1
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Armani-Tourret M, Bone B, Tan TS, Sun W, Bellefroid M, Struyve T, Louella M, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Immune targeting of HIV-1 reservoir cells: a path to elimination strategies and cure. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:328-344. [PMID: 38337034 PMCID: PMC11131351 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Successful approaches for eradication or cure of HIV-1 infection are likely to include immunological mechanisms, but remarkably little is known about how human immune responses can recognize and interact with the few HIV-1-infected cells that harbour genome-intact viral DNA, persist long term despite antiretroviral therapy and represent the main barrier to a cure. For a long time regarded as being completely shielded from host immune responses due to viral latency, these cells do, on closer examination with single-cell analytic techniques, display discrete footprints of immune selection, implying that human immune responses may be able to effectively engage and target at least some of these cells. The failure to eliminate rebound-competent virally infected cells in the majority of persons likely reflects the evolution of a highly selected pool of reservoir cells that are effectively camouflaged from immune recognition or rely on sophisticated approaches for resisting immune-mediated killing. Understanding the fine-tuned interplay between host immune responses and viral reservoir cells will help to design improved interventions that exploit the immunological vulnerabilities of HIV-1 reservoir cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Armani-Tourret
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bone
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maxime Bellefroid
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tine Struyve
- HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Louella
- Community Advisory Board, Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Mohammadi A, Etemad B, Zhang X, Li Y, Bedwell GJ, Sharaf R, Kittilson A, Melberg M, Crain CR, Traunbauer AK, Wong C, Fajnzylber J, Worrall DP, Rosenthal A, Jordan H, Jilg N, Kaseke C, Giguel F, Lian X, Deo R, Gillespie E, Chishti R, Abrha S, Adams T, Siagian A, Dorazio D, Anderson PL, Deeks SG, Lederman MM, Yawetz S, Kuritzkes DR, Lichterfeld MD, Sieg S, Tsibris A, Carrington M, Brumme ZL, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Engelman AN, Gaiha GD, Li JZ. Viral and host mediators of non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia. Nat Med 2023; 29:3212-3223. [PMID: 37957382 PMCID: PMC10719098 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia (NSV) is defined as persistent low-level viremia on antiretroviral therapy (ART) without evidence of ART non-adherence or significant drug resistance. Unraveling the mechanisms behind NSV would broaden our understanding of HIV-1 persistence. Here we analyzed plasma virus sequences in eight ART-treated individuals with NSV (88% male) and show that they are composed of large clones without evidence of viral evolution over time in those with longitudinal samples. We defined proviruses that match plasma HIV-1 RNA sequences as 'producer proviruses', and those that did not as 'non-producer proviruses'. Non-suppressible viremia arose from expanded clones of producer proviruses that were significantly larger than the genome-intact proviral reservoir of ART-suppressed individuals. Integration sites of producer proviruses were enriched in proximity to the activating H3K36me3 epigenetic mark. CD4+ T cells from participants with NSV demonstrated upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes and downregulation of pro-apoptotic and type I/II interferon-related pathways. Furthermore, participants with NSV showed significantly lower HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses compared with untreated viremic controllers with similar viral loads. We identified potential critical host and viral mediators of NSV that may represent targets to disrupt HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mohammadi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Valley Health System, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Behzad Etemad
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Beijing Friendship Hospital Pinggu Campus, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory J Bedwell
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radwa Sharaf
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Autumn Kittilson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Melberg
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Crain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna K Traunbauer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colline Wong
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Fajnzylber
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alex Rosenthal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Jordan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Jilg
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clarety Kaseke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francoise Giguel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rinki Deo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rida Chishti
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Abrha
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taylor Adams
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail Siagian
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominic Dorazio
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter L Anderson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sigal Yawetz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mathias D Lichterfeld
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Sieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Athe Tsibris
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jose R Castillo-Mancilla
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Mohammadi A, Etemad B, Zhang X, Li Y, Bedwell GJ, Sharaf R, Kittilson A, Melberg M, Wong C, Fajnzylber J, Worrall DP, Rosenthal A, Jordan H, Jilg N, Kaseke C, Giguel F, Lian X, Deo R, Gillespie E, Chishti R, Abrha S, Adams T, Siagian A, Anderson PL, Deeks SG, Lederman MM, Yawetz S, Kuritzkes DR, Lichterfeld MD, Tsibris A, Carrington M, Brumme ZL, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Engelman AN, Gaiha GD, Li JZ. Viral and Host Mediators of Non-Suppressible HIV-1 Viremia. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.30.23287124. [PMID: 37034605 PMCID: PMC10081408 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.23287124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia (NSV) can occur in persons with HIV despite adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) and in the absence of significant drug resistance. Here, we show that plasma NSV sequences are comprised primarily of large clones without evidence of viral evolution over time. We defined proviruses that contribute to plasma viremia as "producer", and those that did not as "non-producer". Compared to ART-suppressed individuals, NSV participants had a significantly larger producer reservoir. Producer proviruses were enriched in chromosome 19 and in proximity to the activating H3K36me3 epigenetic mark. CD4+ cells from NSV participants demonstrated upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes and downregulation of pro-apoptotic and type I/II interferon-related pathways. Furthermore, NSV participants showed no elevation in HIV-specific CD8+ cell responses and producer proviruses were enriched for HLA escape mutations. We identified critical host and viral mediators of NSV that represent potential targets to disrupt HIV persistence and promote viral silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mohammadi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Behzad Etemad
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijia Li
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Radwa Sharaf
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Autumn Kittilson
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Melberg
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colline Wong
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Fajnzylber
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alex Rosenthal
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Jordan
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Jilg
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clarety Kaseke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francoise Giguel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rinki Deo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rida Chishti
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Abrha
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taylor Adams
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail Siagian
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter L. Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sigal Yawetz
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mathias D. Lichterfeld
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Athe Tsibris
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jose R. Castillo-Mancilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alan N. Engelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav D. Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Taramasso L, Bozzano F, Casabianca A, Orlandi C, Bovis F, Mora S, Giacomini M, Moretta L, Magnani M, Di Biagio A, De Maria A. Persistence of Unintegrated HIV DNA Associates With Ongoing NK Cell Activation and CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ Precursor Turnover in Vertically Infected Patients Despite Successful Antiretroviral Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847816. [PMID: 35558085 PMCID: PMC9088003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of proviral DNA is raising interest in view of clinical management and functional HIV eradication. Measures of all unintegrated HIV DNA (uDNA) forms in infected reservoir cells provides information on recent replication events that is not found from other proviral DNA assays. To evaluate its actual relevance in a cohort of perinatally-infected adult HIV patients (PHIV), we studied how peripheral blood mononuclear cell uDNA levels correlated with total HIV DNA (tDNA) and with overall replication or innate immune control parameters including NK cell activation/exhaustion and lymphoid turnover. Twenty-two PHIV were included, with successfully controlled HIV (HIV RNA <50 copies/mL) on combined antiretroviral therapy for mean of 8.7 ± 3.9 years. uDNA accounted for 16 [5.2-83.5] copies/µg and was strongly correlated with tDNA (ρ=0.700, p=0.001). Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral NK cells showed that CD69 expression was directly correlated uDNA (p=0.0412), but not with tDNA. Interestingly, CD56-CD16+NK cells which include newly described inflammatory precursors and terminally differentiated cells were directly correlated with uDNA levels (p<0.001), but not with tDNA, and an inverse association was observed between the proportion of NKG2D+ NK cells and uDNA (ρ=-0.548, p=0.015). In addition, CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ inflammatory precursor frequency correlated directly with uDNA levels (ρ=0.579, p=0.0075). The frequencies of CD56-CD16+ and CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ cells maintained association with uDNA levels in a multivariable analysis (p=0.045 and p=0.168, respectively). Thus, control of HIV-1 reservoir in aviremic patients on ART is an active process associated with continuous NK cell intervention and turnover, even after many years of treatment. Quantification of linear and circular uDNA provides relevant information on the requirement for ongoing innate immune control in addition to ART, on recent replication history and may help stratify patients for functional HIV eradication protocols with targeted options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Mora
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacomini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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5
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Abstract
The CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) was discovered during studies of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects more than 30 years ago. In contrast to CD8+ T cell cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CNAR suppresses HIV replication without target cell killing. This activity has characteristics of innate immunity: it acts on all retroviruses and thus is neither epitope specific nor HLA restricted. The HIV-associated CNAR does not affect other virus families. It is mediated, at least in part, by a CD8+ T cell antiviral factor (CAF) that blocks HIV transcription. A variety of assays used to measure CNAR/CAF and the effects on other retrovirus infections are described. Notably, CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses have now been observed with other virus families but are mediated by different cytokines. Characterizing the protein structure of CAF has been challenging despite many biologic, immunologic, and molecular studies. It represents a low-abundance protein that may be identified by future next-generation sequencing approaches. Since CNAR/CAF is a natural noncytotoxic activity, it could provide promising strategies for HIV/AIDS therapy, cure, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Teque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jay A Levy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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7
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Jin JH, Huang HH, Zhou MJ, Li J, Hu W, Huang L, Xu Z, Tu B, Yang G, Shi M, Jiao YM, Fan X, Song JW, Zhang JY, Zhang C, Wang FS. Virtual memory CD8+ T cells restrain the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected patients with antiretroviral therapy through derepressing KIR-mediated inhibition. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1257-1265. [PMID: 32210395 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral reservoir is the major hurdle in developing and establishing an HIV cure. Understanding factors affecting the size and decay of this reservoir is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies. Recent work highlighted that CD8+ T cells are involved in the control of viral replication in ART-treated HIV-1-infected individuals, but how CD8+ T cells sense and restrict the HIV reservoir are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that a population of unconventional CD45RA+, PanKIR+, and/or NKG2A+ virtual memory CD8+ T cells (TVM cells), which confer rapid and robust protective immunity against pathogens, plays an important role in restraining the HIV DNA reservoir in HIV-1-infected patients with effective ART. In patients undergoing ART, TVM cells negatively correlate with HIV DNA and positively correlate with circulating IFN-α2 and IL-15. Moreover, TVM cells constitutively express high levels of cytotoxic granule components, including granzyme B, perforin and granulysin, and demonstrate the capability to control HIV replication through both cytolytic and noncytolytic mechanisms. Furthermore, by using an ex vivo system, we showed that HIV reactivation is effectively suppressed by TVM cells through KIR-mediated recognition. This study suggests that TVM cells are a promising target to predict posttreatment virological control and to design immune-based interventions to reduce the reservoir size in ART-treated HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hua Jin
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China. .,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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8
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Kuse N, Sun X, Akahoshi T, Lissina A, Yamamoto T, Appay V, Takiguchi M. Priming of HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells with strong functional properties from naïve T cells. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:109-119. [PMID: 30956171 PMCID: PMC6491959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells are required for immune suppression of HIV-1 replication and elimination of the associated viral reservoirs. However, effective induction of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from naïve cells remains problematic in the setting of human vaccine trials. In this study, we investigated priming of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from naïve cells. Methods HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells were primed from naïve T cells of HIV-1-seronegative individuals using TLR4 ligand LPS or STING ligand 3′3′-cGAMP in vitro. We established HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell lines from primed T cells and then investigated functional properties of these cells. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells primed with LPS failed to suppress HIV-1. In contrast, 3′3′-cGAMP effectively primed HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells with strong ability to suppress HIV-1. 3′3′-cGAMP-primed T cells had higher expression levels of perforin and granzyme B than LPS-primed ones. The expression levels of granzyme B and perforin and viral suppression ability of 3′3′-cGAMP-primed T cells were positively correlated with the production level of type I IFN from PBMCs stimulated with 3′3′-cGAMP. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the potential of 3′3′-cGAMP to induce HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells with strong effector function from naïve cells via a strong type I IFN production and suggests that this STING ligand may be useful for AIDS vaccine and cure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Anna Lissina
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France; International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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9
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McBrien JB, Kumar NA, Silvestri G. Mechanisms of CD8 + T cell-mediated suppression of HIV/SIV replication. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:898-914. [PMID: 29427516 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize the role of CD8+ T cells during natural and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV and SIV infections, discuss the mechanisms responsible for their suppressive activity, and review the rationale for CD8+ T cell-based HIV cure strategies. Evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells are involved in the control of virus replication during HIV and SIV infections. During early HIV infection, the cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is responsible for control of viremia. However, it has been proposed that CD8+ T cells also use non-cytolytic mechanisms to control SIV infection. More recently, CD8+ T cells were shown to be required to fully suppress virus production in ART-treated SIV-infected macaques, suggesting that CD8+ T cells are involved in the control of virus transcription in latently infected cells that persist under ART. A better understanding of the complex antiviral activities of CD8+ T cells during HIV/SIV infection will pave the way for immune interventions aimed at harnessing these functions to target the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bergild McBrien
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nitasha A Kumar
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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10
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Takata H, Buranapraditkun S, Kessing C, Fletcher JLK, Muir R, Tardif V, Cartwright P, Vandergeeten C, Bakeman W, Nichols CN, Pinyakorn S, Hansasuta P, Kroon E, Chalermchai T, O'Connell R, Kim J, Phanuphak N, Robb ML, Michael NL, Chomont N, Haddad EK, Ananworanich J, Trautmann L. Delayed differentiation of potent effector CD8 + T cells reducing viremia and reservoir seeding in acute HIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/377/eaag1809. [PMID: 28202771 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a critical role in controlling HIV viremia and could be important in reducing HIV-infected cells in approaches to eradicate HIV. The simian immunodeficiency virus model provided the proof of concept for a CD8+ T cell-mediated reservoir clearance but showed conflicting evidence on the role of these cells to eliminate HIV-infected cells. In humans, HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses have not been associated with a reduction of the HIV-infected cell pool in vivo. We studied HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in the RV254 cohort of individuals initiating ART in the earliest stages of acute HIV infection (AHI). We showed that the HIV-specific CD8+ T cells generated as early as AHI stages 1 and 2 before peak viremia are delayed in expanding and acquiring effector functions but are endowed with higher memory potential. In contrast, the fully differentiated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells at peak viremia in AHI stage 3 were more prone to apoptosis but were associated with a steeper viral load decrease after ART initiation. Their capacity to persist in vivo after ART initiation correlated with a lower HIV DNA reservoir. These findings demonstrate that HIV-specific CD8+ T cell magnitude and differentiation are delayed in the earliest stages of infection. These results also demonstrate that potent HIV-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to the reduction of the pool of HIV-producing cells and the HIV reservoir seeding in vivo and provide the rationale to design interventions aiming at inducing these potent responses to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takata
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cari Kessing
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Roshell Muir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pearline Cartwright
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Claire Vandergeeten
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Carmen N Nichols
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Pokrath Hansasuta
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Eugene Kroon
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thep Chalermchai
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jerome Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. .,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increasing evidence suggests that purging the latent HIV reservoir in virally suppressed individuals will require both the induction of viral replication from its latent state and the elimination of these reactivated HIV-infected cells ('Shock and Kill' strategy). Boosting potent HIV-specific CD8 T cells is a promising way to achieve an HIV cure. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provided the rationale for developing immune interventions to increase the numbers, function and location of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to purge HIV reservoirs. Multiple approaches are being evaluated including very early suppression of HIV replication in acute infection, adoptive cell transfer, therapeutic vaccination or use of immunomodulatory molecules. New assays to measure the killing and antiviral function of induced HIV-specific CD8 T cells have been developed to assess the efficacy of these new approaches. The strategies combining HIV reactivation and immunobased therapies to boost HIV-specific CD8 T cells can be tested in in-vivo and in-silico models to accelerate the design of new clinical trials. SUMMARY New immunobased strategies are explored to boost HIV-specific CD8 T cells able to purge the HIV-infected cells with the ultimate goal of achieving spontaneous control of viral replication without antiretroviral treatment.
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12
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Roberts ER, Carnathan DG, Li H, Shaw GM, Silvestri G, Betts MR. Collapse of Cytolytic Potential in SIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Following Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006135. [PMID: 28036372 PMCID: PMC5231392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor maintenance of cytotoxic factor expression among HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, in part caused by dysregulated expression of the transcription factor T-bet, is associated with HIV disease progression. However, the precise evolution and context in which CD8+ T cell cytotoxic functions become dysregulated in HIV infection remain unclear. Using the rhesus macaque (RM) SIV infection model, we evaluated the kinetics of SIV-specific CD8+ T cell cytolytic factor expression in peripheral blood, lymph node, spleen, and gut mucosa from early acute infection through chronic infection. We identified rapid acquisition of perforin and granzyme B expression in SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in blood, secondary lymphoid tissues and gut mucosa that collapsed rapidly during the transition to chronic infection. The evolution of this expression profile was linked to low expression of T-bet and occurred independent of epitope specificity, viral escape patterns and tissue origin. Importantly, during acute infection SIV-specific CD8+ T cells that maintained T-bet expression retained the ability to express granzyme B after stimulation, but this relationship was lost in chronic infection. Together, these data demonstrate the loss of cytolytic machinery in SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in blood and at tissue sites of viral reservoir and active replication during the transition from acute to chronic infection. This phenomenon occurs despite persistent high levels of viremia suggesting that an inability to maintain properly regulated cytotoxic T cell responses in all tissue sites enables HIV/SIV to avoid immune clearance, establish persistent viral reservoirs in lymphoid tissues and gut mucosa, and lead ultimately to immunopathogenesis and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Biomedical Graduate Studies in Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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13
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The Multifaceted Contributions of Chromatin to HIV-1 Integration, Transcription, and Latency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:197-252. [PMID: 28069134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) to establish latent infections constitutes a major barrier to the development of a cure for HIV-1. In latent infection, replication competent HIV-1 provirus is integrated within the host genome but remains silent, masking the infected cells from the activity of the host immune response. Despite the progress in elucidating the molecular players that regulate HIV-1 gene expression, the mechanisms driving the establishment and maintenance of latency are still not fully understood. Transcription from the HIV-1 genome occurs in the context of chromatin and is subjected to the same regulatory mechanisms that drive cellular gene expression. Much like in eukaryotic genes, the nucleosomal landscape of the HIV-1 promoter and its position within genomic chromatin are determinants of its transcriptional activity. Understanding the multilayered chromatin-mediated mechanisms that underpin HIV-1 integration and expression is of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pool of latently infected cells. In this review, we discuss the impact of chromatin structure on viral integration, transcriptional regulation and latency, and the host factors that influence HIV-1 replication by regulating chromatin organization. Finally, we describe therapeutic strategies under development to target the chromatin-HIV-1 interplay.
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14
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Kang W, Zhu W, Li Y, Jiao Y, Zhuang Y, Xie Y, Zhao K, Dang B, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Sun Y. Analysis of HIV-1c-Specific CTL Responses with HIV-1 Reservoir Size and Forms. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:184-91. [PMID: 26859257 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are critical in cellular immune responses; therefore the study of CTL responses is profound in HIV-1 eradication. We aim to dissect the relationship between HIV-1 reservoir size and the magnitude and recognition of viral-specific CTL responses. An IFN-γ ELISpot assay with peptides spanning the HIV-1 clade C consensus sequences were designed to analyze HIV-1c-specific CTL responses. HIV-1 DNA, integrated HIV-1 DNA, and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA were quantitated by real-time PCR. We observed significant increases in total HIV-1 DNA and integrated HIV-1 DNA after highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) compared with naive patients. Total HIV-1 DNA had a significant negative correlation with HIV-1c-specific CTL response magnitude. Baseline CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts and antiretroviral treatment affected the size of the HIV-1 reservoirs. Taken together, HIV-1-specific CTL responses correlated with the size of HIV-1 reservoir. In addition, HIV-1-specific CTL response against p17 was associated with low integral efficiency of HIV-1, which might be a biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Kang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Zhu
- 2 AIDS Research Center, MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Jiao
- 3 Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Xie
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhao
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianli Dang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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15
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Tian X, Zhang A, Qiu C, Wang W, Yang Y, Qiu C, Liu A, Zhu L, Yuan S, Hu H, Wang W, Wei Q, Zhang X, Xu J. The upregulation of LAG-3 on T cells defines a subpopulation with functional exhaustion and correlates with disease progression in HIV-infected subjects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3873-82. [PMID: 25780040 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells develop functional defects during HIV-1 infection, partially due to the upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and CTLA-4. However, the role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223), also known as an inhibitory receptor, in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we revealed that LAG-3 on T cells delivers an inhibitory signal to downregulate T cell functionality, thereby playing an immunoregulatory role during persistent HIV-1 infection. We observed that HIV-1 infection results in a significant increase in LAG-3 expression in both the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. The upregulation of LAG-3 is dramatically manifested on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and is correlated with disease progression. As expected, prolonged antiretroviral therapy reduces the expression of LAG-3 on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The ex vivo blockade of LAG-3 significantly augments HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, whereas the overexpression of LAG-3 in T cells or the stimulation of LAG-3 on T cells leads to the reduction of T cell responses. Furthermore, most LAG-3 and PD-1 are expressed in different T cell subsets. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway plays an immunoregulatory role, thereby providing an important target for enhancing immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Additionally, the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway may synergize with PD-1/PD ligand to enhance T cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Anli Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; and
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Huiliang Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; and
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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16
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Chanzu N, Ondondo B. Induction of Potent and Long-Lived Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in the Genitorectal Mucosa Could be the Critical Determinant of HIV Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:202. [PMID: 24847327 PMCID: PMC4021115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV prevention has indeed progressed in leaps and bounds, but with major limitations of the current prevention and treatment options, the world remains desperate for an HIV vaccine. Sadly, this continues to be elusive, because more than 30 years since its discovery there is no licensed HIV vaccine. Research aiming to define immunological biomarkers to accurately predict vaccine efficacy have focused mainly on systemic immune responses, and as such, studies defining correlates of protection in the genitorectal mucosa, the primary target site for HIV entry and seeding are sparse. Clearly, difficulties in sampling and analysis of mucosal specimens, as well as their limited size have been a major deterrent in characterizing the type (mucosal antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, or CTL), threshold (magnitude, depth, and breadth) and viral inhibitory capacity of HIV-1-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa, where they are needed to immediately block HIV acquisition and arrest subsequent virus dissemination. Nevertheless, a few studies document the existence of HIV-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa of HIV-infected aviremic and viremic controllers, as well as in highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals with natural resistance to HIV-1. Some of these responses strongly correlate with protection from HIV acquisition and/or disease progression, thus providing significant clues of the ideal components of an efficacious HIV vaccine. In this study, we provide an overview of the key features of protective immune responses found in HEPS, elite and viremic controllers, and discuss how these can be achieved through mucosal immunization. Inevitably, HIV vaccine development research will have to consider strategies that elicit potent antibody and cellular immune responses within the genitorectal mucosa or induction of systemic immune cells with an inherent potential to home and persist at mucosal sites of HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chanzu
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Beatrice Ondondo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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17
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Developing Combined HIV Vaccine Strategies for a Functional Cure. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:481-96. [PMID: 26344343 PMCID: PMC4494210 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of HIV-infected individuals have access to potent antiretroviral drugs that control viral replication and decrease the risk of transmission. However, there is no cure for HIV and new strategies have to be developed to reach an eradication of the virus or a natural control of viral replication in the absence of drugs (functional cure). Therapeutic vaccines against HIV have been evaluated in many trials over the last 20 years and important knowledge has been gained from these trials. However, the major obstacle to HIV eradication is the persistence of latent proviral reservoirs. Different molecules are currently tested in ART-treated subjects to reactivate these latent reservoirs. Such anti-latency agents should be combined with a vaccination regimen in order to control or eradicate reactivated latently-infected cells. New in vitro assays should also be developed to assess the success of tested therapeutic vaccines by measuring the immune-mediated killing of replication-competent HIV reservoir cells. This review provides an overview of the current strategies to combine HIV vaccines with anti-latency agents that could act as adjuvant on the vaccine-induced immune response as well as new tools to assess the efficacy of these approaches.
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18
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Ouedraogo DE, Tuaillon E, Rubbo PA, Bollore K, Foulongne V, Reynes J, Vendrell JP. Close relationship between immunoglobulin secreting-cells and Epstein-Barr virus reservoir in patients infected with HIV. J Med Virol 2013; 86:30-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Eric Ouedraogo
- INSERM U1058; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Institute of Biotherapies Research; Laboraotry of Human Rare Circulating Cells, Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier France
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology; Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier; France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- INSERM U1058; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Institute of Biotherapies Research; Laboraotry of Human Rare Circulating Cells, Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier France
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology; Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier; France
| | - Pierre-Alain Rubbo
- INSERM U1058; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Institute of Biotherapies Research; Laboraotry of Human Rare Circulating Cells, Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier France
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology; Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier; France
| | - Karine Bollore
- INSERM U1058; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Institute of Biotherapies Research; Laboraotry of Human Rare Circulating Cells, Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier France
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology; Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier; France
| | - Vincent Foulongne
- INSERM U1058; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology; Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier; France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases; Montpellier Hospital Centre; UMI 233 Montpellier France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vendrell
- INSERM U1058; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Institute of Biotherapies Research; Laboraotry of Human Rare Circulating Cells, Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier France
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology; Montpellier Hospital Centre; Montpellier; France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prolonged suppression of plasma viremia is now achievable in a majority of HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, ART alone cannot eradicate HIV in infected individuals. The purpose of this review is to discuss the importance of tracking levels of infected CD4(+) T cells carrying replication-competent HIV in basic and clinical research and how the use of this virologic marker could help determine the efficacy of ART and several novel therapeutic strategies that are being proposed for eliminating persistent viral reservoir in infected individuals receiving ART. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, there has been a growing interest within the HIV/AIDS scientific community to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at eliminating persistently infected CD4(+) T cells in order to achieve a cure for HIV in infected individuals receiving ART. These approaches include administration of HIV-activating agents, modification of the genetics of CD4(+) T cells, stem cell transplantation, and therapeutic vaccination. Such approaches would ultimately require careful and accurate assessments of the effect of therapeutic agents on HIV burden in infected individuals. SUMMARY Given that the majority of infected CD4(+) T cells in vivo carry replication-defective HIV, longitudinal measurements of the frequency of cells carrying replication-competent HIV along with other quantitative virologic parameters, such as levels of plasma viremia and cell-associated viral nucleic acid, can provide critical insight into the dynamics of the persistent viral reservoirs. Information related to HIV pathogenesis and the feasibility of eradicating the virus in infected individuals receiving ART in combination with novel therapeutic agents can also be gained from these analyses.
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High-dimensional immunomonitoring models of HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses accurately identify subjects achieving spontaneous viral control. Blood 2012; 121:801-11. [PMID: 23233659 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-436295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The development of immunomonitoring models to determine HIV-1 vaccine efficacy is a major challenge. Studies suggest that HIV-1–specific CD8 T cells play a critical role in subjects achieving spontaneous viral control (HIV-1 controllers) and that they will be important in immune interventions. However, no single CD8 T-cell function is uniquely associated with controller status and the heterogeneity of responses targeting different epitopes further complicates the discovery of determinants of protective immunity. In the present study, we describe immunomonitoring models integrating multiple functions of epitope-specific CD8 T cells that distinguish controllers from subjects with treated or untreated progressive infection. Models integrating higher numbers of variables and trained with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) variant of logistic regression and 10-fold cross-validation produce “diagnostic tests” that display an excellent capacity to delineate subject categories. The test accuracy reaches 75% area under the receiving operating characteristic curve in cohorts matched for prevalence of protective alleles. Linear mixed-effects model analyses show that the proliferative capacity, cytokine production, and kinetics of cytokine secretion are associated with HIV-1 control. Although proliferative capacity is the strongest single discriminant, integrated modeling of different dimensions of data leverages individual associations. This strategy may have important applications in predictive model development and immune monitoring of HIV-1 vaccine trials. KEY POINTS Immune monitoring models integrating multiple functions of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells distinguish controllers from subjects with progressive HIV-1 infection. This strategy may have important applications in predictive model development and immune monitoring of HIV-1 vaccine trials.
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21
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Tim-3 negatively regulates cytotoxicity in exhausted CD8+ T cells in HIV infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40146. [PMID: 22792231 PMCID: PMC3390352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) contain virus infections through the release of granules containing both perforin and granzymes. T cell ‘exhaustion’ is a hallmark of chronic persistent viral infections including HIV. The inhibitory regulatory molecule, T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain containing 3 (Tim-3) is induced on HIV-specific T cells in chronic progressive infection. These Tim-3 expressing T cells are dysfunctional in terms of their capacities to proliferate or to produce cytokines. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Tim-3 expression on the cytotoxic capabilities of CD8+ T cells in the context of HIV infection. We investigated the cytotoxic capacity of Tim-3 expressing T cells by examining 1) the ability of Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells to make perforin and 2) the direct ability of Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells to kill autologous HIV infected CD4+ target cells. Surprisingly, Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells maintain higher levels of perforin, which was mainly in a granule-associated (stored) conformation, as well as express high levels of T-bet. However, these cells were also defective in their ability to degranulate. Blocking the Tim-3 signalling pathway enhanced the cytotoxic capabilities of HIV specific CD8+ T cells from chronic progressors by increasing; a) their degranulation capacity, b) their ability to release perforin, c) their ability to target activated granzyme B to HIV antigen expressing CD4+ T cells and d) their ability to suppress HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. In this latter effect, blocking the Tim-3 pathway enhances the cytotoxcity of CD8+ T cells from chronic progressors to the level very close to that of T cells from viral controllers. Thus, the Tim-3 receptor, in addition to acting as a terminator for cytokine producing and proliferative functions of CTLs, can also down-regulate the CD8+ T cell cytotoxic function through inhibition of degranulation and perforin and granzyme secretion.
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22
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Initial HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection inhibit transmitted/founder virus replication. J Virol 2012; 86:6835-46. [PMID: 22514337 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00437-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8-mediated virus inhibition can be detected in HIV-1-positive subjects who naturally control virus replication. Characterizing the inhibitory function of CD8(+) T cells during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) can elucidate the nature of the CD8(+) responses that can be rapidly elicited and that contribute to virus control. We examined the timing and HIV-1 antigen specificity of antiviral CD8(+) T cells during AHI. Autologous and heterologous CD8(+) T cell antiviral functions were assessed longitudinally during AHI in five donors from the CHAVI 001 cohort using a CD8(+) T cell-mediated virus inhibition assay (CD8 VIA) and transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. Potent CD8(+) antiviral responses against heterologous T/F viruses appeared during AHI at the first time point sampled in each of the 5 donors (Fiebig stages 1/2 to 5). Inhibition of an autologous T/F virus was durable to 48 weeks; however, inhibition of heterologous responses declined concurrent with the resolution of viremia. HIV-1 viruses from 6 months postinfection were more resistant to CD8(+)-mediated virus inhibition than cognate T/F viruses, demonstrating that the virus escapes early from CD8(+) T cell-mediated inhibition of virus replication. CD8(+) T cell antigen-specific subsets mediated inhibition of T/F virus replication via soluble components, and these soluble responses were stimulated by peptide pools that include epitopes that were shown to drive HIV-1 escape during AHI. These data provide insights into the mechanisms of CD8-mediated virus inhibition and suggest that functional analyses will be important for determining whether similar antigen-specific virus inhibition can be induced by T cell-directed vaccine strategies.
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23
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Akinsiku OT, Bansal A, Sabbaj S, Heath SL, Goepfert PA. Interleukin-2 production by polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells is associated with enhanced viral suppression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 58:132-40. [PMID: 21637109 PMCID: PMC3391567 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318224d2e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assays to measure the induction of HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses often rely on measurements of indirect effector function such as chemokine and cytokine production, which may not reflect direct elimination of an invading pathogen. Assessment of the functional ability of CD8 T cells to suppress HIV-1 replication has been viewed as a surrogate marker of an effectual immune response. To further investigate this, we measured the capacity of virus-specific CD8 T cells to inhibit HIV-1 replication in an in vitro suppression assay. METHODS We expanded 15 epitope-specific CD8 T-cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronically HIV--infected progressors (n = 5) and controllers (n = 4) who were not on antiretroviral therapy. Cell lines were tested for their ability to produce effector molecules (CD107a, IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin) and suppress virus replication in autologous CD4 T cells. RESULTS CD8 T-cell lines from both progressors and controllers had largely similar effector function profiles as determined by intracellular cytokine staining. In contrast, we observed that CD8 T-cell lines derived from controllers show enhanced virus suppression when compared with progressors. Virus suppression was mediated in an major histocompatibility complex-dependent manner and found to correlate with a polyfunctional IL-2 CD8 T-cell response. CONCLUSIONS Using a sensitive in vitro suppression assay, we demonstrate that CD8 T-cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication is a marker of HIV-1 control. Suppressive capacity was found to correlate with polyfunctional IL-2 production. Assessment of CD8 T-cell-mediated suppression may be an important tool to evaluate vaccine-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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24
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Cafaro A, Macchia I, Maggiorella MT, Titti F, Ensoli B. Innovative approaches to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV/AIDS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 655:189-242. [PMID: 20047043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in the human population in the summer of 1981. According to the latest United Nations estimates, worldwide over 33 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the prevalence rates continue to rise globally. To control the alarming spread of HIV, an urgent need exists for developing a safe and effective vaccine that prevents individuals from becoming infected or progressing to disease. To be effective, an HIV/AIDS vaccine should induce broad and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses, at both mucosal and systemic level. However, the nature of protective immune responses remains largely elusive and this represents one of the major roadblocks preventing the development of an effective vaccine. Here we summarize our present understanding of the factors responsible for resistance to infection or control of progression to disease in human and monkey that may be relevant to vaccine development and briefly review recent approaches which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Finally, the rationale and the current status of novel strategies based on nonstructural HIV-1 proteins, such as Tat, Nef and Rev, used alone or in combination with modified structural HIV-1 Env proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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25
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Trono D, Van Lint C, Rouzioux C, Verdin E, Barré-Sinoussi F, Chun TW, Chomont N. HIV persistence and the prospect of long-term drug-free remissions for HIV-infected individuals. Science 2010; 329:174-80. [PMID: 20616270 DOI: 10.1126/science.1191047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection can persist in spite of efficacious antiretroviral therapies. Although incomplete inhibition of viral replication may contribute to this phenomenon, this is largely due to the early establishment of a stable reservoir of latently infected cells. Thus, life-long antiviral therapy may be needed to control HIV. Such therapy is prone to drug resistance and cumulative side effects and is an unbearable financial burden for regions of the world hit hardest by the epidemic. This review discusses our current understanding of HIV persistence and the limitations of potential approaches to eradicate the virus and accordingly pleads for a joint multidisciplinary effort toward two highly related goals: the development of an HIV prophylactic vaccine and the achievement of long-term drug-free remissions in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences and Frontiers-in-Genetics Program, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Saunders KO, Freel SA, Overman RG, Cunningham CK, Tomaras GD. Epigenetic regulation of CD8(+) T-lymphocyte mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication. Virology 2010; 405:234-42. [PMID: 20594570 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T-lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected individuals express unidentified factors that suppress viral replication by inhibiting HIV-1 gene expression. We examined the role of epigenetics in modulating the HIV-1 suppressive factors expressed by primary CD8(+) T cells from subjects naturally controlling virus replication. HIV-1 suppression by CD8(+) T-lymphocytes was reversed up to 40% by the addition of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Noncytolytic suppression was not dependent on epigenetic changes within the target cells, as HDAC1 within the target cell was dispensable, and HIV-1 LTR histone acetylation remained unchanged in the presence of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. Histone deacetylation within CD8(+) T-lymphocytes was necessary for potent HIV-1 suppression. Blocking HDACs impairs the ability of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes to repress HIV-1 transcription, demonstrating that expression of a portion of the suppressive factors is regulated by epigenetics. These data provide a way to focus the search for the suppressive factors and to potentially modulate their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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27
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Reuse S, Calao M, Kabeya K, Guiguen A, Gatot JS, Quivy V, Vanhulle C, Lamine A, Vaira D, Demonte D, Martinelli V, Veithen E, Cherrier T, Avettand V, Poutrel S, Piette J, de Launoit Y, Moutschen M, Burny A, Rouzioux C, De Wit S, Herbein G, Rohr O, Collette Y, Lambotte O, Clumeck N, Van Lint C. Synergistic activation of HIV-1 expression by deacetylase inhibitors and prostratin: implications for treatment of latent infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6093. [PMID: 19564922 PMCID: PMC2699633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of transcriptionally silent but replication-competent HIV-1 reservoirs in Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)-treated infected individuals, represents a major hurdle to virus eradication. Activation of HIV-1 gene expression in these cells together with an efficient HAART has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy aimed at decreasing the pool of latent viral reservoirs. Using the latently-infected U1 monocytic cell line and latently-infected J-Lat T-cell clones, we here demonstrated a strong synergistic activation of HIV-1 production by clinically used histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) combined with prostratin, a non-tumor-promoting nuclear factor (NF)- κB inducer. In J-Lat cells, we showed that this synergism was due, at least partially, to the synergistic recruitment of unresponsive cells into the expressing cell population. A combination of prostratin+HDACI synergistically activated the 5′ Long Terminal Repeat (5'LTR) from HIV-1 Major group subtypes representing the most prevalent viral genetic forms, as shown by transient transfection reporter assays. Mechanistically, HDACIs increased prostratin-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear NF-κB and degradation of cytoplasmic NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα . Moreover, the combined treatment prostratin+HDACI caused a more pronounced nucleosomal remodeling in the U1 viral promoter region than the treatments with the compounds alone. This more pronounced remodeling correlated with a synergistic reactivation of HIV-1 transcription following the combined treatment prostratin+HDACI, as demonstrated by measuring recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the 5'LTR and both initiated and elongated transcripts. The physiological relevance of the prostratin+HDACI synergism was shown in CD8+-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HAART-treated patients with undetectable viral load. Moreover, this combined treatment reactivated viral replication in resting CD4+ T cells isolated from similar patients. Our results suggest that combinations of different kinds of proviral activators may have important implications for reducing the size of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in HAART-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reuse
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Miriam Calao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Kabamba Kabeya
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Allan Guiguen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Stéphane Gatot
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Vincent Quivy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Caroline Vanhulle
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Aurélia Lamine
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, INSERM U802, Bicêtre, France
| | - Dolores Vaira
- AIDS Reference Center, University of Liege (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Demonte
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valérie Martinelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Veithen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Véronique Avettand
- Service de Virologie, EA3620, Université Paris-Descartes, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Solène Poutrel
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, INSERM U802, Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques Piette
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-R, University of Liege (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8117 CNRS, BP447, Université de Lille 1, Lille, France
| | - Michel Moutschen
- AIDS Reference Center, University of Liege (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Arsène Burny
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Service de Virologie, EA3620, Université Paris-Descartes, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, EA3186, IFR133, Franche-Comte University, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Virology Institute, INSERM U575, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Collette
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM UMR 599, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathan Clumeck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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28
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Choi JY, Song YG, Kim YH, Kim CO, Kim MS, Chin BS, Han SH, Choi SH, Lee HS, Jeong SJ, Choi H, Kim JM. Factors associated with HIV-1 proviral DNA loads in patients with undetectable plasma RNA load. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:152-4. [PMID: 19270829 PMCID: PMC2650966 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.1.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA load, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 36 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals with undetectable plasma viral RNA. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the number of HIV-1 proviral DNA copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The mean level of plasma viral RNA when the CD4+ T cell count was above 500 cells/microL without highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was significantly associated with proviral DNA load at the time of undetectable plasma HIV RNA with HAART. Strategies to reduce the level of plasma viral RNA when patients' CD4+ T cell counts are above 500 cells/microL without HAART could help reduce HIV-1 proviral DNA load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hwa Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Oh Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum Sik Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Hoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Sung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Myung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sáez-Cirión A, Pancino G, Sinet M, Venet A, Lambotte O. HIV controllers: how do they tame the virus? Trends Immunol 2007; 28:532-40. [PMID: 17981085 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV controllers are rare, chronically HIV-1-infected patients in whom viral replication is undetectable in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Most such patients are nonetheless infected by replication-competent viruses. An effective, multifunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response is thought to be central to viral control in these individuals. The mechanisms underlying this spontaneous control of HIV infection and the particular characteristics of the CD8(+) T-cell response in HIV controllers are the focus of intensive investigations, because they should help to unravel the pathogenesis of AIDS and to provide new clues for the design of effective vaccine strategies. In this review, we examine recent findings from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75725 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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30
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Liu J, Roederer M. Differential susceptibility of leukocyte subsets to cytotoxic T cell killing: Implications for HIV immunopathogenesis. Cytometry A 2007; 71:94-104. [PMID: 17200952 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are crucial for the host defense against viral infection. In many cases, this anti-viral immune response contributes to host pathogenesis, through inflammation and tissue destruction. Few studies have explored the relative susceptibility of infected cells to CTL killing, and the range of cell types that may be effectively killed by CTLs in vivo, both of which are key to understanding both immune control of infection and immune-related pathogenesis. METHODS We developed and optimized a highly sensitive method to quantify the relative susceptibility of leukocyte subsets to CTL-mediated killing. Maximal sensitivity was achieved by uniquely measuring cell death occurring during the assay culture. RESULTS We found that leukocyte subsets have a wide range of susceptibility to antigen-specific CTL-mediated lysis. Generally, T cells were more susceptible than B or NK cells, with CD4 T cells being more susceptible than CD8 T cells. In all lymphocyte lineages, susceptibility was greater for more differentiated subsets compared with their naïve counterparts; however, for dendritic cells, immature cells are more susceptible than mature cells. We focused on the susceptibility of T cell subsets, and found that naïve cells are far more resistant than memory cells, and in particular, CCR5+ or HLA-DR+ memory cells are highly susceptible to CTL-mediated killing. CONCLUSIONS These results provide an explanation for the observation that certain subsets of CD4 T cells are ablated during chronic HIV infection, and indicate which subsets are most likely to contain the persistent viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20895, USA
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31
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Beaudoin G, Diker B, Angel JB, Copeland KFT. Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy and immune recovery on CD8+ T-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 transcription. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43:393-400. [PMID: 16967042 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000232916.35884.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY : To date, the relation between the CD8 antiviral factor (CAF) and clinical indicators of disease progression in HIV-1 infection (CD4 T-cell counts and viral load [VL]) is inconclusive. Particularly, the effect of antiretroviral therapy and immune recovery on CAF production remains unclear. Using a transient transfection assay and a reporter gene activated by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), we analyzed CAF production in CD8 T cells of HIV-1-positive individuals divided into 3 groups: patients on protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy, patients on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based therapy, and patients receiving no therapy. We found that within the untreated group, CAF activity inversely correlated with VL and high CAF was associated with lower VLs over a period of 0.5 to 3 years. Furthermore, patients who were drug-naive demonstrated significantly higher CAF than untreated patients who had previously undergone antiretroviral therapy. CAF activity in treated patients was similar to CAF in drug-naive patients and higher than in off-treatment patients. There seemed to be a trend toward higher CAF in patients on NNRTI-based therapy compared with those on PI-based therapy. These results suggest that immune recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) contributes to the normalization of CAF levels in HIV-1-positive individuals. Furthermore, we have distinguished between CD8 T-cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication and gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Beaudoin
- Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Imai K, Okamoto T. Transcriptional repression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by AP-4. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12495-505. [PMID: 16540471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511773200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanism of transcriptional silencing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) provirus in latently infected cells is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection and to develop novel therapies. Here we demonstrate that AP-4 is responsible for the transcriptional repression of HIV-1. We found that AP-4 site within the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) is well conserved in the majority of HIV-1 subtypes and that AP-4 represses HIV-1 gene expression by recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 as well as by masking TATA-binding protein to TATA box. AP-4-mediated transcriptional repression was inhibited by an HDAC inhibitor, tricostatin A, and could be exerted even at distant locations from the TATA box. In addition, AP-4 interacted with HDAC1 both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays have revealed that AP-4 and HDAC1 are present in the HIV-1 LTR promoter in latently infected ACH2 and U1 cells, and they are dissociated from the promoter concomitantly with the association of acetylated histone H3, TBP, and RNA polymerase II upon TNF-alpha stimulation of HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, when AP-4 is knocked down by siRNA, HIV-1 production was greatly augmented in cells transfected with a full-length HIV-1 clone. These results suggest that AP-4 may be responsible for transcriptional quiescence of latent HIV-1 provirus and give a molecular basis to the reported efficacy of combination therapy of conventional anti-HIV drugs with an HDAC inhibitor in accelerating the clearance of HIV-1 from individuals infected with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Imai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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Abstract
The unexpected encounter, 10 years ago, between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the chemokine system has dramatically advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of AIDS, opening new perspectives for the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic measures. To initiate infection, the HIV-1 external envelope glycoprotein, gp120, sequentially interacts with two cellular receptors, CD4 and a chemokine receptor (or coreceptor) like CCR5 or CXCR4. This peculiar two-stage receptor-interaction strategy allows gp120 to maintain the highly conserved coreceptor-binding site in a cryptic conformation, protected from neutralizing antibodies. The differential use of CCR5 and CXCR4 defines three HIV-1 biological variants (R5, R5X4, X4), which vary in their prevalence during the disease course. The evolutionary choice of HIV-1 to exploit chemokine receptors as cellular entry gateways has turned their chemokine ligands into endogenous antiviral factors that variably modulate viral transmission, disease progression and vaccine responses. Likewise, the natural history of HIV-1 infection is influenced by specific polymorphisms of chemokine and chemokine-receptor genes. The imminent clinical availability of coreceptor-targeted viral entry inhibitors raises new hope for bridging the gap towards a definitive cure of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lusso
- Unit of Human Virology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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34
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Joly M, Pinto JM. Role of mathematical modeling on the optimal control of HIV-1 pathogenesis. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Vicenzi E, Poli G. Infection of CD4+ primary T cells and cell lines, generation of chronically infected cell lines, and induction of HIV expression. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2005; Chapter 12:12.3.1-12.3.18. [PMID: 18432940 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1203s69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute infection of most primary cells and cell lines with HIV depends upon the sequential engagement of CD4 (primary receptor) and a chemokine coreceptor (usually CCR5 or CXCR4) by gp120 Env. Chronically infected cell lines and clones are currently used as sources of virus for infecting other cell types, as "factories" for large-scale production of virions or viral components, and as model systems for studies of regulation of virus expression. This unit provides detailed protocols for acute in vitro HIV infection of primary T cell blasts, interleukin-2-stimulated PBMC, and resting PBMC. The unit also contains information on how to determine the chemokine coreceptor usage of the virus for experimental infections. The use of cell lines as targets of acute infection is also described. Finally, protocols for generating and studying chronically HIV-infected cell lines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Poli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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36
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Joly M, Pinto JM. CXCR4 and CCR5 regulation and expression patterns on T- and monocyte-macrophage cell lineages: implications for susceptibility to infection by HIV-1. Math Biosci 2005; 195:92-126. [PMID: 15893340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor expression may vary dramatically among cell subsets. Therefore, the stage of differentiation and the lineage of CD4 cells may profoundly affect their susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, the mechanisms of coreceptor competition for association with HIV-1 glycoproteins remain unknown. Here, we propose mathematical models that address the interdependence of the concentrations of CD4 and CCR5 for efficient infection by M-tropic HIV-1 as well as additional complications originated by coreceptor competition caused by posttranslational modifications that positively or negatively affect the coreceptor ability to form complexes with CD4 and/or HIV-1 envelope. Furthermore, since CCR5 and CXCR4 expression on human leukocytes designate these cells as HIV-1 potential targets, the expression of the major HIV-1 coreceptors are also dynamically modeled/quantified as function of the stage of cell differentiation. Results show that although coreceptor competition degree has limited influence on R5 strain infectivity, the infectivity of CXCR4-using isolates strongly depends on the CD4 expression, according to the coreceptor competition model proposed in Lee et al. [J. Virol. 74(11) (2000) 5016]. Understanding the role of in vivo alterations in CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 densities on HIV-1 cell entry may help the development of optimal control strategies for AIDS pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Lineage
- Gene Expression
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/physiopathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/physiology
- Macrophages/virology
- Models, Biological
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/physiology
- Monocytes/virology
- Receptors, CCR5/blood
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR4/blood
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Joly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Nethe M, Berkhout B, van der Kuyl AC. Retroviral superinfection resistance. Retrovirology 2005; 2:52. [PMID: 16107223 PMCID: PMC1224871 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The retroviral phenomenon of superinfection resistance (SIR) defines an interference mechanism that is established after primary infection, preventing the infected cell from being superinfected by a similar type of virus. This review describes our present understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SIR established by three characteristic retroviruses: Murine Leukaemia Virus (MuLV), Foamy Virus (FV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In addition, SIR is discussed with respect to HIV superinfection of humans. MuLV resistant mice exhibit two genetic resistance traits related to SIR. The cellular Fv4 gene expresses an Env related protein that establishes resistance against MuLV infection. Another mouse gene (Fv1) mediates MuLV resistance by expression of a sequence that is distantly related to Gag and that blocks the viral infection after the reverse transcription step. FVs induce two distinct mechanisms of superinfection resistance. First, expression of the Env protein results in SIR, probably by occupancy of the cellular receptors for FV entry. Second, an increase in the concentration of the viral Bet (Between-env-and-LTR-1-and-2) protein reduces proviral FV gene expression by inhibition of the transcriptional activator protein Tas (Transactivator of spumaviruses). In contrast to SIR in FV and MuLV infection, the underlying mechanism of SIR in HIV-infected cells is poorly understood. CD4 receptor down-modulation, a major characteristic of HIV-infected cells, has been proposed to be the main mechanism of SIR against HIV, but data have been contradictory. Several recent studies report the occurrence of HIV superinfection in humans; an event associated with the generation of recombinant HIV strains and possibly with increased disease progression. The role of SIR in protecting patients from HIV superinfection has not been studied so far. The phenomenon of SIR may also be important in the protection of primates that are vaccinated with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) against pathogenic SIV variants. As primate models of SIV infection closely resemble HIV infection, a better knowledge of SIR-induced mechanisms could contribute to the development of an HIV vaccine or other antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Nethe
- Dept. of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Dept. of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Dept. of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Montes de Oca Arjona M, Pérez Cano R, Orozco MJ, Martín Aspas A, Guerrero F, Fernández Gutiérrez Del Alamo C, Girón-González JA. Absence of favourable changes in circulating levels of interleukin-16 or β-chemokine concentration following structured intermittent interruption treatment of chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:57-62. [PMID: 15649305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in virological and immunological parameters were analysed following structured intermittent interruption of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) of patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Parameters analysed were serum levels of the CD8+ T-cell-derived inhibitory molecules interleukin-16 (IL-16), monocyte inhibitory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) and RANTES ('regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted'), and the enhancer of HIV replication, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Twenty-five patients with chronic HIV infection were evaluated during three cycles of intermittent interruptions of therapy (8 weeks on/4 weeks off) in comparison with 20 healthy sex- and age-matched controls. At enrolment, HIV-infected patients showed significantly higher serum concentrations of IL-16 and RANTES, and significantly lower concentrations of MCP-1, than did healthy controls. Levels of MIP-1beta were similar in both groups. Only the serum levels of IL-16 increased significantly in HIV-infected patients after every treatment interruption. However, differences between the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell counts/microL, HIV loads and serum concentrations of each cytokine at baseline and at the end of the three cycles of intermittent interruptions of therapy were not significant. It was concluded that structured intermittent interruption of HAART for patients with chronic HIV infection did not modify the immunological parameters, including serum levels of CD8+ T-cell-derived inhibitory molecules, or the virus parameters studied. Thus, the findings do not support the use of this treatment modality for the management of HIV-infected patients.
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Bernstein HB, Kinter AL, Jackson R, Fauci AS. Neonatal natural killer cells produce chemokines and suppress HIV replication in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1189-95. [PMID: 15588341 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system may be critical in the prevention of perinatal HIV infection. Since neonates have limited immunological experience, they may rely more on the ability of the innate immune system to defend against infection than their adult counterparts. To assess the potential of human neonatal natural killer (nNK) cells to suppress HIV infection in a noncytolytic manner, we evaluated their ability to secrete chemokines and inhibit HIV replication in vitro. nNK cells were cocultured with autologous, HIV-infected CD4(+) T cells and their suppressive activity against HIV was compared to nCD8(+) T cells and adult NK cells. We found that nNK cells could suppress HIV replication in autologous CD4(+) T cells infected with a CCR5-utilizing virus, but were unable to suppress replication by a CXCR4-utilizing virus. nNK cell-mediated suppression of HIV replication was comparable to that of nCD8(+) T cells and greater than that of NK cells from adults. Suppression was mediated by soluble factors, and was abrogated by the addition of an excess of anti-CC-chemokine Ab directed at CCR5 ligand chemokines. In contrast, inhibition of HIV replication by autologous nCD8(+) T cells was not fully abrogated with anti-CC-chemokine Abs indicating, as previously reported in HIV-infected adults, that other factors in addition to chemokines play a role in CD8(+) T cell-mediated suppression of HIV replication. Our results show that nNK cells can inhibit HIV replication via a chemokine-mediated mechanism, and support a potential role for the innate immune system in preventing perinatal transmission of HIV in a noncytolytic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene B Bernstein
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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40
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Fondere JM, Petitjean G, Huguet MF, Salhi SL, Baillat V, Macura-Biegun A, Becquart P, Reynes J, Vendrell JP, Macura-Biegum A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigen secretion by latently infected resting CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected individuals. J Virol 2004; 78:10536-42. [PMID: 15367620 PMCID: PMC516381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10536-10542.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes harboring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), replication-competent virus persists in patients responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This small latent reservoir represents between 10(3) and 10(7) cells per patient. However, the efficiency of HIV-1 DNA-positive resting CD4(+) T cells in converting to HIV-1-antigen-secreting cells (HIV-1-Ag-SCs) after in vitro CD4(+)-T-cell polyclonal stimulation has not been satisfactorily evaluated. By using an HIV-1-antigen enzyme-linked immunospot assay, 8 HIV-1-Ag-SCs per 10(6) CD4(+) resting T cells were quantified in 25 patients with a plasma viral load of <20 copies/ml, whereas 379 were enumerated in 10 viremic patients. In parallel, 369 and 1,238 copies of HIV-1 DNA per 10(6) CD4(+) T cells were enumerated in the two groups of patients, respectively. Only a minority of latently HIV-1 DNA-infected CD4(+) T cells could be stimulated in vitro to become HIV-1-Ag-SCs, particularly in aviremic patients. The difference between the number of HIV-1 immunospots in viremic versus aviremic patients could be explained by HIV-1 unintegrated viral DNA that gave additional HIV-1-Ag-SCs after in vitro CD4(+)-T-cell polyclonal stimulation. The ELISPOT approach to targeting the HIV-1-Ag-SCs could be a useful method for identifying latently HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells carrying replication-competent HIV-1 in patients responding to HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Fondere
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
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41
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Zaharatos GJ, He T, Lopez P, Yu W, Yu J, Zhang L. ??-Defensins Released Into Stimulated CD8+ T-Cell Supernatants Are Likely Derived From Residual Granulocytes Within the Irradiated Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Used as Feeders. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36:993-1005. [PMID: 15247551 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200408150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the ability of human beta-defensins to inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro and demonstrated that alpha-defensins account for the great majority of beta-chemokine independent antiretroviral activity in stimulated CD8+ T-cell culture supernatants. In a follow-up study aimed at defining specific subpopulations of CD8+ T-cells that produce alpha-defensins, we have found that in the absence of irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), stimulated CD8+ T-cell supernatants do not contain alpha-defensins. In our present work, we define residual granulocytes within PBMC fractions as the likely source. In addition, we describe in vitro conditions that promote the internalization of alpha-defensins by cells not natively producing these proteins, thus confounding our ability to define true alpha-defensin producer cells. In light of these findings, alpha-defensins released into stimulated CD8+ T-cell supernatants are unlikely to be derived from the CD8+ T-cells themselves. Moreover, our data imply that under some experimental conditions, a soluble noncytolytic anti-HIV-1 factor other than beta-chemokines is either not produced by CD8+ T-cells or is present in too small quantity to be effective.
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43
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Abstract
Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), there has been a dramatic decrease in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Suppressing HIV replication by HAART can result in a restoration of the CD4+ T-cell count and, consequently, a diminished risk of opportunistic infections. However, the degree of immune restoration that can be achieved with HAART varies from patient to patient. It is often incomplete and can be poorest in those patients who, because of their very low CD4+ counts, need it the most. Additional approaches are needed to increase immune restoration still further. Structured treatment interruptions, therapeutic immunization, and recombinant interleukin-2 are three such options that are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Verheggen
- Integrative Medicine Center, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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44
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Abstract
This review summarizes the general parameters of cell- and antibody-mediated immune protection and the basic mechanisms responsible for what we call immunological memory. From this basis, the various successes and difficulties of vaccines are evaluated with respect to the role of antigen in maintaining protective immunity. Based on the fact that in humans during the first 12-48 months maternal antibodies from milk and serum protect against classical acute childhood and other infections, the concept is developed that maternal antibodies attenuate most infections of babies and infants and turn them into effective vaccines. If this "natural vaccination" under passive protective conditions does not occur, acute childhood diseases may be severe, unless infants are actively vaccinated with conventional vaccines early enough, i.e., in synchronization with the immune system's maturation. Although vaccines are available against the classical childhood diseases, they are not available for many seemingly milder childhood infections such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections; these may eventually trigger immunopathological diseases. These changing balances between humans and infections caused by changes in nursing habits but also in hygiene levels may well be involved in changing disease patterns including increased frequencies of certain autoimmune and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf M Zinkernagel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland.
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45
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Diaz LS, Stone MR, Mackewicz CE, Levy JA. Differential gene expression in CD8+ cells exhibiting noncytotoxic anti-HIV activity. Virology 2003; 311:400-9. [PMID: 12842629 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Suppressive subtractive hybridization with polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the gene(s) associated with the CD8+ cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV response. The differences in gene expression profiles of CD8+ cells from a pair of discordant HIV-positive identical twins were studied. Forty-nine genes were identified as expressed at higher levels in the CD8+ cells from the infected twin that inhibited viral replication. The differential expression of these genes was then evaluated using Q-PCR to determine if this gene expression pattern is evident in CD8+ cells from other HIV-positive subjects showing this antiviral activity. Three genes, including one unknown, were found to have significantly increased expression in antiviral CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla S Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 94110, USA.
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47
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Lum JJ, Cohen OJ, Nie Z, Weaver JG, Gomez TS, Yao XJ, Lynch D, Pilon AA, Hawley N, Kim JE, Chen Z, Montpetit M, Sanchez-Dardon J, Cohen EA, Badley AD. Vpr R77Q is associated with long-term nonprogressive HIV infection and impaired induction of apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1547-54. [PMID: 12750404 PMCID: PMC155040 DOI: 10.1172/jci16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of immune defects that occurs in the syndrome of long-term nonprogressive (LTNP) HIV infection offers insights into the pathophysiology of HIV-induced immune disease. The (H[F/S]RIG)(2) domain of viral protein R (Vpr) induces apoptosis and may contribute to HIV-induced T cell depletion. We demonstrate a higher frequency of R77Q Vpr mutations in patients with LTNP than in patients with progressive disease. In addition, T cell infections using vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) pseudotyped HIV-1 Vpr R77Q result in less (P = 0.01) T cell death than infections using wild-type Vpr, despite similar levels of viral replication. Wild-type Vpr-associated events, including procaspase-8 and -3 cleavage, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (deltapsi(m)), and DNA fragmentation factor activation are attenuated by R77Q Vpr. These data highlight the pathophysiologic role of Vpr in HIV-induced immune disease and suggest a novel mechanism of LTNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Lum
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Wassef NM, Young J, Miller R. Viral reservoirs/transient infection in HIV/AIDS: where are we now and where should we go? Summary of the June 13-14, 2002 Think Tank meeting. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:333-44. [PMID: 12816085 DOI: 10.1089/088922203764969546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often lowers serum levels of virus to below current detection limits. However, cessation of therapy results in there appearance of virus replication, indicating that HIV-infected cells persist in such individuals. Identification, and elimination, of such reservoirs of virus-infected cells are crucial for eradicating HIV from infected individuals. More research studies are needed to devise strategies with the potential for eventually curing HIV infections. Specifically, research areas that are of particular importance include (1) identification of reservoirs of resting cells infected by HIV, (2) elucidation of the mechanism of establishment and maintenance of the latent state, (3) understanding the biology and clinical outcome of transient infection, and (4) development of more sensitive methods of detecting and studying HIV infection of cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila M Wassef
- Basic Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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49
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Abbas UL, Mellors JW. Interruption of antiretroviral therapy to augment immune control of chronic HIV-1 infection: risk without reward. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13377-8. [PMID: 12370421 PMCID: PMC129679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212518999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ume L Abbas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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50
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Tang Y, Villinger F, Staprans SI, Amara RR, Smith JM, Herndon JG, Robinson HL. Slowly declining levels of viral RNA and DNA in DNA/recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vaccinated macaques with controlled simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-89.6P challenges. J Virol 2002; 76:10147-54. [PMID: 12239289 PMCID: PMC136570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.20.10147-10154.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent vaccine trial, we showed efficient control of a virulent simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-89.6P challenge by priming with a Gag-Pol-Env-expressing DNA and boosting with a Gag-Pol-Env- expressing recombinant-modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Here we show that long-term control has been associated with slowly declining levels of viral RNA and DNA. In the vaccinated animals both viral DNA and RNA underwent an initial rapid decay, which was followed by a lower decay rate. Between 12 and 70 weeks postchallenge, the low decay rates have had half-lives of about 20 weeks for viral RNA in plasma and viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph nodes. In vaccinated animals the viral DNA has been mostly unintegrated and has appeared to be largely nonfunctional as evidenced by a poor ability to recover infectious virus in cocultivation assays, even after CD8 depletion. In contrast, in control animals, which have died, viral DNA was mostly integrated and a larger proportion appeared to be functional as evidenced by the recovery of infectious virus. Thus, to date, control of the challenge infection has appeared to improve with time, with the decay rates for viral DNA being at the lower end of values reported for patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Tang
- Vaccine Research Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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