1
|
Ahamed A, Hosea R, Wu S, Kasim V. The Emerging Roles of the Metabolic Regulator G6PD in Human Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17238. [PMID: 38139067 PMCID: PMC10743588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, especially reprogrammed glucose metabolism, is a well-known cancer hallmark related to various characteristics of tumor cells, including proliferation, survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a branch of glycolysis, that converts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL). Furthermore, PPP produces ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), which provides sugar-phosphate backbones for nucleotide synthesis as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), an important cellular reductant. Several studies have shown enhanced G6PD expression and PPP flux in various tumor cells, as well as their correlation with tumor progression through cancer hallmark regulation, especially reprogramming cellular metabolism, sustaining proliferative signaling, resisting cell death, and activating invasion and metastasis. Inhibiting G6PD could suppress tumor cell proliferation, promote cell death, reverse chemoresistance, and inhibit metastasis, suggesting the potential of G6PD as a target for anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. Indeed, while challenges-including side effects-still remain, small-molecule G6PD inhibitors showing potential anti-tumor effect either when used alone or in combination with other anti-tumor drugs have been developed. This review provides an overview of the structural significance of G6PD, its role in and regulation of tumor development and progression, and the strategies explored in relation to G6PD-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfar Ahamed
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rendy Hosea
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tourkochristou E, Tsounis EP, Tzoupis H, Aggeletopoulou I, Tsintoni A, Lourida T, Diamantopoulou G, Zisimopoulos K, Kafentzi T, de Lastic AL, Rodi M, Tselios T, Thomopoulos K, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. The Influence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Vitamin D Receptor Protein Levels and Function in Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11404. [PMID: 37511164 PMCID: PMC10380285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been associated with chronic liver disease. We investigated the role of VDR SNPs on VDR protein levels and function in patients with chronic liver disease. VDR expression levels were determined in peripheral T lymphocytes (CD3+VDR+), monocytes (CD14+VDR+), and plasma from patients (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 38). Genotyping of SNPs and the determination of expression of VDR/vitamin D-related genes were performed by using qPCR. The effect of FokI SNP on vitamin D-binding to VDR was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. CD14+VDR+ cells were correlated with the MELD score. The ApaI SNP was associated with decreased CD3+VDR+ levels in cirrhotic patients and with higher liver stiffness in HCV patients. The BsmI and TaqI SNPs were associated with increased VDR plasma concentrations in cirrhotic patients and decreased CD14+VDR+ levels in HCV patients. The FokI SNP was associated with increased CD3+VDR+ levels in cirrhotic patients and controls. VDR polymorphisms were significantly related to the expression of genes critical for normal hepatocyte function and immune homeostasis. VDR expression levels were related to the clinical severity of liver disease. VDR SNPs may be related to the progression of chronic liver disease by affecting VDR expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Tsintoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theoni Lourida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Diamantopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zisimopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theodora Kafentzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Glucose 6-P Dehydrogenase—An Antioxidant Enzyme with Regulatory Functions in Skeletal Muscle during Exercise. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193041. [PMID: 36231003 PMCID: PMC9563910 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypomorphic Glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (G6PD) alleles, which cause G6PD deficiency, affect around one in twenty people worldwide. The high incidence of G6PD deficiency may reflect an evolutionary adaptation to the widespread prevalence of malaria, as G6PD-deficient red blood cells (RBCs) are hostile to the malaria parasites that infect humans. Although medical interest in this enzyme deficiency has been mainly focused on RBCs, more recent evidence suggests that there are broader implications for G6PD deficiency in health, including in skeletal muscle diseases. G6PD catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which provides the precursors of nucleotide synthesis for DNA replication as well as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). NADPH is involved in the detoxification of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and de novo lipid synthesis. An association between increased PPP activity and the stimulation of cell growth has been reported in different tissues including the skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. PPP activity is increased in skeletal muscle during embryogenesis, denervation, ischemia, mechanical overload, the injection of myonecrotic agents, and physical exercise. In fact, the highest relative increase in the activity of skeletal muscle enzymes after one bout of exhaustive exercise is that of G6PD, suggesting that the activation of the PPP occurs in skeletal muscle to provide substrates for muscle repair. The age-associated loss in muscle mass and strength leads to a decrease in G6PD activity and protein content in skeletal muscle. G6PD overexpression in Drosophila Melanogaster and mice protects against metabolic stress, oxidative damage, and age-associated functional decline, and results in an extended median lifespan. This review discusses whether the well-known positive effects of exercise training in skeletal muscle are mediated through an increase in G6PD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Insulin sensitivity is associated with the observed variation of de novo lipid synthesis and body composition in finishing pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14586. [PMID: 36028540 PMCID: PMC9418310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in body composition among pigs can be associated with insulin sensitivity given the insulin anabolic effect. The study objectives were to characterize this association and to compare de novo lipogenesis and the gene expression in the adipose tissue of pigs of the same genetic background. Thirty 30-95 kg of body weight (BW) pigs, catheterized in the jugular vein participated into an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 1.75 g glucose/kg of BW) to calculate insulin-related indexes. The 8 fattest and the 8 leanest pigs were used to determine the relative mRNA abundance of studied genes. The rate of lipogenesis was assessed by incorporation of [U-13C]glucose into lipids. The QUICKI and Matsuda indexes negatively correlated with total body lipids (r = - 0.67 and r = - 0.59; P < 0.01) and de novo lipogenesis (r = - 0.58; P < 0.01). Fat pigs had a higher expression level of lipogenic enzymes (ACACA, ACLY; P < 0.05) than lean pigs. The reduced insulin sensitivity in fat pigs was associated with a higher expression level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and a lower expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). In conclusion, pigs with increased body lipids have lower insulin sensitivity which is associated with increased de novo lipogenesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Webb-Robertson BJM, Nakayasu ES, Frohnert BI, Bramer LM, Akers SM, Norris JM, Vehik K, Ziegler AG, Metz TO, Rich SS, Rewers MJ. Integration of Infant Metabolite, Genetic, and Islet Autoimmunity Signatures to Predict Type 1 Diabetes by Age 6 Years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2329-2338. [PMID: 35468213 PMCID: PMC9282254 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biomarkers that can accurately predict risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in genetically predisposed children can facilitate interventions to delay or prevent the disease. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine if a combination of genetic, immunologic, and metabolic features, measured at infancy, can be used to predict the likelihood that a child will develop T1D by age 6 years. METHODS Newborns with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing were enrolled in the prospective birth cohort of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY). TEDDY ascertained children in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. TEDDY children were either from the general population or from families with T1D with an HLA genotype associated with T1D specific to TEDDY eligibility criteria. From the TEDDY cohort there were 702 children will all data sources measured at ages 3, 6, and 9 months, 11.4% of whom progressed to T1D by age 6 years. The main outcome measure was a diagnosis of T1D as diagnosed by American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS Machine learning-based feature selection yielded classifiers based on disparate demographic, immunologic, genetic, and metabolite features. The accuracy of the model using all available data evaluated by the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve is 0.84. Reducing to only 3- and 9-month measurements did not reduce the area under the curve significantly. Metabolomics had the largest value when evaluating the accuracy at a low false-positive rate. CONCLUSION The metabolite features identified as important for progression to T1D by age 6 years point to altered sugar metabolism in infancy. Integrating this information with classic risk factors improves prediction of the progression to T1D in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie-Jo M Webb-Robertson
- Correspondence: Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson, PhD, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, MSIN: J4-18, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352,USA
| | - Brigitte I Frohnert
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352,USA
| | - Sarah M Akers
- Computing & Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Kilinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352,USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908,USA
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Myostatin Deficiency Enhances Antioxidant Capacity of Bovine Muscle via the SMAD-AMPK-G6PD Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3497644. [PMID: 35663205 PMCID: PMC9159831 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3497644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During exercise, the body’s organs and skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS can destroy cellular lipids, sugars, proteins, and nucleotides and lead to cancer. The production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an auxiliary process of the cellular antioxidant system that supplements the reducing power of glutathione (GSH) to eliminate ROS in the cell. Myostatin (MSTN) is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and participates in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and development. Loss of MSTN leads to muscular hypertrophy, and MSTN deficiency upregulates glycolysis. However, the effect of MSTN on the PPP has not been reported. This study investigated the effect of MSTN on muscle antioxidant capacity from a metabolic perspective. We found that reducing MSTN modulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key molecule in cellular energy metabolism that directly regulates glucose metabolism through phosphorylation. Downregulation of MSTN promotes tyrosine modification of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) by AMPK and is regulated by the Smad signaling pathway. The Smad2/3 complex acts as a transcription factor to inhibit the AMPK expression. These results suggest that reduced MSTN expression inhibits the Smad signaling pathway, promotes AMPK expression, enhances the activity of G6PD enzyme, and enhances the antioxidant capacity of nonenzymatic GSH.
Collapse
|
7
|
Usal M, Veyrenc S, Darracq-Ghitalla-Ciock M, Regnault C, Sroda S, Fini JB, Raveton M, Reynaud S. Exposure to a mixture of benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan induces multi-and transgenerational metabolic disorders associated with decreased female investment in reproduction in Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118418. [PMID: 34737028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animals must partition limited resources between their own growth and subsequent reproduction. Endocrine disruptors (ED) may cause maternal metabolic disorders that decrease successful reproduction and might be responsible for multi- and transgenerational effects in amphibians. We found that the frog Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis, exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan throughout its life cycle, produced F1 females with delayed sexual maturity and decreased size and weight. These F1 females displayed a marked metabolic syndrome associated with decreased fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and decreased gonadal development. F1 females from F0 exposed animals also had decreased reproductive investment highlighted by a decrease of oocyte lipid reserves associated with significant F2-tadpole mortality. F2 females from F0 exposed animals also displayed a marked metabolic syndrome but were able to correctly direct liver lipid metabolism to the constitution of fat bodies and oocyte yolk stores. In addition, the F2 females produced progeny that had normal mortality levels at 5 days post hatching compared to the controls suggesting a good reproductive investment. Our data confirmed that these ED, at concentrations often found in natural ponds, can induce multi- and transgenerational metabolic disorders in the progeny of amphibians that are not directly exposed. We present a hypothesis to explain the transmission of the metabolic syndrome across generations through modification of egg reserves. However, when high mortality occurred at the tadpole stage, surviving females were able to cope with metabolic costs and produce viable progeny through sufficient investment in the contents of oocyte reserves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Usal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvie Veyrenc
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Christophe Regnault
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sophie Sroda
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Muriel Raveton
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Luzarowski M, Monte-Bello CC, Minen RI, Zühlke BM, Nikoloski Z, Skirycz A, Caldana C. Proteogenic Dipeptides Are Characterized by Diel Fluctuations and Target of Rapamycin Complex-Signaling Dependency in the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758933. [PMID: 35003157 PMCID: PMC8727597 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As autotrophic organisms, plants capture light energy to convert carbon dioxide into ATP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and sugars, which are essential for the biosynthesis of building blocks, storage, and growth. At night, metabolism and growth can be sustained by mobilizing carbon (C) reserves. In response to changing environmental conditions, such as light-dark cycles, the small-molecule regulation of enzymatic activities is critical for reprogramming cellular metabolism. We have recently demonstrated that proteogenic dipeptides, protein degradation products, act as metabolic switches at the interface of proteostasis and central metabolism in both plants and yeast. Dipeptides accumulate in response to the environmental changes and act via direct binding and regulation of critical enzymatic activities, enabling C flux distribution. Here, we provide evidence pointing to the involvement of dipeptides in the metabolic rewiring characteristics for the day-night cycle in plants. Specifically, we measured the abundance of 13 amino acids and 179 dipeptides over short- (SD) and long-day (LD) diel cycles, each with different light intensities. Of the measured dipeptides, 38 and eight were characterized by day-night oscillation in SD and LD, respectively, reaching maximum accumulation at the end of the day and then gradually falling in the night. Not only the number of dipeptides, but also the amplitude of the oscillation was higher in SD compared with LD conditions. Notably, rhythmic dipeptides were enriched in the glucogenic amino acids that can be converted into glucose. Considering the known role of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling in regulating both autophagy and metabolism, we subsequently investigated whether diurnal fluctuations of dipeptides levels are dependent on the TOR Complex (TORC). The Raptor1b mutant (raptor1b), known for the substantial reduction of TOR kinase activity, was characterized by the augmented accumulation of dipeptides, which is especially pronounced under LD conditions. We were particularly intrigued by the group of 16 dipeptides, which, based on their oscillation under SD conditions and accumulation in raptor1b, can be associated with limited C availability or photoperiod. By mining existing protein-metabolite interaction data, we delineated putative protein interactors for a representative dipeptide Pro-Gln. The obtained list included enzymes of C and amino acid metabolism, which are also linked to the TORC-mediated metabolic network. Based on the obtained results, we speculate that the diurnal accumulation of dipeptides contributes to its metabolic adaptation in response to changes in C availability. We hypothesize that dipeptides would act as alternative respiratory substrates and by directly modulating the activity of the focal enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Luzarowski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Boris M. Zühlke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramírez-Nava EJ, Hernández-Ochoa B, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Ortega-Cuellar D, González-Valdez A, Martínez-Rosas V, Morales-Luna L, Martínez-Miranda J, Sierra-Palacios E, Rocha-Ramírez LM, De Franceschi L, Marcial-Quino J, Gómez-Manzo S. Novel inhibitors of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HsG6PD) affect the activity and stability of the protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129828. [PMID: 33347959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has received significant attention because of the role of NADPH and R-5-P in the maintenance of cancer cells, which are necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids and contribute to uncontrollable proliferation. The HsG6PD enzyme is the rate-limiting step in the oxidative branch of the PPP, leading to an increase in the expression levels in tumor cells; therefore, the protein has been proposed as a target for the development of new molecules for use in cancer. METHODS Through in vitro studies, we assayed the effects of 55 chemical compounds against recombinant HsG6PD. Here, we present the kinetic characterization of four new HsG6PD inhibitors as well as their functional and structural effects on the protein. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to determine the interaction of the best hits with HsG6PD. RESULTS Four compounds, JMM-2, CCM-4, CNZ-3, and CNZ-7, were capable of reducing HsG6PD activity and showed noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibition. Moreover, experiments using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the molecules affect the structure (secondary and tertiary) of the protein as well as its thermal stability. Computational docking analysis revealed that the interaction of the compounds with the protein does not occur at the active site. CONCLUSIONS We identified two new compounds (CNZ-3 and JMM-2) capable of inhibiting HsG6PD that, compared to other previously known HsG6PD inhibitors, showed different mechanisms of inhibition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Screening of new inhibitors for HsG6PD with a future pharmacological approach for the study and treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edson Jiovany Ramírez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, 04530 Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Josué Martínez-Miranda
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Edgar Sierra-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 09620, Mexico
| | - Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoshino D, Kawata K, Kunida K, Hatano A, Yugi K, Wada T, Fujii M, Sano T, Ito Y, Furuichi Y, Manabe Y, Suzuki Y, Fujii NL, Soga T, Kuroda S. Trans-omic Analysis Reveals ROS-Dependent Pentose Phosphate Pathway Activation after High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation in C2C12 Myotubes. iScience 2020; 23:101558. [PMID: 33083727 PMCID: PMC7522805 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adaptation is mediated by cooperative regulation of metabolism, signal transduction, and gene expression. However, the global regulatory mechanism remains unclear. To address this issue, we performed electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) in differentiated C2C12 myotubes at low and high frequency, carried out metabolome and transcriptome analyses, and investigated phosphorylation status of signaling molecules. EPS triggered extensive and specific changes in metabolites, signaling phosphorylation, and gene expression during and after EPS in a frequency-dependent manner. We constructed trans-omic network by integrating these data and found selective activation of the pentose phosphate pathway including metabolites, upstream signaling molecules, and gene expression of metabolic enzymes after high-frequency EPS. We experimentally validated that activation of these molecules after high-frequency EPS was dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the trans-omic analysis revealed ROS-dependent activation in signal transduction, metabolome, and transcriptome after high-frequency EPS in C2C12 myotubes, shedding light on possible mechanisms of muscle adaptation. We performed electrical pulse stimulation in differentiated C2C12 myotubes We constructed trans-omic network after high-frequency electrical pulse stimulation Trans-omic network integrates metabolome, transcriptome, and signaling molecules We identified ROS-dependent pentose phosphate pathway activation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kunida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, and Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yugi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takumi Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujii
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takanori Sano
- Department of Mechanical and Biofunctional Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuro Furuichi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yasuko Manabe
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Nobuharu L. Fujii
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Shinya Kuroda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Osrodek M, Rozanski M, Czyz M. Insulin Reduces the Efficacy of Vemurafenib and Trametinib in Melanoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7231-7250. [PMID: 32982400 PMCID: PMC7501594 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s263767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the progress made in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma, a patient’s response to treatment cannot be fully predicted, and intrinsic or acquired resistance that is developed in most melanoma patients warrants further research efforts. In addition to genetic factors, microenvironmental input should be considered to explain the diversity of response to treatment among melanoma patients. In this study, we evaluated the impact of insulin on patient-derived BRAFV600E melanoma cells, either untreated or treated with vemurafenib or trametinib, inhibitors of BRAFV600 and MEK1/2, respectively. Methods Cells were cultured in serum-free conditions, either with or without insulin. The activity of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways was assessed by Western blotting, cell viability, and percentages of Ki-67- and NGFR-positive cells by flow cytometry. Transcript levels were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and γ-H2AX levels by immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. A luminescence-based assay was used to measure glutathione content. Results While insulin did not influence the MAPK/ERK pathway activity, it had a strong influence on melanoma cells, in which this pathway was suppressed by either vemurafenib or trametinib. In the presence of insulin, both drugs were much less efficient in 1) inhibiting proliferation and reducing the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, and 2) inducing apoptosis and phosphorylation of histone H2AX in melanoma cells. Changes induced by vemurafenib and trametinib in glutathione homeostasis and DNA repair gene expression were also attenuated by insulin. Moreover, insulin impaired the combined effects of targeted drugs and doxorubicin in melanoma cells. In addition to insulin-induced PI3K/AKT activity, which was either transient or sustainable depending on the cell line, an insulin-triggered increase in the percentage of cells expressing NGFR, a marker of neural crest stem-like cells, may contribute to the reduced drug efficacy. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the role of insulin in reducing the efficacy of vemurafenib and trametinib. This needs clinical assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Osrodek
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Rozanski
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang HC, Stern A, Chiu DTY. G6PD: A hub for metabolic reprogramming and redox signaling in cancer. Biomed J 2020; 44:285-292. [PMID: 33097441 PMCID: PMC8358196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic hubs play a major role in the initiation and development of cancer. Oncogenic signaling pathways drive metabolic reprogramming and alter redox homeostasis. G6PD has potential oncogenic activity and it plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation, survival and stress responses. Aberrant activation of G6PD via metabolic reprogramming alters NADPH levels, leading to an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant environment which can either enhance DNA oxidative damage and genomic instability or initiate oncogenic signaling. Nutrient deprivation can rewire metabolism, which leads to mutations that determine a cancer cell's fate. Deregulated G6PD status and oxidative stress form a vicious cycle, which paves the way for cancer progression. This review aims to update and focus the potential role of G6PD in metabolic reprogramming and redox signaling in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kitagawa A, Kizub I, Jacob C, Michael K, D'Alessandro A, Reisz JA, Grzybowski M, Geurts AM, Rocic P, Gupte R, Miano JM, Gupte SA. CRISPR-Mediated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Modeling in Rats Reveals Insight Into Reduced Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Mediterranean G6PD Variant. Hypertension 2020; 76:523-532. [PMID: 32507041 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that individuals in the Mediterranean region with a loss-of-function, nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (S188F), in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd) are less susceptible to vascular diseases. However, this association has not yet been experimentally proven. Here, we set out to determine whether the Mediterranean mutation confers protection from vascular diseases and to discover the underlying protective mechanism. We generated a rat model with the Mediterranean single nucleotide polymorphism (G6PDS188F) using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. In rats carrying the mutation, G6PD activity, but not expression, was reduced to 20% of wild-type (WT) littermates. Additionally, unbiased metabolomics analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway and other ancillary metabolic pathways connected to the pentose phosphate pathway were reduced (P<0.05) in the arteries of G6PDS188F versus WT rats. Intriguingly, G6PDS188F mutants, as compared with WT rats, developed less large arterial stiffness and hypertension evoked by high-fat diet and nitric oxide synthase inhibition with L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester. Intravenous injection of a voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel agonist (methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate; Bay K8644) acutely increased blood pressure in WT but not in G6PDS188F rats. Finally, our results suggested that (1) lower resting membrane potential of smooth muscle caused by increased expression of K+ channel proteins and (2) decreased voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activity in smooth muscle contributed to reduced hypertension and arterial stiffness evoked by L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester and high-fat diet to G6PDS188F mutants as compared with WT rats. In summary, a mutation resulting in the replacement of a single amino acid (S188F) in G6PD, the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, ascribed properties to the vascular smooth muscle that shields the organism from risk factors associated with vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Igor Kizub
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Christina Jacob
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Kevin Michael
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (A.D., J.A.R.)
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (A.D., J.A.R.)
| | - Michael Grzybowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G., A.M.G.)
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G., A.M.G.)
| | - Petra Rocic
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | | | - Joseph M Miano
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (J.M.M.)
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Nutrient overload occurs worldwide as a consequence of the modern diet pattern and the physical inactivity that sometimes accompanies it. Cells initiate multiple protective mechanisms to adapt to elevated intracellular metabolites and restore metabolic homeostasis, but irreversible injury to the cells can occur in the event of prolonged nutrient overload. Many studies have advanced the understanding of the different detrimental effects of nutrient overload; however, few reports have made connections and given the full picture of the impact of nutrient overload on cellular metabolism. In this review, detailed changes in metabolic and energy homeostasis caused by chronic nutrient overload, as well as their associations with the development of metabolic disorders, are discussed. Overnutrition-induced changes in key organelles and sensors rewire cellular bioenergetic pathways and facilitate the shift of the metabolic state toward biosynthesis, thereby leading to the onset of various metabolic disorders, which are essentially the downstream manifestations of a misbalanced metabolic equilibrium. Based on these mechanisms, potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders and new research directions are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Qiu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Akram M, Ali Shah SM, Munir N, Daniyal M, Tahir IM, Mahmood Z, Irshad M, Akhlaq M, Sultana S, Zainab R. Hexose monophosphate shunt, the role of its metabolites and associated disorders: A review. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14473-14482. [PMID: 30697723 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt acts as an essential component of cellular metabolism in maintaining carbon homeostasis. The HMP shunt comprises two phases viz. oxidative and nonoxidative, which provide different intermediates for the synthesis of biomolecules like nucleotides, DNA, RNA, amino acids, and so forth; reducing molecules for anabolism and detoxifying the reactive oxygen species during oxidative stress. The HMP shunt is significantly important in the liver, adipose tissue, erythrocytes, adrenal glands, lactating mammary glands and testes. We have researched the articles related to the HMP pathway, its metabolites and disorders related to its metabolic abnormalities. The literature for this paper was taken typically from a personal database, the Cochrane database of systemic reviews, PubMed publications, biochemistry textbooks, and electronic journals uptil date on the hexose monophosphate shunt. The HMP shunt is a tightly controlled metabolic pathway, which is also interconnected with other metabolic pathways in the body like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucuronic acid depending upon the metabolic needs of the body and depending upon the biochemical demand. The HMP shunt plays a significant role in NADPH2 formation and in pentose sugars that are biosynthetic precursors of nucleic acids and amino acids. Cells can be protected from highly reactive oxygen species by NADPH 2 . Deficiency in the hexose monophosphate pathway is linked to numerous disorders. Furthermore, it was also reported that this metabolic pathway could act as a therapeutic target to treat different types of cancers, so treatments at the molecular level could be planned by limiting the synthesis of biomolecules required for proliferating cells provided by the HMP shunt, hence, more experiments still could be carried out to find additional discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Munir
- College of Allied Health Professional, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Imtiaz Mahmood Tahir
- College of Allied Health Professional, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahed Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir (UoKAJK), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhlaq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, DIK, KP, Pakistan
| | - Sabira Sultana
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rida Zainab
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martin SD, McGee SL. Metabolic reprogramming in type 2 diabetes and the development of breast cancer. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R35-R46. [PMID: 29487204 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of epidemiological data has found that patients with type 2 diabetes have a greater risk of developing breast cancer. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this relationship are yet to be elucidated; however, this review examines the available evidence suggesting that the metabolic abnormalities observed in type 2 diabetes can predispose to the development of breast cancer. Alterations in substrate availability and the hormonal milieu, particularly hyperinsulinemia, not only create a favorable metabolic environment for tumorigenesis, but also induce metabolic reprogramming events that are required for the transformation of breast cancer cells. In addition, the dysfunction and hypoxia of adipose tissue surrounding the breast cancer niche is another putative link that will be discussed. Finally, the mechanisms by which breast cancer cells evade checkpoints associated with nutrient overload will be examined. Experimentally validating these potential links will be important for prediction and treatment of breast cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheree D Martin
- Metabolic Reprogramming LaboratoryMetabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Reprogramming LaboratoryMetabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mejía SÁ, Gutman LAB, Camarillo CO, Navarro RM, Becerra MCS, Santana LD, Cruz M, Pérez EH, Flores MD. Nicotinamide prevents sweet beverage-induced hepatic steatosis in rats by regulating the G6PD, NADPH/NADP + and GSH/GSSG ratios and reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:499-507. [PMID: 29069580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of redox state homeostasis, the overexpression of lipogenic transcription factors and enzymes, and the increase in lipogenic precursors induced by sweetened beverages are determinants of the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This study evaluated the action of nicotinamide (NAM) on the expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and redox, oxidative, and inflammatory states in a model of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis induced by high and chronic consumption of carbohydrates. Male rats were provided drinking water with 30% glucose or fructose ad libitum for 12 weeks. Additionally, 30 days after the beginning of carbohydrate administration, some rats were simultaneously provided water with 0.06% or 0.12% NAM for 5h daily over the next 8 weeks. Biochemical profiles and expression levels of G6PD, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) were evaluated together with glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H/NAD(P)] ratios and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The results showed that hepatic steatosis induced by the chronic consumption of glucose or fructose was associated with body weight gain and increased levels of serum glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, transaminases, and TBARS. In the liver, the expression and activity of G6PD increased along with the GSSG, TBARS, and TG concentrations. These alterations were reduced by NAM treatment through the attenuation of increases in G6PD expression and activity and in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, thereby slowing liver steatosis. NAM prevents redox, oxidative, and inflammatory alterations induced by high carbohydrate consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selene Ángeles Mejía
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Arturo Baiza Gutman
- Laboratorio en Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Clara Ortega Camarillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Medina Navarro
- Departamento de Metabolismo Experimental, Centro para la Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán (CIBIMI-IMSS), Michoacán, México
| | - Martha Catalina Sánchez Becerra
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leticia Damasio Santana
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Hernández Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita Díaz Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Foster SR, Dilworth LL, Thompson RK, Alexander-Lindo RL, Omoruyi FO. Effects of combined inositol hexakisphosphate and inositol supplement on antioxidant activity and metabolic enzymes in the liver of streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 275:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Role of insulin receptor substrates in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5387. [PMID: 28710407 PMCID: PMC5511151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cellular signaling pathways, including insulin/IGF signaling, are known to be activated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we investigated the roles of insulin receptor substrate (Irs) 1 and Irs2, both of which are the major molecules to be responsible for transducing insulin/IGF signaling in the liver, in the development of HCC by inducing chemical carcinogenesis using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in mice. The Irs1 mRNA and protein expressions were upregulated in the tumors, along with enhanced insulin signaling. Liver-specific Irs1-knockout (LIrs1KO) mice exhibited suppression of DEN-induced HCC development, accompanied by reduced cancer cell proliferative activity and reduced activation of Akt. Gene expression analyses revealed that the tumors in the DEN-treated LIrs1KO mice showed modest metabolic alterations during hepatocarcinogenesis as well as decreased inflammation and invasion potentials. On the other hand, liver-specific Irs2-knockout (LIrs2KO) mice showed a similar pattern of HCC development to the DEN-treated control wild-type mice. Based on the knowledge that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in HCC, we focused on Wnt/β-catenin signaling and demonstrated that Irs1 expression was induced by Wnt3a stimulation in the primary hepatocytes, associated with insulin-stimulated Akt activation. These data suggest that upregulated Irs1 by Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a crucial role in the progression of HCC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. To Eat and to Be Eaten: Mutual Metabolic Adaptations of Immune Cells and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens upon Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:316. [PMID: 28752080 PMCID: PMC5508010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) invade and replicate in different cell types including immune cells, in particular of the innate immune system (IIS) during infection in the acute phase. However, immune cells primarily function as essential players in the highly effective and integrated host defense systems comprising the IIS and the adaptive immune system (AIS), which cooperatively protect the host against invading microbes including IBPs. As countermeasures, the bacterial pathogens (and in particular the IBPs) have developed strategies to evade or reprogram the IIS at various steps. The intracellular replication capacity and the anti-immune defense responses of the IBP's as well as the specific antimicrobial responses of the immune cells of the innate and the AIS depend on specific metabolic programs of the IBPs and their host cells. The metabolic programs of the immune cells supporting or counteracting replication of the IBPs appear to be mutually exclusive. Indeed, recent studies show that upon interaction of naïve, metabolically quiescent immune cells with IBPs, different metabolic activation processes occur which may result in the provision of a survival and replication niche for the pathogen or its eradication. It is therefore likely that within a possible host cell population subsets exist that are metabolically programmed for pro- or anti-microbial conditions. These metabolic programs may be triggered by the interactions between different bacterial agonistic components and host cell receptors. In this review, we summarize the current status in the field and discuss metabolic adaptation processes within immune cells of the IIS and the IBPs that support or restrict the intracellular replication of the pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ameliorating effect of betanin, a natural chromoalkaloid by modulating hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities and glycogen content in streptozotocin – nicotinamide induced experimental rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:1069-1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
22
|
Wu CL, Satomi Y, Walsh K. RNA-seq and metabolomic analyses of Akt1-mediated muscle growth reveals regulation of regenerative pathways and changes in the muscle secretome. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:181. [PMID: 28209124 PMCID: PMC5314613 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle is a major regulator of systemic metabolism as it serves as the major site for glucose disposal and the main reservoir for amino acids. With aging, cachexia, starvation, and myositis, there is a preferential loss of fast glycolytic muscle fibers. We previously reported a mouse model in which a constitutively-active Akt transgene is induced to express in a subset of muscle groups leading to the hypertrophy of type IIb myofibers with an accompanying increase in strength. This muscle growth protects mice in various cardio-metabolic disease models, but little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which fast-twitch muscle impacts disease processes and regulates distant tissues. In the present study, poly (A) + tail mRNA-seq and non-targeted metabolomics were performed to characterize the transcriptome and metabolome of the hypertrophic gastrocnemius muscle from Akt1-transgenic mice. Results Combined metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses revealed that Akt1-induced muscle growth mediated a metabolic shift involving reductions in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, but enhanced pentose phosphate pathway activation and increased branch chain amino acid accumulation. Pathway analysis for the 4,027 differentially expressed genes in muscle identified enriched signaling pathways involving growth, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation. Consistent with a regenerative transcriptional signature, the transgenic muscle tissue was found to be comprised of fibers with centralized nuclei that are positive for embryonic myosin heavy chain. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed the presence of inflammatory cells associated with the regenerating fibers. Signal peptide prediction analysis revealed 240 differentially expressed in muscle transcripts that potentially encode secreted proteins. A number of these secreted factors have signaling properties that are consistent with the myogenic, metabolic and cardiovascular-protective properties that have previously been associated with type IIb muscle growth. Conclusions This study provides the first extensive transcriptomic sequencing/metabolomics analysis for a model of fast-twitch myofiber growth. These data reveal that enhanced Akt signaling promotes the activation of pathways that are important for the production of proteins and nucleic acids. Numerous transcripts potentially encoding muscle secreted proteins were identified, indicating the importance of fast-twitch muscle in inter-tissue communication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3548-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Wu
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase inhibits LC3 processing and basal autophagy. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1380-1388. [PMID: 27328773 PMCID: PMC4973805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and cellular metabolism are tightly linked processes, but how individual metabolic enzymes regulate the process of autophagy is not well understood. This study implicates ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPIA), a key regulator of the pentose phosphate pathway, in the control of autophagy. We used a dual gene deletion strategy, combining shRNA-mediated knockdown studies with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Knockdown of RPIA by shRNA or genomic deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, results in an increase of ATG4B-mediated LC3 processing and in the appearance of LC3-positive autophagosomes in cells. Increased LC3 processing upon knockdown of RPIA can be reversed by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. The results are consistent with a model in which RPIA suppresses autophagy and LC3 processing by modulation of redox signaling. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase links autophagy with the pentose phosphate pathway. Generation of a CRISPR/Cas9 genome edited RPIA knockout cell line RPIA isomerase suppresses cellular LC3 processing and autophagosome formation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Marchiq I, Pouysségur J. Hypoxia, cancer metabolism and the therapeutic benefit of targeting lactate/H(+) symporters. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:155-71. [PMID: 26099350 PMCID: PMC4762928 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since Otto Warburg reported the 'addiction' of cancer cells to fermentative glycolysis, a metabolic pathway that provides energy and building blocks, thousands of studies have shed new light on the molecular mechanisms contributing to altered cancer metabolism. Hypoxia, through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), in addition to oncogenes activation and loss of tumour suppressors constitute major regulators of not only the "Warburg effect" but also many other metabolic pathways such as glutaminolysis. Enhanced glucose and glutamine catabolism has become a recognised feature of cancer cells, leading to accumulation of metabolites in the tumour microenvironment, which offers growth advantages to tumours. Among these metabolites, lactic acid, besides imposing an acidic stress, is emerging as a key signalling molecule that plays a pivotal role in cancer cell migration, angiogenesis, immune escape and metastasis. Although interest in lactate for cancer development only appeared recently, pharmacological molecules blocking its metabolism are already in phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we review the metabolic pathways generating lactate, and we discuss the rationale for targeting lactic acid transporter complexes for the development of efficient and selective anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Marchiq
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Centre A. Lacassagne, 33 Avenue, 06189, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Centre A. Lacassagne, 33 Avenue, 06189, Nice, France.
- Medical Biology Department (CSM), Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang P, Du W, Wu M. Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway in cancer. Protein Cell 2014; 5:592-602. [PMID: 25015087 PMCID: PMC4112277 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is significantly reprogrammed in many human cancers, and these alterations confer many advantages to cancer cells, including the promotion of biosynthesis, ATP generation, detoxification and support of rapid proliferation. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major pathway for glucose catabolism. The PPP directs glucose flux to its oxidative branch and produces a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), an essential reductant in anabolic processes. It has become clear that the PPP plays a critical role in regulating cancer cell growth by supplying cells with not only ribose-5-phosphate but also NADPH for detoxification of intracellular reactive oxygen species, reductive biosynthesis and ribose biogenesis. Thus, alteration of the PPP contributes directly to cell proliferation, survival and senescence. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the PPP is regulated oncogenically and/or metabolically by numerous factors, including tumor suppressors, oncoproteins and intracellular metabolites. Dysregulation of PPP flux dramatically impacts cancer growth and survival. Therefore, a better understanding of how the PPP is reprogrammed and the mechanism underlying the balance between glycolysis and PPP flux in cancer will be valuable in developing therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khan HBH, Shanmugavalli R, Rajendran D, Bai MR, Sorimuthu S. Protective effect of Psidium guajava leaf extract on altered carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diet Suppl 2014; 10:335-44. [PMID: 24237189 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.830677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Psidium guajava is an important plant of high medicinal value and has been used in traditional systems of medicine against various ailments. The antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves and also its protective effect on altered glucose metabolism was evaluated in streptozotocin (stz)-induced diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced in rats by means of intraperitoneal injection of 50-mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of stz. Diabetes-induced rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group of rats was treated with Psidium guajava leaf extract at a dosage of 300-mg/kg b.wt. and the other group of rats was treated with the standard drug glyclazide at a dosage of 5-mg/kg b.wt. for 30 days. The blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, Hb, HbA1c were measured. The effect on the drug on altered glucose metabolizing enzymes were also studied. Treatment with Psidium guajava extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose and HbA1c levels and a significant increase in plasma insulin levels. The drug also significantly restored the activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. This suggests that the potential antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic extract of the Psidium guajava leaves may be due to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic components present in the drug.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ho HY, Cheng ML, Chiu DTY. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase--beyond the realm of red cell biology. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1028-48. [PMID: 24720642 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.913788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is critical to the maintenance of NADPH pool and redox homeostasis. Conventionally, G6PD deficiency has been associated with hemolytic disorders. Most biochemical variants were identified and characterized at molecular level. Recently, a number of studies have shone light on the roles of G6PD in aspects of physiology other than erythrocytic pathophysiology. G6PD deficiency alters the redox homeostasis, and affects dysfunctional cell growth and signaling, anomalous embryonic development, and altered susceptibility to infection. The present article gives a brief review of basic science and clinical findings about G6PD, and covers the latest development in the field. Moreover, how G6PD status alters the susceptibility of the affected individuals to certain degenerative diseases is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Ho
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Kwei-san, Tao-yuan , Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carra M, Al-Trad B, Penner GB, Wittek T, Gäbel G, Fürll M, Aschenbach JR. Intravenous infusions of glucose stimulate key lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue of dairy cows in a dose-dependent manner. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4299-309. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Soliman GA. The role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes signaling in the immune responses. Nutrients 2013; 5:2231-57. [PMID: 23783557 PMCID: PMC3725503 DOI: 10.3390/nu5062231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase which is a member of the PI3K related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR emerged as a central node in cellular metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation, as well as cancer metabolism. mTOR senses the nutrients, energy, insulin, growth factors, and environmental cues and transmits signals to downstream targets to effectuate the cellular and metabolic response. Recently, mTOR was also implicated in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This paper will summarize the current knowledge of mTOR, as related to the immune microenvironment and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Soliman
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shen SC, Chang WC, Chang CL. An extract from wax apple (Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill and Perry) effects glycogenesis and glycolysis pathways in tumor necrosis factor-α-treated FL83B mouse hepatocytes. Nutrients 2013; 5:455-67. [PMID: 23389304 PMCID: PMC3635205 DOI: 10.3390/nu5020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FL83B mouse hepatocytes were treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to induce insulin resistance to investigate the effect of a wax apple aqueous extract (WAE) in insulin-resistant mouse hepatocytes. The uptake of 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2 NBDG), a fluorescent D-glucose derivative, was performed, and the metabolism of carbohydrates was evaluated by examining the expression of glycogenesis or glycolysis-related proteins in insulin-resistant hepatocytes. The results show that WAE significantly improves the uptake of glucose and enhances glycogen content in insulin-resistant FL83B mouse hepatocytes. The results from Western blot analysis also reveal that WAE increases the expression of glycogen synthase (GS), hexokinase (HXK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and aldolase in TNF-α treated cells, indicating that WAE may ameliorate glucose metabolism by promoting glycogen synthesis and the glycolysis pathways in insulin-resistant FL83B mouse hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chuan Shen
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Road, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-7734-1437; Fax: +886-2-2363-09635
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-14, Taipei 10672, Taiwan; E-Mails: (W.-C.C.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chiao-Li Chang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-14, Taipei 10672, Taiwan; E-Mails: (W.-C.C.); (C.-L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stanton RC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and cell survival. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:362-9. [PMID: 22431005 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. Many scientists think that the roles and regulation of G6PD in physiology and pathophysiology have been well established as the enzyme was first identified 80 years ago. And that G6PD has been extensively studied especially with respect to G6PD deficiency and its association with hemolysis, and with respect to the role G6PD plays in lipid metabolism. But there has been a growing understanding of the central importance of G6PD to cellular physiology as it is a major source of NADPH that is required by many essential cellular systems including the antioxidant pathways, nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase, cytochrome p450 system, and others. Indeed G6PD is essential for cell survival. It has also become evident that G6PD is highly regulated by many signals that affect transcription, post-translation, intracellular location, and interactions with other protein. Pathophysiologic roles for G6PD have also been identified in such disease processes as diabetes, aldosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction, cancer, and others. It is now clear that G6PD is under complex regulatory control and of central importance to many cellular processes. In this review the biochemistry, regulatory signals, physiologic roles, and pathophysiologic roles for G6PD that have been elucidated over the past 20 years are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Stanton
- Renal Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Saravanan R, Vengatash babu K, Ramachandran V. Effect of Rebaudioside A, a diterpenoid on glucose homeostasis in STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:421-31. [PMID: 22374587 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rebaudioside A (Reb A), a major constituent of Stevia rebaudiana, was recently proposed as an insulinotropic agent. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of Reb A on the activities of hepatic enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male Albino Wistar rats, weighing 180-200 g, by a single intraperitoneal injection at a dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the levels of plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin and significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of plasma insulin and hemoglobin. Activities of gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were significantly (P<0.05) increased while hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the liver along with glycogen. Oral treatment with Reb A to diabetic rats significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood glucose and reversed these hepatic carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in a significant manner. Histopathology changes of pancreas confirmed the protective effects of Reb A in diabetic rats. Thus, the results show that Reb A possesses an antihyperglycemic activity and provide evidence for its traditional usage in the control of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Kang SJ, Bao CL, Park S, Kim AJ. Hypoglycemic effect of Rehmannie Radix Preparata (Sookjihwang) extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:438-42. [PMID: 21103092 PMCID: PMC2981729 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhemannie Radix Preparata (RRP) has been previously employed in traditional oriental medicine as a treatment for diabetic thirst and improving blood flow. The aim of this study was to evaluate its hypoglycemic control by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Further, RRP extracts were prepared in water (RRPW), in 50% ethanol (RRP50), and in 100% ethanol (RRP100), respectively, and compared for their actions in diabetic rats. The oral treatment of RRP (5 mg/kg b.w./d) to diabetic rats for 21 days resulted in a significant decline in blood glucose by 67% compared to diabetic control rats (P < 0.05). The altered activities of glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in the livers of diabetic rats were reversed significantly to near-normal levels by the administration of RRP (P < 0.05). Among the three RRP extracts, RRP100 was the most effective in terms of hypoglycemic action. However, the administration of RRP to diabetic rats did not improve insulin production. The modulatory effects of RRP100 on the attenuation of carbohydrate enzyme activities appear to hold promise for widespread use for the treatment of diabetes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jyung Kang
- Department of Medicines Resources, Graduate School of Joongbu University, Chungnam 312-702, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dieni CA, Storey KB. Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by reversible phosphorylation in liver of a freeze tolerant frog. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:1133-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Rasineni K, Bellamkonda R, Singareddy SR, Desireddy S. Antihyperglycemic activity of Catharanthus roseus leaf powder in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2010; 2:195-201. [PMID: 21808566 PMCID: PMC3141314 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.65523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus Linn (Apocynaceae), is a traditional medicinal plant used to control diabetes, in various regions of the world. In this study we evaluated the possible antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of C. roseus (Catharanthus roseus) leaf powder in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg body wt) to male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups: Control, control-treated, diabetic, and diabetic-treated group. Diabetic-treated and control-treated rats were treated with C. roseus leaf powder suspension in 2 ml distilled water, orally (100 mg/kg body weight/day/60 days). In diabetic rats (D-group) the plasma glucose was increased and the plasma insulin was decreased gradually. In the diabetic-treated group lowering of plasma glucose and an increase in plasma insulin were observed after 15 days and by the end of the experimental period the plasma glucose had almost reached the normal level, but insulin had not. The significant enhancement in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL-cholesterol, and the atherogenic index of diabetic rats were normalized in diabetic-treated rats. Decreased hepatic and muscle glycogen content and alterations in the activities of enzymes of glucose metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), as observed in the diabetic control rats, were prevented with C. roseus administration. Our results demonstrated that C. roseus with its antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties could be a potential herbal medicine in treating diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Bellamkonda
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Saralakumari Desireddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mailloux RJ, Harper ME. Glucose regulates enzymatic sources of mitochondrial NADPH in skeletal muscle cells; a novel role for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. FASEB J 2010; 24:2495-506. [PMID: 20228249 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-151803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) is a functionally important metabolite required to support numerous cellular processes. However, despite the identification of numerous NADPH-producing enzymes, the mechanisms underlying how the organellar pools of NADPH are maintained remain elusive. Here, we have identified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) as an important source of NADPH in mitochondria. Activity analysis, submitochondrial fractionation, fluorescence microscopy, and protease sensitivity assays revealed that G6PDH is localized to the mitochondrial matrix. 6-ANAM, a specific G6PDH inhibitor, depleted mitochondrial NADPH pools and increased oxidative stress revealing the importance of G6PDH in NADPH maintenance. We also show that glucose availability and differences in metabolic state modulate the enzymatic sources of NADPH in mitochondria. Indeed, cells cultured in high glucose (HG) not only adopted a glycolytic phenotype but also relied heavily on matrix-associated G6PDH as a source of NADPH. In contrast, cells exposed to low-glucose (LG) concentrations, which displayed increased oxygen consumption, mitochondrial metabolic efficiency, and decreased glycolysis, relied predominantly on isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) as the principal NADPH-producing enzyme in the mitochondria. Culturing glycolytic cells in LG for 48 h decreased G6PDH and increased ICDH protein levels in the mitochondria, further pointing to the regulatory role of glucose. 2-Deoxyglucose treatment also prevented the increase of mitochondrial G6PDH in response to HG. The role of glucose in regulating enzymatic sources of mitochondrial NADPH pool maintenance was confirmed using human myotubes from obese adults with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (post-T2DM). Myotubes from post-T2DM participants failed to increase mitochondrial G6PDH in response to HG in contrast to mitochondria in myotubes from control participants (non-T2DM). Hence, we not only identified a matrix-associated G6PDH but also provide evidence that metabolic state/glucose availability modulate enzymatic sources of NADPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gupte SA. Targeting the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Syndrome X-related Cardiovascular Complications. Drug Dev Res 2010; 71:161-167. [PMID: 20711518 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Syndrome X is a combination or co-occurrence of several known cardiovascular risk factors (including central obesity, dyslipidemias, fatty liver disease, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension) that affects at least one in five people in developed countries. Syndrome X shortens life and increases morbidity by contributing to the development of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Type 1 or 2 diabetes affects approximately 170 million people globally and these numbers are rapidly rising. In patients with diabetes, vascular diseases develop early and progress at an accelerated rate. It has recently become evident that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate limiting enzyme in the pentose-phosphate pathway and its reaction products play key roles in regulating vascular function. Epidemiological studies have also shown that G6PD deficiency markedly reduces retinopathy and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in males from certain Mediterranean regions. Conversely, G6PD expression and activity are upregulated in rat and mouse models of obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and a role for G6PD in the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes has been proposed. Unfortunately, there are no selective drugs available to validate the hypothesis that G6PD and its products are involved in the development of Syndrome X in humans. This review discusses the potential mechanisms by which G6PD could be implicated in vascular diseases in Syndrome X and the need to develop new approaches, including new drugs and molecular tools, to ameliorate diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction and vasculopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A Gupte
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bonnet S, Paulin R, Sutendra G, Dromparis P, Roy M, Watson KO, Nagendran J, Haromy A, Dyck JRB, Michelakis ED. Dehydroepiandrosterone reverses systemic vascular remodeling through the inhibition of the Akt/GSK3-{beta}/NFAT axis. Circulation 2009; 120:1231-40. [PMID: 19752325 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.848911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remodeled vessel wall in many vascular diseases such as restenosis after injury is characterized by proliferative and apoptosis-resistant vascular smooth muscle cells. There is evidence that proproliferative and antiapoptotic states are characterized by a metabolic (glycolytic phenotype and hyperpolarized mitochondria) and electric (downregulation and inhibition of plasmalemmal K(+) channels) remodeling that involves activation of the Akt pathway. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a naturally occurring and clinically used steroid known to inhibit the Akt axis in cancer. We hypothesized that DHEA will prevent and reverse the remodeling that follows vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We used cultured human carotid vascular smooth muscle cell and saphenous vein grafts in tissue culture, stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor to induce proliferation in vitro and the rat carotid injury model in vivo. DHEA decreased proliferation and increased vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, reducing vascular remodeling while sparing healthy tissues after oral intake. Using pharmacological (agonists and antagonists of Akt and its downstream target glycogen-synthase-kinase-3beta [GSK-3beta]) and molecular (forced expression of constitutively active Akt1) approaches, we showed that the effects of DHEA were mediated by inhibition of Akt and subsequent activation of GSK-3beta, leading to mitochondrial depolarization, increased reactive oxygen species, activation of redox-sensitive plasmalemmal voltage-gated K(+) channels, and decreased [Ca(2+)](i). These functional changes were accompanied by sustained molecular effects toward the same direction; by decreasing [Ca(2+)](i) and inhibiting GSK-3beta, DHEA inhibited the nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factor, thus increasing expression of Kv channels (Kv1.5) and contributing to sustained mitochondrial depolarization. These results were independent of any steroid-related effects because they were not altered by androgen and estrogen inhibitors but involved a membrane G protein-coupled receptor. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the orally available DHEA might be an attractive candidate for the treatment of systemic vascular remodeling, including restenosis, and we propose a novel mechanism of action for this important hormone and drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bonnet
- Centre de Recherche de L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 Rue McMahon, Québec, Qc, G1R 2J6, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gupte RS, Floyd BC, Kozicky M, George S, Ungvari ZI, Neito V, Wolin MS, Gupte SA. Synergistic activation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NAD(P)H oxidase by Src kinase elevates superoxide in type 2 diabetic, Zucker fa/fa, rat liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:219-28. [PMID: 19230846 PMCID: PMC2700195 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism through the glycolysis and hexosamine pathway has been shown to be altered in type 2 diabetes. However, the fate of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is currently unclear. In this study, we determined whether the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the PPP, is modulated in the liver of Zucker obese fa/fa rats (9-11 weeks of age). We found that G6PD expression and activity, NADPH levels, and 6-phosphogluconate generation were significantly increased in the liver of fa/fa rats. Inhibition of PI3 kinase and Src kinases decreased (p < 0.05) G6PD activity in the fa/fa but not in the lean rat liver, suggesting that G6PD activity is regulated by PI3/Src kinase signaling pathways. G6PD-derived NADPH increased (p < 0.05) superoxide anion levels by 70-90% in fa/fa vs lean rat liver, which was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor gp91(ds-tat) (50 microM) and G6PD inhibitors 6-aminonicotinamide (1 mM) and dehydroepiandrosterone (100 microM), therefore indicating that elevated G6PD activity may be responsible for mediating superoxide generation. Interestingly, we also found a positive correlation between liver hypertrophy/increased G6PD activity (r2 = 0.77; p = 0.0009) and liver hypertrophy/superoxide production (r2 = 0.51; p = 0.0091) in fa/fa rats. Increased G6PD and NADPH oxidase expression and activity, in young hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic rats before the development of diabetes, seems to be a contributing factor in the induction of oxidative stress. Because inhibition of G6PD activity decreases oxidative stress, we conclude that G6PD behaves as a pro-oxidant in the fa/fa rat liver in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee S. Gupte
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Beverly C. Floyd
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Mark Kozicky
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Shimran George
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Zoltan I. Ungvari
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Vanessa Neito
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Michael S. Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
- Address Correspondence to: Sachin A Gupte, MD, PhD, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd N., Mobile, AL 36688, USA, Tel: (251) 460-6402; Fax: (251) 460-6850,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hsiao CJJ, Stapleton SR. Early sensing and gene expression profiling under a low dose of cadmium exposure. Biochimie 2009; 91:329-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
42
|
Palsamy P, Subramanian S. Modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 179:356-62. [PMID: 19059388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a ubiquitous stress-induced phytoalexin, has demonstrated a wide variety of biological activities which make it a good candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was aimed to evaluate its therapeutic potential by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The daily oral treatment of resveratrol (5 mg/kg body weight) to diabetic rats for 30 days demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) decline in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma insulin level. The altered activities of the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were significantly (p<0.05) reverted to near normal levels by the administration of resveratrol. Further, resveratrol administration to diabetic rats improved hepatic glycogen content suggesting the antihyperglycemic potential of resveratrol in diabetic rats. The obtained results were compared with glyclazide, a standard oral hypoglycemic drug. Thus, the modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating these enzymes activities afford a promise for widespread use for treatment of diabetes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Palsamy
- Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bao BY, Ting HJ, Hsu JW, Lee YF. Protective role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 against oxidative stress in nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2699-706. [PMID: 18348143 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), through either endogenous or exogenous sources, could induce DNA damage, and accumulation of DNA damage might lead to multistep carcinogenesis. The antioxidative effects of vitamin D have been suggested by epidemiological and many in vitro and in vivo laboratory studies. While exploring the antioxidative effects of vitamin D in prostate cells, we found that the active form of vitamin D, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-VD), can protect nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cell lines, BPH-1 and RWPE-1, but not malignant human prostate epithelial cells, CWR22R and DU 145, from oxidative stress-induced cell death. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key antioxidant enzyme, was dose- and time-dependently induced by 1,25-VD. Mechanistic studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that a direct repeat-3 (DR3) vitamin D response element located in the first intron of the G6PD genome can be bound by liganded vitamin D receptor, thereby regulating G6PD gene expression. Increasing G6PD activity and glutathione level by 1,25-VD can scavenge cellular ROS. Moreover, the protective effects of 1,25-VD were abolished by dehydroepiandrosterone, a noncompetitive inhibitor of G6PD activity. Together, our results showed that 1,25-VD can protect nonmalignant prostate cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death by elimination of ROS-induced cellular injuries through transcriptional activation of G6PD activity. The antioxidative effect of vitamin D strengthens its roles in cancer chemoprevention and adds to a growing list of beneficial effects of vitamin D against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ying Bao
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fonseca-Alaniz MH, Brito LC, Borges-Silva CN, Takada J, Andreotti S, Lima FB. High dietary sodium intake increases white adipose tissue mass and plasma leptin in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:2200-8. [PMID: 17890487 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salt restriction has been reported to increase white adipose tissue (WAT) mass in rodents. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different sodium content diets on the lipogenic and lipolytic activities of WAT. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Male Wistar rats were fed on normal-sodium (NS; 0.5% Na(+)), high-sodium (HS; 3.12% Na(+)), or low-sodium (LS; 0.06% Na(+)) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for leptin determinations. The WAT from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC), periepididymal (PE) and retroperitoneal (RP) depots was weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation, rate measurement of lipolysis and d-[U-(14)C]-glucose incorporation into lipids, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme activity evaluation, and determination of G6PDH and leptin mRNA expression. RESULTS After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased BP; SC, PE, and RP WAT masses; PE adipocyte size; plasma leptin concentration; G6PDH activity in SC WAT; and PE depots and malic activity only in SC WAT. The leptin levels correlated positively with WAT masses and adipocyte size. An increase in the basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and in the ability to incorporate glucose into lipids was observed in isolated adipocytes from HS rats. DISCUSSION HS diet induced higher adiposity characterized by high plasma leptin concentration and adipocyte hypertrophy, probably due to an increased lipogenic capacity of WAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam H Fonseca-Alaniz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Ave., 05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mounier C, Posner BI. Transcriptional regulation by insulin: from the receptor to the gene. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 84:713-24. [PMID: 16998535 DOI: 10.1139/y05-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin, after binding to its receptor, regulates many cellular processes and the expression of several genes. For a subset of genes, insulin exerts a negative effect on transcription; for others, the effect is positive. Insulin controls gene transcription by modifying the binding of transcription factors on insulin-response elements or by regulating their transcriptional activities. Different insulin-signaling cascades have been characterized as mediating the insulin effect on gene transcription. In this review, we analyze recent data on the molecular mechanisms, mostly in the liver, through which insulin exerts its effect. We first focus on the key transcription factors (viz. Foxo, sterol-response-element-binding protein family (SREBP), and Sp1) involved in the regulation of gene transcription by insulin. We then present current information on the way insulin downregulates and upregulates gene transcription, using as examples of downregulation phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) genes and of upregulation the fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme genes. The last part of the paper focuses on the signaling cascades activated by insulin in the liver, leading to the modulation of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mounier
- BioMed, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec in Montreal, 141 President Kennedy, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dwyer DS, Dickson A. Neuroprotection and Enhancement of Neurite Outgrowth With Small Molecular Weight Compounds From Screens of Chemical Libraries. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 77:247-89. [PMID: 17178477 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)77008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donard S Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li S, Li X, Li YL, Shao CH, Bidasee KR, Rozanski GJ. Insulin regulation of glutathione and contractile phenotype in diabetic rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1619-29. [PMID: 17056675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00140.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus involve oxidative stress and profound changes in reduced glutathione (GSH), an essential tripeptide that controls many redox-sensitive cell functions. This study examined regulation of GSH by insulin to identify mechanisms controlling cardiac redox state and to define the functional impact of GSH depletion. GSH was measured by fluorescence microscopy in ventricular myocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats made diabetic by streptozotocin, and video and confocal microscopy were used to measure mechanical properties and Ca(2+) transients, respectively. Spectrophotometric assays of tissue extracts were also done to measure the activities of enzymes that control GSH levels. Four weeks after injection of streptozotocin, mean GSH concentration ([GSH]) in isolated diabetic rat myocytes was approximately 36% less than in control, correlating with decreased activities of two major enzymes regulating GSH levels: glutathione reductase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Treatment of diabetic rat myocytes with insulin normalized [GSH] after a delay of 3-4 h. A more rapid but transient upregulation of [GSH] occurred in myocytes treated with dichloroacetate, an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Inhibitor experiments indicated that insulin normalized [GSH] via the pentose pathway and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, although the basal activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was not different between diabetic and control hearts. Diabetic rat myocytes were characterized by significant mechanical dysfunction that correlated with diminished and prolonged Ca(2+) transients. This phenotype was reversed by in vitro treatment with insulin and also by exogenous GSH or N-acetylcysteine, a precursor of GSH. Our data suggest that insulin regulates GSH through pathways involving de novo GSH synthesis and reduction of its oxidized form. It is proposed that a key function of glucose metabolism in heart is to supply reducing equivalents required to maintain adequate GSH levels for the redox control of Ca(2+) handling proteins and contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Li
- Dept of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Univ of Nebraska College of Medicine, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Asai M, Higuchi S, Kubota M, Iguchi K, Usui S, Hirano K. Regulators for Blood Glucose Level Affect Gene Expression of Aquaporin 3. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:991-6. [PMID: 16651733 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), a membrane protein, is known to permeabilize water and other small molecules such as glycerol and urea and is localized in the bowel, skin, kidney, and erythrocytes. Since glycerol is a nutrient and serves as a source material in glycolytic metabolism, absorption of glycerol in the gastrointestinal tract may be under some control. Therefore we first investigated whether insulin regulating the glycolytic pathway took part in glycerol transport through AQP3 in the gastrointestinal tract and found that insulin significantly suppressed mRNA and protein expressions of AQP3 in Caco-2 cells. The antidiabetic drugs troglitazone and tolbutamide were also observed to suppress significantly AQP3 expression, but the biguanides metformin and buformin did not induce such suppression. Epinephrine was found to increase expression of AQP3, although glucagon showed no change of expression. Wortmannin and rapamycin were demonstrated to deactivate suppression of AQP3 expression by insulin and troglitazone, suggesting that the signal transducers, phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), are involved in the signal pathway for regulating transcription of AQP3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Asai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Talukdar I, Szeszel-Fedorowicz W, Salati LM. Arachidonic acid inhibits the insulin induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase via p38 MAP kinase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40660-7. [PMID: 16210322 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent inhibitors of lipogenic gene expression in liver. The lipogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is unique in this gene family, in that fatty acids inhibit at a post-transcriptional step. In this study, we have provided evidence for a signaling pathway for the arachidonic acid inhibition of G6PD mRNA abundance. Arachidonic acid decreases the insulin induction of G6PD expression; by itself, arachidonic acid does not inhibit basal G6PD mRNA accumulation. The insulin stimulation of G6PD involves the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway (Wagle, A., Jivraj, S., Garlock, G. L., and Stapleton, S. R. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14968-14974). Incubation of hepatocytes with arachidonic acid blocks the activation of PI 3-kinase by insulin as observed by a decrease in Ser(473) phosphorylation of Akt, the downstream effector of PI 3-kinase. The decrease in PI 3-kinase activity was associated with an increase in Ser(307) phosphorylation of IRS-1. Western analysis demonstrated increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in arachidonic acid-treated cells, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activity was not changed. Incubating the hepatocytes with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, blocked the arachidonic acid inhibition of G6PD mRNA accumulation. Furthermore, SB203580 decreased the arachidonic acid-mediated Ser(307) phosphorylation of IRS-1 and rescued Akt activation that was otherwise decreased by arachidonic acid. Thus, arachidonic acid inhibits the insulin stimulation of G6PD mRNA accumulation by stimulating the p38 MAPK pathway, thereby inhibiting insulin signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Talukdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bridges CC, Zalups RK. Molecular and ionic mimicry and the transport of toxic metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 204:274-308. [PMID: 15845419 PMCID: PMC2409291 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite many scientific advances, human exposure to, and intoxication by, toxic metal species continues to occur. Surprisingly, little is understood about the mechanisms by which certain metals and metal-containing species gain entry into target cells. Since there do not appear to be transporters designed specifically for the entry of most toxic metal species into mammalian cells, it has been postulated that some of these metals gain entry into target cells, through the mechanisms of ionic and/or molecular mimicry, at the site of transporters of essential elements and/or molecules. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the transport of selective toxic metals in target organs and provide evidence supporting a role of ionic and/or molecular mimicry. In the context of this review, molecular mimicry refers to the ability of a metal ion to bond to an endogenous organic molecule to form an organic metal species that acts as a functional or structural mimic of essential molecules at the sites of transporters of those molecules. Ionic mimicry refers to the ability of a cationic form of a toxic metal to mimic an essential element or cationic species of an element at the site of a transporter of that element. Molecular and ionic mimics can also be sub-classified as structural or functional mimics. This review will present the established and putative roles of molecular and ionic mimicry in the transport of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, selenium, and selected oxyanions in target organs and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy C Bridges
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|