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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Liu D, Fang J. Informational Analysis and Prediction of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Pathogenesis. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:464-474. [PMID: 38810995 PMCID: PMC11136584 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to predict the possible mechanism of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by integrating and analyzing mRNA sequencing results from two datasets and to provide direction for future studies into the pathogenesis of OCD. METHODS Two OCD datasets, GSE78104 and GSE60190, were obtained, and the intersection of the two gene sets with differential expression in OCD samples was selected. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signal pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online analysis website for the genes at the intersection, and the data were mapped using http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn. After genes with p≤0.05 had been screened out, protein-protein interaction (PPI) interaction analysis was conducted using Metascape to screen the key Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) genes. MCODE genes were then enriched using the KEGG signaling pathway and GO classification. RESULTS A total of 3,449 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the GSE78104 and GSE60190 datasets. KEGG, GO, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis analyses of DEGs showed that the onset of OCD was related to oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes, which may have a similar pathogenesis to other neurodegenerative diseases. Single-gene PPI analysis of SAPAP3 revealed that the mechanism by which SAPAP3 knockout induces OCD may also be caused by affecting oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSION The mechanism of SAPAP3 knockout-induced OCD in mice may be due to the oxidative phosphorylation process in the body. Future studies on the neural circuit mechanism of OCD should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Wang
- Mental Health Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Mental Health Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Manxue Zhang
- Mental Health Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Doudou Liu
- Mental Health Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Jianqun Fang
- Mental Health Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
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2
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Vellucci L, Ciccarelli M, Buonaguro EF, Fornaro M, D’Urso G, De Simone G, Iasevoli F, Barone A, de Bartolomeis A. The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Psychosis, Translational Issues for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1220. [PMID: 37627285 PMCID: PMC10452784 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 25% of schizophrenia patients suffer from obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) considered a transdiagnostic clinical continuum. The presence of symptoms pertaining to both schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may complicate pharmacological treatment and could contribute to lack or poor response to the therapy. Despite the clinical relevance, no reviews have been recently published on the possible neurobiological underpinnings of this comorbidity, which is still unclear. An integrative view exploring this topic should take into account the following aspects: (i) the implication for glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmission as demonstrated by genetic findings; (ii) the growing neuroimaging evidence of the common brain regions and dysfunctional circuits involved in both diseases; (iii) the pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and glutamatergic systems as current therapeutic strategies in schizophrenia OCS; (iv) the recent discovery of midbrain dopamine neurons and dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors as orchestrating hubs in repetitive and psychotic behaviors; (v) the contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits to both psychosis and OCD neurobiology. Finally, we discuss the potential role of the postsynaptic density as a structural and functional hub for multiple molecular signaling both in schizophrenia and OCD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry University Medical School of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Bai Y, Wang H, Li C. SAPAP Scaffold Proteins: From Synaptic Function to Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233815. [PMID: 36497075 PMCID: PMC9740047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission underlies many aspects of brain activity and the genesis of normal human behavior. The postsynaptic scaffolding proteins SAP90/PSD-95-associated proteins (SAPAPs), which are abundant components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at excitatory synapses, play critical roles in synaptic structure, formation, development, plasticity, and signaling. The convergence of human genetic data with recent in vitro and in vivo animal model data indicates that mutations in the genes encoding SAPAP1-4 are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and that dysfunction of SAPAP scaffolding proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and bipolar disorder. Here, we review recent major genetic, epigenetic, molecular, behavioral, electrophysiological, and circuitry studies that have advanced our knowledge by clarifying the roles of SAPAP proteins at the synapses, providing new insights into the mechanistic links to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Lim HK, Yoon JH, Song M. Autism Spectrum Disorder Genes: Disease-Related Networks and Compensatory Strategies. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:922840. [PMID: 35726297 PMCID: PMC9206533 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.922840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain comprises structurally and functionally distinct regions. Each of these regions has characteristic molecular mechanisms that mediate higher-order tasks, such as memory, learning, emotion, impulse, and motor control. Many genes are involved in neuronal signaling and contribute to normal brain development. Dysfunction of essential components of neural signals leads to various types of brain disorders. Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, communication challenges, and compulsive repetitive behaviors. Long-term genetic studies have uncovered key genes associated with autism spectrum disorder, such as SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3, methyl-CpG binding protein 2, neurexin 1, and chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8. In addition, disease-associated networks have been identified using animal models, and the understanding of the impact of these genes on disease susceptibility and compensation is deepening. In this review, we examine rescue strategies using key models of autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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5
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Vyas Y, Cheyne JE, Lee K, Jung Y, Cheung PY, Montgomery JM. Shankopathies in the Developing Brain in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:775431. [PMID: 35002604 PMCID: PMC8727517 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.775431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SHANK family of proteins play critical structural and functional roles in the postsynaptic density (PSD) at excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Through their multidomain structure they form a structural platform across the PSD for protein–protein interactions, as well as recruiting protein complexes to strengthen excitatory synaptic transmission. Mutations in SHANKs reflect their importance to synapse development and plasticity. This is evident in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in behavioural changes including repetitive behaviours, lack of sociability, sensory issues, learning, and language impairments. Human genetic studies have revealed ASD mutations commonly occur in SHANKs. Rodent models expressing these mutations display ASD behavioural impairments, and a subset of these deficits are rescued by reintroduction of Shank in adult animals, suggesting that lack of SHANK during key developmental periods can lead to permanent changes in the brain’s wiring. Here we explore the differences in synaptic function and plasticity from development onward in rodent Shank ASD models. To date the most explored brain regions, relate to the behavioural changes observed, e.g., the striatum, hippocampus, sensory, and prefrontal cortex. In addition, less-studied regions including the hypothalamus, cerebellum, and peripheral nervous system are also affected. Synaptic phenotypes include weakened but also strengthened synaptic function, with NMDA receptors commonly affected, as well as changes in the balance of excitation and inhibition especially in cortical brain circuits. The effects of shankopathies in activity-dependent brain wiring is an important target for therapeutic intervention. We therefore highlight areas of research consensus and identify remaining questions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukti Vyas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliette E Cheyne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yewon Jung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pang Ying Cheung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Hallin EI, Bramham CR, Kursula P. Structural properties and peptide ligand binding of the capsid homology domains of human Arc. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100975. [PMID: 33732907 PMCID: PMC7941041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is important for synaptic plasticity and the normal function of the brain. Arc interacts with neuronal postsynaptic proteins, but the mechanistic details of its function have not been fully established. The C-terminal domain of Arc consists of tandem domains, termed the N- and C-lobe. The N-lobe harbours a peptide binding site, able to bind multiple targets. By measuring the affinity of human Arc towards various peptides from stargazin and guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP), we have refined its specificity determinants. We found two sites in the GKAP repeat region that bind to Arc and confirmed these interactions by X-ray crystallography. Phosphorylation of the stargazin peptide did not affect binding affinity but caused changes in thermodynamic parameters. Comparison of the crystal structures of three high-resolution human Arc-peptide complexes identifies three conserved C-H…π interactions at the binding cavity, explaining the sequence specificity of short linear motif binding by Arc. We further characterise central residues of the Arc lobe fold, show the effects of peptide binding on protein dynamics, and identify acyl carrier proteins as structures similar to the Arc lobes. We hypothesise that Arc may affect protein-protein interactions and phase separation at the postsynaptic density, affecting protein turnover and re-modelling of the synapse. The present data on Arc structure and ligand binding will help in further deciphering these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
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7
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Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Yoo YE, Yoo T, Lee S, Lee J, Kim D, Han HM, Bae YC, Kim E. Shank3 Mice Carrying the Human Q321R Mutation Display Enhanced Self-Grooming, Abnormal Electroencephalogram Patterns, and Suppressed Neuronal Excitability and Seizure Susceptibility. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:155. [PMID: 31275112 PMCID: PMC6591539 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein involved in regulating excitatory synapse assembly and function, has been implicated in several brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Phelan-McDermid syndrome, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and mania. Here we generated and characterized a Shank3 knock-in mouse line carrying the Q321R mutation (Shank3 Q321R mice) identified in a human individual with ASD that affects the ankyrin repeat region (ARR) domain of the Shank3 protein. Homozygous Shank3 Q321R/Q321R mice show a selective decrease in the level of Shank3a, an ARR-containing protein variant, but not other variants. CA1 pyramidal neurons in the Shank3 Q321R/Q321R hippocampus show decreased neuronal excitability but normal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Behaviorally, Shank3 Q321R/Q321R mice show moderately enhanced self-grooming and anxiolytic-like behavior, but normal locomotion, social interaction, and object recognition and contextual fear memory. In addition, these mice show abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns and decreased susceptibility to induced seizures. These results indicate that the Q321R mutation alters Shank3 protein stability, neuronal excitability, repetitive and anxiety-like behavior, EEG patterns, and seizure susceptibility in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Taesun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seungjoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
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9
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Defective Synapse Maturation and Enhanced Synaptic Plasticity in Shank2 Δex7 -/- Mice. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0398-17. [PMID: 30023428 PMCID: PMC6049608 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0398-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders with a strong genetic etiology. Since mutations in human SHANK genes have been found in patients with autism, genetic mouse models are used for a mechanistic understanding of ASDs and the development of therapeutic strategies. SHANKs are scaffold proteins in the postsynaptic density of mammalian excitatory synapses with proposed functions in synaptogenesis, regulation of dendritic spine morphology, and instruction of structural synaptic plasticity. In contrast to all studies so far on the function of SHANK proteins, we have previously observed enhanced synaptic plasticity in Shank2 Δex7−/− mice. In a series of experiments, we now reproduce these results, further explore the synaptic phenotype, and directly compare our model to the independently generated Shank2 Δex6-7−/− mice. Minimal stimulation experiments reveal that Shank2 Δex7−/− mice possess an excessive fraction of silent (i.e., α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, short, AMPA receptor lacking) synapses. The synaptic maturation deficit emerges during the third postnatal week and constitutes a plausible mechanistic explanation for the mutants’ increased capacity for long-term potentiation, both in vivo and in vitro. A direct comparison with Shank2 Δex6-7−/− mice adds weight to the hypothesis that both mouse models show a different set of synaptic phenotypes, possibly due to differences in their genetic background. These findings add to the diversity of synaptic phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders and further support the supposed existence of “modifier genes” in the expression and inheritance of ASDs.
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10
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Nava N, Treccani G, Müller HK, Popoli M, Wegener G, Elfving B. The expression of plasticity-related genes in an acute model of stress is modulated by chronic desipramine in a time-dependent manner within medial prefrontal cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:19-28. [PMID: 27890541 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. Stress-induced alteration of synaptic plasticity has been hypothesized to underlie the morphological changes observed by neuroimaging in psychiatric patients in key regions such as hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). We have recently shown that a single acute stress exposure produces significant short-term alterations of structural plasticity within medial PFC. These alterations were partially prevented by previous treatment with chronic desipramine (DMI). In the present study we evaluated the effects of acute Foot-shock (FS)-stress and pre-treatment with the traditional antidepressant DMI on the gene expression of key regulators of synaptic plasticity and structure. Expression of Homer, Shank, Spinophilin, Densin-180, and the small RhoGTPase related gene Rac1 and downstream target genes, Limk1, Cofilin1 and Rock1 were investigated 1 day (1d), 7 d and 14d after FS-stress exposure. We found that DMI specifically increases the short-term expression of Spinophilin, as well as Homer and Shank family genes, and that both acute stress and DMI exert significant long-term effects on mRNA levels of genes involved in spine plasticity. These findings support the knowledge that acute FS stress and antidepressant treatment induce both rapid and sustained time-dependent alterations in structural components of synaptic plasticity in rodent medial PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Nava
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita´ di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita´ di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; Pharmaceutical Research Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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11
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heterogeneous pediatric developmental disorders with estimated heritability more than 70%. Although the genetic factors in ASD are mainly unknown, a large number of gene mutations have been found, especially in genes involved in neurogenesis. The Neurexin-Neuroligin-Shank (NRXN-NLGN-SHANK) pathway plays a key role in the formation, maturation and maintenance of synapses, consistent with the hypothesis of neurodevelopmental abnormality in ASD. Presynaptic NRXNs interact with postsynaptic NLGNs in excitatory glutamatergic synapses. SHANK proteins function as core components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) by interacting with multiple proteins. Recently, deletions and point mutations of the SHANK1 gene have been detected in ASD individuals, indicating the involvement of SHANK1 in ASD. This review focuses on the function of SHANK1 protein, Shank1 mouse models, and the molecular genetics of the SHANK1 gene in human ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoHong Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - HongYan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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12
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Halbedl S, Schoen M, Feiler MS, Boeckers TM, Schmeisser MJ. Shank3 is localized in axons and presynaptic specializations of developing hippocampal neurons and involved in the modulation of NMDA receptor levels at axon terminals. J Neurochem 2016; 137:26-32. [PMID: 26725465 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autism-related Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3 are major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. A few studies, however, have already indicated that within a neuron, the presence of Shank family members is not limited to the postsynaptic density. By separating axons from dendrites of developing hippocampal neurons in microfluidic chambers, we show that RNA of all three Shank family members is present within axons. Immunostaining confirms these findings as all three Shanks are indeed found within separated axons and further co-localize with well-known proteins of the presynaptic specialization in axon terminals. Therefore, Shank proteins might not only serve as postsynaptic scaffold proteins, but also play a crucial role during axonal outgrowth and presynaptic development and function. This is supported by our findings that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Shank3 results in up-regulation of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 in axon terminals. Taken together, our findings will have major implications for the future analysis of neuronal Shank biology in both health and disease. Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3 are major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory glutamatergic synapses strongly related to several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, a few studies have already implicated a functional role of the Shanks beyond the postsynaptic density (PSD). We here show that all three Shanks are localized in both axons and pre-synaptic specializiations of developing hippocampal neurons in culture. We further provide evidence that Shank3 is involved in the modulation of NMDA receptor levels at axon terminals. Taken together, our study will open up novel avenues for the future analysis of neuronal Shank biology in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schoen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marisa S Feiler
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Lee K, Goodman L, Fourie C, Schenk S, Leitch B, Montgomery JM. AMPA Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Disorders. ION CHANNELS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS, PART A 2016; 103:203-61. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Harony-Nicolas H, De Rubeis S, Kolevzon A, Buxbaum JD. Phelan McDermid Syndrome: From Genetic Discoveries to Animal Models and Treatment. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1861-70. [PMID: 26350728 PMCID: PMC5321557 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome or 22q13.3 deletion syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by generalized developmental delay, intellectual disability, absent or delayed speech, seizures, autism spectrum disorder, neonatal hypotonia, physical dysmorphic features, and recurrent medical comorbidities. Individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome have terminal deletions of the chromosomal region 22q13.3 encompassing SHANK3, a gene encoding a structural component of excitatory synapses indispensable for proper synaptogenesis and neuronal physiology, or point mutations within the gene. Here, we review the clinical aspects of the syndrome and the genetic findings shedding light onto the underlying etiology. We also provide an overview on the evidence from genetic studies and mouse models that supports SHANK3 haploinsufficiency as a major contributor of the neurobehavioral manifestations of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Finally, we discuss how all these discoveries are uncovering the pathophysiology of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and are being translated into clinical trials for novel therapeutics ameliorating the core symptoms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Zhang J, Sun XY, Zhang LY. MicroRNA-7/Shank3 axis involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1254-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ultrastructural analyses in the hippocampus CA1 field in Shank3-deficient mice. Mol Autism 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 26137200 PMCID: PMC4486760 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetics of autism spectrum disorder (hereafter referred to as “autism”) are rapidly unfolding, with a significant increase in the identification of genes implicated in the disorder. Many of these genes are part of a complex landscape of genetic variants that are thought to act together to cause the behavioral phenotype associated with autism. One of the few single-locus causes of autism involves a mutation in the SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) gene. Previous electrophysiological studies in mice with Shank3 mutations demonstrated impairment in synaptic long-term potentiation, suggesting a potential disruption at the synapse. Methods To understand how variants in SHANK3 would lead to such impairments and manifest in the brain of patients with autism, we assessed the presence of synaptic pathology in Shank3-deficient mice at 5 weeks and 3 months of age, focusing on the stratum radiatum of the CA1 field. This study analyzed both Shank3 heterozygous and homozygous mice using an electron microscopy approach to determine whether there is a morphological correlate to the synaptic functional impairment. Results As both synaptic strength and plasticity are affected in Shank3-deficient mice, we hypothesized that there would be a reduction in synapse density, postsynaptic density length, and perforated synapse density. No differences were found in most parameters assessed. However, Shank3 heterozygotes had significantly higher numbers of perforated synapses at 5 weeks compared to 3 months of age and significantly higher numbers of perforated synapses compared to 5-week-old wildtype and Shank3 homozygous mice. Conclusions Although this finding represents preliminary evidence for ultrastructural alterations, it suggests that while major structural changes seem to be compensated for in Shank3-deficient mice, more subtle morphological alterations, affecting synaptic structure, may take place in an age-dependent manner.
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Lee J, Chung C, Ha S, Lee D, Kim DY, Kim H, Kim E. Shank3-mutant mice lacking exon 9 show altered excitation/inhibition balance, enhanced rearing, and spatial memory deficit. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:94. [PMID: 25852484 PMCID: PMC4365696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3 is a postsynaptic scaffolding protein implicated in synapse development and autism spectrum disorders. The Shank3 gene is known to produce diverse splice variants whose functions have not been fully explored. In the present study, we generated mice lacking Shank3 exon 9 (Shank3 (Δ9) mice), and thus missing five out of 10 known Shank3 splice variants containing the N-terminal ankyrin repeat region, including the longest splice variant, Shank3a. Our X-gal staining results revealed that Shank3 proteins encoded by exon 9-containing splice variants are abundant in upper cortical layers, striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus, but not in the olfactory bulb or cerebellum, despite the significant Shank3 mRNA levels in these regions. The hippocampal CA1 region of Shank3 (Δ9) mice exhibited reduced excitatory transmission at Schaffer collateral synapses and increased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic events in pyramidal neurons. In contrast, prelimbic layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex displayed decreased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic events, indicating alterations in the ratio of excitation/inhibition (E/I ratio) in the Shank3 (Δ9) brain. These mice displayed a mild increase in rearing in a novel environment and mildly impaired spatial memory, but showed normal social interaction and repetitive behavior. These results suggest that ankyrin repeat-containing Shank3 splice variants are important for E/I balance, rearing behavior, and spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Changuk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seungmin Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea ; Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, South Korea
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18
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Chow F, Gong Y, Lippa CF. The Potential Role of Insulin on the Shank-Postsynaptic Platform in Neurodegenerative Diseases Involving Cognition. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:303-10. [PMID: 24421411 PMCID: PMC10852640 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513518645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of synaptic function is critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other central nervous system (CNS) degenerations. A promising candidate in the regulation of synaptic function is Shank, a protein that serves as a scaffold for excitatory synaptic receptors and proteins. Loss of Shank alters structure and function of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Shank proteins are associated with N-methyl-d-aspartate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor loss at the PSD in AD; mutations in Shank also lead to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia, both of which affect cognition, suggesting that Shank may play a common pathologic role in AD, ASD, and schizophrenia. Shank protein directly associates with insulin receptor substrate protein p53 in PSD. Insulin and insulin sensitizers have been used in clinical trials for these diseases; this suggests that insulin signals may alter protein homeostasis at the shank-postsynaptic platform in PSDs; insulin could improve the function of synapses in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Chow
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuesong Gong
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol F Lippa
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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O'Connor EC, Bariselli S, Bellone C. Synaptic basis of social dysfunction: a focus on postsynaptic proteins linking group-I mGluRs with AMPARs and NMDARs. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1114-29. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin C. O'Connor
- Department of Basic Neurosciences; Medical Faculty; University of Geneva; 1 Rue Michel Servet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Sebastiano Bariselli
- Department of Basic Neurosciences; Medical Faculty; University of Geneva; 1 Rue Michel Servet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Camilla Bellone
- Department of Basic Neurosciences; Medical Faculty; University of Geneva; 1 Rue Michel Servet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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20
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Pal A, Das S. Chronic morphine exposure and its abstinence alters dendritic spine morphology and upregulates Shank1. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:956-64. [PMID: 23538264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic drugs of abuse has been reported to produce significant changes in postsynaptic protein profile, dendritic spine morphology and synaptic transmission. In the present study we demonstrate alterations in dendritic spine morphology in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of mice following chronic morphine treatment as well as during abstinence for two months. Such alterations were accompanied with significant upregulation of the postsynaptic protein Shank1 in synaptosomal enriched fractions. mRNA levels of Shank1 was also markedly increased during morphine treatment and during withdrawal. Studies of the different postsynaptic proteins at the protein and mRNA levels showed significant alterations in the morphine treated groups compared to that of saline treated controls. Taken together, these observations suggest that Shank1 may have an important role in the regulation of spine morphology induced by chronic morphine leading to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayantika Pal
- Neurobiology Department, Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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21
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Li JM, Lu CL, Cheng MC, Luu SU, Hsu SH, Chen CH. Genetic analysis of the DLGAP1 gene as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2013; 205:13-7. [PMID: 22940546 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental disorder with high genetic components in its etiology. Several studies indicated that synaptic dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Postsynaptic synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density 95-associated proteins (SAPAPs) constitute a part of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-associated postsynaptic density proteins, and are involved in synapse formation. We hypothesized that genetic variants of the SAPAPs might be associated with schizophrenia. Thus, we systemically sequenced all the exons of the discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1 (DLGAP1) gene that encodes SAPAP1 in a sample of 121 schizophrenic patients and 120 controls from Taiwan. We totally identified six genetic variants, including five known SNPs (rs145691437, rs3786431, rs201567254, rs3745051 and rs11662259) and one rare missense mutation (c.1922A>G) in this sample. SNP- and haplotype-based analyses showed no association of these SNPs with schizophrenia. The c.1922A>G mutation that changes the amino acid lysine to arginine at codon 641 was found in one out of 121 patients, but not in 275 control subjects, suggesting it might be a patient-specific mutation. Nevertheless, bioinformatic analysis showed this mutation does not affect the function of the DLGAP1 gene and appears to be a benign variant. Hence, its relationship with the pathogenesis remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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22
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhang L, Yang N, Meng J, Zuo P, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wang L, Gao X, Zhu D. E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF13 involves spatial learning and assembly of the SNARE complex. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:153-65. [PMID: 22890573 PMCID: PMC11113611 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the structure and number of synapses modulate learning, memory and cognitive disorders. Ubiquitin-mediated protein modification is a key mechanism for regulating synaptic activity, though the precise control of this process remains poorly understood. RING finger protein 13 (RNF13) is a recently identified E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its in vivo function remains completely unknown. We show here that genetic deletion of RNF13 in mice leads to a significant deficit in spatial learning as determined by the Morris water maze test and Y-maze learning test. At the ultrastructral level, the synaptic vesicle density was decreased and the area of the active zone was increased at hippocampal synapses of RNF13-null mice compared with those of wild-type littermates. We found no change in the levels of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor) complex proteins in the hippocampus of RNF13-null mice, but impaired SNARE complex assembly. RNF13 directly interacted with snapin, a SNAP-25-interacting protein. Interestingly, snapin was ubiquitinated by RNF13 via the lysine-29 conjugated polyubiquitin chain, which in turn promoted the association of snapin with SNAP-25. Consistently, we found an attenuated interaction between snapin and SNAP-25 in the RNF13-null mice. Therefore, these results suggest that RNF13 is involved in the regulation of the SNARE complex, which thereby controls synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Jiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Pingping Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061 China
| | - Dahai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 China
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23
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Stella SL, Vila A, Hung AY, Rome ME, Huynh U, Sheng M, Kreienkamp HJ, Brecha NC. Association of shank 1A scaffolding protein with cone photoreceptor terminals in the mammalian retina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43463. [PMID: 22984429 PMCID: PMC3440378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor terminals contain post-synaptic density (PSD) proteins e.g., PSD-95/PSD-93, but their role at photoreceptor synapses is not known. PSDs are generally restricted to post-synaptic boutons in central neurons and form scaffolding with multiple proteins that have structural and functional roles in neuronal signaling. The Shank family of proteins (Shank 1–3) functions as putative anchoring proteins for PSDs and is involved in the organization of cytoskeletal/signaling complexes in neurons. Specifically, Shank 1 is restricted to neurons and interacts with both receptors and signaling molecules at central neurons to regulate plasticity. However, it is not known whether Shank 1 is expressed at photoreceptor terminals. In this study we have investigated Shank 1A localization in the outer retina at photoreceptor terminals. We find that Shank 1A is expressed presynaptically in cone pedicles, but not rod spherules, and it is absent from mice in which the Shank 1 gene is deleted. Shank 1A co-localizes with PSD-95, peanut agglutinin, a marker of cone terminals, and glycogen phosphorylase, a cone specific marker. These findings provide convincing evidence for Shank 1A expression in both the inner and outer plexiform layers, and indicate a potential role for PSD-95/Shank 1 complexes at cone synapses in the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore L Stella
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America.
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24
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Ting JT, Peça J, Feng G. Functional consequences of mutations in postsynaptic scaffolding proteins and relevance to psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35:49-71. [PMID: 22540979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies on postsynaptic scaffolding proteins at excitatory synapses have revealed a plethora of important roles for synaptic structure and function. In addition, a convergence of recent in vivo functional evidence together with human genetics data strongly suggest that mutations in a variety of these postsynaptic scaffolding proteins may contribute to the etiology of diverse human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Here we review the most recent evidence for several key postsynaptic scaffolding protein families and explore how mouse genetics and human genetics have intersected to advance our knowledge concerning the contributions of these important players to complex brain function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Ting
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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25
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Zoghbi HY, Bear MF. Synaptic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism and intellectual disabilities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a009886. [PMID: 22258914 PMCID: PMC3282414 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the genetic causes of syndromic autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities has greatly informed our understanding of the molecular pathways critical for normal synaptic function. The top-down approaches using human phenotypes and genetics helped identify causative genes and uncovered the broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric features that can result from various mutations in the same gene. Importantly, the human studies unveiled the exquisite sensitivity of cognitive function to precise levels of many diverse proteins. Bottom-up approaches applying molecular, biochemical, and neurophysiological studies to genetic models of these disorders revealed unsuspected pathogenic mechanisms and identified potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, studies in model organisms showed that symptoms of these devastating disorders can be reversed, which brings hope that affected individuals might benefit from interventions even after symptoms set in. Scientists predict that insights gained from studying these rare syndromic disorders will have an impact on the more common nonsyndromic autism and mild cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Y Zoghbi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, ;
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26
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Scaffold proteins at the postsynaptic density. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:29-61. [PMID: 22351050 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are abundant and essential components of the postsynaptic density (PSD). They play a major role in many synaptic functions including the trafficking, anchoring, and clustering of glutamate receptors and adhesion molecules. Moreover, they link postsynaptic receptors with their downstream signaling proteins and regulate the dynamics of cytoskeletal structures. By definition, PSD scaffold proteins do not have intrinsic enzymatic activities but are formed by modular and specific domains deputed to form large protein networks. Here, we will discuss the latest findings regarding the structure and functions of major PSD scaffold proteins. Given that scaffold proteins are central components of PSD architecture, it is not surprising that deletion or mutations in their human genes cause severe neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia. Thus, their dynamic organization and regulation are directly correlated with the essential structure of the PSD and the normal physiology of neuronal synapses.
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27
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Roselli F, Livrea P, Almeida OFX. CDK5 is essential for soluble amyloid β-induced degradation of GKAP and remodeling of the synaptic actin cytoskeleton. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23097. [PMID: 21829588 PMCID: PMC3146526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The early stages of Alzheimer's disease are marked by synaptic dysfunction and loss. This process results from the disassembly and degradation of synaptic components, in particular of scaffolding proteins that compose the post-synaptic density (PSD), namely PSD95, Homer and Shank. Here we investigated in rat frontal cortex dissociated culture the mechanisms involved in the downregulation of GKAP (SAPAP1), which links the PSD95 complex to the Shank complex and cytoskeletal structures within the PSD. We show that Aβ causes the rapid loss of GKAP from synapses through a pathway that critically requires cdk5 activity, and is set in motion by NMDAR activity and Ca(2+) influx. We show that GKAP is a direct substrate of cdk5 and that its phosphorylation results in polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of GKAP and remodeling (collapse) of the synaptic actin cytoskeleton; the latter effect is abolished in neurons expressing GKAP mutants that are resistant to phosphorylation by cdk5. Given that cdk5 also regulates degradation of PSD95, these results underscore the central position of cdk5 in mediating Aβ-induced PSD disassembly and synapse loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Roselli
- Neuroadaptation Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (FR); (OFXA)
| | - Paolo Livrea
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Osborne F. X. Almeida
- Neuroadaptation Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (FR); (OFXA)
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Gessert S, Schmeisser MJ, Tao S, Boeckers TM, Kühl M. The spatio-temporal expression of ProSAP/shank family members and their interaction partner LAPSER1 during Xenopus laevis development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1528-36. [PMID: 21445960 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the ProSAP/Shank family are important scaffolding proteins of the postsynaptic density (PSD). We investigated for the first time the expression of the three family members named Shank1, ProSAP1/Shank2, and ProSAP2/Shank3 during Xenopus laevis development. Shank1 is expressed in the neural tube, the retina, and the cranial ganglions. In contrast, ProSAP1/Shank2 transcripts could be visualized in the otic vesicle, the pronephros, the liver, the neural tube, and the retina. ProSAP2/Shank3 could be detected in the cardiovascular network, the neural tube, the pronephros, and the retina. Furthermore, we showed that LAPSER1 interacts with all three ProSAP/Shank family members in Xenopus embryos and co-localizes with ProSAP/Shank in a cell-based assay. In Xenopus, LAPSER1 is expressed in somites, brain, proctodeum, pronephros, and in some cranial ganglions. Thus, we suggest that members of the ProSAP/Shank family and LAPSER1 not only play a role in PSD formation and plasticity, but also during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gessert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Yao I, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Ito S, Setou M. Synaptic E3 ligase SCRAPPER in contextual fear conditioning: extensive behavioral phenotyping of Scrapper heterozygote and overexpressing mutant mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17317. [PMID: 21390313 PMCID: PMC3044740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SCRAPPER, an F-box protein coded by FBXL20, is a subunit of SCF type E3 ubiquitin ligase. SCRAPPER localizes synapses and directly binds to Rab3-interacting molecule 1 (RIM1), an essential factor for synaptic vesicle release, thus it regulates neural transmission via RIM1 degradation. A defect in SCRAPPER leads to neurotransmission abnormalities, which could subsequently result in neurodegenerative phenotypes. Because it is likely that the alteration of neural transmission in Scrapper mutant mice affect their systemic condition, we have analyzed the behavioral phenotypes of mice with decreased or increased the amount of SCRAPPER. We carried out a series of behavioral test batteries for Scrapper mutant mice. Scrapper transgenic mice overexpressing SCRAPPER in the hippocampus did not show any significant difference in every test argued in this manuscript by comparison with wild-type mice. On the other hand, heterozygotes of Scrapper knockout [SCR (+/−)] mice showed significant difference in the contextual but not cued fear conditioning test. In addition, SCR (+/−) mice altered in some tests reflecting anxiety, which implies the loss of functions of SCRAPPER in the hippocampus. The behavioral phenotypes of Scrapper mutant mice suggest that molecular degradation conferred by SCRAPPER play important roles in hippocampal-dependent fear memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Yao
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (IY); (MS)
| | - Keizo Takao
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Section of Behavior Analysis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Section of Behavior Analysis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (IY); (MS)
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Oh WC, Song HO, Cho JH, Park BJ. ANK repeat-domain of SHN-1 Is indispensable for in vivo SHN-1 function in C. elegans. Mol Cells 2011; 31:79-84. [PMID: 21191812 PMCID: PMC3906869 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank protein is one of the postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins which play a major role in proper localization of proteins at membranes. The shn-1, a homolog of Shank in Caenorhabditis elegans, is expressed in neurons, pharynx, intestine, vulva and sperm. We have previously reported a possible genetic interaction between Shank and IP₃ receptor by examining shn-1 RNAi in IP₃ receptor (itr-1) mutant background. In order to show the direct interaction of Shank and IP₃ receptor as well as to show the direct in vivo function of Shank, we have characterized two different mutant alleles of shn-1, which have different deletions in the different domains. shn-1 mutants were observed for Ca²+-related behavioral defects with itr-1 mutants. We found that only shn-1 mutant defective in ANK repeat-domain showed significant defects in defecation, pharyngeal pumping and fertility. In addition, we found that shn-1 regulates defecation, pharyngeal pumping and probably male fertility with itr-1. Thus, we suggest that Shank ANK repeat-domain along with PDZ may play a crucial role in regulating Ca²+-signaling with IP₃ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Chan Oh
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Present address: Center for Neuroscience, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hyun-Ok Song
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Cho
- Division of Biology Education, College of Education, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Park
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnolgoy, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
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31
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Sociability and motor functions in Shank1 mutant mice. Brain Res 2010; 1380:120-37. [PMID: 20868654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by aberrant reciprocal social interactions, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors. While the etiology remains unclear, strong evidence exists for a genetic component, and several synaptic genes have been implicated. SHANK genes encode a family of synaptic scaffolding proteins located postsynaptically on excitatory synapses. Mutations in SHANK genes have been detected in several autistic individuals. To understand the consequences of SHANK mutations relevant to the diagnostic and associated symptoms of autism, comprehensive behavioral phenotyping on a line of Shank1 mutant mice was conducted on multiple measures of social interactions, social olfaction, repetitive behaviors, anxiety-related behaviors, motor functions, and a series of control measures for physical abilities. Results from our comprehensive behavioral phenotyping battery indicated that adult Shank1 null mutant mice were similar to their wildtype and heterozygous littermates on standardized measures of general health, neurological reflexes and sensory skills. Motor functions were reduced in the null mutants on open field activity, rotarod, and wire hang, replicating and extending previous findings (Hung et al., 2008). A partial anxiety-like phenotype was detected in the null mutants in some components of the light ↔ dark task, as previously reported (Hung et al., 2008) but not in the elevated plus-maze. Juvenile reciprocal social interactions did not differ across genotypes. Interpretation of adult social approach was confounded by a lack of normal sociability in wildtype and heterozygous littermates. All genotypes were able to discriminate social odors on an olfactory habituation/dishabituation task. All genotypes displayed relatively high levels of repetitive self-grooming. Our findings support the interpretation that Shank1 null mice do not demonstrate autism-relevant social interaction deficits, but confirm and extend a role for Shank1 in motor functions.
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32
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Activity induced changes in the distribution of Shanks at hippocampal synapses. Neuroscience 2010; 168:11-7. [PMID: 20347015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines contain a family of abundant scaffolding proteins known as Shanks, but little is known about how their distributions might change during synaptic activity. Here, pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy is used to localize Shanks in synapses from cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that Shanks are preferentially located at postsynaptic densities (PSDs) as well as in a filamentous network near the PSD, extending up to 120 nm from the postsynaptic membrane. Application of sub-type specific antibodies shows that Shank2 is typically concentrated at and near PSDs while Shank1 is, in addition, distributed throughout the spine head. Depolarization with high K+ for 2 min causes transient, reversible translocation of Shanks towards the PSD that is dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The amount of activity-induced redistribution and subsequent recovery is pronounced for Shank1 but less so for Shank2. Thus, Shank1 appears to be a dynamic element within the spine, whose translocation could be involved in activity-induced, transient structural changes, while Shank2 appears to be a more stable element positioned at the interface of the PSD with the spine cytoplasm.
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33
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Tada H, Okano HJ, Takagi H, Shibata S, Yao I, Matsumoto M, Saiga T, Nakayama KI, Kashima H, Takahashi T, Setou M, Okano H. Fbxo45, a novel ubiquitin ligase, regulates synaptic activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3840-3849. [PMID: 19996097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.046284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons communicate with each other through synapses. To establish the precise yet flexible connections that make up neural networks in the brain, continuous synaptic modulation is required. The ubiquitin-proteasome system of protein degradation is one of the critical mechanisms that underlie this process, playing crucial roles in the regulation of synaptic structure and function. We identified a novel ubiquitin ligase, Fbxo45, that functions at synapses. Fbxo45 is evolutionarily conserved and selectively expressed in the nervous system. We demonstrated that the knockdown of Fbxo45 in primary cultured hippocampal neurons resulted in a greater frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. We also found that Fbxo45 induces the degradation of a synaptic vesicle-priming factor, Munc13-1. We propose that Fbxo45 plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission by modulating Munc13-1 at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirobumi Tada
- From the Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582; the Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004; the Bridgestone Laboratory of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582
| | - Hirotaka James Okano
- From the Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582; SORST (Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology), the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012.
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- the Laboratory for Molecular Gerontology, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences Setou Group, Tokyo 194-8511
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- From the Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582
| | - Ikuko Yao
- the Laboratory for Molecular Gerontology, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences Setou Group, Tokyo 194-8511
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, and; CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012
| | - Toru Saiga
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, and; CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, and; CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012
| | - Haruo Kashima
- the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- the Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- the Laboratory for Molecular Gerontology, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences Setou Group, Tokyo 194-8511; the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, and; the Department of Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- From the Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582; the Bridgestone Laboratory of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582; SORST (Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology), the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012.
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Kim JH, Kim JH, Yang E, Park JH, Yu YS, Kim KW. Shank 2 expression coincides with neuronal differentiation in the developing retina. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:236-42. [PMID: 19299912 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.4.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal activity for vision requires a precise synaptic connectivity. Shank proteins at postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses play roles in signal transmission into the postsynaptic neuron. However, the correlation of Shank 2 expression with neuronal differentiation in the developing retina remains to be elucidated regardless of previous evidences of Shank 2 expression in retina. Herein, we demonstrated that with progression of development, Shank 2 is initially detected in the inner plexiform layer at P2, and then intensively detected in inner plexiform layer, outer plexiform layer, and ganglion cell layer at P14, which was closely colocalized to the neurofilament expression. Shank 2 was, however, not colocalized with glial fibrillary acidic protein. Shank 2 expression was increased in the differentiated retinoblastoma cells, which was mediated by ERK 1/2 activation. Moreover, Shank 2 expression was colocalized with neurofilament at the dendritic region of cells. In conclusion, our data suggests that Shank 2 is expressed in the neurons of the developing retina and could play a critical role in the neuronal differentiation of the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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35
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Kreienkamp HJ. Scaffolding proteins at the postsynaptic density: shank as the architectural framework. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:365-80. [PMID: 18491060 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72843-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Shank proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density, connecting neurotransmitter receptors and other membrane proteins with signaling proteins and the actin cytoskeleton. By virtue of their protein interactions, Shank proteins assemble signaling platforms for G-protein-mediated signaling and the control of calcium homeostasis in dendritic spines. In addition, they participate in morphological changes, leading to maturation of dendritic spines and synapse formation. The importance of the Shank scaffolding function is demonstrated by genetically determined forms of mental retardation, which may be caused by haploinsufficiency for the SHANK3 gene. Consistent with its central function within the postsynaptic density, the availability of Shank is tightly controlled by local synthesis and degradation, as well as actin-dependent dynamic rearrangements within the dendritic spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Kreienkamp
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany.
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36
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Yao I, Takagi H, Ageta H, Kahyo T, Sato S, Hatanaka K, Fukuda Y, Chiba T, Morone N, Yuasa S, Inokuchi K, Ohtsuka T, MacGregor GR, Tanaka K, Setou M. SCRAPPER-dependent ubiquitination of active zone protein RIM1 regulates synaptic vesicle release. Cell 2007; 130:943-57. [PMID: 17803915 PMCID: PMC3049808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how synaptic activity is modulated in the central nervous system. We have identified SCRAPPER, a synapse-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase, which regulates neural transmission. SCRAPPER directly binds and ubiquitinates RIM1, a modulator of presynaptic plasticity. In neurons from Scrapper-knockout (SCR-KO) mice, RIM1 had a longer half-life with significant reduction in ubiquitination, indicating that SCRAPPER is the predominant ubiquitin ligase that mediates RIM1 degradation. As anticipated in a RIM1 degradation defect mutant, SCR-KO mice displayed altered electrophysiological synaptic activity, i.e., increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. This phenotype of SCR-KO mice was phenocopied by RIM1 overexpression and could be rescued by re-expression of SCRAPPER or knockdown of RIM1. The acute effects of proteasome inhibitors, such as upregulation of RIM1 and the release probability, were blocked by the impairment of SCRAPPER. Thus, SCRAPPER has an essential function in regulating proteasome-mediated degradation of RIM1 required for synaptic tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Yao
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ageta
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Showbu Sato
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Hatanaka
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuda
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Laboratory of Frontier Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Morone
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahiigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yuasa
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahiigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Grant R. MacGregor
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Frontier Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence:
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37
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Piserchio A, Spaller M, Mierke DF. Targeting the PDZ domains of molecular scaffolds of transmembrane ion channels. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E396-401. [PMID: 16796391 PMCID: PMC3231575 DOI: 10.1007/bf02854911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family of multidomain proteins known as the synaptic associated proteins (SAPs) act as molecular scaffolds, playing an important role in the signaling and maintenance of several receptors and channels. The SAPs consist of 5 individual protein domains: 3 PDZ (PSD95, Disc Large, Zo1) domains, an SH3 domain, and an inactive guanyl kinase (GK) domain. The 3 PDZ domains bind the C-termini of specific receptors and channels, leading to the transient association with cytoskeletal and signaling proteins. Molecules targeting specific domains of the SAPs may provide a novel route for the regulation of channel and receptor function. Here we describe a structural-based approach for the development of such inhibitors for the PDZ domains of SAP90. The high sequence homology of the 3 domains has necessitated targeting regions outside the canonical binding pocket. The structural features of the PDZ domains with the C-termini of different receptors (GluR6), channels (Kv1.4), and cytoskeletal proteins (CRIPT) provide insight into targeting these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piserchio
- />Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, 171 Meeting Street, 02912 Providence, RI
| | - Mark Spaller
- />Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 48202 Detroit, MI
| | - Dale F. Mierke
- />Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, 171 Meeting Street, 02912 Providence, RI
- />Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 02912 Providence, RI
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38
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Wendholt D, Spilker C, Schmitt A, Dolnik A, Smalla KH, Proepper C, Bockmann J, Sobue K, Gundelfinger ED, Kreutz MR, Boeckers TM. ProSAP-interacting protein 1 (ProSAPiP1), a novel protein of the postsynaptic density that links the spine-associated Rap-Gap (SPAR) to the scaffolding protein ProSAP2/Shank3. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13805-13816. [PMID: 16522626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ProSAPs/Shanks are a family of proteins that have a major scaffolding function for components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory brain synapses. Members of the family harbor a variety of domains for protein-protein interactions, one of which is a unique PDZ domain that differs significantly from those of other proteins. We have identified a novel binding partner for this PDZ domain, termed ProSAPiP1, that is highly enriched in the PSD and shares significant sequence homology with the PSD protein PSD-Zip70. Both molecules code for a Fez1 domain that can be found in a total of four related proteins. ProSAPiP1 is widely expressed in rat brain and co-localizes with ProSAP2/Shank3 in excitatory spines and synapses. ProSAP2/Shank3 co-immunoprecipitates with ProSAPiP1 but not with PSD-Zip70. Both proteins, however, bind and recruit SPAR to synapses with a central coiled-coil region that harbors a leucine zipper motif. This region is also responsible for homo- and heteromultimerization of ProSAPiP1 and PSD-Zip70. Thus, ProSAPiP1 and PSD-Zip70 are founders of a novel family of scaffolding proteins, the "Fezzins," which adds further complexity to the organization of the PSD protein network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Wendholt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Spilker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Dolnik
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- AG Molecular Mechanisms of Plasticity, Department of Neurochemistry/Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kenji Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- AG Molecular Mechanisms of Plasticity, Department of Neurochemistry/Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- AG Molecular Mechanisms of Plasticity, Department of Neurochemistry/Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany,.
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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39
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Zhang H, Maximov A, Fu Y, Xu F, Tang TS, Tkatch T, Surmeier DJ, Bezprozvanny I. Association of CaV1.3 L-type calcium channels with Shank. J Neurosci 2005; 25:1037-49. [PMID: 15689539 PMCID: PMC6725973 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4554-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons express multiple types of voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels. Two subtypes of neuronal L-type Ca2+ channels are encoded by CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 pore-forming subunits. Both CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 subunits contain class I PDZ (postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1) domain-binding consensus at their C termini. In yeast two-hybrid screen of rat brain cDNA library with the C-terminal bait of CaV1.3a (long C-terminal splice variant) L-type Ca2+ channel subunit, we isolated multiple clones of postsynaptic adaptor protein Shank. We demonstrated a specific association of CaV1.3a C termini, but not of CaV1.2 C termini, with Shank PDZ domain in vitro. We further demonstrated that the proline-rich region present in C termini of CaV1.3a subunit binds to Shank Src homology 3 domain. We established that CaV1.3a and Shank localized to postsynaptic locations in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. By expressing epitope-tagged recombinant CaV1.3 subunits in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures, we demonstrated that the presence of Shank-binding motifs in CaV1.3a sequence is both necessary and sufficient for synaptic clustering of CaV1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels. In experiments with dominant-negative peptides and dihydropyridine-resistant CaV1.3a mutants, we demonstrated an importance of Shank-binding motif in CaV1.3a sequence for phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) signaling in cultured hippocampal neurons. Our results directly link CaV1.3 neuronal L-type Ca2+ channels to macromolecular signaling complex formed by Shank and other modular adaptor proteins at postsynaptic density and provide novel information about the role played by CaV1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels in pCREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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40
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Boeckers TM, Liedtke T, Spilker C, Dresbach T, Bockmann J, Kreutz MR, Gundelfinger ED. C-terminal synaptic targeting elements for postsynaptic density proteins ProSAP1/Shank2 and ProSAP2/Shank3. J Neurochem 2005; 92:519-24. [PMID: 15659222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are specialized contact sites mediating communication between neurons. Synaptogenesis requires the specific assembly of protein clusters at both sides of the synaptic contact by mechanisms that are barely understood. We studied the synaptic targeting of multi-domain proteins of the ProSAP/Shank family thought to serve as master scaffolding molecules of the postsynaptic density. In contrast to Shank1, expression of green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ProSAP1/Shank2 and ProSAP2/Shank3 deletion constructs in hippocampal neurons revealed that their postsynaptic localization relies on the integrity of the C-termini. The shortest construct that was perfectly targeted to synaptic sites included the last 417 amino acids of ProSAP1/Shank2 and included the C-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. Removal of 54 residues from the N-terminus of this construct resulted in a diffuse distribution in the cytoplasm. Altogether, our data delineate a hitherto unknown targeting signal in both ProSAP1/Shank2 and ProSAP2/Shank3 and provide evidence for an implication of these proteins and their close homologue, Shank1, in distinct molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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41
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Schuetz G, Rosário M, Grimm J, Boeckers TM, Gundelfinger ED, Birchmeier W. The neuronal scaffold protein Shank3 mediates signaling and biological function of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret in epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 167:945-52. [PMID: 15569713 PMCID: PMC2172453 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200404108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shank proteins, initially also described as ProSAP proteins, are scaffolding adaptors that have been previously shown to integrate neurotransmitter receptors into the cortical cytoskeleton at postsynaptic densities. We show here that Shank proteins are also crucial in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. The PDZ domain–containing Shank3 protein was found to represent a novel interaction partner of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret, which binds specifically to a PDZ-binding motif present in the Ret9 but not in the Ret51 isoform. Furthermore, we show that Ret9 but not Ret51 induces epithelial cells to form branched tubular structures in three-dimensional cultures in a Shank3-dependent manner. Ret9 but not Ret51 has been previously shown to be required for kidney development. Shank3 protein mediates sustained Erk–MAPK and PI3K signaling, which is crucial for tubule formation, through recruitment of the adaptor protein Grb2. These results demonstrate that the Shank3 adaptor protein can mediate cellular signaling, and provide a molecular mechanism for the biological divergence between the Ret9 and Ret51 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schuetz
- MaxDelbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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42
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McWilliams RR, Gidey E, Fouassier L, Weed SA, Doctor RB. Characterization of an ankyrin repeat-containing Shank2 isoform (Shank2E) in liver epithelial cells. Biochem J 2004; 380:181-91. [PMID: 14977424 PMCID: PMC1224161 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shank proteins are a family of multidomain scaffolding proteins best known for their role in organizing the postsynaptic density region in neurons. Unlike Shank1 and Shank3, Shank2 [also known as Pro-SAP1 (proline-rich synapse-associated protein 1), CortBP1 (cortactin binding protein 1) or Spank-3] has been described as a truncated family member without an N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain. The present study utilized bioinformatics to demonstrate the presence of exons encoding ankyrin repeats in the region preceding the previously described Shank2 gene. cDNA sequencing of mRNA from epithelial cells revealed a novel spliceoform of Shank2, termed Shank2E, that encodes a predicted 200 kDa protein with six N-terminal ankyrin repeats. Shank2 mRNA from epithelial tissues was larger than transcripts in brain. Likewise, the apparent mass of Shank2 protein was larger in epithelial tissues (230 kDa) when compared with brain (165/180 kDa). Immunofluorescence and membrane fractionation found Shank2E concentrated at the apical membrane of liver epithelial cells. In cultured cholangiocytes, co-immunoprecipitation and detergent solubility studies revealed Shank2E complexed with actin and co-distributed with actin in detergent-insoluble lipid rafts. These findings indicate epithelial cells express an ankyrin repeat-containing Shank2 isoform, termed Shank2E, that is poised to co-ordinate actin-dependent events at the apical membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R McWilliams
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80439, USA
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Böckers TM, Segger-Junius M, Iglauer P, Bockmann J, Gundelfinger ED, Kreutz MR, Richter D, Kindler S, Kreienkamp HJ. Differential expression and dendritic transcript localization of Shank family members: identification of a dendritic targeting element in the 3' untranslated region of Shank1 mRNA. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:182-90. [PMID: 15121189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank proteins are scaffolding proteins in the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. In situ hybridization revealed that Shank1/SSTRIP and Shank2/ProSAP1 mRNAs are widely expressed early in postnatal brain development whereas Shank3/ProSAP2 expression increases during postnatal development especially in the cerebellum and thalamus. Shank1 and Shank3 (but not Shank2) mRNAs are present in the molecular layers of the hippocampus, consistent with a dendritic transcript localization. Shank1 and Shank2 transcripts are detectable in the dendritic fields of Purkinje cells, whereas Shank3 mRNA is restricted to cerebellar granule cells. The appearance of dendritic Shank mRNAs in cerebellar Purkinje cells coincides with the onset of dendrite formation. Expression of reporter transcripts in hippocampal neurons identifies a 200-nucleotide dendritic targeting element (DTE) in the Shank1 mRNA. The widespread presence of Shank mRNAs in dendrites suggests a role for local synthesis of Shanks in response to stimuli that induce alterations in synaptic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Böckers
- Institut für Anatomie Westfälishe Wilhelms-Universität-Münster, Germany
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Uemura T, Mori H, Mishina M. Direct interaction of GluRδ2 with Shank scaffold proteins in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:330-41. [PMID: 15207857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor (GluR) delta2 selectively expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells plays a central role in cerebellar long-term depression (LTD), motor learning, and formation of parallel fiber synapses. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified members of the Shank family of scaffold proteins as major GluRdelta2-interacting molecules. GluRdelta2 bound directly to the PDZ domain of Shank proteins through an internal motif in the carboxyl-terminal putative cytoplasmic domain. Shank1 and Shank2 proteins as well as GluRdelta2 proteins were localized in the dendritic spines of cultured Purkinje cells. Anti-GluRdelta2 antibodies immunoprecipitated Shank1, Shank2, Homer, and metabotropic GluR1alpha proteins from the synaptosomal membrane fractions of cerebella. Furthermore, Shank2 interacted with GRIP1 in the cerebellum. These results suggest that through Shank1 and Shank2, GluRdelta2 interacts with the metabotropic GluR1alpha, the AMPA-type GluR, and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) that are essential for cerebellar LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and Japan; SORST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Qualmann B, Boeckers TM, Jeromin M, Gundelfinger ED, Kessels MM. Linkage of the actin cytoskeleton to the postsynaptic density via direct interactions of Abp1 with the ProSAP/Shank family. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2481-95. [PMID: 15014124 PMCID: PMC6729500 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5479-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic contacts contain elaborate cytomatrices on both sides of the synaptic cleft, which are believed to organize and link the different synaptic functions in time and space and can respond to different inner and outer cues with massive structural reorganizations. At the PSD (postsynaptic density), activity-dependent reorganizations of the cortical actin cytoskeleton are hypothesized to play a role in synaptic plasticity. Here, we report on interactions of the F-actin binding protein Abp1 with members of the ProSAP/Shank family: multidomain scaffolding PSD proteins interconnecting glutamate receptors with other synaptic components. Affinity-purification experiments demonstrate that the interactions are mediated by the Abp1 (actin-binding protein 1) SH3 (Src homology 3) domain, which associates with a proline-rich motif that is conserved within the C-terminal parts of ProSAP1(proline-rich synapse-associated protein 1)/Shank2 and ProSAP2/Shank3. The distribution of Abp1, ProSAP1, and ProSAP2 overlaps within the brain, and all three proteins are part of the PSD and are particularly enriched in cortex and hippocampus. Coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous Abp1 and ProSAP2 and colocalization studies of Abp1 and ProSAPs in hippocampal neurons indicate the in vivo relevance of the interactions. Intriguingly, in vivo recruitment assays demonstrate that Abp1 can bind to dynamic F-actin structures and ProSAPs simultaneously, suggesting that Abp1 might link different organizing elements in the PSD. Importantly, different paradigms of neuronal stimulation induce a redistribution of Abp1 to ProSAP-containing synapses. Our data suggest that ProSAPs may serve to localize Abp1 to dendritic spines, thus serving as attachment points for the dynamic postsynaptic cortical actin cytoskeleton. This creates a functional connection between synaptic stimulation and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Qualmann
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany
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Jee C, Lee J, Lee JI, Lee WH, Park BJ, Yu JR, Park E, Kim E, Ahnn J. SHN-1, a Shank homologue inC. elegans, affects defecation rhythm via the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:29-36. [PMID: 15013747 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein localization in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of neurons is mediated by scaffolding proteins such as PSD-95 and Shank, which ensure proper function of receptors at the membrane. The Shank family of scaffolding proteins contain PDZ (PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1) domains and have been implicated in the localizations of many receptor proteins including glutamate receptors in mammals. We have identified and characterized shn-1, the only homologue of Shank in Caenorhabditis elegans. The shn-1 gene shows approximately 40% identity over 1000 amino acids to rat Shanks. SHN-1 protein is localized in various tissues including neurons, pharynx and intestine. RNAi suppression of SHN-1 did not cause lethality or developmental abnormality. However, suppression of SHN-1 in the itr-1 (sa73) mutant, which has a defective inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor, resulted in animals with altered defecation rhythm. Our data suggest a possible role of SHN-1 in affecting function of IP(3) receptors in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Jee
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Kwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Im YJ, Lee JH, Park SH, Park SJ, Rho SH, Kang GB, Kim E, Eom SH. Crystal structure of the Shank PDZ-ligand complex reveals a class I PDZ interaction and a novel PDZ-PDZ dimerization. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:48099-104. [PMID: 12954649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306919200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shank/proline-rich synapse-associated protein family of multidomain proteins is known to play an important role in the organization of synaptic multiprotein complexes. For instance, the Shank PDZ domain binds to the C termini of guanylate kinase-associated proteins, which in turn interact with the guanylate kinase domain of postsynaptic density-95 scaffolding proteins. Here we describe the crystal structures of Shank1 PDZ in its peptide free form and in complex with the C-terminal hexapeptide (EAQTRL) of guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP1a) determined at 1.8- and 2.25-A resolutions, respectively. The structure shows the typical class I PDZ interaction of PDZ-peptide complex with the consensus sequence -X-(Thr/Ser)-X-Leu. In addition, Asp-634 within the Shank1 PDZ domain recognizes the positively charged Arg at -1 position and hydrogen bonds, and salt bridges between Arg-607 and the side chains of the ligand at -3 and -5 positions contribute further to the recognition of the peptide ligand. Remarkably, whether free or complexed, Shank1 PDZ domains form dimers with a conserved beta B/beta C loop and N-terminal beta A strands, suggesting a novel model of PDZ-PDZ homodimerization. This implies that antiparallel dimerization through the N-terminal beta A strands could be a common configuration among PDZ dimers. Within the dimeric structure, the two-peptide binding sites are arranged so that the N termini of the bound peptide ligands are in close proximity and oriented toward the 2-fold axis of the dimer. This configuration may provide a means of facilitating dimeric organization of PDZ-target assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Im
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Kajimoto Y, Shirakawa O, Lin XH, Hashimoto T, Kitamura N, Murakami N, Takumi T, Maeda K. Synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (SAPAP) is expressed differentially in phencyclidine-treated rats and is increased in the nucleus accumbens of patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1831-9. [PMID: 12784099 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) induces a psychotomimetic state that closely resembles schizophrenia. Therefore, PCP-treated animals can provide a model for schizophrenia. Using differential display, we identified a gene regulated by the delayed action of PCP in rat nucleus accumbens (NAcs). Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA clone obtained was identical to rat synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein 1 (SAPAP1). Quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis showed that SAPAP1 mRNA had increased significantly in rat NAc (P<0.0001) and hippocampus (P<0.01) 24 h after a PCP (10 mg/kg) injection as compared to the controls. Immunoquantification using an anti-SAPAP1 antibody indicated that immunoreactivity for SAPAP1 increased significantly (P&<0.05) in the NAcs of unmedicated patients with schizophrenia, as compared to the control subjects and medicated patients with schizophrenia. Our findings support the hypothesis that there is abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia and show evidence of abnormalities in the intracellular signal transduction via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kajimoto
- Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Inhibition of dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic transmission by activity-inducible protein Homer1a. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12867517 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-15-06327.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins Shank and Homer cooperate to induce the maturation and enlargement of dendritic spines (Sala et al., 2001). Homer1a is an activity-inducible short-splice variant of Homer that lacks dimerization capacity. Here, we show that Homer1a reduces the density and size of dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal neurons in correlation with an inhibition of Shank targeting to synapses. Expression of Homer1a also decreases the size of PSD-95 clusters, the number of NMDA receptor clusters, and the level of surface AMPA receptors, implying a negative effect on the growth of synapses. In parallel with the morphological effects on synapses, Homer1a-expressing neurons show diminished AMPA and NMDA receptor postsynaptic currents. All of these outcomes required the integrity of the Ena/VASP Homology 1 domain of Homer1a that mediates binding to the PPXXF motif in Shank and other binding partners. Overexpression of the C-terminal region of Shank containing the Homer binding site causes effects similar to those of Homer1a. These data indicate that an association between Shank and the constitutively expressed long-splice variants of Homer (e.g., Homer1b/c) is important for maintaining dendritic-spine structure and synaptic function. Because Homer1a expression is induced by synaptic activity, our results suggest that this splice variant of Homer operates in a negative feedback loop to regulate the structure and function of synapses in an activity-dependent manner.
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Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, Park D, Sheng M, Kim E. The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:19220-9. [PMID: 12626503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301052200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shank/ProSAP family of multidomain proteins is known to play an important role in organizing synaptic multiprotein complexes. Here we report a novel interaction between Shank and beta PIX, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rac1 and Cdc42 small GTPases. This interaction is mediated by the PDZ domain of Shank and the C-terminal leucine zipper domain and the PDZ domain-binding motif at the extreme C terminus of beta PIX. Shank colocalizes with beta PIX at excitatory synaptic sites in cultured neurons. In brain, Shank forms a complex with beta PIX and beta PIX-associated signaling molecules including p21-associated kinase (PAK), an effector kinase of Rac1/Cdc42. Importantly, overexpression of Shank in cultured neurons promotes synaptic accumulation of beta PIX and PAK. Considering the involvement of Rac1 and PAK in spine dynamics, these results suggest that Shank recruits beta PIX and PAK to spines for the regulation of postsynaptic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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