114. These models also revealed physicochemical and structural characteristics that are hidden but unique to thrombin inhibitor peptides. Using the model, we classified more than 10 million peptides from diverse sources and identified unique short peptide sequences (<15 aa) of interest, based on their predicted KI. Based on the binding energies of the interaction of the peptide with thrombin, we identified a promising set of putative DTI candidates. The prediction pipeline is available on a web server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedha Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA (P.K.)
| | - Rahul Katkar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA (P.K.)
| | - Peter V. Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA (P.K.)
| | - Taylor Downey
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA (D.C.A.)
| | - Prarthna Kashyap
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA (P.K.)
| | - David C. Anastasiu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA (D.C.A.)
| | - Anand K. Ramasubramanian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA (P.K.)
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2
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Jamabo M, Mahlalela M, Edkins AL, Boshoff A. Tackling Sleeping Sickness: Current and Promising Therapeutics and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12529. [PMID: 37569903 PMCID: PMC10420020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the extracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, and targeted for eradication by 2030. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the lengthening of the proposed time frame for eliminating human African trypanosomiasis as control programs were interrupted. Armed with extensive antigenic variation and the depletion of the B cell population during an infectious cycle, attempts to develop a vaccine have remained unachievable. With the absence of a vaccine, control of the disease has relied heavily on intensive screening measures and the use of drugs. The chemotherapeutics previously available for disease management were plagued by issues such as toxicity, resistance, and difficulty in administration. The approval of the latest and first oral drug, fexinidazole, is a major chemotherapeutic achievement for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis in the past few decades. Timely and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, while poor compliance and resistance remain outstanding challenges. Drug discovery is on-going, and herein we review the recent advances in anti-trypanosomal drug discovery, including novel potential drug targets. The numerous challenges associated with disease eradication will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miebaka Jamabo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Maduma Mahlalela
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Adrienne L. Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Centre (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa;
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (M.M.)
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3
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Tyrosine-O-sulfation is a widespread affinity enhancer among thrombin interactors. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:387-401. [PMID: 34994377 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-O-sulfation is a common post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins following the cellular secretory pathway. First described in human fibrinogen, tyrosine-O-sulfation has long been associated with the modulation of protein-protein interactions in several physiological processes. A number of relevant interactions for hemostasis are largely dictated by this PTM, many of which involving the serine proteinase thrombin (FIIa), a central player in the blood-clotting cascade. Tyrosine sulfation is not limited to endogenous FIIa ligands and has also been found in hirudin, a well-known and potent thrombin inhibitor from the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The discovery of hirudin led to successful clinical application of analogs of leech-inspired molecules, but also unveiled several other natural thrombin-directed anticoagulant molecules, many of which undergo tyrosine-O-sulfation. The presence of this PTM has been shown to enhance the anticoagulant properties of these peptides from a range of blood-feeding organisms, including ticks, mosquitos and flies. Interestingly, some of these molecules display mechanisms of action that mimic those of thrombin's bona fide substrates.
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4
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Dowman LJ, Agten SM, Ripoll-Rozada J, Calisto BM, Pereira PJB, Payne RJ. Synthesis and evaluation of peptidic thrombin inhibitors bearing acid-stable sulfotyrosine analogues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10923-10926. [PMID: 34596182 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04742f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is an important post-translational modification of peptides and proteins which underpins and modulates many protein-protein interactions. In order to overcome the inherent instability of the native modification, we report the synthesis of two sulfonate analogues and their incorporation into two thrombin-inhibiting sulfopeptides. The effective mimicry of these sulfonate analogues for native sulfotyrosine was validated in the context of their thrombin inhibitory activity and binding mode, as determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Dowman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydne, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stijn M Agten
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydne, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Diwan D, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Nelson JW, Thakur VK, Christie G, Molina G, Gupta VK. Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10468. [PMID: 34638809 PMCID: PMC8508633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost-benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - James W. Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Kotál J, Polderdijk SGI, Langhansová H, Ederová M, Martins LA, Beránková Z, Chlastáková A, Hajdušek O, Kotsyfakis M, Huntington JA, Chmelař J. Ixodes ricinus Salivary Serpin Iripin-8 Inhibits the Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation and Complement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179480. [PMID: 34502392 PMCID: PMC8431025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva is a rich source of antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory molecules that actively help the tick to finish its blood meal. Moreover, these molecules facilitate the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Here we present the functional and structural characterization of Iripin-8, a salivary serpin from the tick Ixodes ricinus, a European vector of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. Iripin-8 displayed blood-meal-induced mRNA expression that peaked in nymphs and the salivary glands of adult females. Iripin-8 inhibited multiple proteases involved in blood coagulation and blocked the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade in vitro. Moreover, Iripin-8 inhibited erythrocyte lysis by complement, and Iripin-8 knockdown by RNA interference in tick nymphs delayed the feeding time. Finally, we resolved the crystal structure of Iripin-8 at 1.89 Å resolution to reveal an unusually long and rigid reactive center loop that is conserved in several tick species. The P1 Arg residue is held in place distant from the serpin body by a conserved poly-Pro element on the P′ side. Several PEG molecules bind to Iripin-8, including one in a deep cavity, perhaps indicating the presence of a small-molecule binding site. This is the first crystal structure of a tick serpin in the native state, and Iripin-8 is a tick serpin with a conserved reactive center loop that possesses antihemostatic activity that may mediate interference with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kotál
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Stéphanie G. I. Polderdijk
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (S.G.I.P.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Ederová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Larissa A. Martins
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Beránková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Adéla Chlastáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Ondřej Hajdušek
- Laboratory of Vector Immunology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - James A. Huntington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (S.G.I.P.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Yang L, Weiss BL, Williams AE, Aksoy E, de Silva Orfano A, Son JH, Wu Y, Vigneron A, Karakus M, Aksoy S. Paratransgenic manipulation of a tsetse microRNA alters the physiological homeostasis of the fly's midgut environment. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009475. [PMID: 34107000 PMCID: PMC8216540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are vectors of parasitic African trypanosomes, the etiological agents of human and animal African trypanosomoses. Current disease control methods include fly-repelling pesticides, fly trapping, and chemotherapeutic treatment of infected people and animals. Inhibiting tsetse's ability to transmit trypanosomes by strengthening the fly's natural barriers can serve as an alternative approach to reduce disease. The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitinous and proteinaceous barrier that lines the insect midgut and serves as a protective barrier that inhibits infection with pathogens. African trypanosomes must cross tsetse's PM in order to establish an infection in the fly, and PM structural integrity negatively correlates with trypanosome infection outcomes. Bloodstream form trypanosomes shed variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) into tsetse's gut lumen early during the infection establishment, and free VSG molecules are internalized by the fly's PM-producing cardia. This process results in a reduction in the expression of a tsetse microRNA (miR275) and a sequential molecular cascade that compromises PM integrity. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are critical in regulating many physiological processes. In the present study, we investigated the role(s) of tsetse miR275 by developing a paratransgenic expression system that employs tsetse's facultative bacterial endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, to express tandem antagomir-275 repeats (or miR275 sponges). This system induces a constitutive, 40% reduction in miR275 transcript abundance in the fly's midgut and results in obstructed blood digestion (gut weights increased by 52%), a significant increase (p-value < 0.0001) in fly survival following infection with an entomopathogenic bacteria, and a 78% increase in trypanosome infection prevalence. RNA sequencing of cardia and midgut tissues from paratransgenic tsetse confirmed that miR275 regulates processes related to the expression of PM-associated proteins and digestive enzymes as well as genes that encode abundant secretory proteins. Our study demonstrates that paratransgenesis can be employed to study microRNA regulated pathways in arthropods that house symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adeline E. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emre Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alessandra de Silva Orfano
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jae Hak Son
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehmet Karakus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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9
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Agten SM, Watson EE, Ripoll‐Rozada J, Dowman LJ, Wu MCL, Alwis I, Jackson SP, Pereira PJB, Payne RJ. Potent Trivalent Inhibitors of Thrombin through Hybridization of Salivary Sulfopeptides from Hematophagous Arthropods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn M. Agten
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Emma E. Watson
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jorge Ripoll‐Rozada
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto 4200-135 Porto Portugal
| | - Luke J. Dowman
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Mike C. L. Wu
- Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Heart Research Institute Sydney NSW 2042 Australia
| | - Imala Alwis
- Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Heart Research Institute Sydney NSW 2042 Australia
| | - Shaun P. Jackson
- Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Heart Research Institute Sydney NSW 2042 Australia
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto 4200-135 Porto Portugal
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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10
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Agten SM, Watson EE, Ripoll-Rozada J, Dowman LJ, Wu MCL, Alwis I, Jackson SP, Pereira PJB, Payne RJ. Potent Trivalent Inhibitors of Thrombin through Hybridization of Salivary Sulfopeptides from Hematophagous Arthropods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5348-5356. [PMID: 33345438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood feeding arthropods, such as leeches, ticks, flies and mosquitoes, provide a privileged source of peptidic anticoagulant molecules. These primarily operate through inhibition of the central coagulation protease thrombin by binding to the active site and either exosite I or exosite II. Herein, we describe the rational design of a novel class of trivalent thrombin inhibitors that simultaneously block both exosites as well as the active site. These engineered hybrids were synthesized using tandem diselenide-selenoester ligation (DSL) and native chemical ligation (NCL) reactions in one-pot. The most potent trivalent inhibitors possessed femtomolar inhibition constants against α-thrombin and were selective over related coagulation proteases. A lead hybrid inhibitor possessed potent anticoagulant activity, blockade of both thrombin generation and platelet aggregation in vitro and efficacy in a murine thrombosis model at 1 mg kg-1 . The rational engineering approach described here lays the foundation for the development of potent and selective inhibitors for a range of other enzymatic targets that possess multiple sites for the disruption of protein-protein interactions, in addition to an active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn M Agten
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma E Watson
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luke J Dowman
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike C L Wu
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Imala Alwis
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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11
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Calisto BM, Ripoll-Rozada J, Dowman LJ, Franck C, Agten SM, Parker BL, Veloso RC, Vale N, Gomes P, de Sanctis D, Payne RJ, Pereira PJB. Sulfotyrosine-Mediated Recognition of Human Thrombin by a Tsetse Fly Anticoagulant Mimics Physiological Substrates. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 28:26-33.e8. [PMID: 33096052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite possessing only 32 residues, the tsetse thrombin inhibitor (TTI) is among the most potent anticoagulants described, with sub-picomolar inhibitory activity against thrombin. Unexpectedly, TTI isolated from the fly is 2000-fold more active and 180 Da heavier than synthetic and recombinant variants. We predicted the presence of a tyrosine O-sulfate post-translational modification of TTI, prompting us to investigate the effect of the modification on anticoagulant activity. A combination of chemical synthesis and functional assays was used to reveal that sulfation significantly improved the inhibitory activity of TTI against thrombin. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that the N-terminal sulfated segment of TTI binds the basic exosite II of thrombin, establishing interactions similar to those of physiologic substrates, while the C-terminal segment abolishes the catalytic activity of thrombin. This non-canonical mode of inhibition, coupled with its potency and small size, makes TTI an attractive scaffold for the design of novel antithrombotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Calisto
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Structural Biology Group, 38000 Grenoble, France; ALBA Synchrotron, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luke J Dowman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Charlotte Franck
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stijn M Agten
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rita Carvalho Veloso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniele de Sanctis
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Structural Biology Group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Alfituri OA, Quintana JF, MacLeod A, Garside P, Benson RA, Brewer JM, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Capewell P. To the Skin and Beyond: The Immune Response to African Trypanosomes as They Enter and Exit the Vertebrate Host. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32595652 PMCID: PMC7304505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are single-celled extracellular protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse fly vectors across sub-Saharan Africa, causing serious disease in both humans and animals. Mammalian infections begin when the tsetse fly penetrates the skin in order to take a blood meal, depositing trypanosomes into the dermal layer. Similarly, onward transmission occurs when differentiated and insect pre-adapted forms are ingested by the fly during a blood meal. Between these transmission steps, trypanosomes access the systemic circulation of the vertebrate host via the skin-draining lymph nodes, disseminating into multiple tissues and organs, and establishing chronic, and long-lasting infections. However, most studies of the immunobiology of African trypanosomes have been conducted under experimental conditions that bypass the skin as a route for systemic dissemination (typically via intraperitoneal or intravenous routes). Therefore, the importance of these initial interactions between trypanosomes and the skin at the site of initial infection, and the implications for these processes in infection establishment, have largely been overlooked. Recent studies have also demonstrated active and complex interactions between the mammalian host and trypanosomes in the skin during initial infection and revealed the skin as an overlooked anatomical reservoir for transmission. This highlights the importance of this organ when investigating the biology of trypanosome infections and the associated immune responses at the initial site of infection. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in establishing African trypanosome infections and potential of the skin as a reservoir, the role of innate immune cells in the skin during initial infection, and the subsequent immune interactions as the parasites migrate from the skin. We suggest that a thorough identification of the mechanisms involved in establishing African trypanosome infections in the skin and their progression through the host is essential for the development of novel approaches to interrupt disease transmission and control these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alfituri
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F. Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Benson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Brewer
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Capewell
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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Faraji H, Soltani F, Ramezani M, Sadeghnia HR, Nedaeinia R, Moghimi Benhangi H, Mashkani B. Designing a multifunctional staphylokinase variant (SAK-2RGD-TTI) with appropriate thrombolytic activity in vitro. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 42:103-114. [PMID: 31686286 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombin, platelets, and plasmin are three key factors involved in hemostasis and thrombolysis. Thrombolytic therapy with clinically approved drugs is often followed by recurrent thrombosis caused by thrombin-induced platelet aggregation from the clot debris. In order to minimize these problems, new constructs were designed for the expression of recombinant staphylokinase (rSAK) and also a fusion protein composed of staphylokinase, 20 amino acids containing 2 RGD followed by tsetse thrombin Inhibitor (SAK-2RGD-TTI) in Pichia pastoris. RESULT Modeling the tertiary structure of SAK-2RGD-TTI showed that the linker containing RGD and TTI did not interfere with proper folding of SAK. In laboratory testing, the purified SAK-2RGD-TTI (420 μg/mL) dissolved an average of 45% of the blood clot. The activity of the SAK-2RGD-TTI was also confirmed in various tests including human plasminogen activation assay, fibrin clot lysis assay, well diffusion method, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet rich clot lysis assay. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that SAK-2RGD-TTI has improved therapeutic properties preventing reocclussion. It further confirms that it is practicable to assemble and produce a hybrid multifunctional protein that targets hemostatic process at various stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Faraji
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Moghimi Benhangi
- Department of Toxicology, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Nedaeinia R, Faraji H, Javanmard SH, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Goli M, Mashkani B, Nedaeinia M, Haghighi MHH, Ranjbar M. Bacterial staphylokinase as a promising third-generation drug in the treatment for vascular occlusion. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:819-841. [PMID: 31677034 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular occlusion is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity. Blood vessel blockage can lead to thrombotic complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, deep venous thrombosis, peripheral occlusive disease, and pulmonary embolism. Thrombolytic therapy currently aims to rectify this through the administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Research is underway to design an ideal thrombolytic drug with the lowest risk. Despite the potent clot lysis achievable using approved thrombolytic drugs such as alteplase, reteplase, streptokinase, tenecteplase, and some other fibrinolytic agents, there are some drawbacks, such as high production cost, systemic bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, vessel re-occlusion by platelet-rich and retracted secondary clots, and non-fibrin specificity. In comparison, bacterial staphylokinase, is a new, small-size plasminogen activator, unlike bacterial streptokinase, it hinders the systemic degradation of fibrinogen and reduces the risk of severe hemorrhage. A fibrin-bound plasmin-staphylokinase complex shows high resistance to a2-antiplasmin-related inhibition. Staphylokinase has the potential to be considered as a promising thrombolytic agent with properties of cost-effective production and the least side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nedaeinia
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Habibollah Faraji
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. .,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooye Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Nedaeinia
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Hayavi Haghighi
- Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.,Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Faraji H, Ramezani M, Mashkani B, Sadeghnia HR, Benhangi HM, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Soltani F. Comparison of expression optimization of new derivative of staphylokinase (SAK-2RGD-TTI) with the rSAK. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2819. [PMID: 30972956 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK) is a promising thrombolytic agent for the treatment of patients suffering from blood-clotting disorders. To increase the potency of SAK and to minimize vessel reocclusion, a new construct bearing SAK motif fused to tsetse thrombin inhibitor (TTI) via a 20-amino acid linker with 2 RGD (2 × arginine-glycine-aspartic acid inhibiting platelet aggregation via attachment to integrin receptors of platelet) was codon optimized and expressed comparatively in Pichia pastoris GS115 as a Mut+ strain and KM71H as a Muts strain. Fusion protein was optimized in terms of best expression condition and fibrinolytic activity and compared with the rSAK. Expression level of the designed construct reached up to 175 mg/L of the culture medium after 72-hr stimulation with 2.5% methanol and remained steady for 3-4 days. The highest expression was obtained at the range of 2-3% methanol. The SAK-2RGD-TT (relative activity >82%) was more active at 25-37 °C than rSAK (relative activity of 93%). Further, it showed relative activity >80% at pH ranges of 7-9. Western blot analysis showed two bands of nearly 27 and 24 kDa at ratio of 5 to 3, respectively. The specific fibrinolytic activity of the SAK-2RGD-TTI was measured as 8,269 U/mg, and 19,616 U/mg for the nonpurified and purified proteins, respectively. Deglycosylation by using tunicamycin in culture medium resulted in higher fibrinolytic activity of SAK-2RGD-TTI (2.2 fold). Consequently, compared to the rSAK, at the same equimolar proportion, addition of RGD and TTI fragments could increase fibrinolytic activity. Also, P. pastoris can be considered as an efficient host for overexpression of the soluble SAK-2RGD-TTI with high activity without requiring a complicated purification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Faraji
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sadeghnia
- Neurocognitive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of New Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid M Benhangi
- Department of Toxicology, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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16
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Tyrosine sulfation modulates activity of tick-derived thrombin inhibitors. Nat Chem 2017; 9:909-917. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Matetovici I, Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J. Tsetse fly tolerance to T. brucei infection: transcriptome analysis of trypanosome-associated changes in the tsetse fly salivary gland. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:971. [PMID: 27884110 PMCID: PMC5123318 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For their transmission, African trypanosomes rely on their blood feeding insect vector, the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.). The ingested Trypanosoma brucei parasites have to overcome a series of barriers in the tsetse fly alimentary tract to finally develop into the infective metacyclic forms in the salivary glands that are transmitted to a mammalian host by the tsetse bite. The parasite population in the salivary gland is dense with a significant number of trypanosomes tightly attached to the epithelial cells. Our current knowledge on the impact of the infection on the salivary gland functioning is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to gain a deeper insight into the global gene expression changes in the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans morsitans in response to an infection with the T. brucei parasite. A detailed whole transcriptome comparison of midgut-infected tsetse with and without a mature salivary gland infection was performed to study the impact of a trypanosome infection on different aspects of the salivary gland functioning and the mechanisms that are induced in this tissue to tolerate the infection i.e. to control the negative impact of the parasite presence. Moreover, a transcriptome comparison with age-matched uninfected flies was done to see whether gene expression in the salivary glands is already affected by a trypanosome infection in the tsetse midgut. Results By a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) approach we compared the whole transcriptomes of flies with a T. brucei salivary gland/midgut infection versus flies with only a midgut infection or versus non-infected flies, all with the same age and feeding history. More than 7500 salivary gland transcripts were detected from which a core group of 1214 differentially expressed genes (768 up- and 446 down-regulated) were shared between the two transcriptional comparisons. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and detailed gene expression comparisons showed a diverse impact at the gene transcript level. Increased expression was observed for transcripts encoding for proteins involved in immunity (like several genes of the Imd-signaling pathway, serine proteases, serpins and thioester-containing proteins), detoxification of reactive species, cell death, cytoskeleton organization, cell junction and repair. Decreased expression was observed for transcripts encoding the major secreted proteins such as 5′-nucleotidases, adenosine deaminases and the nucleic acid binding proteins Tsals. Moreover, expression of some gene categories in the salivary glands were found to be already affected by a trypanosome midgut infection, before the parasite reaches the salivary glands. Conclusions This study reveals that the T. brucei population in the tsetse salivary gland has a negative impact on its functioning and on the integrity of the gland epithelium. Our RNA-seq data suggest induction of a strong local tissue response in order to control the epithelial cell damage, the ROS intoxication of the cellular environment and the parasite infection, resulting in the fly tolerance to the infection. The modified expression of some gene categories in the tsetse salivary glands by a trypanosome infection at the midgut level indicate a putative anticipatory response in the salivary glands, before the parasite reaches this tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3283-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Matetovici
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.,Present address: Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.
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18
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Kariithi HM, Boeren S, Murungi EK, Vlak JM, Abd-Alla AMM. A proteomics approach reveals molecular manipulators of distinct cellular processes in the salivary glands of Glossina m. morsitans in response to Trypanosoma b. brucei infections. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:424. [PMID: 27485005 PMCID: PMC4969678 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glossina m. morsitans is the primary vector of the Trypanosoma brucei group, one of the causative agents of African trypanosomoses. The parasites undergo metacyclogenesis, i.e. transformation into the mammalian-infective metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) parasites, in the salivary glands (SGs) of the tsetse vector. Since the MT-parasites are largely uncultivable in vitro, information on the molecular processes that facilitate metacyclogenesis is scanty. Methods To bridge this knowledge gap, we employed tandem mass spectrometry to investigate protein expression modulations in parasitized (T. b. brucei-infected) and unparasitized SGs of G. m. morsitans. We annotated the identified proteins into gene ontologies and mapped the up- and downregulated proteins within protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Results We identified 361 host proteins, of which 76.6 % (n = 276) and 22.3 % (n = 81) were up- and downregulated, respectively, in parasitized SGs compared to unparasitized SGs. Whilst 32 proteins were significantly upregulated (> 10-fold), only salivary secreted adenosine was significantly downregulated. Amongst the significantly upregulated proteins, there were proteins associated with blood feeding, immunity, cellular proliferation, homeostasis, cytoskeletal traffic and regulation of protein turnover. The significantly upregulated proteins formed major hubs in the PPI network including key regulators of the Ras/MAPK and Ca2+/cAMP signaling pathways, ubiquitin-proteasome system and mitochondrial respiratory chain. Moreover, we identified 158 trypanosome-specific proteins, notable of which were proteins in the families of the GPI-anchored surface glycoproteins, kinetoplastid calpains, peroxiredoxins, retrotransposon host spot multigene and molecular chaperones. Whilst immune-related trypanosome proteins were over-represented, membrane transporters and proteins involved in translation repression (e.g. ribosomal proteins) were under-represented, potentially reminiscent of the growth-arrested MT-parasites. Conclusions Our data implicate the significantly upregulated proteins as manipulators of diverse cellular processes in response to T. b. brucei infection, potentially to prepare the MT-parasites for invasion and evasion of the mammalian host immune defences. We discuss potential strategies to exploit our findings in enhancement of trypanosome refractoriness or reduce the vector competence of the tsetse vector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1714-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Insect Pest Control Laboratories, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagrammer Straße 5, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703, HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin K Murungi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, 20115, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratories, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagrammer Straße 5, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Stijlemans B, Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S, De Trez C. Immune Evasion Strategies of Trypanosoma brucei within the Mammalian Host: Progression to Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:233. [PMID: 27446070 PMCID: PMC4919330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases caused by African trypanosomes (AT) are of both medical and veterinary importance and have adversely influenced the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, so far not a single field applicable vaccine exists, and chemotherapy is the only strategy available to treat the disease. These strictly extracellular protozoan parasites are confronted with different arms of the host's immune response (cellular as well as humoral) and via an elaborate and efficient (vector)-parasite-host interplay they have evolved efficient immune escape mechanisms to evade/manipulate the entire host immune response. This is of importance, since these parasites need to survive sufficiently long in their mammalian/vector host in order to complete their life cycle/transmission. Here, we will give an overview of the different mechanisms AT (i.e. T. brucei as a model organism) employ, comprising both tsetse fly saliva and parasite-derived components to modulate host innate immune responses thereby sculpturing an environment that allows survival and development within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Geiger A, Bossard G, Sereno D, Pissarra J, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Holzmuller P. Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids. Front Immunol 2016; 7:212. [PMID: 27303406 PMCID: PMC4885876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas' disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts' immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host's immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite-host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites-hosts-vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD Université de Bordeaux Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMRCMAEE CIRAD-INRA TA-A15/G “Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes”, Montpellier, France
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Hamidou Soumana I, Klopp C, Ravel S, Nabihoudine I, Tchicaya B, Parrinello H, Abate L, Rialle S, Geiger A. RNA-seq de novo Assembly Reveals Differential Gene Expression in Glossina palpalis gambiensis Infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense vs. Non-Infected and Self-Cured Flies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1259. [PMID: 26617594 PMCID: PMC4643127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg), causing the sleeping sickness chronic form, completes its developmental cycle within the tsetse fly vector Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Gpg) before its transmission to humans. Within the framework of an anti-vector disease control strategy, a global gene expression profiling of trypanosome infected (susceptible), non-infected, and self-cured (refractory) tsetse flies was performed, on their midguts, to determine differential genes expression resulting from in vivo trypanosomes, tsetse flies (and their microbiome) interactions. An RNAseq de novo assembly was achieved. The assembled transcripts were mapped to reference sequences for functional annotation. Twenty-four percent of the 16,936 contigs could not be annotated, possibly representing untranslated mRNA regions, or Gpg- or Tbg-specific ORFs. The remaining contigs were classified into 65 functional groups. Only a few transposable elements were present in the Gpg midgut transcriptome, which may represent active transpositions and play regulatory roles. One thousand three hundred and seventy three genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between stimulated and non-stimulated flies were identified at day-3 post-feeding; 52 and 1025 between infected and self-cured flies at 10 and 20 days post-feeding, respectively. The possible roles of several DEGs regarding fly susceptibility and refractoriness are discussed. The results provide new means to decipher fly infection mechanisms, crucial to develop anti-vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, GenoToul, UR875 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Ravel
- UMR 177, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bernadette Tchicaya
- UMR 177, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U661 Montpellier, France ; Universités de Montpellier 1 and 2, UMR 5203 Montpellier, France ; Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Abate
- UMR MIVEGEC (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290-UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Rialle
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U661 Montpellier, France ; Universités de Montpellier 1 and 2, UMR 5203 Montpellier, France ; Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Geiger
- UMR 177, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G Montpellier, France
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An immunoregulatory peptide from tsetse fly salivary glands of Glossina morsitans morsitans. Biochimie 2015; 118:123-8. [PMID: 26342879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans is an important insect vector of African trypanosomes, which cause human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). As other hematophagous arthropods, tsetse fly relies heavily on the pharmacological propriety of their saliva to suppress host's immune reactions and get blood meal. However little information is available on immune regulators from testes fly. An immunoregulatory peptide named Gloss 2 containing amino acid sequence of QKNDTAFSCHFFEIYL SNCFNKEKYIKNYLQIM has been identified from salivary glands of the tsetse fly of G. morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). Gloss 2 has the ability to inhibit the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ),interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse splenocytes. Besides, Gloss 2 significantly suppressed the LPS-induced activation of MAPK signaling pathway through blocking phosphorylations of JNK, Erk and P38. Gloss 2 probably inhibits host inflammatory responses by inhibiting secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. Considering IL-10's ability to promote humoral immune responses by enhancing class II expression B cells and inducing immunoglobulin (Ig) production, Gloss 2 may inhibit host humoral immune response by inhibiting IL-10 secretion. The immune-suppression may facilitate the blood feeding of tsetse fly and transmission of African trypanosomes to hosts.
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Zhao X, Silva TLAE, Cronin L, Savage AF, O’Neill M, Nerima B, Okedi LM, Aksoy S. Immunogenicity and Serological Cross-Reactivity of Saliva Proteins among Different Tsetse Species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004038. [PMID: 26313460 PMCID: PMC4551805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa. Components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse’s ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. We compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus Morsitans: Glossina morsitans morsitans (Gmm) and Glossina pallidipes (Gpd), and subgenus Palpalis: Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Gpg) and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff), and evaluated their immunogenicity and serological cross reactivity by an immunoblot approach utilizing antibodies from experimental mice challenged with uninfected flies. The protein and immune profiles of sialome components varied with fly species in the same subgenus displaying greater similarity and cross reactivity. Sera obtained from cattle from disease endemic areas of Africa displayed an immunogenicity profile reflective of tsetse species distribution. We analyzed the sialome fractions of Gmm by LC-MS/MS, and identified TAg5, Tsal1/Tsal2, and Sgp3 as major immunogenic proteins, and the 5'-nucleotidase family as well as four members of the Adenosine Deaminase Growth Factor (ADGF) family as the major non-immunogenic proteins. Within the ADGF family, we identified four closely related proteins (TSGF-1, TSGF-2, ADGF-3 and ADGF-4), all of which are expressed in tsetse salivary glands. We describe the tsetse species-specific expression profiles and genomic localization of these proteins. Using a passive-immunity approach, we evaluated the effects of rec-TSGF (TSGF-1 and TSGF-2) polyclonal antibodies on tsetse fitness parameters. Limited exposure of tsetse to mice with circulating anti-TSGF antibodies resulted in a slight detriment to their blood feeding ability as reflected by compromised digestion, lower weight gain and less total lipid reserves although these results were not statistically significant. Long-term exposure studies of tsetse flies to antibodies corresponding to the ADGF family of proteins are warranted to evaluate the role of this conserved family in fly biology. Insect saliva contains many proteins that are injected into the mammalian host during the blood feeding process. Saliva proteins enhance the blood feeding ability of insects, but they can also induce mammalian immune responses that inhibit successful feeding, or modulate the bite site to benefit pathogen transmission. Here we studied saliva from four different tsetse species that belong to two distant species groups. We show that the saliva protein profiles of different species groups vary. Experimental mice subjected to fly bites display varying immunological responses against the abundant saliva proteins and the antigenicity of the shared saliva proteins in different tsetse species differs. We show that one member of the ADGF family with adenosine deaminase motifs, TSGF-2, is non-immunogenic in Glossina morsitans in mice, while the same protein from Glossina fuscipes is highly immunogenic. Such species-specific immune responses could be exploited as biomarkers of host exposures in the field. We also show that short-term exposure of G. morsitans to mice passively immunized by anti-TSGF antibodies leads to slight but not statistically significant negative fitness effects. Thus, future investigations with non-antigenic saliva proteins are warranted as they can lead to novel mammalian vaccine targets to reduce tsetse populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Laura Cronin
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy F. Savage
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michelle O’Neill
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Ren Y, Wu H, Lai F, Yang M, Li X, Tang Y. Isolation and identification of a novel anticoagulant peptide from enzymatic hydrolysates of scorpion (Buthus martensii Karsch) protein. Food Res Int 2014; 64:931-938. [PMID: 30011736 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic hydrolysis approach was proposed for the preparation of bioactive hydrolysate of scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) protein. Results showed that the anticoagulant activity of the hydrolysates of BmK protein was closely related to both the enzyme type and the degree of hydrolysis. Alcalase AF showed to be the best enzymes for the hydrolysis. And the hydrolysis degree (DH) was closely related with the anticoagulant activity of the hydrolyzate. At a DH value of 18% with Alcalase AF, the hydrolyzate exhibited the highest activity. The hydrolysate was then separated and purified by consecutive chromatographic procedures, giving a novel anticoagulant peptide consisting of ten amino acids (MW: 1119.8Da) with its sequence of Val-Glu-Pro-Val-Thr-Val-Asn-Pro- His-Glu identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. The negatively charged amino acids and hydrophobic amino acids may contribute to the anticoagulant activity of the prepared peptides. And the Val residue in N-terminal was also critical for the anticoagulant activity of the BmK peptide. Furthermore, the anticoagulant activity kept stable after in vitro digestive simulation. This research provided a promising bioprocessing route for production of anticoagulant peptides using BmK protein as a potentially valuable bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Furao Lai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Yuqian Tang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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25
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Abstract
Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human African trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Both sexes of adult tsetse feed exclusively on blood and contribute to disease transmission. Notable differences between tsetse and other disease vectors include obligate microbial symbioses, viviparous reproduction, and lactation. Here, we describe the sequence and annotation of the 366-megabase Glossina morsitans morsitans genome. Analysis of the genome and the 12,308 predicted protein-encoding genes led to multiple discoveries, including chromosomal integrations of bacterial (Wolbachia) genome sequences, a family of lactation-specific proteins, reduced complement of host pathogen recognition proteins, and reduced olfaction/chemosensory associated genes. These genome data provide a foundation for research into trypanosomiasis prevention and yield important insights with broad implications for multiple aspects of tsetse biology.
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26
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Telleria EL, Benoit JB, Zhao X, Savage AF, Regmi S, e Silva TLA, O'Neill M, Aksoy S. Insights into the trypanosome-host interactions revealed through transcriptomic analysis of parasitized tsetse fly salivary glands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2649. [PMID: 24763140 PMCID: PMC3998935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The agents of sleeping sickness disease, Trypanosoma brucei complex parasites, are transmitted to mammalian hosts through the bite of an infected tsetse. Information on tsetse-trypanosome interactions in the salivary gland (SG) tissue, and on mammalian infective metacyclic (MC) parasites present in the SG, is sparse. We performed RNA-seq analyses from uninfected and T. b. brucei infected SGs of Glossina morsitans morsitans. Comparison of the SG transcriptomes to a whole body fly transcriptome revealed that only 2.7% of the contigs are differentially expressed during SG infection, and that only 263 contigs (0.6%) are preferentially expressed in the SGs (SG-enriched). The expression of only 37 contigs (0.08%) and 27 SG-enriched contigs (10%) were suppressed in infected SG. These suppressed contigs accounted for over 55% of the SG transcriptome, and included the most abundant putative secreted proteins with anti-hemostatic functions present in saliva. In contrast, expression of putative host proteins associated with immunity, stress, cell division and tissue remodeling were enriched in infected SG suggesting that parasite infections induce host immune and stress response(s) that likely results in tissue renewal. We also performed RNA-seq analysis from mouse blood infected with the same parasite strain, and compared the transcriptome of bloodstream form (BSF) cells with that of parasites obtained from the infected SG. Over 30% of parasite transcripts are differentially regulated between the two stages, and reflect parasite adaptations to varying host nutritional and immune ecology. These differences are associated with the switch from an amino acid based metabolism in the SG to one based on glucose utilization in the blood, and with surface coat modifications that enable parasite survival in the different hosts. This study provides a foundation on the molecular aspects of the trypanosome dialogue with its tsetse and mammalian hosts, necessary for future functional investigations. Tsetse flies transmit the causative agents of African sleeping sickness and nagana in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasites are acquired when tsetse flies feed on an infected host, undergo multiplication in the fly gut and migrate to the salivary glands (SG). The cycle resumes once this infected fly transmits the parasites in conjunction with saliva to another host when feeding. We compared gene expression changes between parasitized and uninfected tsetse SG. We also assessed changes in parasite gene expression in the tsetse SG in relation to those present within vertebrate blood. We found that parasite infections increase expression of host proteins associated with stress and cell division, indicative of extensive cellular damage in SG. We also found that parasite infections reduce expression of the most highly expressed SG-specific secreted proteins, suggesting modification of saliva composition. The parasite transcriptome reveals changes in specific cell surface proteins and in metabolism related to glucose-amino acid utilization in the different host environments. This study provides information for critical understanding of tsetse-trypanosome interactions, and transcriptional changes that likely enable the parasite to persist in the varying environment of its insect and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Loza Telleria
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy F. Savage
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sandesh Regmi
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michelle O'Neill
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ha YR, Oh SR, Seo ES, Kim BH, Lee DK, Lee SJ. Detection of heparin in the salivary gland and midgut of Aedes togoi. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:183-8. [PMID: 24850962 PMCID: PMC4028456 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes secrete saliva that contains biological substances, including anticoagulants that counteract a host's hemostatic response and prevent blood clotting during blood feeding. This study aimed to detect heparin, an anticoagulant in Aedes togoi using an immunohistochemical detection method, in the salivary canal, salivary gland, and midgut of male and female mosquitoes. Comparisons showed that female mosquitoes contained higher concentrations of heparin than male mosquitoes. On average, the level of heparin was higher in blood-fed female mosquitoes than in non-blood-fed female mosquitoes. Heparin concentrations were higher in the midgut than in the salivary gland. This indicates presence of heparin in tissues of A. togoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ran Ha
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - So-Ra Oh
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Seo
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Bo-Heum Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biology, Kosin University, Busan 606-701, Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea. ; Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea. ; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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28
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Figueiredo AC, de Sanctis D, Pereira PJB. The tick-derived anticoagulant madanin is processed by thrombin and factor Xa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71866. [PMID: 23951260 PMCID: PMC3741208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cysteine-less peptidic anticoagulants madanin-1 and madanin-2 from the bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis are the founding members of the MEROPS inhibitor family I53. It has been previously suggested that madanins exert their functional activity by competing with physiological substrates for binding to the positively charged exosite I (fibrinogen-binding exosite) of α-thrombin. We hereby demonstrate that competitive inhibition of α-thrombin by madanin-1 or madanin-2 involves binding to the enzyme's active site. Moreover, the blood coagulation factors IIa and Xa are shown to hydrolyze both inhibitors at different, although partially overlapping cleavage sites. Finally, the three-dimensional structure of the complex formed between human α-thrombin and a proteolytic fragment of madanin-1, determined by X-ray crystallography, elucidates the molecular details of madanin-1 recognition and processing by the proteinase. Taken together, the current findings establish the mechanism of action of madanins, natural anticoagulants that behave as cleavable competitive inhibitors of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Figueiredo
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniele de Sanctis
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
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29
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Unique thrombin inhibition mechanism by anophelin, an anticoagulant from the malaria vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E3649-58. [PMID: 23223529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211614109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of malaria, a potentially fatal blood disease affecting half a billion humans worldwide. These blood-feeding insects include in their antihemostatic arsenal a potent thrombin inhibitor, the flexible and cysteine-less anophelin. Here, we present a thorough structure-and-function analysis of thrombin inhibition by anophelin, including the 2.3-Å crystal structure of the human thrombin·anophelin complex. Anophelin residues 32-61 are well-defined by electron density, completely occupying the long cleft between the active site and exosite I. However, in striking contrast to substrates, the D50-R53 anophelin tetrapeptide occupies the active site cleft of the enzyme, whereas the upstream residues A35-P45 shield the regulatory exosite I, defining a unique reverse-binding mode of an inhibitor to the target proteinase. The extensive interactions established, the disruption of thrombin's active site charge-relay system, and the insertion of residue R53 into the proteinase S(1) pocket in an orientation opposed to productive substrates explain anophelin's remarkable specificity and resistance to proteolysis by thrombin. Complementary biophysical and functional characterization of point mutants and truncated versions of anophelin unambiguously establish the molecular mechanism of action of this family of serine proteinase inhibitors (I77). These findings have implications for the design of novel antithrombotics.
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30
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Awuoche E. Tsetse fly saliva: Could it be useful in fly infection when feeding in chronically aparasitemic mammalian hosts. Open Vet J 2012; 2:95-105. [PMID: 26623300 PMCID: PMC4655765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping sickness and nagana are two important diseases cuased by African trypanosomes in humans and animals respectively, in tropical african countries. A number of trypanosome species are implicated in these diseases, but it is the Trypanosoma brucei group that is responsible for the chronic form of sleeping sickness. During the course of this chronic infection the parasite shows a clear tropism for organs and tissues and only sporadically appears in the blood stream. Notwithstanding this feature, tsetse flies normally get infected from chronically infected apparasitemic hosts. For some pathogens like the microfilaria, it has already shown that the saliva of the vector, black fly saliva contribute to orient the pathogen to the site of the vector bite. Chemotaxis of tsetse saliva may perhaps stimulate movement of Trypanosoma brucei parasites from tissues to the bloodstream and via the vascular to the tsetse feeding site, and could explain the relatively high infection rate of tsetse flies feeding on chronically infected animals. This review paper looks into the possible role of trypanosome-vector saliva in ensuring parasite acquisition and its application in the tsetse - trypanosome interaction at the host skin interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.O. Awuoche
- School of Health Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. P. O Box 190 – 50100, Kakamega. Kenya,Kisii University College. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, P. O Box 408 – 40200, Kisii. Kenya,Corresponding Author: Erick Otieno Awuoche, School of Health Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. P. O Box 190 – 50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
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31
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Kariithi HM, Ince IA, Boeren S, Abd-Alla AMM, Parker AG, Aksoy S, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. The salivary secretome of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) infected by salivary gland hypertrophy virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1371. [PMID: 22132244 PMCID: PMC3222630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The competence of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera; Glossinidae) to acquire salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), to support virus replication and successfully transmit the virus depends on complex interactions between Glossina and SGHV macromolecules. Critical requisites to SGHV transmission are its replication and secretion of mature virions into the fly's salivary gland (SG) lumen. However, secretion of host proteins is of equal importance for successful transmission and requires cataloging of G. pallidipes secretome proteins from hypertrophied and non-hypertrophied SGs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS After electrophoretic profiling and in-gel trypsin digestion, saliva proteins were analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS. MaxQuant/Andromeda search of the MS data against the non-redundant (nr) GenBank database and a G. morsitans morsitans SG EST database, yielded a total of 521 hits, 31 of which were SGHV-encoded. On a false discovery rate limit of 1% and detection threshold of least 2 unique peptides per protein, the analysis resulted in 292 Glossina and 25 SGHV MS-supported proteins. When annotated by the Blast2GO suite, at least one gene ontology (GO) term could be assigned to 89.9% (285/317) of the detected proteins. Five (∼1.8%) Glossina and three (∼12%) SGHV proteins remained without a predicted function after blast searches against the nr database. Sixty-five of the 292 detected Glossina proteins contained an N-terminal signal/secretion peptide sequence. Eight of the SGHV proteins were predicted to be non-structural (NS), and fourteen are known structural (VP) proteins. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE SGHV alters the protein expression pattern in Glossina. The G. pallidipes SG secretome encompasses a spectrum of proteins that may be required during the SGHV infection cycle. These detected proteins have putative interactions with at least 21 of the 25 SGHV-encoded proteins. Our findings opens venues for developing novel SGHV mitigation strategies to block SGHV infections in tsetse production facilities such as using SGHV-specific antibodies and phage display-selected gut epithelia-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ikbal A. Ince
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew G. Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Thrombin inhibitors from different animals. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:641025. [PMID: 20976270 PMCID: PMC2953280 DOI: 10.1155/2010/641025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous and arterial thromboembolic diseases are still the most frequent causes of death and disability in high-income countries. Clinical anticoagulants are inhibitors of enzymes involved in the coagulation pathway, such as thrombin and factor X(a). Thrombin is a key enzyme of blood coagulation system, activating the platelets, converting the fibrinogen to the fibrin net, and amplifying its self-generation by the activation of factors V, VIII, and XI. Thrombin has long been a target for the development of oral anticoagulants. Furthermore, selective inhibitors of thrombin represent a new class of antithrombotic agents. For these reasons, a number of specific thrombin inhibitors are under evaluation for possible use as antithrombotic drugs. This paper summarizes old and new interests of specific thrombin inhibitors described in different animals.
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Van Den Abbeele J, Caljon G, De Ridder K, De Baetselier P, Coosemans M. Trypanosoma brucei modifies the tsetse salivary composition, altering the fly feeding behavior that favors parasite transmission. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000926. [PMID: 20532213 PMCID: PMC2880569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are the notorious transmitters of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the Trypanosoma parasite that affects humans and livestock on the African continent. Metacyclic infection rates in natural tsetse populations with Trypanosoma brucei, including the two human-pathogenic subspecies, are very low, even in epidemic situations. Therefore, the infected fly/host contact frequency is a key determinant of the transmission dynamics. As an obligate blood feeder, tsetse flies rely on their complex salivary potion to inhibit host haemostatic reactions ensuring an efficient feeding. The results of this experimental study suggest that the parasite might promote its transmission through manipulation of the tsetse feeding behavior by modifying the saliva composition. Indeed, salivary gland Trypanosoma brucei-infected flies display a significantly prolonged feeding time, thereby enhancing the likelihood of infecting multiple hosts during the process of a single blood meal cycle. Comparison of the two major anti-haemostatic activities i.e. anti-platelet aggregation and anti-coagulation activity in these flies versus non-infected tsetse flies demonstrates a significant suppression of these activities as a result of the trypanosome-infection status. This effect was mainly related to the parasite-induced reduction in salivary gland gene transcription, resulting in a strong decrease in protein content and related biological activities. Additionally, the anti-thrombin activity and inhibition of thrombin-induced coagulation was even more severely hampered as a result of the trypanosome infection. Indeed, while naive tsetse saliva strongly inhibited human thrombin activity and thrombin-induced blood coagulation, saliva from T. brucei-infected flies showed a significantly enhanced thrombinase activity resulting in a far less potent anti-coagulation activity. These data clearly provide evidence for a trypanosome-mediated modification of the tsetse salivary composition that results in a drastically reduced anti-haemostatic potential and a hampered feeding performance which could lead to an increase of the vector/host contact and parasite transmission in field conditions. Human African Trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a devastating parasitic disease that is fatal if left untreated. Infections are acquired via the bite of an obligate blood feeding fly, the tsetse fly, that is exclusively present on the African continent. In this insect vector, the trypanosome parasite has a complex development ending in the salivary glands. In this experimental study we demonstrate that the Trypanosoma brucei parasites change the composition of the tsetse fly saliva making it less efficient to keep the blood fluid at the biting site in the mammalian host. This results in a more difficult blood feeding process and favors the fly biting activity on multiple hosts, thereby promoting the survival and circulation of the parasite within the natural host population. These findings give us a better understanding of how trypanosome infections in the human population can be maintained given the fact that only very few tsetse flies are actually carrying the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Animal Health, Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Alves-Silva J, Ribeiro JMC, Van Den Abbeele J, Attardo G, Hao Z, Haines LR, Soares MB, Berriman M, Aksoy S, Lehane MJ. An insight into the sialome of Glossina morsitans morsitans. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:213. [PMID: 20353571 PMCID: PMC2853526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood feeding evolved independently in worms, arthropods and mammals. Among the adaptations to this peculiar diet, these animals developed an armament of salivary molecules that disarm their host's anti-bleeding defenses (hemostasis), inflammatory and immune reactions. Recent sialotranscriptome analyses (from the Greek sialo = saliva) of blood feeding insects and ticks have revealed that the saliva contains hundreds of polypeptides, many unique to their genus or family. Adult tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and are important vectors of human and animal diseases. Thus far, only limited information exists regarding the Glossina sialome, or any other fly belonging to the Hippoboscidae. RESULTS As part of the effort to sequence the genome of Glossina morsitans morsitans, several organ specific, high quality normalized cDNA libraries have been constructed, from which over 20,000 ESTs from an adult salivary gland library were sequenced. These ESTs have been assembled using previously described ESTs from the fat body and midgut libraries of the same fly, thus totaling 62,251 ESTs, which have been assembled into 16,743 clusters (8,506 of which had one or more EST from the salivary gland library). Coding sequences were obtained for 2,509 novel proteins, 1,792 of which had at least one EST expressed in the salivary glands. Despite library normalization, 59 transcripts were overrepresented in the salivary library indicating high levels of expression. This work presents a detailed analysis of the salivary protein families identified. Protein expression was confirmed by 2D gel electrophoresis, enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry. Concurrently, an initial attempt to determine the immunogenic properties of selected salivary proteins was undertaken. CONCLUSIONS The sialome of G. m. morsitans contains over 250 proteins that are possibly associated with blood feeding. This set includes alleles of previously described gene products, reveals new evidence that several salivary proteins are multigenic and identifies at least seven new polypeptide families unique to Glossina. Most of these proteins have no known function and thus, provide a discovery platform for the identification of novel pharmacologically active compounds, innovative vector-based vaccine targets, and immunological markers of vector exposure.
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Liao M, Zhou J, Gong H, Boldbaatar D, Shirafuji R, Battur B, Nishikawa Y, Fujisaki K. Hemalin, a thrombin inhibitor isolated from a midgut cDNA library from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:164-173. [PMID: 19061894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A full-length sequence of a thrombin inhibitor (designated as hemalin) from the midgut of parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis has been identified. Sequence analysis shows that this gene belongs to the Kunitz-type family, containing two Kunitz domains with high homology to boophilin, the thrombin inhibitor from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The recombinant protein expressed in insect cells delayed bovine plasma clotting time and inhibited both thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting and platelet aggregation. A 20-kDa protein was detected from the midgut lysate with antiserum against recombinant hemalin. The gene is expressed at all stages of the tick except for the egg stage, and hemalin mRNA mainly in the midgut of the female adult tick. Real-time PCR analysis shows that this gene has a distinctly high expression level in the rapid bloodsucking period of the larvae, nymphs, and adults. Disruption of the hemalin gene by RNA interference led to a 2-day extension of the tick blood feeding period, and 27.7% of the RNA-treated ticks did not successfully complete the blood feeding. These findings indicate that the newly identified thrombin inhibitor from the midgut of H. longicornis might play an important role in tick blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liao
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Frontier Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Van Den Abbeele J, Caljon G, Dierick JF, Moens L, De Ridder K, Coosemans M. The Glossina morsitans tsetse fly saliva: general characteristics and identification of novel salivary proteins. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:1075-85. [PMID: 17785195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) is an obligate blood-sucking insect that transmits different human-pathogenic and livestock threatening trypanosome species in Africa. To obtain more insight in the tsetse salivary function, some general aspects of the tsetse fly saliva and its composition were studied. Direct pH and protein content measurements revealed a moderately alkaline (pH approximately 8.0) salivary environment with approximately 4.3 microg soluble proteins per gland and a constant representation of the major saliva proteins throughout the blood-feeding cycle. Although major salivary genes are constitutively expressed, upregulation of salivary protein synthesis within 48 h after the blood meal ensures complete protein replenishment from day 3 onwards. Screening of a non-normalised Glossina morsitans morsitans lambdagt11 salivary gland expression library with serum from a saliva-immunized rabbit identified three full-length cDNAs encoding for novel salivary proteins with yet unknown functions: a 8.3 kDa glycine/glutamate-rich protein (G. morsitans morsitans salivary gland protein Gmmsgp1), a 12.0 kDa proline-rich protein (Gmmsgp2), and a 97.4 kDa protein composed of a metallophosphoesterase/5'nucleotidase region with a glutamate/aspartate/asparagines-rich region (Gmmsgp3).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Parasitology, Unit of Entomology, Prins Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Koh CY, Kazimirova M, Trimnell A, Takac P, Labuda M, Nuttall PA, Kini RM. Variegin, a novel fast and tight binding thrombin inhibitor from the tropical bont tick. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29101-13. [PMID: 17684009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva contains potent antihemostatic molecules that help ticks obtain their enormous blood meal during prolonged feeding. We isolated thrombin inhibitors present in the salivary gland extract from partially fed female Amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick, and characterized the most potent, variegin, one of the smallest (32 residues) thrombin inhibitors found in nature. Full-length variegin and two truncated variants were chemically synthesized. Despite its small size and flexible structure, variegin binds thrombin with strong affinity (K(i) approximately 10.4 pM) and high specificity. Results using the truncated variants indicated that the seven residues at the N terminus affected the binding kinetics; when removed, the binding characteristics changed from fast to slow. Further, the thrombin active site binding moiety of variegin is in the region of residues 8-14, and the exosite-I binding moiety is within residues 15-32. Our results show that variegin is structurally and functionally similar to the rationally designed thrombin inhibitor, hirulog. However, compared with hirulog, variegin is a more potent inhibitor, and its inhibitory activity is largely retained after cleavage by thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Yeow Koh
- Protein Science Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Araujo R, Campos I, Tanaka A, Santos A, Gontijo N, Lehane M, Pereira M. Brasiliensin: A novel intestinal thrombin inhibitor from Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with an important role in blood intake. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1351-8. [PMID: 17575982 PMCID: PMC2653937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Every hematophagous invertebrate studied to date produces at least one inhibitor of coagulation. Among these, thrombin inhibitors have most frequently been isolated. In order to study the thrombin inhibitor from Triatoma brasiliensis and its biological significance for the bug, we sequenced the corresponding gene and evaluated its biological function. The T. brasiliensis intestinal thrombin inhibitor, termed brasiliensin, was sequenced and primers were designed to synthesize double strand RNA (dsRNA). Gene knockdown (RNAi) was induced by two injections of 15 μg of dsRNA into fourth instar nymphs. Forty-eight hours after the second injection, bugs from each group were allowed to feed on hamsters. PCR results showed that injections of dsRNA reduced brasiliensin expression in the anterior midgut by approximately 71% in knockdown nymphs when compared with controls. The reduction in gene expression was confirmed by the thrombin inhibitory activity assay and the citrated plasma coagulation time assay which showed activity reductions of ∼18- and ∼3.5-fold, respectively. Knockdown nymphs ingested approximately 39% less blood than controls. In order to confirm the importance of brasiliensin in blood ingestion, fourth instar nymphs were allowed to ingest feeding solution alone or feeding solution containing 15 U of thrombin prior to blood feeding. Fifty-five percent less blood was ingested by nymphs which were fed thrombin prior to blood feeding. The results suggest that anticoagulant activity in the midgut is an important determinant of the amount of blood taken from the host. The role of anticoagulants during blood ingestion is discussed in the light of this novel insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Araujo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Bloco 14, Sala 177, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - I.T.N. Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A.S. Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. Santos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Bloco 14, Sala 177, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - N.F. Gontijo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Bloco 14, Sala 177, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M.J. Lehane
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - M.H. Pereira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Bloco 14, Sala 177, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 31 34992867; fax: +55 31 34992970.
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Ricci CG, Pinto AFM, Berger M, Termignoni C. A thrombin inhibitor from the gut of Boophilus microplus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2007; 42:291-300. [PMID: 17710557 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A thrombin inhibitor was identified for the first time in the gut of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Here we present the partial purification and characterization of this new molecule, which was purified from the gut extract by three chromatographic steps: ion-exchange, gel filtration and affinity chromatography in a thrombin-Sepharose resin. In SDS-PAGE the inhibitor showed an apparent molecular mass of circa 26 kDa, which is different from the two thrombin inhibitors present in the saliva of this tick. The new inhibitor delays bovine plasma clotting time and inhibits both thrombin induced fibrinogen clotting and thrombin induced platelet aggregation. However, it does not interfere with thrombin amidolytic activity upon a small substrate (H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-para-nitroanilide), which does not require binding to thrombin exosites. Therefore, the inhibitor does not block thrombin active site, although it must interfere with one of the thrombin exosites. B. microplus gut thrombin inhibitor (BmGTI) is also capable of enhancing activated protein C (APC) activity upon its specific substrate (H-D-Glu-Pro-Arg-para-nitroanilide), an activity never described before among B. microplus molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Gravina Ricci
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 15005, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
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Nakajima C, Imamura S, Konnai S, Yamada S, Nishikado H, Ohashi K, Onuma M. A Novel Gene Encoding a Thrombin Inhibitory Protein in a cDNA Library from Haemaphysalis longicornis Salivary Gland. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:447-52. [PMID: 16757887 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thrombin inhibitory protein coding gene was identified from a cDNA library derived from salivary gland of partially-fed Haemaphysalis longicornis (hard tick). The gene encoded a 93-amino acid protein, designated chimadanin, which had a signal peptide sequence and was predicted to be a secretory protein. It showed no similarity to any other previously identified proteins or conserved domain sequences. The gene was expressed during blood feeding and suggested to be expressed mainly in the salivary gland. The predicted mature region of chimadanin was expressed in Escherichia coli and characteristics of the recombinant chimadanin were determined. The activated partial thromboplastin time and the prothrombin time in sheep plasma were significantly prolonged by chimadanin in a dose dependent manner. Amidolytic activity of thrombin was also inhibited by chimadanin in a dose dependent manner and it suggested that chimadanin was an anticoagulant with thrombin inhibitory activity. This newly identified thrombin inhibitor may play an important role in tick blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nakajima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Andrade BB, Teixeira CR, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Haematophagous arthropod saliva and host defense system: a tale of tear and blood. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2005; 77:665-93. [PMID: 16341443 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652005000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The saliva from blood-feeding arthropod vectors is enriched with molecules that display diverse functions that mediate a successful blood meal. They function not only as weapons against host's haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses but also as important tools to pathogen establishment. Parasites, virus and bacteria taking advantage of vectors' armament have adapted to facilitate their entry in the host. Today, many salivary molecules have been identified and characterized as new targets to the development of future vaccines. Here we focus on current information on vector's saliva and the molecules responsible to modify host's hemostasis and immune response, also regarding their role in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Ricci-Silva ME, Konno K, Faria F, Rádis-Baptista G, Fontes W, Stöcklin R, Michalet S, Yamane T, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Protein mapping of the salivary complex from a hematophagous leech. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2005; 9:194-208. [PMID: 15969650 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2005.9.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The salivary complex of leeches contains many components able to modulate physiological mechanisms, such as coagulation and fibrinolysis, and it is composed by the salivary glands and proboscis, encompassing two different proteomes. The bidimensional electrophoretic pattern of the salivary complex from the Haementeria depressa leech revealed a total of 352 spots, 103 in common with the muscular tissue and 249 exclusive from the salivary complex as detected by silver staining; these spots showed isoelectric points from 3.5 to 9.5 and covered an apparent molecular weight range from 10 to 105 kDa. The following isoforms of proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis: antiplatelet protein, myohemerythrin and carbonic anhydrase. Since the leeches were not fed for about 2-3 months to stimulate the secretion of proteins that facilitates the blood metabolism, these most abundant proteins in the salivary complex excised from leeches, are expected to play a role during feeding and might have some anti-hemostatic properties. Furthermore, by zymography, a gelatinolytic and a fibrinolytic protein were identified.
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Faudry E, Rocha PS, Vernet T, Lozzi SP, Teixeira ARL. Kinetics of expression of the salivary apyrases in Triatoma infestans. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:1051-1058. [PMID: 15475299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Apyrases are nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolases that remove Pi from ATP and ADP. The blood feeding reduviid Triatoma infestans, which transmits the Trypanosoma cruzi agent of Chagas disease to animals and man, presents in its salivary glands five apyrases with molecular masses of 88, 82, 79, 68 and 67 kDa. These triatomine apyrases have been associated with the prevention of ADP induced platelet aggregation in the host. Here we provide biochemical data showing that these apyrases are stored in the lumen of the salivary gland D1 pairs, and that about one half of the pool of the enzyme is consumed during feeding. After the feeding recovery of apyrases to maximal activity level takes days, thus suggesting de novo protein synthesis. This hypothesis is supported by quantitative RT-PCR analysis which shows an upregulation of the 79 kDa apyrase mRNA level after feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Faudry
- Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, Brazil
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Chu D, Bungiro RD, Ibanez M, Harrison LM, Campodonico E, Jones BF, Mieszczanek J, Kuzmic P, Cappello M. Molecular characterization of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor: evidence for a role in hookworm-associated growth delay. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2214-21. [PMID: 15039345 PMCID: PMC375216 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.4.2214-2221.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major cause of iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition in developing countries. The Ancylostoma ceylanicum Kunitz-type inhibitor (AceKI) is a 7.9-kDa broad-spectrum inhibitor of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatic elastase that has previously been isolated from adult hookworms. Site-directed mutagenesis of the predicted P1 inhibitory reactive site amino acid confirmed the role of Met(26) in mediating inhibition of the three target serine proteases. By using reverse transcription-PCR, it was demonstrated that the level of AceKI gene expression increased following activation of third-stage larvae with serum and that the highest level of expression was reached in the adult stage of the parasite. Immunohistochemistry studies performed with polyclonal immunoglobulin G raised against recombinant AceKI showed that the inhibitor localized to the subcuticle of the adult hookworm, suggesting that it has a potential in vivo role in neutralizing intestinal proteases at the surface of the parasite. Immunization with recombinant AceKI was shown to confer partial protection against hookworm-associated growth delay without a measurable effect on anemia. Taken together, the data suggest that AceKI plays a role in the pathogenesis of hookworm-associated malnutrition and growth delay, perhaps through inhibition of nutrient absorption in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chu
- Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8081, USA
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46
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Mieszczanek J, Harrison LM, Vlasuk GP, Cappello M. Anticoagulant peptides from Ancylostoma caninum are immunologically distinct and localize to separate structures within the adult hookworm. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004; 133:319-23. [PMID: 14698444 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Mieszczanek
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Child Health Research Center, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8081, USA
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47
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Narasimhan S, Montgomery RR, DePonte K, Tschudi C, Marcantonio N, Anderson JF, Sauer JR, Cappello M, Kantor FS, Fikrig E. Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1141-6. [PMID: 14745044 PMCID: PMC337020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307669100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks transmit many pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. Vaccines directed against arthropod proteins injected into the host during tick engorgement could prevent numerous infectious diseases. Salp14, a salivary anticoagulant, poses a key target for such intervention. Salp14 is the prototypic member of a family of potential I. scapularis anticoagulants, expressed and secreted in tick saliva during tick feeding. RNA interference was used to assess the role of Salp14 in tick feeding. Salp14 and its paralogs were silenced, as demonstrated by the reduction of mRNA and protein specific for these antigens. Tick salivary glands lacking Salp14 had reduced anticoagulant activity, as revealed by a 60-80% reduction of anti-factor Xa activity. Silencing the expression of salp14 and its paralogs also reduced the ability of I. scapularis to feed, as demonstrated by a 50-70% decline in the engorgement weights. Because ticks have several anticoagulants, it is likely that the expression of multiple anticoagulants in I. scapularis saliva would have to be ablated simultaneously to abolish tick feeding. These studies demonstrate that RNA interference can silence I. scapularis genes and disrupt their physiologic function in vivo, and they identify vaccine candidates that can alter vector engorgement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Narasimhan
- Sections of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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48
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Iwanaga S, Okada M, Isawa H, Morita A, Yuda M, Chinzei Y. Identification and characterization of novel salivary thrombin inhibitors from the ixodidae tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1926-34. [PMID: 12709051 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel antithrombin molecules were identified from the ixodidae tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. These molecules, named madanin 1 and 2, are 7-kDa proteins and show no significant similarities to any previously identified proteins. Assays using human plasma showed that madanin 1 and 2 dose-dependently prolonged both activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, indicating that they inhibit both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Direct binding assay by surface plasmon resonance measurement demonstrated that madanin 1 and 2 specifically interacted with thrombin. Furthermore, it was clearly shown that madanin 1 and 2 inhibited conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by thrombin, thrombin-catalyzed activation of factor V and factor VIII, and thrombin-induced aggregation of platelets without affecting thrombin amidolytic activity. These results suggest that madanin 1 and 2 bind to the anion-binding exosite 1 on the thrombin molecule, but not to the active cleft, and interfere with the association of fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII and thrombin receptor on platelets with an anion-binding exosite 1. They appear to be exosite 1-directed competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiroh Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Animal Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan.
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49
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Urata J, Shojo H, Kaneko Y. Inhibition mechanisms of hematophagous invertebrate compounds acting on the host blood coagulation and platelet aggregation pathways. Biochimie 2003; 85:493-500. [PMID: 12763308 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(03)00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate blood feeding, hematophagous invertebrates have evolved a sophisticated array of physiological compounds that counteract homeostatic systems and inflammatory reactions of the vertebrate host. For this reason, hematophagous invertebrates possess a variety of anticoagulation components that are inhibitors of coagulant factors or antagonists of the platelet receptor. The examination of kinetic data and the crystal structure analysis have exposed the inhibition mechanisms for many of these anticoagulant reagents. Here, we attempt to classify the antihemostatic molecules and to focus on the kinetic approaches that have been instrumental in defining these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Urata
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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50
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Narasimhan S, Koski RA, Beaulieu B, Anderson JF, Ramamoorthi N, Kantor F, Cappello M, Fikrig E. A novel family of anticoagulants from the saliva of Ixodes scapularis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 11:641-650. [PMID: 12421422 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using biochemical and molecular approaches, we have identified a 9.8 kDa protein in the saliva of Ixodes scapularis that inhibits the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. The 9.8 kDa anticoagulant protein was purified by reverse-phase HPLC and its N-terminal amino acid sequence determined. The N-terminal sequence showed homology with Salp14, an immuno-dominant antigen present in the saliva of engorging I. scapularis nymphs. Recombinant Salp14 expressed in Escherichia coli prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of human plasma in a dose-dependent manner and was a specific inhibitor of factor Xa. A cDNA encoding a 9.3 kDa protein, Salp9Pac, was subsequently isolated from an I. scapularis salivary gland cDNA library. Salp9Pac showed 93% identity to the N-terminal sequence of the anticoagulant purified by HPLC. These data indicate that the anticoagulant protein purified by HPLC, Salp9Pac and Salp14 are members of a family of novel coagulation protease inhibitors present in tick saliva. While recombinant Salp9Pac did not show biological activity in the assays tested currently, it is likely to be mechanistically different from its paralogues. This raises the possibility that ticks may enhance their adaptive ability to cope with a wide spectrum of proteases, by transcribing such structurally related anticoagulant proteins with different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narasimhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8031, USA
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