1
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Seki S, Miyata T, Norioka N, Tanaka H, Kurisu G, Namba K, Fujii R. Structure-based validation of recombinant light-harvesting complex II. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae405. [PMID: 39346626 PMCID: PMC11428208 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) captures sunlight and dissipates excess energy to drive photosynthesis. To elucidate this mechanism, the individual optical properties of pigments in the LHCII protein must be identified. In vitro reconstitution with apoproteins synthesized by Escherichia coli and pigment-lipid mixtures from natural sources is an effective approach; however, the local environment surrounding each pigment within reconstituted LHCII (rLHCII) has only been indirectly estimated using spectroscopic and biochemical methods. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the 3D structure of the rLHCII trimer and found that rLHCII exhibited a structure that was virtually identical to that of native LHCII, with a few exceptions: some C-terminal amino acids were not visible, likely due to aggregation of the His-tags; a carotenoid at the V1 site was not visible; and at site 614 showed mixed occupancy by both chlorophyll a and b molecules. Our observations confirmed the applicability of the in vitro reconstitution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Seki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Miyata
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Norioka
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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2
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Ranepura GA, Mao J, Vermaas JV, Wang J, Gisriel CJ, Wei RJ, Ortiz-Soto J, Uddin MR, Amin M, Brudvig GW, Gunner MR. Computing the Relative Affinity of Chlorophylls a and b to Light-Harvesting Complex II. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10974-10986. [PMID: 38097367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants and algae, the primary antenna protein bound to photosystem II is light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), a pigment-protein complex that binds eight chlorophyll (Chl) a molecules and six Chl b molecules. Chl a and Chl b differ only in that Chl a has a methyl group (-CH3) on one of its pyrrole rings, while Chl b has a formyl group (-CHO) at that position. This blue-shifts the Chl b absorbance relative to Chl a. It is not known how the protein selectively binds the right Chl type at each site. Knowing the selection criteria would allow the design of light-harvesting complexes that bind different Chl types, modifying an organism to utilize the light of different wavelengths. The difference in the binding affinity of Chl a and Chl b in pea and spinach LHCII was calculated using multiconformation continuum electrostatics and free energy perturbation. Both methods have identified some Chl sites where the bound Chl type (a or b) has a significantly higher affinity, especially when the protein provides a hydrogen bond for the Chl b formyl group. However, the Chl a sites often have little calculated preference for one Chl type, so they are predicted to bind a mixture of Chl a and b. The electron density of the spinach LHCII was reanalyzed, which, however, confirmed that there is negligible Chl b in the Chl a-binding sites. It is suggested that the protein chooses the correct Chl type during folding, segregating the preferred Chl to the correct binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A Ranepura
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Junjun Mao
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Christopher J Gisriel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Rongmei Judy Wei
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jose Ortiz-Soto
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Md Raihan Uddin
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Muhamed Amin
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood, Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M R Gunner
- PhD Program in Physics, in Chemistry and in Biochemistry at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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3
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Kolackova M, Janova A, Dobesova M, Zvalova M, Chaloupsky P, Krystofova O, Adam V, Huska D. Role of secondary metabolites in distressed microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115392. [PMID: 36746204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proficient photosynthetic microalgae/cyanobacteria produce a remarkable amount of various biomolecules. Secondary metabolites (SM) represent high value products for global biotrend application. Production improvement can be achieved by nutritional, environmental, and physiological stress as a first line tools for their stimulation. In recent decade, an increasing interest in algal stress biology and omics techniques have deepened knowledge in this area. However, deep understanding and connection of specific stress elucidator are missing. Hence, the present review summarizes recent evidence with an emphasis on the carotenoids, phenolic, and less-discussed compounds (glycerol, proline, mycosporins-like amino acids). Even when they are synthesized at very low concentrations, it highlights the need to expand knowledge in this area using genome-editing tools and omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kolackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Janova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Dobesova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Zvalova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Chaloupsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Huska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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4
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van den Berg TE, Croce R. The Loroxanthin Cycle: A New Type of Xanthophyll Cycle in Green Algae (Chlorophyta). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:797294. [PMID: 35251077 PMCID: PMC8891138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.797294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophyll cycles (XC) have proven to be major contributors to photoacclimation for many organisms. This work describes a light-driven XC operating in the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and involving the xanthophylls Lutein (L) and Loroxanthin (Lo). Pigments were quantified during a switch from high to low light (LL) and at different time points from cells grown in Day/Night cycle. Trimeric LHCII was purified from cells acclimated to high or LL and their pigment content and spectroscopic properties were characterized. The Lo/(L + Lo) ratio in the cells varies by a factor of 10 between cells grown in low or high light (HL) leading to a change in the Lo/(L + Lo) ratio in trimeric LHCII from .5 in low light to .07 in HL. Trimeric LhcbMs binding Loroxanthin have 5 ± 1% higher excitation energy (EE) transfer (EET) from carotenoid to Chlorophyll as well as higher thermo- and photostability than trimeric LhcbMs that only bind Lutein. The Loroxanthin cycle operates on long time scales (hours to days) and likely evolved as a shade adaptation. It has many similarities with the Lutein-epoxide - Lutein cycle (LLx) of plants.
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5
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Giovagnetti V, Jaubert M, Shukla MK, Ungerer P, Bouly JP, Falciatore A, Ruban AV. Biochemical and molecular properties of LHCX1, the essential regulator of dynamic photoprotection in diatoms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:509-525. [PMID: 34595530 PMCID: PMC8774712 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Light harvesting is regulated by a process triggered by the acidification of the thylakoid lumen, known as nonphotochemical "energy-dependent quenching" (qE). In diatoms, qE is controlled by the light-harvesting complex (LHC) protein LHCX1, while the LHC stress-related (LHCSR) and photosystem II subunit S proteins are essential for green algae and plants, respectively. Here, we report a biochemical and molecular characterization of LHCX1 to investigate its role in qE. We found that, when grown under intermittent light, Phaeodactylum tricornutum forms very large qE, due to LHCX1 constitutive upregulation. This "super qE" is abolished in LHCX1 knockout mutants. Biochemical and spectroscopic analyses of LHCX1 reveal that this protein might differ in the character of binding pigments relative to the major pool of light-harvesting antenna proteins. The possibility of transient pigment binding or not binding pigments at all is discussed. Targeted mutagenesis of putative protonatable residues (D95 and E205) in transgenic P. tricornutum lines does not alter qE capacity, showing that they are not involved in sensing lumen pH, differently from residues conserved in LHCSR3. Our results suggest functional divergence between LHCX1 and LHCSR3 in qE modulation. We propose that LHCX1 evolved independently to facilitate dynamic tracking of light fluctuations in turbulent waters. The evolution of LHCX(-like) proteins in organisms with secondary red plastids, such as diatoms, might have conferred a selective advantage in the control of dynamic photoprotection, ultimately resulting in their ecological success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Giovagnetti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Marianne Jaubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Micro-algues, UMR7141, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mahendra K Shukla
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Petra Ungerer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouly
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Micro-algues, UMR7141, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Angela Falciatore
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Micro-algues, UMR7141, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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6
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Son M, Moya R, Pinnola A, Bassi R, Schlau-Cohen GS. Protein-Protein Interactions Induce pH-Dependent and Zeaxanthin-Independent Photoprotection in the Plant Light-Harvesting Complex, LHCII. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17577-17586. [PMID: 34648708 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants use energy from the sun yet also require protection against the generation of deleterious photoproducts from excess energy. Photoprotection in green plants, known as nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), involves thermal dissipation of energy and is activated by a series of interrelated factors: a pH drop in the lumen, accumulation of the carotenoid zeaxanthin (Zea), and formation of arrays of pigment-containing antenna complexes. However, understanding their individual contributions and their interactions has been challenging, particularly for the antenna arrays, which are difficult to manipulate in vitro. Here, we achieved systematic and discrete control over the array size for the principal antenna complex, light-harvesting complex II, using near-native in vitro membranes called nanodiscs. Each of the factors had a distinct influence on the level of dissipation, which was characterized by measurements of fluorescence quenching and ultrafast chlorophyll-to-carotenoid energy transfer. First, an increase in array size led to a corresponding increase in dissipation; the dramatic changes in the chlorophyll dynamics suggested that this is due to an allosteric conformational change of the protein. Second, a pH drop increased dissipation but exclusively in the presence of protein-protein interactions. Third, no Zea dependence was identified which suggested that Zea regulates a distinct aspect of NPQ. Collectively, these results indicate that each factor provides a separate type of control knob for photoprotection, which likely enables a flexible and tunable response to solar fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Son
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Raymundo Moya
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alberta Pinnola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.,Accademia Nazionale di Lincei, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriela S Schlau-Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Pan X, Tokutsu R, Li A, Takizawa K, Song C, Murata K, Yamasaki T, Liu Z, Minagawa J, Li M. Structural basis of LhcbM5-mediated state transitions in green algae. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1119-1131. [PMID: 34239095 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In green algae and plants, state transitions serve as a short-term light-acclimation process in the regulation of the light-harvesting capacity of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII, respectively). During the process, a portion of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) is phosphorylated, dissociated from PSII and binds with PSI to form the supercomplex PSI-LHCI-LHCII. Here, we report high-resolution structures of PSI-LHCI-LHCII from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, revealing the mechanism of assembly between the PSI-LHCI complex and two phosphorylated LHCII trimers containing all four types of LhcbM protein. Two specific LhcbM isoforms, namely LhcbM1 and LhcbM5, directly interact with the PSI core through their phosphorylated amino terminal regions. Furthermore, biochemical and functional studies on mutant strains lacking either LhcbM1 or LhcbM5 indicate that only LhcbM5 is indispensable in supercomplex formation. The results unravel the specific interactions and potential excitation energy transfer routes between green algal PSI and two phosphorylated LHCIIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Anjie Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kenji Takizawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Astrobiology Centre, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Chihong Song
- Exploratory Research Centre on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- Exploratory Research Centre on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tomohito Yamasaki
- Science and Technology Department, Natural Science Cluster, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Minagawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Lehmann M, Vamvaka E, Torrado A, Jahns P, Dann M, Rosenhammer L, Aziba A, Leister D, Rühle T. Introduction of the Carotenoid Biosynthesis α-Branch Into Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for Lutein Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699424. [PMID: 34295345 PMCID: PMC8291087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lutein, made by the α-branch of the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, is one of the most abundant xanthophylls in plants. It is involved in the structural stabilization of light-harvesting complexes, transfer of excitation energy to chlorophylls and photoprotection. In contrast, lutein and the α-branch of the MEP pathway are not present in cyanobacteria. In this study, we genetically engineered the cyanobacterium Synechocystis for the missing MEP α-branch resulting in lutein accumulation. A cassette comprising four Arabidopsis thaliana genes coding for two lycopene cyclases (AtLCYe and AtLCYb) and two hydroxylases (AtCYP97A and AtCYP97C) was introduced into a Synechocystis strain that lacks the endogenous, cyanobacterial lycopene cyclase cruA. The resulting synlut strain showed wild-type growth and only moderate changes in total pigment composition under mixotrophic conditions, indicating that the cruA deficiency can be complemented by Arabidopsis lycopene cyclases leaving the endogenous β-branch intact. A combination of liquid chromatography, UV-Vis detection and mass spectrometry confirmed a low but distinct synthesis of lutein at rates of 4.8 ± 1.5 nmol per liter culture at OD730 (1.03 ± 0.47 mmol mol-1 chlorophyll). In conclusion, synlut provides a suitable platform to study the α-branch of the plastidic MEP pathway and other functions related to lutein in a cyanobacterial host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lehmann
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evgenia Vamvaka
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alejandro Torrado
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Dann
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Rosenhammer
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amel Aziba
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Levin G, Kulikovsky S, Liveanu V, Eichenbaum B, Meir A, Isaacson T, Tadmor Y, Adir N, Schuster G. The desert green algae Chlorella ohadii thrives at excessively high light intensities by exceptionally enhancing the mechanisms that protect photosynthesis from photoinhibition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1260-1277. [PMID: 33725388 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although light is the driving force of photosynthesis, excessive light can be harmful. One of the main processes that limits photosynthesis is photoinhibition, the process of light-induced photodamage. When the absorbed light exceeds the amount that is dissipated by photosynthetic electron flow and other processes, damaging radicals are formed that mostly inactivate photosystem II (PSII). Damaged PSII must be replaced by a newly repaired complex in order to preserve full photosynthetic activity. Chlorella ohadii is a green microalga, isolated from biological desert soil crusts, that thrives under extreme high light and is highly resistant to photoinhibition. Therefore, C. ohadii is an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying protection against photoinhibition. Comparison of the thylakoids of C. ohadii cells that were grown under low light versus extreme high light intensities found that the alga employs all three known photoinhibition protection mechanisms: (i) massive reduction of the PSII antenna size; (ii) accumulation of protective carotenoids; and (iii) very rapid repair of photodamaged reaction center proteins. This work elucidated the molecular mechanisms of photoinhibition resistance in one of the most light-tolerant photosynthetic organisms, and shows how photoinhibition protection mechanisms evolved to marginal conditions, enabling photosynthesis-dependent life in severe habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Levin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ayala Meir
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Tal Isaacson
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gadi Schuster
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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10
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Khan T, Litvín R, Šebelík V, Polívka T. Excited-State Evolution of Keto-Carotenoids after Excess Energy Excitation in the UV Region. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:471-480. [PMID: 33373476 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are molecules with rich photophysics that are in many biological systems involved in photoprotection. Yet, their response to excess energy excitation is only scarcely studied. Here we have explored excited state properties of three keto-carotenoids, echinenone, canthaxanthin and rhodoxanthin after excess energy excitation to a singlet state absorbing in UV. Though the basic spectral features and kinetics of S2 , hot S1 , relaxed S1 states remain unchanged upon UV excitation, the clear increase of the S* signal is observed after excess energy excitation, associated with increased S* lifetime. A multiple origin of the S* signal, originating either from specific conformations in the S1 state or from a non-equilibrated ground state, is confirmed in this work. We propose that the increased amount of energy stored in molecular vibrations, induced by the UV excitation, is the reason for the enhanced S* signal observed after UV excitation. Our data also suggest that a fraction of the UV excited state population may proceed through a non-sequential pathway, bypassing the S2 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Khan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Litvín
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Šebelík
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Polívka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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11
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Mascoli V, Liguori N, Cupellini L, Elias E, Mennucci B, Croce R. Uncovering the interactions driving carotenoid binding in light-harvesting complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5113-5122. [PMID: 34163750 PMCID: PMC8179543 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential constituents of plant light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), being involved in protein stability, light harvesting, and photoprotection. Unlike chlorophylls, whose binding to LHCs is known to require coordination of the central magnesium, carotenoid binding relies on weaker intermolecular interactions (such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces), whose character is far more elusive. Here we addressed the key interactions responsible for carotenoid binding to LHCs by combining molecular dynamics simulations and polarizable quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations on the major LHC, LHCII. We found that carotenoid binding is mainly stabilized by van der Waals interactions with the surrounding chlorophyll macrocycles rather than by hydrogen bonds to the protein, the latter being more labile than predicted from structural data. Furthermore, the interaction network in the binding pockets is relatively insensitive to the chemical structure of the embedded carotenoid. Our results are consistent with a number of experimental data and challenge the role played by specific interactions in the assembly of pigment-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mascoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nicoletta Liguori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Eduard Elias
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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12
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Kuppusamy T, Hahne D, Ranathunge K, Lambers H, Finnegan PM. Delayed greening in phosphorus-efficient Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) is a photoprotective and nutrient-saving strategy. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:218-230. [PMID: 33099325 DOI: 10.1071/fp19285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hakea prostrata R.Br. (Proteaceae) shows a 'delayed greening' strategy of leaf development characterised by reddish young leaves that become green as they mature. This trait may contribute to efficient use of phosphorus (P) during leaf development by first investing P in the development of leaf structure followed by maturation of the photosynthetic machinery. In this study, we investigated the properties of delayed greening in a highly P-efficient species to enhance our understanding of the ecological significance of this trait as a nutrient-saving and photoprotective strategy. In glasshouse-grown plants, we assessed foliar pigments, fatty acids and nutrient composition across five leaf developmental stages. Young leaves had higher concentrations of anthocyanin, P, nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), xanthophyll-cycle pigments and saturated fatty acids than mature leaves. As leaves developed, the concentration of anthocyanins decreased, whereas that of chlorophyll and the double bond index of fatty acids increased. In mature leaves, ~60% of the fatty acids was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Mature leaves also had higher concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) than young leaves. We conclude that delayed greening in H. prostrata is a strategy that saves P as well as N and Cu through sequential allocation of these resources, first to cell production and structural development, and then to supplement chloroplast development. This strategy also protects young leaves against photodamage and oxidative stress during leaf expansion under high-light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurugen Kuppusamy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Dorothee Hahne
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick M Finnegan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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13
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Combined dynamics of the 500-600 nm leaf absorption and chlorophyll fluorescence changes in vivo: Evidence for the multifunctional energy quenching role of xanthophylls. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148351. [PMID: 33285101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids (Cars) regulate the energy flow towards the reaction centres in a versatile way whereby the switch between energy harvesting and dissipation is strongly modulated by the operation of the xanthophyll cycles. However, the cascade of molecular mechanisms during the change from light harvesting to energy dissipation remains spectrally poorly understood. By characterizing the in vivo absorbance changes (ΔA) of leaves from four species in the 500-600 nm range through a Gaussian decomposition, while measuring passively simultaneous Chla fluorescence (F) changes, we present a direct observation of the quick antenna adjustments during a 3-min dark-to-high-light induction. Underlying spectral behaviours of the 500-600 nm ΔA feature can be characterized by a minimum set of three Gaussians distinguishing very quick dynamics during the first minute. Our results show the parallel trend of two Gaussian components and the prompt Chla F quenching. Further, we observe similar quick kinetics between the relative behaviour of these components and the in vivo formations of antheraxanthin (Ant) and zeaxanthin (Zea), in parallel with the dynamic quenching of singlet excited chlorophyll a (1Chla*) states. After these simultaneous quick kinetical behaviours of ΔA and F during the first minute, the 500-600 nm feature continues to increase, indicating a further enhanced absorption driven by the centrally located Gaussian until 3 min after sudden light exposure. Observing these precise underlying kinetic trends of the spectral behaviour in the 500-600 nm region shows the large potential of in vivo leaf spectroscopy to bring new insights on the quick redistribution and relaxation of excitation energy, indicating a key role for both Ant and Zea.
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14
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Saccon F, Durchan M, Polívka T, Ruban AV. The robustness of the terminal emitter site in major LHCII complexes controls xanthophyll function during photoprotection. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1308-1318. [PMID: 32815966 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophylls in light harvesting complexes perform a number of functions ranging from structural support to light-harvesting and photoprotection. In the major light harvesting complex of photosystem II in plants (LHCII), the innermost xanthophyll binding pockets are occupied by lutein molecules. The conservation of these sites within the LHC protein family suggests their importance in LHCII functionality. In the present work, we induced the photoprotective switch in LHCII isolated from the Arabidopsis mutant npq1lut2, where the lutein molecules are exchanged with violaxanthin. Despite the differences in the energetics of the pigments and the impairment of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in vivo, we show that isolated complexes containing violaxanthin are still able to induce the quenching switch to a similar extent to wild type LHCII monomers. Moreover, the same spectroscopic changes take place, which suggest the involvement of the terminal emitter site (L1) in energy dissipation in both complexes. These results indicate the robust nature of the L1 xanthophyll binding domain in LHCII, where protein structural cues are the major determinant of the function of the bound carotenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saccon
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Milan Durchan
- University of South Bohemia, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Polívka
- University of South Bohemia, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road E1 4NS, London, UK.
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15
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Photoprotective Role of Neoxanthin in Plants and Algae. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204617. [PMID: 33050573 PMCID: PMC7587190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a paramount parameter driving photosynthesis. However, excessive irradiance leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that cause cell damage and hamper the growth of photosynthetic organisms. Xanthophylls are key pigments involved in the photoprotective response of plants and algae to excessive light. Of particular relevance is the operation of xanthophyll cycles (XC) leading to the formation of de-epoxidized molecules with energy dissipating capacities. Neoxanthin, found in plants and algae in two different isomeric forms, is involved in the light stress response at different levels. This xanthophyll is not directly involved in XCs and the molecular mechanisms behind its photoprotective activity are yet to be fully resolved. This review comprehensively addresses the photoprotective role of 9′-cis-neoxanthin, the most abundant neoxanthin isomer, and one of the major xanthophyll components in plants’ photosystems. The light-dependent accumulation of all-trans-neoxanthin in photosynthetic cells was identified exclusively in algae of the order Bryopsidales (Chlorophyta), that lack a functional XC. A putative photoprotective model involving all-trans-neoxanthin is discussed.
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16
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Xu P, Chukhutsina VU, Nawrocki WJ, Schansker G, Bielczynski LW, Lu Y, Karcher D, Bock R, Croce R. Photosynthesis without β-carotene. eLife 2020; 9:e58984. [PMID: 32975516 PMCID: PMC7609050 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential in oxygenic photosynthesis: they stabilize the pigment-protein complexes, are active in harvesting sunlight and in photoprotection. In plants, they are present as carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives, xanthophylls. While mutant plants lacking xanthophylls are capable of photoautotrophic growth, no plants without carotenes in their photosystems have been reported so far, which has led to the common opinion that carotenes are essential for photosynthesis. Here, we report the first plant that grows photoautotrophically in the absence of carotenes: a tobacco plant containing only the xanthophyll astaxanthin. Surprisingly, both photosystems are fully functional despite their carotenoid-binding sites being occupied by astaxanthin instead of β-carotene or remaining empty (i.e. are not occupied by carotenoids). These plants display non-photochemical quenching, despite the absence of both zeaxanthin and lutein and show that tobacco can regulate the ratio between the two photosystems in a very large dynamic range to optimize electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqi Xu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Volha U Chukhutsina
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Gert Schansker
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ludwik W Bielczynski
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Yinghong Lu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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17
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Artes Vivancos JM, van Stokkum IHM, Saccon F, Hontani Y, Kloz M, Ruban A, van Grondelle R, Kennis JTM. Unraveling the Excited-State Dynamics and Light-Harvesting Functions of Xanthophylls in Light-Harvesting Complex II Using Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17346-17355. [PMID: 32878439 PMCID: PMC7564077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photosynthesis
in plants starts with the capture of photons by
light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). Structural biology and spectroscopy
approaches have led to a map of the architecture and energy transfer
pathways between LHC pigments. Still, controversies remain regarding
the role of specific carotenoids in light-harvesting and photoprotection,
obligating the need for high-resolution techniques capable of identifying
excited-state signatures and molecular identities of the various pigments
in photosynthetic systems. Here we demonstrate the successful application
of femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) to a multichromophoric
biological complex, trimers of LHCII. We demonstrate the application
of global and target analysis (GTA) to FSRS data and utilize it to
quantify excitation migration in LHCII trimers. This powerful combination
of techniques allows us to obtain valuable insights into structural,
electronic, and dynamic information from the carotenoids of LHCII
trimers. We report spectral and dynamical information on ground- and
excited-state vibrational modes of the different pigments, resolving
the vibrational relaxation of the carotenoids and the pathways of
energy transfer to chlorophylls. The lifetimes and spectral characteristics
obtained for the S1 state confirm that lutein 2 has a distorted conformation
in LHCII and that the lutein 2 S1 state does not transfer to chlorophylls,
while lutein 1 is the only carotenoid whose S1 state plays a significant
energy-harvesting role. No appreciable energy transfer takes place
from lutein 1 to lutein 2, contradicting recent proposals regarding
the functions of the various carotenoids (Son et al. Chem.2019, 5 (3), 575–584). Also, our results demonstrate that FSRS can be used in combination
with GTA to simultaneously study the electronic and vibrational landscapes
in LHCs and pave the way for in-depth studies of photoprotective conformations
in photosynthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Artes Vivancos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Science, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ivo H M van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Saccon
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road/E1 4NS London, U.K
| | - Yusaku Hontani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ruban
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road/E1 4NS London, U.K
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John T M Kennis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Efficient photosynthesis in dynamic light environments: a chloroplast's perspective. Biochem J 2020; 476:2725-2741. [PMID: 31654058 PMCID: PMC6792033 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In nature, light availability for photosynthesis can undergo massive changes on a very short timescale. Photosynthesis in such dynamic light environments requires that plants can respond swiftly. Expanding our knowledge of the rapid responses that underlie dynamic photosynthesis is an important endeavor: it provides insights into nature's design of a highly dynamic energy conversion system and hereby can open up new strategies for improving photosynthesis in the field. The present review focuses on three processes that have previously been identified as promising engineering targets for enhancing crop yield by accelerating dynamic photosynthesis, all three of them involving or being linked to processes in the chloroplast, i.e. relaxation of non-photochemical quenching, Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle enzyme activation/deactivation and dynamics of stomatal conductance. We dissect these three processes on the functional and molecular level to reveal gaps in our understanding and critically discuss current strategies to improve photosynthesis in the field.
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19
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Lingvay M, Akhtar P, Sebők-Nagy K, Páli T, Lambrev PH. Photobleaching of Chlorophyll in Light-Harvesting Complex II Increases in Lipid Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 32670321 PMCID: PMC7327537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Excess light causes damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae primarily via reactive oxygen species. Singlet oxygen can be formed by interaction of chlorophyll (Chl) triplet states, especially in the Photosystem II reaction center, with oxygen. Whether Chls in the light-harvesting antenna complexes play direct role in oxidative photodamage is less clear. In this work, light-induced photobleaching of Chls in the major trimeric light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) is investigated in different molecular environments - protein aggregates, embedded in detergent micelles or in reconstituted membranes (proteoliposomes). The effects of intense light treatment were analyzed by absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and EPR spectroscopy. The rate and quantum yield of photobleaching was estimated from the light-induced Chl absorption changes. Photobleaching occurred mainly in Chl a and was accompanied by strong fluorescence quenching of the remaining unbleached Chls. The rate of photobleaching increased by 140% when LHCII was embedded in lipid membranes, compared to detergent-solubilized LHCII. Removing oxygen from the medium or adding antioxidants largely suppressed the bleaching, confirming its oxidative mechanism. Singlet oxygen formation was monitored by EPR spectroscopy using spin traps and spin labels to detect singlet oxygen directly and indirectly, respectively. The quantum yield of Chl a photobleaching in membranes and detergent was found to be 3.4 × 10-5 and 1.4 × 10-5, respectively. These values compare well with the yields of ROS production estimated from spin-trap EPR spectroscopy (around 4 × 10-5 and 2 × 10-5). A kinetic model is proposed, quantifying the generation of Chl and carotenoid triplet states and singlet oxygen. The high quantum yield of photobleaching, especially in the lipid membrane, suggest that direct photodamage of the antenna occurs with rates relevant to photoinhibition in vivo. The results represent further evidence that the molecular environment of LHCII has profound impact on its functional characteristics, including, among others, the susceptibility to photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Lingvay
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Physics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Balevičius V, Duffy CDP. Excitation quenching in chlorophyll-carotenoid antenna systems: 'coherent' or 'incoherent'. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:301-315. [PMID: 32266612 PMCID: PMC7239839 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an essential ability to rapidly down-regulate light-harvesting in response to high light. This photoprotective process involves the formation of energy-quenching interactions between the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments within the antenna of Photosystem II (PSII). The nature of these interactions is currently debated, with, among others, 'incoherent' or 'coherent' quenching models (or a combination of the two) suggested by a range of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. In 'incoherent quenching', energy is transferred from a chlorophyll to a carotenoid and is dissipated due to the intrinsically short excitation lifetime of the latter. 'Coherent quenching' would arise from the quantum mechanical mixing of chlorophyll and carotenoid excited state properties, leading to a reduction in chlorophyll excitation lifetime. The key parameters are the energy gap, [Formula: see text] and the resonance coupling, J, between the two excited states. Coherent quenching will be the dominant process when [Formula: see text] i.e., when the two molecules are resonant, while the quenching will be largely incoherent when [Formula: see text] One would expect quenching to be energetically unfavorable for [Formula: see text] The actual dynamics of quenching lie somewhere between these limiting regimes and have non-trivial dependencies of both J and [Formula: see text] Using the Hierarchical Equation of Motion (HEOM) formalism we present a detailed theoretical examination of these excitation dynamics and their dependence on slow variations in J and [Formula: see text] We first consider an isolated chlorophyll-carotenoid dimer before embedding it within a PSII antenna sub-unit (LHCII). We show that neither energy transfer, nor the mixing of excited state lifetimes represent unique or necessary pathways for quenching and in fact discussing them as distinct quenching mechanisms is misleading. However, we do show that quenching cannot be switched 'on' and 'off' by fine tuning of [Formula: see text] around the resonance point, [Formula: see text] Due to the large reorganization energy of the carotenoid excited state, we find that the presence (or absence) of coherent interactions have almost no impact of the dynamics of quenching. Counter-intuitively significant quenching is present even when the carotenoid excited state lies above that of the chlorophyll. We also show that, above a rather small threshold value of [Formula: see text]quenching becomes less and less sensitive to J (since in the window [Formula: see text] the overall lifetime is independent of it). The requirement for quenching appear to be only that [Formula: see text] Although the coherent/incoherent character of the quenching can vary, the overall kinetics are likely robust with respect to fluctuations in J and [Formula: see text] This may be the basis for previous observations of NPQ with both coherent and incoherent features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Balevičius
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christopher D P Duffy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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21
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Son M, Pinnola A, Schlau-Cohen GS. Zeaxanthin independence of photophysics in light-harvesting complex II in a membrane environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Liu J, Friebe VM, Frese RN, Jones MR. Polychromatic solar energy conversion in pigment-protein chimeras that unite the two kingdoms of (bacterio)chlorophyll-based photosynthesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1542. [PMID: 32210238 PMCID: PMC7093453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis can be divided between the chlorophyll-containing plants, algae and cyanobacteria that make up the oxygenic phototrophs and a diversity of bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria that make up the anoxygenic phototrophs. Photosynthetic light harvesting and reaction centre proteins from both kingdoms have been exploited for solar energy conversion, solar fuel synthesis and sensing technologies, but the energy harvesting abilities of these devices are limited by each protein's individual palette of pigments. In this work we demonstrate a range of genetically-encoded, self-assembling photosystems in which recombinant plant light harvesting complexes are covalently locked with reaction centres from a purple photosynthetic bacterium, producing macromolecular chimeras that display mechanisms of polychromatic solar energy harvesting and conversion. Our findings illustrate the power of a synthetic biology approach in which bottom-up construction of photosystems using naturally diverse but mechanistically complementary components can be achieved in a predictable fashion through the encoding of adaptable, plug-and-play covalent interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntai Liu
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Vincent M Friebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul N Frese
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Jones
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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23
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Gacek DA, Holleboom CP, Liao PN, Negretti M, Croce R, Walla PJ. Carotenoid dark state to chlorophyll energy transfer in isolated light-harvesting complexes CP24 and CP29. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:19-30. [PMID: 31659623 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a comparison of the energy transfer between carotenoid dark states and chlorophylls for the minor complexes CP24 and CP29. To elucidate the potential involvement of certain carotenoid-chlorophyll coupling sites in fluorescence quenching of distinct complexes, varying carotenoid compositions and mutants lacking chlorophylls at specific binding sites were examined. Energy transfers between carotenoid dark states and chlorophylls were compared using the coupling parameter, [Formula: see text], which is calculated from the chlorophyll fluorescence observed after preferential carotenoid two-photon excitation. In CP24, artificial reconstitution with zeaxanthin leads to a significant reduction in the chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yield, [Formula: see text], and a considerable increase in [Formula: see text]. Similar effects of zeaxanthin were also observed in certain samples of CP29. In CP29, also the replacement of violaxanthin by the sole presence of lutein results in a significant quenching and increased [Formula: see text]. In contrast, the replacement of violaxanthin by lutein in CP24 is not significantly increasing [Formula: see text]. In general, these findings provide evidence that modification of the electronic coupling between carotenoid dark states and chlorophylls by changing carotenoids at distinct sites can significantly influence the quenching of these minor proteins, particularly when zeaxanthin or lutein is used. The absence of Chl612 in CP24 and of Chl612 or Chl603 in CP29 has a considerably smaller effect on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] than the influence of some carotenoids reported above. However, in CP29 our results indicate slightly dequenching and decreased [Formula: see text] when these chlorophylls are absent. This might indicate that both, Chl612 and Chl603 are involved in carotenoid-dependent quenching in isolated CP29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Gacek
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Christoph-Peter Holleboom
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Pen-Nan Liao
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Marco Negretti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jomo Walla
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
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Van Wittenberghe S, Alonso L, Malenovský Z, Moreno J. In vivo photoprotection mechanisms observed from leaf spectral absorbance changes showing VIS-NIR slow-induced conformational pigment bed changes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:283-305. [PMID: 31541418 PMCID: PMC6874624 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulated heat dissipation under excessive light comprises a complexity of mechanisms, whereby the supramolecular light-harvesting pigment-protein complex (LHC) shifts state from light harvesting towards heat dissipation, quenching the excess of photo-induced excitation energy in a non-photochemical way. Based on whole-leaf spectroscopy measuring upward and downward spectral radiance fluxes, we studied spectrally contiguous (hyperspectral) transient time series of absorbance A(λ,t) and passively induced chlorophyll fluorescence F(λ,t) dynamics of intact leaves in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths (VIS-NIR, 400-800 nm) after sudden strong natural-like illumination exposure. Besides light avoidance mechanism, we observed on absorbance signatures, calculated from simultaneous reflectance R(λ,t) and transmittance T(λ,t) measurements as A(λ,t) = 1 - R(λ,t) - T(λ,t), major dynamic events with specific onsets and kinetical behaviour. A consistent well-known fast carotenoid absorbance feature (500-570 nm) appears within the first seconds to minutes, seen from both the reflected (backscattered) and transmitted (forward scattered) radiance differences. Simultaneous fast Chl features are observed, either as an increased or decreased scattering behaviour during quick light adjustment consistent with re-organizations of the membrane. The carotenoid absorbance feature shows up simultaneously with a major F decrease and corresponds to the xanthophyll conversion, as quick response to the proton gradient build-up. After xanthophyll conversion (t = 3 min), a kinetically slower but major and smooth absorbance increase was occasionally observed from the transmitted radiance measurements as wide peaks in the green (~ 550 nm) and the near-infrared (~ 750 nm) wavelengths, involving no further F quenching. Surprisingly, in relation to the response to high light, this broad and consistent VIS-NIR feature indicates a slowly induced absorbance increase with a sigmoid kinetical behaviour. In analogy to sub-leaf-level observations, we suggest that this mechanism can be explained by a structure-induced low-energy-shifted energy redistribution involving both Car and Chl. These findings might pave the way towards a further non-invasive spectral investigation of antenna conformations and their relations with energy quenching at the intact leaf level, which is, in combination with F measurements, of a high importance for assessing plant photosynthesis in vivo and in addition from remote observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari Van Wittenberghe
- Laboratory of Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luis Alonso
- Laboratory of Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - Zbyněk Malenovský
- Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 76, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - José Moreno
- Laboratory of Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
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Dikaios I, Schiphorst C, Dall’Osto L, Alboresi A, Bassi R, Pinnola A. Functional analysis of LHCSR1, a protein catalyzing NPQ in mosses, by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:249-264. [PMID: 31270669 PMCID: PMC6874524 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching, NPQ, of chlorophyll fluorescence regulates the heat dissipation of chlorophyll excited states and determines the efficiency of the oxygenic photosynthetic systems. NPQ is regulated by a pH-sensing protein, responding to the chloroplast lumen acidification induced by excess light, coupled to an actuator, a chlorophyll/xanthophyll subunit where quenching reactions are catalyzed. In plants, the sensor is PSBS, while the two pigment-binding proteins Lhcb4 (also known as CP29) and LHCII are the actuators. In algae and mosses, stress-related light-harvesting proteins (LHCSR) comprise both functions of sensor and actuator within a single subunit. Here, we report on expressing the lhcsr1 gene from the moss Physcomitrella patens into several Arabidopsis thaliana npq4 mutants lacking the pH sensing PSBS protein essential for NPQ activity. The heterologous protein LHCSR1 accumulates in thylakoids of A. thaliana and NPQ activity can be partially restored. Complementation of double mutants lacking, besides PSBS, specific xanthophylls, allowed analyzing chromophore requirement for LHCSR-dependent quenching activity. We show that the partial recovery of NPQ is mostly due to the lower levels of Zeaxanthin in A. thaliana in comparison to P. patens. Complemented npq2npq4 mutants, lacking besides PSBS, Zeaxanthin Epoxidase, showed an NPQ recovery of up to 70% in comparison to A. thaliana wild type. Furthermore, we show that Lutein is not essential for the folding nor for the quenching activity of LHCSR1. In short, we have developed a system to study the function of LHCSR proteins using heterologous expression in a variety of A. thaliana mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Dikaios
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
| | | | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bassi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
| | - Alberta Pinnola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100 Italy
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Pan X, Cao P, Su X, Liu Z, Li M. Structural analysis and comparison of light-harvesting complexes I and II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148038. [PMID: 31229568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental biological process involving the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. The initial photochemical and photophysical events of photosynthesis are mediated by photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Both PSII and PSI are multi-subunit supramolecular machineries composed of a core complex and a peripheral antenna system. The antenna system serves to capture light energy and transfer it to the core efficiently. Both PSII and PSI in the green lineage (plants and green algae) and PSI in red algae have an antenna system comprising a series of chlorophyll- and carotenoid-binding membrane proteins belonging to the light-harvesting complex (LHC) superfamily, including LHCII and LHCI. However, the antenna size and subunit composition vary considerably in the two photosystems from diverse organisms. On the basis of the plant and algal LHCII and LHCI structures that have been solved by X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy we review the detailed structural features and characteristic pigment properties of these LHCs in PSII and PSI. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Light harvesting, edited by Dr. Roberta Croce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Sáez PL, Rivera BK, Ramírez CF, Vallejos V, Cavieres LA, Corcuera LJ, Bravo LA. Effects of temperature and water availability on light energy utilization in photosynthetic processes of Deschampsia antarctica. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:511-523. [PMID: 29602170 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regional climate change in Antarctica would favor the carbon assimilation of Antarctic vascular plants, since rising temperatures are approaching their photosynthetic optimum (10-19°C). This could be detrimental for photoprotection mechanisms, mainly those associated with thermal dissipation, making plants more susceptible to eventual drought predicted by climate change models. With the purpose to study the effect of temperature and water availability on light energy utilization and putative adjustments in photoprotective mechanisms of Deschampsia antarctica Desv., plants were collected from two Antarctic provenances: King George Island and Lagotellerie Island. Plants were cultivated at 5, 10 and 16°C under well-watered (WW) and water-deficit (WD, at 35% of the field capacity) conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment content and de-epoxidation state were evaluated. Regardless of provenances, D. antarctica showed similar morphological, biochemical and functional responses to growth temperature. Higher temperature triggered an increase in photochemical activity (i.e. electron transport rate and photochemical quenching), and a decrease in thermal dissipation capacity (i.e. lower xanthophyll pool, Chl a/b and β carotene/neoxanthin ratios). Leaf mass per unit area was reduced at higher temperature, and was only affected in plants exposed to WD at 16°C and exhibiting lower electron transport rate and amount of chlorophylls. D. antarctica is adapted to frequent freezing events, which may induce a form of physiological water stress. Photoprotective responses observed under WD contribute to maintain a stable photochemical activity. Thus, it is possible that short-term temperature increases could favor the photochemical activity of this species. However, long-term effects will depend on the magnitude of changes and the plant's ability to adjust to new growth temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Sáez
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Betsy K Rivera
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Constanza F Ramírez
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Vallejos
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- Laboratorio ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis J Corcuera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción. Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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28
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Popova AV, Dobrev K, Velitchkova M, Ivanov AG. Differential temperature effects on dissipation of excess light energy and energy partitioning in lut2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana under photoinhibitory conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:367-385. [PMID: 29725995 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The high-light-induced alterations in photosynthetic performance of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) as well as effectiveness of dissipation of excessive absorbed light during illumination for different periods of time at room (22 °C) and low (8-10 °C) temperature of leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, wt and lut2, were followed with the aim of unraveling the role of lutein in the process of photoinhibition. Photosynthetic parameters of PSII and PSI were determined on whole leaves by PAM fluorometer and oxygen evolving activity-by a Clark-type electrode. In thylakoid membranes, isolated from non-illuminated and illuminated for 4.5 h leaves of wt and lut2 the photochemical activity of PSII and PSI and energy interaction between the main pigment-protein complexes was determined. Results indicate that in non-illuminated leaves of lut2 the maximum rate of oxygen evolution and energy utilization in PSII is lower, excitation pressure of PSII is higher and cyclic electron transport around PSI is faster than in wt leaves. Under high-light illumination, lut2 leaves are more sensitive in respect to PSII performance and the extent of increase of excitation pressure of PSII, ΦNO, and cyclic electron transport around PSI are higher than in wt leaves, especially when illumination is performed at low temperature. Significant part of the excessive light energy is dissipated via mechanism, not dependent on ∆pH and to functioning of xanthophyll cycle in LHCII, operating more intensively in lut2 leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta V Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Konstantin Dobrev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander G Ivanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str. N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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29
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Palm DM, Agostini A, Averesch V, Girr P, Werwie M, Takahashi S, Satoh H, Jaenicke E, Paulsen H. Chlorophyll a/b binding-specificity in water-soluble chlorophyll protein. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:920-929. [PMID: 30297830 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We altered the chlorophyll (Chl) binding sites in various versions of water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP) by amino acid exchanges to alter their preferences for either Chl a or Chl b. WSCP is ideally suited for this mutational analysis since it forms a tetrameric complex with only four identical Chl binding sites. A loop of 4-6 amino acids is responsible for Chl a versus Chl b selectivity. We show that a single amino acid exchange within this loop changes the relative Chl a/b affinities by a factor of 40. We obtained crystal structures of this WSCP variant binding either Chl a or Chl b. The Chl binding sites in these structures were compared with those in the major light-harvesting complex (LHCII) of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants to search for similar structural features involved in Chl a/b binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Palm
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vivien Averesch
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mara Werwie
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Hiroyuki Satoh
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Elmar Jaenicke
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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30
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Singh G, Sahota HK. Impact of benzimidazole and dithiocarbamate fungicides on the photosynthetic machinery, sugar content and various antioxidative enzymes in chickpea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:166-173. [PMID: 30195856 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fungicides, though beneficial for agricultural productivity, are known to interfere with the basic metabolism and induce the formation of various biomolecules and also alter the physiological parameters of plant growth. The present study is an attempt to understand the effect of different conc. of benzimidazole (Carbendazim) and dithocarbamate (Mancozeb) fungicides on photosynthetic components such as chlorophyll content, total sugar and phenolic content and various antioxidative enzymes in developing seedlings of chickpea. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chickpea seeds of two cultivars (PDG-4 and GPF-2) were incubated with different conc. (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%) of the fungicide for 24 and 48 h and then allowed to germinate for 10 days in an incubated chamber. Seedlings were analyzed for various physiological parameters such as variation in root/shoot length, photosynthetic activity (chlorophyll content), total sugar and phenolic content and activity of antioxidative enzymes such as GPX, CAT and SOD etc. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the unstressed samples, fungicide stress resulted in an overall decrease in root/shoot length, relative water content etc. thus indicating that the applied fungicides adversely affects the rate of germination of seedlings. A differential behaviour of various chlorophyll (Chla, Chlb, total chlorophyll) contents suggests that fungicides stress affects the photosynthetic machinery. Estimations of sugar and total phenolic content indicated that higher conc. of the fungicide lowered the total sugar content at the 10-day-old seedling stage; thereby giving an indication that the fungicide may interferes with carbohydrate metabolism. We observed that the level of peroxidase increased at higher conc. of the both types of fungicide as compared to control samples whereas the catalase activity increased in PDG 4 but a lower activity was observed in GPF-2 under increasing conc. of both the fungicides. The levels of superoxide dismutase decreased in PDG-4 but increased in GPF-2 under higher conc. of both the fungicides thus indicating that different varieties of chickpea behaved differently and triggers various antioxidant enzymes as defence mechanism to counter the fungicides stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, 144001, Punjab, India.
| | - Harkamal Kaur Sahota
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, 144001, Punjab, India
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31
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Kondo T, Pinnola A, Chen WJ, Dall'Osto L, Bassi R, Schlau-Cohen GS. Single-molecule spectroscopy of LHCSR1 protein dynamics identifies two distinct states responsible for multi-timescale photosynthetic photoprotection. Nat Chem 2017; 9:772-778. [PMID: 28754946 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis, light harvesting is regulated to safely dissipate excess energy and prevent the formation of harmful photoproducts. Regulation is known to be necessary for fitness, but the molecular mechanisms are not understood. One challenge has been that ensemble experiments average over active and dissipative behaviours, preventing identification of distinct states. Here, we use single-molecule spectroscopy to uncover the photoprotective states and dynamics of the light-harvesting complex stress-related 1 (LHCSR1) protein, which is responsible for dissipation in green algae and moss. We discover the existence of two dissipative states. We find that one of these states is activated by pH and the other by carotenoid composition, and that distinct protein dynamics regulate these states. Together, these two states enable the organism to respond to two types of intermittency in solar intensity-step changes (clouds and shadows) and ramp changes (sunrise), respectively. Our findings reveal key control mechanisms underlying photoprotective dissipation, with implications for increasing biomass yields and developing robust solar energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kondo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alberta Pinnola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Wei Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriela S Schlau-Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical quenching does not occur in photosystem I in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4828-4832. [PMID: 28416696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is the process that protects the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae from photodamage by dissipating as heat the energy absorbed in excess. Studies on NPQ have almost exclusively focused on photosystem II (PSII), as it was believed that NPQ does not occur in photosystem I (PSI). Recently, Ballottari et al. [Ballottari M, et al. (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:E2431-E2438], analyzing PSI particles isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that accumulates zeaxanthin constitutively, have reported that this xanthophyll can efficiently induce chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in PSI. In this work, we have checked the biological relevance of this finding by analyzing WT plants under high-light stress conditions. By performing time-resolved fluorescence measurements on PSI isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana WT in dark-adapted and high-light-stressed (NPQ) states, we find that the fluorescence kinetics of both PSI are nearly identical. To validate this result in vivo, we have measured the kinetics of PSI directly on leaves in unquenched and NPQ states; again, no differences were observed. It is concluded that PSI does not undergo NPQ in biologically relevant conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana The possible role of zeaxanthin in PSI photoprotection is discussed.
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33
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Girolomoni L, Ferrante P, Berteotti S, Giuliano G, Bassi R, Ballottari M. The function of LHCBM4/6/8 antenna proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:627-641. [PMID: 28007953 PMCID: PMC5441897 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic autotrophs, photosystems are composed of a core moiety, hosting charge separation and electron transport reactions, and an antenna system, enhancing light harvesting and photoprotection. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the major antenna of PSII is a heterogeneous trimeric complex made up of LHCBM1-LHCBM9 subunits. Despite high similarity, specific functions have been reported for several members including LHCBM1, 2, 7, and 9. In this work, we analyzed the function of LHCBM4 and LHCBM6 gene products in vitro by synthesizing recombinant apoproteins from individual sequences and refolding them with pigments. Additionally, we characterized knock-down strains in vivo for LHCBM4/6/8 genes. We show that LHCBM4/6/8 subunits could be found as a component of PSII supercomplexes with different sizes, although the largest pool was free in the membranes and poorly connected to PSII. Impaired accumulation of LHCBM4/6/8 caused a decreased LHCII content per PSII and a reduction in the amplitude of state 1-state 2 transitions. In addition, the reduction of LHCBM4/6/8 subunits caused a significant reduction of the Non-photochemical quenching activity and in the level of photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Girolomoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Berteotti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
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Lewis NHC, Gruenke NL, Oliver TAA, Ballottari M, Bassi R, Fleming GR. Observation of Electronic Excitation Transfer Through Light Harvesting Complex II Using Two-Dimensional Electronic-Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4197-4206. [PMID: 27704843 PMCID: PMC6314458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) serves a central role in light harvesting for oxygenic photosynthesis and is arguably the most important photosynthetic antenna complex. In this work, we present two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectra of LHCII isolated from spinach, demonstrating the possibility of using this technique to track the transfer of electronic excitation energy between specific pigments within the complex. We assign the spectral bands via comparison with the 2DEV spectra of the isolated chromophores, chlorophyll a and b, and present evidence that excitation energy between the pigments of the complex are observed in these spectra. Finally, we analyze the essential components of the 2DEV spectra using singular value decomposition, which makes it possible to reveal the relaxation pathways within this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Natalie L Gruenke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Facoltà di Scienze, Universitá di Verona , Strada Le Grazie, I-37134 Verona, Italia
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Facoltà di Scienze, Universitá di Verona , Strada Le Grazie, I-37134 Verona, Italia
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Liguori N, Novoderezhkin V, Roy LM, van Grondelle R, Croce R. Excitation dynamics and structural implication of the stress-related complex LHCSR3 from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1514-1523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Tsukamoto I, Iijima N, Oikawa M, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27358074 PMCID: PMC4928310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS CitHYb was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
- />The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Issei Tsukamoto
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Natsumi Iijima
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Michiru Oikawa
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
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Cazzaniga S, Bressan M, Carbonera D, Agostini A, Dall'Osto L. Differential Roles of Carotenes and Xanthophylls in Photosystem I Photoprotection. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3636-49. [PMID: 27290879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives, xanthophylls, are structural elements of the photosynthetic apparatus and contribute to increasing both the light-harvesting and photoprotective capacity of the photosystems. β-Carotene is present in both the core complexes and light-harvesting system (LHCI) of Photosystem (PS) I, while xanthophylls lutein and violaxanthin bind exclusively to its antenna moiety; another xanthophyll, zeaxanthin, which protects chloroplasts against photooxidative damage, binds to the LHCI complexes under conditions of excess light. We functionally dissected various components of the xanthophyll- and carotene-dependent photoprotection mechanism of PSI by analyzing two Arabidopsis mutants: szl1 plants, with a carotene content lower than that of the wild type, and npq1, with suppressed zeaxanthin formation. When exposed to excess light, the szl1 genotype displayed PSI photoinhibition stronger than that of wild-type plants, while removing zeaxanthin had no such effect. The PSI-LHCI complex purified from szl1 was more photosensitive than the corresponding wild-type and npq1 complexes, as is evident from its faster photobleaching and increased rate of singlet oxygen release, suggesting that β-carotene is crucial in controlling chlorophyll triplet formation. Accordingly, fluorescence-detected magnetic resonance analysis showed an increase in the amplitude of signals assigned to chlorophyll triplets in β-carotene-depleted complexes. When PSI was fractioned into its functional moieties, it was revealed that the boost in the rate of singlet oxygen release caused by β-carotene depletion was greater in LHCI than in the core complex. We conclude that PSI-LHCI complex-bound β-carotene elicits a protective response, consisting of a reduction in the yield of harmful triplet excited states, while accumulation of zeaxanthin plays a minor role in restoring phototolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Bressan
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 1, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 1, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Ware MA, Dall’Osto L, Ruban AV. An In Vivo Quantitative Comparison of Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Xanthophyll Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:841. [PMID: 27446097 PMCID: PMC4914555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of different LHCII antenna carotenoids to protective NPQ (pNPQ) were tested using a range of xanthophyll biosynthesis mutants of Arabidopsis: plants were either devoid of lutein (lut2), violaxanthin (npq2), or synthesized a single xanthophyll species, namely violaxanthin (aba4npq1lut2), zeaxanthin (npq2lut2), or lutein (chy1chy2lut5). A novel pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence analysis procedure, that used a gradually increasing actinic light intensity, allowed the efficiency of pNPQ to be tested using the photochemical quenching (qP) parameter measured in the dark (qPd). Furthermore, the yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) was calculated, and the light intensity which induces photoinhibition in 50% of leaves for each mutant was ascertained. Photoprotective capacities of each xanthophyll were quantified, taking into account chlorophyll a/b ratios and excitation pressure. Here, light tolerance, pNPQ capacity, and ΦPSII were highest in wild type plants. Of the carotenoid mutants, lut2 (lutein-deficient) plants had the highest light tolerance, and the joint the highest ΦPSII with violaxanthin only plants. We conclude that all studied mutants possess pNPQ and a more complete composition of xanthophylls in their natural binding sites is the most important factor governing photoprotection, rather than any one specific xanthophyll suggesting a strong structural effect of the molecules upon the LHCII antenna organization and discuss the results significance for future crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A. Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
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Natali A, Gruber JM, Dietzel L, Stuart MCA, van Grondelle R, Croce R. Light-harvesting Complexes (LHCs) Cluster Spontaneously in Membrane Environment Leading to Shortening of Their Excited State Lifetimes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16730-9. [PMID: 27252376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis, which include light-harvesting and charge separation, take place in the amphiphilic environment of the thylakoid membrane. The light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) is the main responsible for light absorption in plants and green algae and is involved in photoprotective mechanisms that regulate the amount of excited states in the membrane. The dual function of LHCII has been extensively studied in detergent micelles, but recent results have indicated that the properties of this complex differ in a lipid environment. In this work we checked these suggestions by studying LHCII in liposomes. By combining bulk and single molecule measurements, we monitored the fluorescence characteristics of liposomes containing single complexes up to densely packed proteoliposomes. We show that the natural lipid environment per se does not alter the properties of LHCII, which for single complexes remain very similar to that in detergent. However, we show that LHCII has the strong tendency to cluster in the membrane and that protein interactions and the extent of crowding modulate the lifetimes of the excited state in the membrane. Finally, the presence of LHCII monomers at low concentrations of complexes per liposome is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Natali
- From the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Michael Gruber
- From the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Dietzel
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany, and
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- From the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- From the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Fingerprinting the macro-organisation of pigment-protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes in vivo by circular-dichroism spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1479-1489. [PMID: 27154055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macro-organisation of the protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes plays important roles in the regulation and fine-tuning of photosynthetic activity. These delicate structures might, however, undergo substantial changes during isolating the thylakoid membranes or during sample preparations, e.g., for electron microscopy. Circular-dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique which can thus be used on intact samples. Via excitonic and psi-type CD bands, respectively, it carries information on short-range excitonic pigment-pigment interactions and the macro-organisation (chiral macrodomains) of pigment-protein complexes (psi, polymer or salt-induced). In order to obtain more specific information on the origin of the major psi-type CD bands, at around (+)506, (-)674 and (+)690nm, we fingerprinted detached leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes of wild-type and mutant plants and also tested the effects of different environmental conditions in vivo. We show that (i) the chiral macrodomains disassemble upon mild detergent treatments, but not after crosslinking the protein complexes; (ii) in different wild-type leaves of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous angiosperms the CD features are quite robust, displaying very similar excitonic and psi-type bands, suggesting similar protein composition and (macro-) organisation of photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes in the grana; (iii) the main positive psi-type bands depend on light-harvesting protein II contents of the membranes; (iv) the (+)506nm band appears only in the presence of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes and does not depend on the xanthophyll composition of the membranes. Hence, CD spectroscopy can be used to detect different macro-domains in the thylakoid membranes with different outer antenna compositions in vivo.
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41
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Nichelmann L, Schulze M, Herppich WB, Bilger W. A simple indicator for non-destructive estimation of the violaxanthin cycle pigment content in leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 128:183-93. [PMID: 26803612 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants acclimates to irradiance. Among the features which are changing is the pool size of the pigments belonging to the violaxanthin cycle, in which zeaxanthin is formed. In high light grown leaves, the violaxanthin cycle pool size is up to five times larger than in low light. The changes are reversible on a time scale of several days. Since it has been published that violaxanthin cycle pigments do not transfer absorbed energy to chlorophyll, we hypothesized that excitation of chlorophyll fluorescence in the blue spectral region may be reduced in high light-acclimated leaves. Fluorescence excitation spectra of leaves of the Arabidopsis thaliana tt3 mutant showed strong differences between high and low light-acclimated plants from 430 to 520 nm. The resulting difference spectrum was similar to carotenoids but shifted by about 20 nm to higher wavelengths. A good correlation was observed between the fluorescence excitation ratio F 470/F 660 and the violaxanthin cycle pool size when leaves were acclimated to a range of irradiances. In parallel to the decline of F 470/F 660 with high light acclimation also the quantum yield of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in blue light decreased. The data confirm that violaxanthin cycle carotenoids do not transfer absorbed light to chlorophyll. It is proposed to use the ratio F 470/F 660 as an indicator for the light acclimation status of the chloroplasts in a leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Nichelmann
- Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulze
- Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Werner B Herppich
- Department Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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42
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Efficient light-harvesting using non-carbonyl carotenoids: Energy transfer dynamics in the VCP complex from Nannochloropsis oceanica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:370-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Dobrev K, Stanoeva D, Velitchkova M, Popova AV. The Lack of Lutein Accelerates the Extent of Light-induced Bleaching of Photosynthetic Pigments in Thylakoid Membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:436-45. [PMID: 26888623 DOI: 10.1111/php.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high light-induced bleaching of photosynthetic pigments and the degradation of proteins of light-harvesting complexes of PSI and PSII were investigated in isolated thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana, wt and lutein-deficient mutant lut2, with the aim of unraveling the role of lutein for the degree of bleaching and degradation. By the means of absorption spectroscopy and western blot analysis, we show that the lack of lutein leads to a higher extent of pigment photobleaching and protein degradation in mutant thylakoid membranes in comparison with wt. The highest extent of bleaching is suffered by chlorophyll a and carotenoids, while chlorophyll b is bleached in lut2 thylakoids during long periods at high illumination. The high light-induced degradation of Lhca1, Lhcb2 proteins and PsbS was followed and it is shown that Lhca1 is more damaged than Lhcb2. The degradation of analyzed proteins is more pronounced in lut2 mutant thylakoid membranes. The lack of lutein influences the high light-induced alterations in organization of pigment-protein complexes as revealed by 77 K fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Dobrev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Bl. 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Stanoeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Bl. 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Bl. 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Antoaneta V Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Bl. 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
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Rottet S, Devillers J, Glauser G, Douet V, Besagni C, Kessler F. Identification of Plastoglobules as a Site of Carotenoid Cleavage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1855. [PMID: 28018391 PMCID: PMC5161054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play an essential role in light harvesting and protection from excess light. During chloroplast senescence carotenoids are released from their binding proteins and are eventually metabolized. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) is involved in carotenoid breakdown in senescing leaf and desiccating seed, and is part of the proteome of plastoglobules (PG), which are thylakoid-associated lipid droplets. Here, we demonstrate that CCD4 is functionally active in PG. Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana ccd4 mutants constitutively expressing CCD4 fused to yellow fluorescent protein showed strong fluorescence in PG and reduced carotenoid levels upon dark-induced senescence. Lipidome-wide analysis indicated that β-carotene, lutein, and violaxanthin were the principle substrates of CCD4 in vivo and were cleaved in senescing chloroplasts. Moreover, carotenoids were shown to accumulate in PG of ccd4 mutant plants during senescence, indicating translocation of carotenoids to PG prior to degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rottet
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Devillers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Douet
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besagni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Felix Kessler,
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Pinnola A, Ghin L, Gecchele E, Merlin M, Alboresi A, Avesani L, Pezzotti M, Capaldi S, Cazzaniga S, Bassi R. Heterologous expression of moss light-harvesting complex stress-related 1 (LHCSR1), the chlorophyll a-xanthophyll pigment-protein complex catalyzing non-photochemical quenching, in Nicotiana sp. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24340-54. [PMID: 26260788 PMCID: PMC4591818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms evolved mechanisms for thermal dissipation of energy absorbed in excess to prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. The major and fastest component, called non-photochemical quenching, occurs within the photosystem II antenna system by the action of two essential light-harvesting complex (LHC)-like proteins, photosystem II subunit S (PSBS) in plants and light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) in green algae and diatoms. In the evolutionary intermediate Physcomitrella patens, a moss, both gene products are active. These proteins, which are present in low amounts, are difficult to purify, preventing structural and functional analysis. Here, we report on the overexpression of the LHCSR1 protein from P. patens in the heterologous systems Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum using transient and stable nuclear transformation. We show that the protein accumulated in both heterologous systems is in its mature form, localizes in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes, and is correctly folded with chlorophyll a and xanthophylls but without chlorophyll b, an essential chromophore for plants and algal LHC proteins. Finally, we show that recombinant LHCSR1 is active in quenching in vivo, implying that the recombinant protein obtained is a good material for future structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Pinnola
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ghin
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Gecchele
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Matilde Merlin
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Xu P, Tian L, Kloz M, Croce R. Molecular insights into Zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in higher plants. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13679. [PMID: 26323786 PMCID: PMC4555179 DOI: 10.1038/srep13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms protect themselves from high-light stress by dissipating excess absorbed energy as heat in a process called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Zeaxanthin is essential for the full development of NPQ, but its role remains debated. The main discussion revolves around two points: where does zeaxanthin bind and does it quench? To answer these questions we have followed the zeaxanthin-dependent quenching from leaves to individual complexes, including supercomplexes. We show that small amounts of zeaxanthin are associated with the complexes, but in contrast to what is generally believed, zeaxanthin binding per se does not cause conformational changes in the complexes and does not induce quenching, not even at low pH. We show that in NPQ conditions zeaxanthin does not exchange for violaxanthin in the internal binding sites of the antennas but is located at the periphery of the complexes. These results together with the observation that the zeaxanthin-dependent quenching is active in isolated membranes, but not in functional supercomplexes, suggests that zeaxanthin is acting in between the complexes, helping to create/participating in a variety of quenching sites. This can explain why none of the antennas appears to be essential for NPQ and the multiple quenching mechanisms that have been observed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqi Xu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab Amsterdam. De Boelelaan, 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lijin Tian
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab Amsterdam. De Boelelaan, 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab Amsterdam. De Boelelaan, 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab Amsterdam. De Boelelaan, 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Akhtar P, Dorogi M, Pawlak K, Kovács L, Bóta A, Kiss T, Garab G, Lambrev PH. Pigment interactions in light-harvesting complex II in different molecular environments. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4877-4886. [PMID: 25525277 PMCID: PMC4335227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of plant light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) from the native thylakoid membrane or from aggregates by the use of surfactants brings about significant changes in the excitonic circular dichroism (CD) spectrum and fluorescence quantum yield. To elucidate the cause of these changes, e.g. trimer-trimer contacts or surfactant-induced structural perturbations, we compared the CD spectra and fluorescence kinetics of LHCII aggregates, artificial and native LHCII-lipid membranes, and LHCII solubilized in different detergents or trapped in polymer gel. By this means we were able to identify CD spectral changes specific to LHCII-LHCII interactions, at (-)-437 and (+)-484 nm, and changes specific to the interaction with the detergent n-dodecyl-β-maltoside (β-DM) or membrane lipids, at (+)-447 and (-)-494 nm. The latter change is attributed to the conformational change of the LHCII-bound carotenoid neoxanthin, by analyzing the CD spectra of neoxanthin-deficient plant thylakoid membranes. The neoxanthin-specific band at (-)-494 nm was not pronounced in LHCII in detergent-free gels or solubilized in the α isomer of DM but was present when LHCII was reconstituted in membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine or plant thylakoid lipids, indicating that the conformation of neoxanthin is sensitive to the molecular environment. Neither the aggregation-specific CD bands, nor the surfactant-specific bands were positively associated with the onset of fluorescence quenching, which could be triggered without invoking such spectral changes. Significant quenching was not active in reconstituted LHCII proteoliposomes, whereas a high degree of energetic connectivity, depending on the lipid:protein ratio, in these membranes allows for efficient light harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Akhtar
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged and
| | - Márta Dorogi
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged and
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged and
| | - László Kovács
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged and
| | - Attila Bóta
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teréz Kiss
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged and
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged and.
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48
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Caffarri S, Tibiletti T, Jennings RC, Santabarbara S. A comparison between plant photosystem I and photosystem II architecture and functioning. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2015; 15:296-331. [PMID: 24678674 PMCID: PMC4030627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203715666140327102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is indispensable both for the development and maintenance of life on earth by converting
light energy into chemical energy and by producing molecular oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This latter
process has been responsible for reducing the CO2 from its very high levels in the primitive atmosphere to the present low
levels and thus reducing global temperatures to levels conducive to the development of life. Photosystem I and photosystem
II are the two multi-protein complexes that contain the pigments necessary to harvest photons and use light energy to
catalyse the primary photosynthetic endergonic reactions producing high energy compounds. Both photosystems are
highly organised membrane supercomplexes composed of a core complex, containing the reaction centre where electron
transport is initiated, and of a peripheral antenna system, which is important for light harvesting and photosynthetic activity
regulation. If on the one hand both the chemical reactions catalysed by the two photosystems and their detailed structure
are different, on the other hand they share many similarities. In this review we discuss and compare various aspects of
the organisation, functioning and regulation of plant photosystems by comparing them for similarities and differences as
obtained by structural, biochemical and spectroscopic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biophysique des Plantes (LGBP), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009, Marseille, France.
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Biogenesis of light harvesting proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:861-71. [PMID: 25687893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The LHC family includes nuclear-encoded, integral thylakoid membrane proteins, most of which coordinate chlorophyll and xanthophyll chromophores. By assembling with the core complexes of both photosystems, LHCs form a flexible peripheral moiety for enhancing light-harvesting cross-section, regulating its efficiency and providing protection against photo-oxidative stress. Upon its first appearance, LHC proteins underwent evolutionary diversification into a large protein family with a complex genetic redundancy. Such differentiation appears as a crucial event in the adaptation of photosynthetic organisms to changing environmental conditions and land colonization. The structure of photosystems, including nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded subunits, presented the cell with a number of challenges for the control of the light harvesting function. Indeed, LHC-encoding messages are translated in the cytosol, and pre-proteins imported into the chloroplast, processed to their mature size and targeted to the thylakoids where are assembled with chromophores. Thus, a tight coordination between nuclear and plastid gene expression, in response to environmental stimuli, is required to adjust LHC composition during photoacclimation. In recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved in elucidating structure, function and regulatory pathways involving LHCs; however, a number of molecular details still await elucidation. In this review, we will provide an overview on the current knowledge on LHC biogenesis, ranging from organization of pigment-protein complexes to the modulation of gene expression, import and targeting to the photosynthetic membranes, and regulation of LHC assembly and turnover. Genes controlling these events are potential candidate for biotechnological applications aimed at optimizing light use efficiency of photosynthetic organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast biogenesis.
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Röding A, Dietzel L, Schlicke H, Grimm B, Sandmann G, Büchel C. Production of ketocarotenoids in tobacco alters the photosynthetic efficiency by reducing photosystem II supercomplex and LHCII trimer stability. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:157-65. [PMID: 25366829 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of ketocarotenoid production in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene encoding a β-carotene ketolase were examined concerning the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus. T1 plants produced less photosynthetic pigments per dry weight, but Chl a/Chl b ratios remained unchanged. Almost as much ketocarotenoids as accessory xanthophylls accumulated per Chl a molecule. These ketocarotenoids were found mainly in the thylakoid membranes, but were not functionally bound to light-harvesting complexes, although LHCII is known to be able to bind astaxanthin. On the contrary, high amounts of ketocarotenoids probably changed the properties of the lipid phase of the thylakoids, thereby reducing the stability of photosystem II supercomplexes and LHCII trimers and ultimately decreasing grana formation. In addition, photosystem II function in electron transport was impaired, and plants exhibited less non-photochemical quenching compared to wild-type plants. Thus, in order not to disturb vital functions of the plants, production of astaxanthin and other nutritionally valuable ketocarotenoids apparently requires ways to sequester the additional carotenoids to plastoglobuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt/M., Germany
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