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Berkowitz E, Falik Zaccai TC, Irge D, Gur I, Tiosano B, Kesler A. A genetic survey of patients with familial idiopathic intracranial hypertension residing in a Middle Eastern village: genetic association study. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:194. [PMID: 38528581 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic variants are associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in a unique village where many of the IIH patients have familial ties, a homogenous population and a high prevalence of consanguinity. Several autosomal recessive disorders are common in this village and its population is considered at a high risk for genetic disorders. METHODS The samples were genotyped by the Ilumina OmniExpress-24 Kit, and analyzed by the Eagle V2.4 and DASH software package to cluster haplotypes shared between our cohort. Subsequently, we searched for specific haplotypes that were significantly associated with the patient groups. RESULTS Fourteen patients and 30 controls were included. Samples from 22 female participants (11 patients and 11 controls) were evaluated for haplotype clustering and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A total of 710,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated. Candidate areas positively associated with IIH included genes located on chromosomes 16, 8 (including the CA5A and BANP genes, p < 0.01), and negatively associated with genes located on chromosomes 1 and 6 (including PBX1, LMX1A, ESR1 genes, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We discovered new loci possibly associated with IIH by employing a GWAS technique to estimate the associations with haplotypes instead of specific SNPs. This method can in all probability be used in cases where there is a limited amount of samples but strong familial connections. Several loci were identified that might be strong candidates for follow-up studies in other well-phenotypes cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, 1 Ha-Shalom Street, 38100, Hadera, Israel.
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | - Dana Irge
- Genetic Institue, Meir Medical center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Inbar Gur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, 1 Ha-Shalom Street, 38100, Hadera, Israel
| | - Beatrice Tiosano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, 1 Ha-Shalom Street, 38100, Hadera, Israel
| | - Anat Kesler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, 1 Ha-Shalom Street, 38100, Hadera, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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2
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García-Llorca A, Carta F, Supuran CT, Eysteinsson T. Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibitors and vascular function. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1338528. [PMID: 38348465 PMCID: PMC10859760 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1338528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been known for some time that Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) plays a complex role in vascular function, and in the regulation of vascular tone. Clinically employed CA inhibitors (CAIs) are used primarily to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and also to affect retinal blood flow and oxygen saturation. CAIs have been shown to dilate vessels and increase blood flow in both the cerebral and ocular vasculature. Similar effects of CAIs on vascular function have been observed in the liver, brain and kidney, while vessels in abdominal muscle and the stomach are unaffected. Most of the studies on the vascular effects of CAIs have been focused on the cerebral and ocular vasculatures, and in particular the retinal vasculature, where vasodilation of its vessels, after intravenous infusion of sulfonamide-based CAIs can be easily observed and measured from the fundus of the eye. The mechanism by which CAIs exert their effects on the vasculature is still unclear, but the classic sulfonamide-based inhibitors have been found to directly dilate isolated vessel segments when applied to the extracellular fluid. Modification of the structure of CAI compounds affects their efficacy and potency as vasodilators. CAIs of the coumarin type, which generally are less effective in inhibiting the catalytically dominant isoform hCA II and unable to accept NO, have comparable vasodilatory effects as the primary sulfonamides on pre-contracted retinal arteriolar vessel segments, providing insights into which CA isoforms are involved. Alterations of the lipophilicity of CAI compounds affect their potency as vasodilators, and CAIs that are membrane impermeant do not act as vasodilators of isolated vessel segments. Experiments with CAIs, that shed light on the role of CA in the regulation of vascular tone of vessels, will be discussed in this review. The role of CA in vascular function will be discussed, with specific emphasis on findings with the effects of CA inhibitors (CAI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea García-Llorca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Thor Eysteinsson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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3
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Fiorentino F, Nocentini A, Rotili D, Supuran CT, Mai A. Antihistamines, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants potently activate pharmacologically relevant human carbonic anhydrase isoforms II and VII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2188147. [PMID: 36912265 PMCID: PMC10013323 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2188147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are important regulators of pH homeostasis and participate in many physiological and pathological processes. CA activators (CAAs) are becoming increasingly important in the biomedical field since enhancing CA activity may have beneficial effects at neurological level. Here, we investigate selected antihistamines, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as potential activators of human CAs I, II, IV, and VII. Our findings indicate that these compounds are more effective at activating hCA II and VII compared to hCA I and IV. Overall, hCA VII was the most efficiently activated isoform, particularly by phenothiazines and TCAs. This is especially relevant since hCA VII is the most abundant isoform in the central nervous system (CNS) and is implicated in neuronal signalling and bicarbonate balance regulation. This study offers additional insights into the pharmacological profiles of clinically employed drugs and sets the ground for the development of novel optimised CAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiorentino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Zheng Y, Chen C, Wang M, Moawad AS, Wang X, Song C. SINE Insertion in the Pig Carbonic Anhydrase 5B (CA5B) Gene Is Associated with Changes in Gene Expression and Phenotypic Variation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1942. [PMID: 37370452 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposons are genetic elements that are present in mammalian genomes and occupy a large proportion of the pig genome, with retrotransposons being the most abundant. In a previous study, it was found that a SINE retrotransposon was inserted in the 1st intron of the CA5B gene in pigs, and the present study aimed to investigate the SINE insertion polymorphism in this gene in different pig breeds. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the polymorphism in 11 pig breeds and wild boars), and it was found that there was moderate polymorphism information content in 9 of the breeds. Further investigation in cell experiments revealed that the 330 bp SINE insertion in the RIP-CA5B site promoted expression activity in the weak promoter region of this site. Additionally, an enhancer verification vector experiment showed that the 330 bp SINE sequence acted as an enhancer on the core promoter region upstream of the CA5B gene region. The expression of CA5B in adipose tissue (back fat and leaf fat) in individuals with the (SINE+/+) genotype was significantly higher than those with (SINE+/-) and (SINE-/-) genotypes. The association analysis revealed that the (SINE+/+) genotype was significantly associated with a higher back fat thickness than the (SINE-/-) genotype. Moreover, it was observed that the insertion of SINE at the RIP-CA5B site carried ATTT repeats, and three types of (ATTT) repeats were identified among different individuals/breeds (i.e., (ATTT)4, (ATTT)6 and (ATTT)9). Overall, the study provides insights into the genetic basis of adipose tissue development in pigs and highlights the role of a SINE insertion in the CA5B gene in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Cai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory, Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ali Shoaib Moawad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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5
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Aspatwar A, Supuran CT, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA and VB: properties and roles in health and disease. J Physiol 2023; 601:257-274. [PMID: 36464834 PMCID: PMC10107955 DOI: 10.1113/jp283579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase V (CA V), a mitochondrial enzyme, was first isolated from guinea-pig liver and subsequently identified in mice and humans. Later, studies revealed that the mouse genome contains two mitochondrial CA sequences, named Car5A and Car5B. The CA VA enzyme is most highly expressed in the liver, whereas CA VB shows a broad tissue distribution. Car5A knockout mice demonstrated a predominant role for CA VA in ammonia detoxification, whereas the roles of CA VB in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis were evident only in the absence of CA VA. Previous studies have suggested that CA VA is mainly involved in the provision of HCO3 - for biosynthetic processes. In children, mutations in the CA5A gene led to reduced CA activity, and the enzyme was sensitive to increased temperature. The metabolic profiles of these children showed a reduced supply of HCO3 - to the enzymes that take part in intermediary metabolism: carbamoylphosphate synthetase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Although the role of CA VB is still poorly understood, a recent study reported that it plays an essential role in human Sertoli cells, which sustain spermatogenesis. Metabolic disease associated with CA VA appears to be more common than other inborn errors of metabolism and responds well to treatment with N-carbamyl-l-glutamate. Therefore, early identification of hyperammonaemia will allow specific treatment with N-carbamyl-l-glutamate and prevent neurological sequelae. Carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency should therefore be considered a treatable condition in the differential diagnosis of hyperammonaemia in neonates and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Queen A, Bhutto HN, Yousuf M, Syed MA, Hassan MI. Carbonic anhydrase IX: A tumor acidification switch in heterogeneity and chemokine regulation. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:899-913. [PMID: 34998944 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary physiological process of respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) that reacts with water molecules which subsequently liberates bicarbonate (HCO-3) and protons. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are the primary catalyst involved in this conversion. More than 16 isoforms of human CAs show organ or subcellular specific activity. Dysregulation of each CA is associated with multiple pathologies. Out of these members, the overexpression of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is associated explicitly with hypoxic tumors or various solid cancers. CAIX helps tumors deal with higher CO2 by sequestering it with bicarbonate ions and helping cancer cells to grow in a comparatively hypoxic or acidic environment, thus acting as a pH adaptation switch. CAIX-mediated adaptations in cancer cells include angiogenesis, metabolic alterations, tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and regulation of cancer-specific chemokines. This review comprehensively collects and describe the cancer-specific expression mechanism and role of CAIX in cancer growth, progression, heterogeneity, and its structural insight to develop future combinatorial targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarfa Queen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Humaira Naaz Bhutto
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Yousuf
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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7
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Inhibitors of Mitochondrial Human Carbonic Anhydrases VA and VB as a Therapeutic Strategy against Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116229. [PMID: 35682907 PMCID: PMC9181376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathy development is a major dose-limiting side effect of anticancer treatments that significantly reduces patient's quality of life. The inadequate pharmacological approaches for neuropathic pain management warrant the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial dysfunctions that lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase, cytosolic Ca2+ imbalance, and lactate acidosis are implicated in neuropathic pain pathogenesis. It has been observed that in these deregulations, a pivotal role is played by the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases (CA) VA and VB isoforms. Hence, preclinical studies should be conducted to assess the efficacy of two novel selenides bearing benzenesulfonamide moieties, named 5b and 5d, and able to inhibit CA VA and VB against paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Acute treatment with 5b and 5d (30-100 mg/kg, per os - p.o.) determined a dose-dependent and long-lasting anti-hyperalgesic effect in the Cold plate test. Further, repeated daily treatment for 15 days with 100 mg/kg of both compounds (starting the first day of paclitaxel injection) significantly prevented neuropathic pain development without the onset of tolerance to the anti-hyperalgesic effect. In both experiments, acetazolamide (AAZ, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) used as the reference drug was partially active. Moreover, ex vivo analysis demonstrated the efficacy of 5b and 5d repeated treatments in reducing the maladaptive plasticity that occurs to glia cells in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord and in improving mitochondrial functions in the brain and spinal cord that were strongly impaired by paclitaxel-repeated treatment. In this regard, 5b and 5d ameliorated the metabolic activity, as observed by the increase in citrate synthase activity, and preserved an optimal mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) value, which appeared depolarized in brains from paclitaxel-treated animals. In conclusion, 5b and 5d have therapeutic and protective effects against paclitaxel-induced neuropathy without tolerance development. Moreover, 5b and 5d reduced glial cell activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system, being a promising candidate for the management of neuropathic pain and neurotoxicity evoked by chemotherapeutic drugs.
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8
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Urbelytė L, Bagdonas M, Grybaitė B, Vaickelionienė R, Mickevičiūtė A, Michailovienė V, Matulis D, Mickevičius V, Zubrienė A. Design and Synthesis of Hydrazone‐Bearing Benzenesulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase VB Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liucija Urbelytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 Kaunas LT-50254 Lithuania
| | - Martynas Bagdonas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio 7 Vilnius LT-10257 Lithuania
| | - Birutė Grybaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 Kaunas LT-50254 Lithuania
| | - Rita Vaickelionienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 Kaunas LT-50254 Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Mickevičiūtė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio 7 Vilnius LT-10257 Lithuania
| | - Vilma Michailovienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio 7 Vilnius LT-10257 Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio 7 Vilnius LT-10257 Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Mickevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 Kaunas LT-50254 Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio 7 Vilnius LT-10257 Lithuania
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Morelli AM, Chiantore M, Ravera S, Scholkmann F, Panfoli I. Myelin sheath and cyanobacterial thylakoids as concentric multilamellar structures with similar bioenergetic properties. Open Biol 2021; 11:210177. [PMID: 34905702 PMCID: PMC8670949 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a surprisingly high morphological similarity between multilamellar concentric thylakoids in cyanobacteria and the myelin sheath that wraps the nerve axons. Thylakoids are multilamellar structures, which express photosystems I and II, cytochromes and ATP synthase necessary for the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Myelin is a multilamellar structure that surrounds many axons in the nervous system and has long been believed to act simply as an insulator. However, it has been shown that myelin has a trophic role, conveying nutrients to the axons and producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, it is tempting to presume that both membranous structures, although distant in the evolution tree, share not only a morphological but also a functional similarity, acting in feeding ATP synthesized by the ATP synthase to the centre of the multilamellar structure. Therefore, both molecular structures may represent a convergent evolution of life on Earth to fulfill fundamentally similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Lemon N, Canepa E, Ilies MA, Fossati S. Carbonic Anhydrases as Potential Targets Against Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease and Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:772278. [PMID: 34867298 PMCID: PMC8635164 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.772278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neurovascular Unit (NVU) is an important multicellular structure of the central nervous system (CNS), which participates in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), delivery of oxygen and nutrients, immunological surveillance, clearance, barrier functions, and CNS homeostasis. Stroke and Alzheimer Disease (AD) are two pathologies with extensive NVU dysfunction. The cell types of the NVU change in both structure and function following an ischemic insult and during the development of AD pathology. Stroke and AD share common risk factors such as cardiovascular disease, and also share similarities at a molecular level. In both diseases, disruption of metabolic support, mitochondrial dysfunction, increase in oxidative stress, release of inflammatory signaling molecules, and blood brain barrier disruption result in NVU dysfunction, leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Improved therapeutic strategies for both AD and stroke are needed. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are well-known targets for other diseases and are being recently investigated for their function in the development of cerebrovascular pathology. CAs catalyze the hydration of CO2 to produce bicarbonate and a proton. This reaction is important for pH homeostasis, overturn of cerebrospinal fluid, regulation of CBF, and other physiological functions. Humans express 15 CA isoforms with different distribution patterns. Recent studies provide evidence that CA inhibition is protective to NVU cells in vitro and in vivo, in models of stroke and AD pathology. CA inhibitors are FDA-approved for treatment of glaucoma, high-altitude sickness, and other indications. Most FDA-approved CA inhibitors are pan-CA inhibitors; however, specific CA isoforms are likely to modulate the NVU function. This review will summarize the literature regarding the use of pan-CA and specific CA inhibitors along with genetic manipulation of specific CA isoforms in stroke and AD models, to bring light into the functions of CAs in the NVU. Although pan-CA inhibitors are protective and safe, we hypothesize that targeting specific CA isoforms will increase the efficacy of CA inhibition and reduce side effects. More studies to further determine specific CA isoforms functions and changes in disease states are essential to the development of novel therapies for cerebrovascular pathology, occurring in both stroke and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lemon
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisa Canepa
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Silvia Fossati,
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12
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Endothelial response to glucose: dysfunction, metabolism, and transport. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:313-325. [PMID: 33522573 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell response to glucose plays an important role in both health and disease. Endothelial glucose-induced dysfunction was first studied in diabetic animal models and in cells cultured in hyperglycemia. Four classical dysfunction pathways were identified, which were later shown to result from the common mechanism of mitochondrial superoxide overproduction. More recently, non-coding RNA, extracellular vesicles, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors were shown to affect glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells also metabolize glucose for their own energetic needs. Research over the past decade highlighted how manipulation of endothelial glycolysis can be used to control angiogenesis and microvascular permeability in diseases such as cancer. Finally, endothelial cells transport glucose to the cells of the blood vessel wall and to the parenchymal tissue. Increasing evidence from the blood-brain barrier and peripheral vasculature suggests that endothelial cells regulate glucose transport through glucose transporters that move glucose from the apical to the basolateral side of the cell. Future studies of endothelial glucose response should begin to integrate dysfunction, metabolism and transport into experimental and computational approaches that also consider endothelial heterogeneity, metabolic diversity, and parenchymal tissue interactions.
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Das Mahapatra A, Queen A, Yousuf M, Khan P, Hussain A, Rehman MT, Alajmi MF, Datta B, Hassan MI. Design and development of 5-(4H)-oxazolones as potential inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase VA: towards therapeutic management of diabetes and obesity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3144-3154. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1845803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarfa Queen
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Yousuf
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Parvez Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bhaskar Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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14
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Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency in three Indian infants manifesting early metabolic crisis. Brain Dev 2020; 42:534-538. [PMID: 32381389 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperammonemia and hyperlactatemia in neonates and young children with non-specific biochemical markers poses a diagnostic challenge. An accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management. CASE REPORTS We present three infants from unrelated families, one with infantile and two with neonatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy, hypoglycaemia, and hyperlactatemia. The underlying cause was confirmed following whole exome sequencing as biochemical markers were not conclusive of a definite diagnosis. CONCLUSION The combination of hyperammonemic encephalopathy, hyperlactatemia and hypoglycemia in neonates and infants should prompt physicians to suspect Carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency. Majority of these children can have a favourable long-term outcome with symptomatic treatment.
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Schmiesing J, Storch S, Dörfler AC, Schweizer M, Makrypidi-Fraune G, Thelen M, Sylvester M, Gieselmann V, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Koch-Nolte F, Tidow H, Mühlhausen C, Waheed A, Sly WS, Braulke T. Disease-Linked Glutarylation Impairs Function and Interactions of Mitochondrial Proteins and Contributes to Mitochondrial Heterogeneity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2946-2956. [PMID: 30208319 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine glutarylation (Kglu) of mitochondrial proteins is associated with glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency, which impairs lysine/tryptophan degradation and causes destruction of striatal neurons during catabolic crisis with subsequent movement disability. By investigating the role of Kglu modifications in this disease, we compared the brain and liver glutarylomes of Gcdh-deficient mice. In the brain, we identified 73 Kglu sites on 37 mitochondrial proteins involved in various metabolic degradation pathways. Ultrastructural immunogold studies indicated that glutarylated proteins are heterogeneously distributed in mitochondria, which are exclusively localized in glial cells. In liver cells, all mitochondria contain Kglu-modified proteins. Glutarylation reduces the catalytic activities of the most abundant glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the brain-specific carbonic anhydrase 5b and interferes with GDH-protein interactions. We propose that Kglu contributes to the functional heterogeneity of mitochondria and may metabolically adapt glial cells to the activity and metabolic demands of neighboring GCDH-deficient neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmiesing
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Storch
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Dörfler
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georgia Makrypidi-Fraune
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Thelen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Tidow
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging & Department Chemistry, University Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Costa G, Carta F, Ambrosio FA, Artese A, Ortuso F, Moraca F, Rocca R, Romeo I, Lupia A, Maruca A, Bagetta D, Catalano R, Vullo D, Alcaro S, Supuran CT. A computer-assisted discovery of novel potential anti-obesity compounds as selective carbonic anhydrase VA inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111565. [PMID: 31387062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human Carbonic anhydrases (hCA) VA and VB play a key role in ureagenesis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and in the metabolism regulation, thus representing highly popular drug targets. Albeit several hCA inhibitors have been designed and are currently in clinical use, serious drug interactions have been reported due to their poor selectivity. In this perspective, the drug repurposing approach could be a useful tool in order to investigate the drug promiscuity/polypharmacology profile. In this study, virtual screening techniques and in vitro assays were combined to identify novel selective hCA VA inhibitors from among around 94000 compounds. The docking analysis highlighted 12 promising best hits, biologically characterized in terms of their hCA VA inhibitory activity. Interestingly, among them, the anticancer agents fludarabine and lenvatinib and the antiepileptic rufinamide were able to selectively inhibit the enzyme activity in the micromolar range, while a pyrido-indole derivative, the homovanillic acid sulfate and the desacetyl metabolite of the antibacterial cephapirin in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università; degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Alessandra Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Department of Pharmacy, University "Federico II" of Naples, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131, Naples, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Lupia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Maruca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Bagetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaella Catalano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università; degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università; degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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17
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The physiologic importance of fast CO2/HCO3- interconversion in various tissues requires the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Fourteen CA isozymes are present in humans, all of them being used as biomarkers. AREAS COVERED A great number of patents and articles were focused on the use of CA isozymes as biomarkers for various diseases and syndromes in the recent years, in an ascending trend over the last decade. The review highlights the most important studies related with each isozyme and covers the most recent patent literature. EXPERT OPINION The CAs biomarker research area expanded significantly in recent years, shifting from the predominant use of CA IX and CA XII in cancer diagnostic, staging, and prognosis towards a wider use of CA isozymes as disease biomarkers. CA isozymes are currently used either alone, in tandem with other CA isozymes and/or in combination with other proteins for the detection, staging, and prognosis of a huge repertoire of human dysfunctions and diseases, ranging from mild transformation of the normal tissues to extreme shifts in tissue organization and function. The techniques used for their detection/quantitation and the state-of-the-art in each clinical application are presented through relevant clinical examples and corresponding statistical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Zamanova
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Ahmed M Shabana
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Utpal K Mondal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Marc A Ilies
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Temple Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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18
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Bernardino RL, Dias TR, Moreira BP, Cunha M, Barros A, Oliveira E, Sousa M, Alves MG, Oliveira PF. Carbonic anhydrases are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and control the production of lactate by human Sertoli cells. FEBS J 2019; 286:1393-1406. [PMID: 30724485 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The process that allows cells to control their pH and bicarbonate levels is essential for ionic and metabolic equilibrium. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyse the conversion of CO2 to HCO 3 - and H+ and are thus essential for this process. Herein, we inhibited CAs with acetazolamide - ACT and SLC-0111 - to study their involvement in the metabolism, mitochondrial potential, mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid metabolism of human Sertoli cells (hSCs), obtained from biopsies from men with conserved spermatogenesis. We were able to identify three isoforms of CAs, one mitochondrial isoform (CA VB) and two cell membrane-bound isoforms (CA IX and CA XII) in hSCs. When assessing the expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis, we observed a decrease in HIF-1α, SIRT1, PGC1α and NRF-1 mRNAs after all CAs were inhibited, resulting in decreased mitochondrial DNA copy numbers. This was followed by an increased production of lactate and alanine in the same conditions. In addition, consumption of glucose was maintained after inhibition of all CAs in hSCs. These results indicate a reduced conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA, possibly due to decreased mitochondrial function, caused by CA inhibition in hSCs. Inhibition of CAs also caused alterations in lipid metabolism, since we detected an increased expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in hSCs. Our results suggest that CAs are essential for mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose and lipid metabolism in hSCs. This is the first report showing that CAs play an essential role in hSC metabolic dynamics, being involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and controlling lactate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Bernardino
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia R Dias
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.,University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,LAQV/REQUINTE - Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno P Moreira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Cunha
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Barros
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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19
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Mboge MY, Mahon BP, McKenna R, Frost SC. Carbonic Anhydrases: Role in pH Control and Cancer. Metabolites 2018; 8:E19. [PMID: 29495652 PMCID: PMC5876008 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pH of the tumor microenvironment drives the metastatic phenotype and chemotherapeutic resistance of tumors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this pH-dependent phenomenon will lead to improved drug delivery and allow the identification of new therapeutic targets. This includes an understanding of the role pH plays in primary tumor cells, and the regulatory factors that permit cancer cells to thrive. Over the last decade, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been shown to be important mediators of tumor cell pH by modulating the bicarbonate and proton concentrations for cell survival and proliferation. This has prompted an effort to inhibit specific CA isoforms, as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Of the 12 active CA isoforms, two, CA IX and XII, have been considered anti-cancer targets. However, other CA isoforms also show similar activity and tissue distribution in cancers and have not been considered as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we consider all the CA isoforms and their possible role in tumors and their potential as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mam Y Mboge
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Brian P Mahon
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Robert McKenna
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Susan C Frost
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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20
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Murray AB, Lomelino CL, Supuran CT, McKenna R. "Seriously Sweet": Acesulfame K Exhibits Selective Inhibition Using Alternative Binding Modes in Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1176-1181. [PMID: 29266943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is upregulated in neoplastic tissues; as such, it is studied as a drug target for anticancer chemotherapy. Inhibition of CA IX has been shown to be therapeutically favorable in terms of reducing tumor growth. Previously, saccharin, a commonly used artificial sweetener, has been observed to selectively inhibit CA IX over other CA isoforms. In this study, X-ray crystallography showed acesulfame potassium (Ace K) binding directly to the catalytic zinc in CA IX (mimic) and through a bridging water in CA II. This modulation in binding is reflected in the binding constants, with Ace K inhibiting CA IX but not other CA isoforms. Hence, this study establishes the potential of Ace K (an FDA approved food additive) as a lead compound in the design and development of CA IX specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilah B Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, NEUROFARBA, University of Florence , Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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21
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Čapkauskaitė E, Zakšauskas A, Ruibys V, Linkuvienė V, Paketurytė V, Gedgaudas M, Kairys V, Matulis D. Benzimidazole design, synthesis, and docking to build selective carbonic anhydrase VA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:675-687. [PMID: 29305297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The similarity of human carbonic anhydrase (CA) active sites makes it difficult to design selective inhibitors for one or several CA isoforms that are drug targets. Here we synthesize a series of compounds that are based on 5-[2-(benzimidazol-1-yl)acetyl]-2-chloro-benzenesulfonamide (1a) which demonstrated picomolar binding affinity and significant selectivity for CA isoform five A (VA), and explain the structural influence of inhibitor functional groups to the binding affinity and selectivity. A series of chloro-substituted benzenesulfonamides bearing a heterocyclic tail, together with molecular docking, was used to build inhibitors that explore substituent influence on the binding affinity to the CA VA isoform.
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Key Words
- 3,4-Dihydro-2H-quinoline
- CA inhibitor
- Carbonic anhydrase isozyme I, II, III, IV, VA, VB, VI, VII, IX, XII, XIII, and XIV
- Docking
- Fluorescent thermal shift assay
- Imidazole
- Indoline
- N-Alkylated benzimidazole
- Sulfonamide
- ThermoFluor®
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Čapkauskaitė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Zakšauskas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Virginijus Ruibys
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, Vilnius LT-03225, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Linkuvienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Paketurytė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Marius Gedgaudas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
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22
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Wang X, Wang M, Jia Z, Song X, Wang L, Song L. A shell-formation related carbonic anhydrase in Crassostrea gigas modulates intracellular calcium against CO 2 exposure: Implication for impacts of ocean acidification on mollusk calcification. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:216-228. [PMID: 28666131 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) could decrease the shells and skeletons formation of mollusk by reducing the availability of carbonate ions at calcification sites. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) convert CO2 to HCO3- and play important roles in biomineralization process from invertebrate to vertebrate. In the present study, a CA (designated as CgCA) was identified and characterized in Pacific oyster C. gigas. The cDNA of CgCA was of 927bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 308 amino acids with a signal peptide and a CA catalytic function domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgCA were constitutively expressed in all tested tissues with the highest levels in mantle and hemocytes. During the early development period, the mRNA transcripts of CgCA could be detected in all the stages with the highest level in D-veliger larvae. Elevated CO2 increased the mRNA transcripts of CgCA in muscle, mantle, hepatopancreas, gill and hemocytes significantly (p<0.05) and induced the translocation of CgCA in hemocytes and mantle. Moreover, elevated CO2 also caused the decrease of intracellular Ca2+ in hemocytes (p<0.05). The inhibition of CA by acetazolamide and suppression of CgCA gene via RNA interference could increase the intracellular Ca2+ in hemocytes (p<0.05). Besides, the decrease of intracellular Ca2+ content caused by Ca2+ reagent ionomycin could affect localization of CgCA in mantle tissue. The results indicated CgCA played essential roles in calcification and elevated CO2 accelerated the mutual modulation between calcium and CgCA, implying reduced calcification rate and dissolved shells under OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Kim GD, Seo JK, Yum HW, Jeong JY, Yang HS. Protein markers for discrimination of meat species in raw beef, pork and poultry and their mixtures. Food Chem 2017; 217:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Regulation of high glucose-induced apoptosis of brain pericytes by mitochondrial CA VA: A specific target for prevention of diabetic cerebrovascular pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:929-935. [PMID: 28131914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Events responsible for cerebrovascular disease in diabetes are not fully understood. Pericyte loss is an early event that leads to endothelial cell death, microaneurysms, and cognitive impairment. A biochemical mechanism underlying pericyte loss is rapid respiration (oxidative metabolism of glucose). This escalation in respiration results from free influx of glucose into insulin-insensitive tissues in the face of high glucose levels in the blood. Rapid respiration generates superoxide, the precursor to all reactive oxygen species (ROS), and results in pericyte death. Respiration is regulated by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) VA and VB, the two isozymes expressed in mitochondria, and their pharmacologic inhibition with topiramate reduces respiration, ROS, and pericyte death. Topiramate inhibits both isozymes; therefore, in the earlier studies, their individual roles were not discerned. In a recent genetic study, we showed that mitochondrial CA VA plays a significant role in regulation of reactive oxygen species and pericyte death. The role of CA VB was not addressed. In this report, genetic knockdown and overexpression studies confirm that mitochondrial CA VA regulates respiration in pericytes, whereas mitochondrial CA VB does not contribute significantly. Identification of mitochondrial CA VA as a sole regulator of respiration provides a specific target to develop new drugs with fewer side effects that may be better tolerated and can protect the brain from diabetic injury. Since similar events occur in the capillary beds of other insulin-insensitive tissues such as the eye and kidney, these drugs may also slow the onset and progression of diabetic disease in these tissues.
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Monti DM, De Simone G, Langella E, Supuran CT, Di Fiore A, Monti SM. Insights into the role of reactive sulfhydryl groups of Carbonic Anhydrase III and VII during oxidative damage. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:5-12. [PMID: 27766895 PMCID: PMC6010095 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1225046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) III and VII are two cytosolic isoforms of the α-CA family which catalyze the physiological reaction of carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and proton. Despite these two enzymes share a 49% sequence identity and present a very similar three-dimensional structure, they show profound differences when comparing the specific activity for CO2 hydration reaction, with CA VII being much more active than CA III. Recently, CA III and CA VII have been proposed to play a new role as scavenger enzymes in cells where oxidative damage occurs. Here, we will examine functional and structural features of these two isoforms giving insights into their newly proposed protective role against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Monti
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Emma Langella
- b Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- c Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Anna Di Fiore
- b Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR , Naples , Italy
| | - Simona M Monti
- b Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR , Naples , Italy
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Idrees D, Prakash A, Haque MA, Islam A, Hassan MI, Ahmad F. GdnHCl-induced unfolding intermediate in the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Defective hepatic bicarbonate production due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency leads to early-onset life-threatening metabolic crisis. Genet Med 2016; 18:991-1000. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Probing the surface of human carbonic anhydrase for clues towards the design of isoform specific inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:453543. [PMID: 25811028 PMCID: PMC4355338 DOI: 10.1155/2015/453543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The alpha carbonic anhydrases (α-CAs) are a group of structurally related zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3−. Humans have 15 different α-CAs with numerous physiological roles and expression patterns. Of these, 12 are catalytically active, and abnormal expression and activities are linked with various diseases, including glaucoma and cancer. Hence there is a need for CA isoform specific inhibitors to avoid off-target CA inhibition, but due to the high amino acid conservation of the active site and surrounding regions between each enzyme, this has proven difficult. However, residues towards the exit of the active site are variable and can be exploited to design isoform selective inhibitors. Here we discuss and characterize this region of “selective drug targetability” and how these observations can be utilized to develop isoform selective CA inhibitors.
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Patrick P, Price TO, Diogo AL, Sheibani N, Banks WA, Shah GN. Topiramate Protects Pericytes from Glucotoxicity: Role for Mitochondrial CA VA in Cerebromicrovascular Disease in Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26167540 DOI: 10.15226/2374-6890/2/2/00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus causes oxidative stress and pericyte depletion from the microvasculature of the brain thus leading to the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption. The compromised BBB exposes the brain to circulating substances, resulting in neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death. The decline in pericyte numbers in diabetic mouse brain and pericyte apoptosis in high glucose cultures are caused by excess superoxide produced during enhanced respiration (mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of glucose). Superoxide is precursor to all Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which, in turn, cause oxidative stress. The rate of respiration and thus the ROS production is regulated by mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases (mCA) VA and VB, the two isoforms expressed in the mitochondria. Inhibition of both mCA: decreases the oxidative stress and restores the pericyte numbers in diabetic brain; and reduces high glucose-induced respiration, ROS, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in cultured brain pericytes. However, the individual role of the two isoforms has not been established. To investigate the contribution of mCA VA in ROS production and apoptosis, a mCA VA overexpressing brain pericyte cell line was engineered. These cells were exposed to high glucose and analyzed for the changes in ROS and apoptosis. Overexpression of mCA VA significantly increased pericyte ROS and apoptosis. Inhibition of mCA VA with topiramate prevented increases both in glucose-induced ROS and pericyte death. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that mCA VA regulates the rate of pericyte respiration. These findings identify mCA VA as a novel and specific therapeutic target to protect the cerebromicrovascular bed in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Patrick
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, DRC 354, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Tulin O Price
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, DRC 354, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ana L Diogo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, DRC 354, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, VAPSHCS/GRECC S-182, Building 1, Room 810A, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gul N Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, DRC 354, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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30
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Del Giudice R, Monti DM, Truppo E, Arciello A, Supuran CT, De Simone G, Monti SM. Human carbonic anhydrase VII protects cells from oxidative damage. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1343-8. [PMID: 23851572 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) VII is a cytosolic enzyme with high carbon dioxide hydration activity. Recently, S-glutathionylation of two cysteine residues from the enzyme was revealed, suggesting a new role as oxygen radical scavenger. We analyzed the effect of native and tetramutated hCA VII (all cysteines mutated into serines) in a eukaryotic system by stressing cells with an oxidant agent. Results clearly show that native hCA VII can protect cells from oxidative damage by preventing the apoptosis cascade and that cysteines play a leading role in this process. Our findings definitively confirm hCA VII protective role toward oxidative insult.
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van Karnebeek CD, Sly WS, Ross CJ, Salvarinova R, Yaplito-Lee J, Santra S, Shyr C, Horvath GA, Eydoux P, Lehman AM, Bernard V, Newlove T, Ukpeh H, Chakrapani A, Preece MA, Ball S, Pitt J, Vallance HD, Coulter-Mackie M, Nguyen H, Zhang LH, Bhavsar AP, Sinclair G, Waheed A, Wasserman WW, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency resulting from CA5A alterations presents with hyperammonemia in early childhood. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:453-61. [PMID: 24530203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Four children in three unrelated families (one consanguineous) presented with lethargy, hyperlactatemia, and hyperammonemia of unexplained origin during the neonatal period and early childhood. We identified and validated three different CA5A alterations, including a homozygous missense mutation (c.697T>C) in two siblings, a homozygous splice site mutation (c.555G>A) leading to skipping of exon 4, and a homozygous 4 kb deletion of exon 6. The deleterious nature of the homozygous mutation c.697T>C (p.Ser233Pro) was demonstrated by reduced enzymatic activity and increased temperature sensitivity. Carbonic anhydrase VA (CA-VA) was absent in liver in the child with the homozygous exon 6 deletion. The metabolite profiles in the affected individuals fit CA-VA deficiency, showing evidence of impaired provision of bicarbonate to the four enzymes that participate in key pathways in intermediary metabolism: carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 (urea cycle), pyruvate carboxylase (anaplerosis, gluconeogenesis), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (branched chain amino acids catabolism). In the three children who were administered carglumic acid, hyperammonemia resolved. CA-VA deficiency should therefore be added to urea cycle defects, organic acidurias, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency as a treatable condition in the differential diagnosis of hyperammonemia in the neonate and young child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara D van Karnebeek
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Colin J Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Joy Yaplito-Lee
- Metabolic Genetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Saikat Santra
- Department of Clinical Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Casper Shyr
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Gabriella A Horvath
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Patrice Eydoux
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Anna M Lehman
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Virginie Bernard
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Theresa Newlove
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Psychology, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Henry Ukpeh
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Anupam Chakrapani
- Department of Clinical Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Mary Anne Preece
- Department of Newborn Screening and Biochemical Genetics, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Sarah Ball
- Department of Newborn Screening and Biochemical Genetics, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - James Pitt
- Metabolic Genetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hilary D Vallance
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Marion Coulter-Mackie
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Hien Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lin-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Amit P Bhavsar
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Graham Sinclair
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Sylvia Stockler-Ipsiroglu
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Pienaar IS, Dexter DT, Burkhard PR. Mitochondrial proteomics as a selective tool for unraveling Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:205-26. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. These enzymes are of ancient origin as they are found in the deepest of branches of the evolutionary tree. Of the five different classes of carbonic anhydrases, the alpha class has perhaps received the most attention because of its role in human pathology. This review focuses on the physiological function of this class of carbonic anhydrases organized by their cellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
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Suski M, Olszanecki R, Stachowicz A, Madej J, Bujak-Giżycka B, Okoń K, Korbut R. The influence of angiotensin-(1–7) Mas receptor agonist (AVE 0991) on mitochondrial proteome in kidneys of apoE knockout mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shah GN, Rubbelke TS, Hendin J, Nguyen H, Waheed A, Shoemaker JD, Sly WS. Targeted mutagenesis of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases VA and VB implicates both enzymes in ammonia detoxification and glucose metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7423-8. [PMID: 23589845 PMCID: PMC3645511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305805110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies with carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors implicated mitochondrial CA in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. Subsequent studies identified two mitochondrial CAs. To distinguish the contribution of each enzyme, we studied the effects of targeted disruption of the murine CA genes, called Car5A and Car5B. The Car5A mutation had several deleterious consequences. Car5A null mice were smaller than wild-type littermates and bred poorly. However, on sodium-potassium citrate-supplemented water, they produced offspring in expected numbers. Their blood ammonia concentrations were markedly elevated, but their fasting blood sugars were normal. By contrast, Car5B null mice showed normal growth and normal blood ammonia levels. They too had normal fasting blood sugars. Car5A/B double-knockout (DKO) mice showed additional abnormalities. Impaired growth was more severe than for Car5A null mice. Hyperammonemia was even greater as well. Although fertile, DKO animals were produced in less-than-predicted numbers even when supplemented with sodium-potassium citrate in their drinking water. Survival after weaning was also reduced, especially for males. In addition, fasting blood glucose levels for DKO mice were significantly lower than for controls (153 ± 33 vs. 230 ± 24 mg/dL). The enhanced hyperammonemia and lower fasting blood sugar, which are both seen in the DKO mice, indicate that both Car5A and Car5B contribute to both ammonia detoxification (ureagenesis) and regulation of fasting blood sugar (gluconeogenesis). Car5A, which is expressed mainly in liver, clearly has the predominant role in ammonia detoxification. The contribution of Car5B to ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis was evident only on a Car5A null background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy S. Rubbelke
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Joshua Hendin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Hien Nguyen
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - James D. Shoemaker
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - William S. Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Carta F. Antiobesity carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: a literature and patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:725-35. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.790957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Extramitochondrial domain rich in carbonic anhydrase activity improves myocardial energetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E958-67. [PMID: 23431149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213471110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CO2 is produced abundantly by cardiac mitochondria. Thus an efficient means for its venting is required to support metabolism. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, expressed at various sites in ventricular myocytes, may affect mitochondrial CO2 clearance by catalyzing CO2 hydration (to H(+) and HCO3(-)), thereby changing the gradient for CO2 venting. Using fluorescent dyes to measure changes in pH arising from the intracellular hydration of extracellularly supplied CO2, overall CA activity in the cytoplasm of isolated ventricular myocytes was found to be modest (2.7-fold above spontaneous kinetics). Experiments on ventricular mitochondria demonstrated negligible intramitochondrial CA activity. CA activity was also investigated in intact hearts by (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy from the rate of H(13)CO3(-) production from (13)CO2 released specifically from mitochondria by pyruvate dehydrogenase-mediated metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. CA activity measured upon [1-(13)C]pyruvate infusion was fourfold higher than the cytoplasm-averaged value. A fluorescent CA ligand colocalized with a mitochondrial marker, indicating that mitochondria are near a CA-rich domain. Based on immunoreactivity, this domain comprises the nominally cytoplasmic CA isoform CAII and sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated CAXIV. Inhibition of extramitochondrial CA activity acidified the matrix (as determined by fluorescence measurements in permeabilized myocytes and isolated mitochondria), impaired cardiac energetics (indexed by the phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratio measured by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of perfused hearts), and reduced contractility (as measured from the pressure developed in perfused hearts). These data provide evidence for a functional domain of high CA activity around mitochondria to support CO2 venting, particularly during elevated and fluctuating respiratory activity. Aberrant distribution of CA activity therefore may reduce the heart's energetic efficiency.
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Shah GN, Price TO, Banks WA, Morofuji Y, Kovac A, Ercal N, Sorenson CM, Shin ES, Sheibani N. Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects mouse cerebral pericytes from high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:637-45. [PMID: 23249625 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated complications in the microvasculature of the brain are caused by oxidative stress, generated by overproduction of reactive oxygen species from hyperglycemia-induced accelerated oxidative metabolism of glucose. Pericytes, essential for the viability of the microvasculature, are especially susceptible to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases, regulators of the oxidative metabolism of glucose, determine the rate of reactive oxygen species production and inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases rescues glucose-induced pericyte loss in the diabetic mouse brain. We hypothesized that high glucose induces intracellular oxidative stress and pericyte apoptosis and that inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects pericytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. To validate our hypothesis, conditionally immortalized cerebral pericyte (IPC) cultures were established from Immortomice to investigate the effect of high glucose on oxidative stress and pericyte apoptosis. The IPCs expressed pericyte markers and induced high transendothelial electrical resistance and low permeability in brain endothelial cell monolayers comparable with pericytes in primary cultures. The IPCs also secreted cytokines constitutively and in response to lipopolysaccharide similar to pericytes. High glucose caused oxidative stress and apoptosis of these cells, with both oxidative stress and apoptosis significantly reduced after mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase inhibition. These results provide the first evidence that pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases attenuates pericyte apoptosis caused by high glucose-induced oxidative stress. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have a long history of safe clinical use and can be immediately evaluated for this new indication in translational research. Thus, mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases may provide a new therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related illnesses of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul N Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, DRC 315 St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Wang H, Teng Y, Xie Y, Wang B, Leng Y, Shu H, Deng F. Characterization of the carbonic anhydrases 15b expressed in PGCs during early zebrafish development. Theriogenology 2012; 79:443-52. [PMID: 23174774 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main function of carbonic anhydrases is to regulate acid-base balance. In the present study, the zebrafish CA15b sequence was identified from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (accession No. NM_213182). The 1716 base pair full-length cDNA of CA15b was obtained by 3' and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis. It was expressed (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis) in the ovary, heart, brain, and muscle, but not in testis or liver. Based on in situ hybridization, CA15b mRNA was transcribed in the ooplasm of stage I to stage II oocytes, in the cortex of stage III oocytes, and along the periphery of stage IV oocytes. Furthermore, this protein was localized (immunohistochemistry) in the plasma membrane of oocytes. Based on whole-mount in situ hybridization, CA15b mRNA was present in every blastomere of embryos from one-cell to blastula stages. Strong signals of the transcripts were present along cleavage furrows of two- and eight-cell stage embryos, which subsequently condensed into four clusters of cells during the blastula stage. During subsequent stages, the four groups of CA15b-expressing cells appeared to move toward the dorsal side of the embryos, clustered into two groups on either side of the midline, and remained visible as they migrated toward the region of the gonad in embryos at 24 hours postfertilization. Expression patterns of CA15b were similar to those of vasa, a marker of primordial germ cells. Thus, we hypothesized that CA15b might be necessary for development of primordial germ cells and female germ cells in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Freund DM, Prenni JE, Curthoys NP. Response of the mitochondrial proteome of rat renal proximal convoluted tubules to chronic metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F145-55. [PMID: 23136003 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00526.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic acidosis is a common clinical condition that is caused by a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate concentration. Increased extraction and mitochondrial catabolism of plasma glutamine within the renal proximal convoluted tubule generates ammonium and bicarbonate ions that facilitate the excretion of acid and partially restore acid-base balance. Previous studies identified only a few mitochondrial proteins, including two key enzymes of glutamine metabolism, which are increased during chronic acidosis. A workflow was developed to characterize the mitochondrial proteome of the proximal convoluted tubule. Based upon the increase in specific activity of cytochrome c oxidase, the isolated mitochondria were enriched eightfold. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was utilized to compare mitochondrial-enriched samples from control and chronic acidotic rats. Proteomic analysis identified 901 proteins in the control and acidotic samples. Further analysis identified 37 peptides that contain an N-ε-acetyl-lysine; of these, 22 are novel sites. Spectral counting analysis revealed 33 proteins that are significantly altered in abundance in response to chronic metabolic acidosis. Western blot analysis was performed to validate the calculated changes in abundance. Thus the current study represents the first comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial proteome of the rat renal proximal convoluted tubule and its response to metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Freund
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
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41
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Carbonic anhydrase 5 regulates acid-base homeostasis in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39881. [PMID: 22745834 PMCID: PMC3382148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the acid-base balance in cells is essential for proper cellular homeostasis. Disturbed acid-base balance directly affects cellular physiology, which often results in various pathological conditions. In every living organism, the protein family of carbonic anhydrases regulate a broad variety of homeostatic processes. Here we describe the identification, mapping and cloning of a zebrafish carbonic anhydrase 5 (ca5) mutation, collapse of fins (cof), which causes initially a collapse of the medial fins followed by necrosis and rapid degeneration of the embryo. These phenotypical characteristics can be mimicked in wild-type embryos by acetazolamide treatment, suggesting that CA5 activity in zebrafish is essential for a proper development. In addition we show that CA5 regulates acid-base balance during embryonic development, since lowering the pH can compensate for the loss of CA5 activity. Identification of selective modulators of CA5 activity could have a major impact on the development of new therapeutics involved in the treatment of a variety of disorders.
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Imtaiyaz Hassan M, Shajee B, Waheed A, Ahmad F, Sly WS. Structure, function and applications of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:1570-82. [PMID: 22607884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases enzymes (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloproteins, which efficiently catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and release proton. These enzymes are essentially important for biological system and play several important physiological and patho-physiological functions. There are 16 different alpha-carbonic anhydrase isoforms studied, differing widely in their cellular localization and biophysical properties. The catalytic domains of all CAs possess a conserved tertiary structure fold, with predominately β-strands. We performed an extensive analysis of all 16 mammalian CAs for its structure and function in order to establish a structure-function relationship. CAs have been a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. Sulfonamides are considered as a strong and specific inhibitor of CA, and are being used as diuretics, anti-glaucoma, anti-epileptic, anti-ulcer agents. Currently CA inhibitors are widely used as a drug for the treatment of neurological disorders, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-cancer, or anti-obesity agents. Here we tried to emphasize how CAs can be used for drug discovery, design and screening. Furthermore, we discussed the role of CA in carbon capture, carbon sensor and metabolon. We hope this review provide many useful information on structure, function, mechanism, and applications of CAs in various discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Şen E, Alım Z, Duran H, İşgör MM, Beydemir Ş, Kasımoğulları R, Ok S. Inhibitory effect of novel pyrazole carboxamide derivatives on human carbonic anhydrase enzyme. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:328-36. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.651465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Şen
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar University,
Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Alım
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University,
Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duran
- Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology,
Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mustafa İşgör
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University,
Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University,
Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Kasımoğulları
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar University,
Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Salim Ok
- College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),
Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück,
Osnabrück, Germany
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Price TO, Eranki V, Banks WA, Ercal N, Shah GN. Topiramate treatment protects blood-brain barrier pericytes from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in diabetic mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:362-72. [PMID: 22109883 PMCID: PMC3249670 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes cerebral microvasculature deterioration and cognitive decline. The specialized endothelial cells of cerebral microvasculature comprise the blood-brain barrier, and the pericytes (PC) that are in immediate contact with these endothelial cells are vital for blood-brain barrier integrity. In diabetes, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress is implicated as a mechanism for hyperglycemia-induced PC loss as a prerequisite leading to blood-brain barrier disruption. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases (CA) regulate the oxidative metabolism of glucose and thus play an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that the inhibition of mitochondrial CA would reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress, rescue cerebral PC loss caused by diabetes-induced oxidative stress, and preserve blood-brain barrier integrity. We studied the effects of pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial CA activity on streptozotocin-diabetes-induced oxidative stress and PC loss in the mouse brain. At 3 wk of diabetes, there was significant oxidative stress; the levels of reduced glutathione were lower and those of 3-nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal, and superoxide dismutase were higher. Treatment of diabetic mice with topiramate, a potent mitochondrial CA inhibitor, prevented the oxidative stress caused by 3 wk of diabetes. A significant decline in cerebral PC numbers, at 12 wk of diabetes, was also rescued by topiramate treatment. These results provide the first evidence that inhibition of mitochondrial CA activity reduces diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the mouse brain and rescues cerebral PC dropout. Thus, mitochondrial CA may provide a new therapeutic target for oxidative stress related illnesses of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin O Price
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Schultz M, Jin W, Waheed A, Moed BR, Sly W, Zhang Z. Expression profile of carbonic anhydrases in articular cartilage. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:145-51. [PMID: 21739214 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which catalyze the reversible reaction of carbonate hydration, are important for cartilage homeostasis. The full spectrum of CA activity of all 13 isoenzymes in articular cartilage is unknown. This study quantified the mRNA profile of CAs in rat articular cartilage, using quantitative polymerase chain reactions. Among the 13 functional CAs, CAs II, III, Vb, IX, XII and XIII were significantly expressed at mRNA level by the chondrocytes in articular cartilage. To verify these significantly expressed CAs in articular cartilage at protein level, immunohistochemistry was performed. While CAs III, Vb and XII distributed in the full-thickness of cartilage, including the calcified zone of cartilage, CA II was mainly localized in the proliferative zone of cartilage. CA IX was limited in the superficial zone of cartilage and CA XIII expressed in the superficial and partially mid zone. These results provide a framework for understanding individual CAs as well as the integrated CA family in cartilage biology, including matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schultz
- Center for Anatomical Science and Education, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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46
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Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Paladina I, Rando A, Uccello M, Basile F, Biondi A, Carnazzo S, Alessandria I, Mazzarino C. Markers of bile duct tumors. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2011; 3:49-59. [PMID: 21528090 PMCID: PMC3083496 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v3.i4.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract carcinomas are relatively rare, representing less than 1% of cancers. However, their incidence has increased in Japan and in industrialized countries like the USA. Biliary tract tumors have a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate because they are usually detected late in the course of the disease; therapeutic treatment options are often limited and of minimal utility. Recent studies have shown the importance of serum and molecular markers in the diagnosis and follow up of biliary tract tumors. This review aims to introduce the main features of the most important serum and molecular markers of biliary tree tumors. Some considerable tumor markers are cancer antigen 125, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin A, mucin 1, mucin 5, alpha-fetoprotein, claudins and cytokeratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malaguarnera
- Giulia Malaguarnera, Clorinda Mazzarino, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Catania, via Androne 83, 95124 Catania, Italy
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47
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Pan PW, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic anhydrases in the mouse harderian gland. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:411-7. [PMID: 20820888 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The harderian gland is located within the orbit of the eye of most terrestrial vertebrates. It is especially noticeable in rodents, in which it synthesises lipids, porphyrins, and indoles. Various functions have been ascribed to the harderian gland, such as lubrication of the eyes, a site of immune response, and a source of growth factors. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyse the reaction CO₂ + H₂O <--> H+ + HCO₃. They are involved in the adjustment of pH in the secretions of different glands. Thirteen enzymatically active isozymes have been described in the mammalian α-CA family. Here, we first investigated the mRNA expression of all 13 active CAs in the mouse harderian gland by quantitative real-time PCR. Nine CA mRNAs were detectable in the gland. Car5b and Car13 showed the highest signals. Car4, Car6, and Car12 showed moderate expression levels, whereas Car2, Car3, Car7, and Car15 mRNAs were barely within the detection limits. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to study the expression of Car2, Car4, Car5b, Car12, and Car13 at the protein level. The epithelial cells were intensively stained for CAVB, whereas only weak signal was detected for CAXIII. Positive signals for CAIV and CAXII were observed in the capillary endothelial cells and the basolateral plasma membrane of the epithelial cells, respectively. This study provides an expression profile of all CAs in the mouse harderian gland. These results should improve our understanding of the distribution of CA isozymes and their potential roles in the function of harderian gland. The high expression of mitochondrial CAVB at both mRNA and protein levels suggests a role in lipid synthesis, a key physiological process of the harderian gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-wen Pan
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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48
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Bootorabi F, Jänis J, Smith E, Waheed A, Kukkurainen S, Hytönen V, Valjakka J, Supuran CT, Vullo D, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Analysis of a shortened form of human carbonic anhydrase VII expressed in vitro compared to the full-length enzyme. Biochimie 2010; 92:1072-80. [PMID: 20493921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes are expressed in all organs of the mammalian body where they participate in important physiological functions. CA VII is a cytosolic isozyme which may be expressed as two forms according to the recent GenBank data. We designed a present study to express and characterize the human CA VII forms: full-length CA VII and short form (predicted to lack 56 residues from the N-terminus). Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed mRNAs for both CA VII forms in the human brain. These different forms were expressed as recombinant proteins to investigate their biochemical properties. The full-length CA VII was used to raise a polyclonal antiserum in a rabbit, and the antiserum was then employed in western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry of mouse tissues. Data from mass spectrometry and comparative modeling showed that CA VII protein contains a single intramolecular disulfide bridge (Cys-56 to Cys-180) which is lacking in the short form. The computer model suggested distinctly different folding for the different forms. The more exposed structure and the absence of the disulfide bridge in the short form could make this protein more susceptible to degradation. In fact, this was realized in several protein purification efforts in which the short form readily degraded during the experimental procedures. From these results, we conclude that the full-length CA VII is a predominant active form in human brain and also in other tissues. In addition to the brain, CA VII is expressed in several other organs including the stomach, duodenum, colon, liver, and skeletal muscle. The distribution pattern suggests multiple functions for CA VII in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bootorabi
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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49
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Krishnamurthy VM, Kaufman GK, Urbach AR, Gitlin I, Gudiksen KL, Weibel DB, Whitesides GM. Carbonic anhydrase as a model for biophysical and physical-organic studies of proteins and protein-ligand binding. Chem Rev 2008; 108:946-1051. [PMID: 18335973 PMCID: PMC2740730 DOI: 10.1021/cr050262p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George K. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam R. Urbach
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irina Gitlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Katherine L. Gudiksen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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50
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JEN YF, LEE WM, LIN CC, CHENG YH, WANG JH, KUO TF, CHANG MH. The Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase in Canine Mammary Gland and Mammary Gland Tumor. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:437-41. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan JEN
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University
| | - Wei-Ming LEE
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Cheng-Chung LIN
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University
| | | | - Jiann-Hsiung WANG
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University
| | - Tzong-Fu KUO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University
| | - Ming-Huang CHANG
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University
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