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Mercurio I, D’Abrosca G, della Valle M, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, Russo L, Di Gaetano S, Pedone EM, Pirone L, Del Gatto A, Zaccaro L, Alberga D, Saviano M, Mangiatordi GF. Molecular interactions between a diphenyl scaffold and PED/PEA15: Implications for type II diabetes therapeutics targeting PED/PEA15 - Phospholipase D1 interaction. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2001-2010. [PMID: 38770160 PMCID: PMC11103223 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In a recent study, we have identified BPH03 as a promising scaffold for the development of compounds aimed at modulating the interaction between PED/PEA15 (Phosphoprotein Enriched in Diabetes/Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes 15) and PLD1 (phospholipase D1), with potential applications in type II diabetes therapy. PED/PEA15 is known to be overexpressed in certain forms of diabetes, where it binds to PLD1, thereby reducing insulin-stimulated glucose transport. The inhibition of this interaction reestablishes basal glucose transport, indicating PED as a potential target of ligands capable to recover glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In this study, we employ computational methods to provide a detailed description of BPH03 interaction with PED, evidencing the presence of a hidden druggable pocket within its PLD1 binding surface. We also elucidate the conformational changes that occur during PED interaction with BPH03. Moreover, we report new NMR data supporting the in-silico findings and indicating that BPH03 disrupts the PED/PLD1 interface displacing PLD1 from its interaction with PED. Our study represents a significant advancement toward the development of potential therapeutics for the treatment of type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mercurio
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluca D’Abrosca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria della Valle
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Carla Isernia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Gaetano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Maria Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Pirone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Del Gatto
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Zaccaro
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Alberga
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Farina B, Pirone L, D’Abrosca G, Della Valle M, Russo L, Isernia C, Sassano M, Del Gatto A, Di Gaetano S, Zaccaro L, Malgieri G, Pedone EM, Fattorusso R. Screening a Molecular Fragment Library to Modulate the PED/PEA15-Phospholipase D1 Interaction in Cellular Lysate Environments. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2798-2807. [PMID: 34825823 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of PED/PEA15, the phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in the astrocytes 15 protein (here referred simply to as PED), observed in some forms of type II diabetes, reduces the transport of insulin-stimulated glucose by binding to the phospholipase D1 (PLD1). The inhibition of the PED/PLD1 interaction was shown to restore basal glucose transport, indicating PED as a pharmacological target for the development of drugs capable of improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. We here report the identification and selection of PED ligands by means of NMR screening of a library of small organic molecules, NMR characterization of the PED/PLD1 interaction in lysates of cells expressing PLD1, and modulation of such interactions using BPH03, the best selected ligand. Overall, we complement the available literature data by providing detailed information on the structural determinants of the PED/PLD1 interaction in a cellular lysate environment and indicate BPH03 as a precious scaffold for the development of novel compounds that are able to modulate such interactions with possible therapeutic applications in type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Farina
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Pirone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca D’Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Della Valle
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Carla Isernia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marica Sassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Annarita Del Gatto
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Gaetano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Zaccaro
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Emilia M. Pedone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania─L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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3
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Bowling FZ, Frohman MA, Airola MV. Structure and regulation of human phospholipase D. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 79:100783. [PMID: 33495125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) generates phosphatidic acid, a dynamic lipid secondary messenger involved with a broad spectrum of cellular functions including but not limited to metabolism, migration, and exocytosis. As a promising pharmaceutical target, the biochemical properties of PLD have been well characterized. This has led to the recent crystal structures of human PLD1 and PLD2, the development of PLD specific pharmacological inhibitors, and the identification of cellular regulators of PLD. In this review, we discuss the PLD1 and PLD2 structures, PLD inhibition by small molecules, and the regulation of PLD activity by effector proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Z Bowling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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4
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Auclair N, Sané AT, Delvin E, Spahis S, Levy E. Phospholipase D as a Potential Modulator of Metabolic Syndrome: Impact of Functional Foods. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:252-278. [PMID: 32586106 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) are composed of a plethora of metabolic dysfunctions such as dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and hypertension. The development of these disorders is highly linked to inflammation and oxidative stress (OxS), two metabolic states closely related to physiological and pathological conditions. Given the drastically rising CMD prevalence, the discovery of new therapeutic targets/novel nutritional approaches is of utmost importance. Recent Advances: The tremendous progress in methods/technologies and animal modeling has allowed the clarification of phospholipase D (PLD) critical roles in multiple cellular processes, whether directly or indirectly via phosphatidic acid, the lipid product mediating signaling functions. In view of its multiple features and implications in various diseases, PLD has emerged as a drug target. Critical Issues: Although insulin stimulates PLD activity and, in turn, PLD regulates insulin signaling, the impact of the two important PLD isoforms on the metabolic syndrome components remains vague. Therefore, after outlining PLD1/PLD2 characteristics and functions, their role in inflammation, OxS, and CMD has been analyzed and critically reported in the present exhaustive review. The influence of functional foods and nutrients in the regulation of PLD has also been examined. Future Directions: Available evidence supports the implication of PLD in CMD, but only few studies emphasize its mechanisms of action and specific regulation by nutraceutical compounds. Therefore, additional investigations are first needed to clarify the functional role of nutraceutics and, second, to elucidate whether targeting PLDs with food compounds represents an appropriate therapeutic strategy to treat CMD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 252-278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Auclair
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain T Sané
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Validation of mouse phosphoprotein enriched in astrocyte 15 (mPEA15) expressing transgenic pig as a potential model in diabetes translational research. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 31988828 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of mPEA15 expressing transgenic pig (TG pig) as a potential model for diabetes. Expression analysis confirmed the ubiquitous expression of mPEA15 in TG pigs at F4. Oral glucose tolerance test results showed that restoration of normal glucose levels was significantly delayed in the TG pigs when compared with that in the wild-type pigs (WT pigs). Primary skeletal muscle cells isolated from TG pigs demonstrated reduced glucose uptake and reduced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in response to insulin treatment. Combined, these results suggest that mPEA15 expressing pigs has a glucose intolerance and insulin resistance which are known to mediate the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, mPEA15 transgenic pigs would serve as a promising model for diabetes translational research.
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6
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McDermott MI, Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA. Mammalian phospholipase D: Function, and therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 78:101018. [PMID: 31830503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered over 60 years ago, the precise role of phospholipase D (PLD) is still being elucidated. PLD enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids producing phosphatidic acid and the free headgroup. PLD family members are found in organisms ranging from viruses, and bacteria to plants, and mammals. They display a range of substrate specificities, are regulated by a diverse range of molecules, and have been implicated in a broad range of cellular processes including receptor signaling, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Recent technological advances including: the development of PLD knockout mice, isoform-specific antibodies, and specific inhibitors are finally permitting a thorough analysis of the in vivo role of mammalian PLDs. These studies are facilitating increased recognition of PLD's role in disease states including cancers and Alzheimer's disease, offering potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America.
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States of America
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7
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Crespo-Flores SL, Cabezas A, Hassan S, Wei Y. PEA-15 C-Terminal Tail Allosterically Modulates Death-Effector Domain Conformation and Facilitates Protein-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133335. [PMID: 31284641 PMCID: PMC6651876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes, 15 kDa (PEA-15) exerts its regulatory roles on several critical cellular pathways through protein–protein interactions depending on its phosphorylation states. It can either inhibit the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activities when it is dephosphorylated or block the assembly of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and the subsequent activation of apoptotic initiator, caspase-8, when it is phosphorylated. Due to the important roles of PEA-15 in regulating these pathways that lead to opposite cellular outcomes (cell proliferation vs. cell death), we proposed a phosphostasis (phosphorylation homeostasis) model, in which the phosphorylation states of the protein are vigorously controlled and regulated to maintain a delicate balance. The phosphostasis gives rise to the protective cellular functions of PEA-15 to preserve optimum cellular conditions. In this article, using advanced multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques combined with a novel chemical shift (CS)-Rosetta algorithm for de novo protein structural determination, we report a novel conformation of PEA-15 death-effector domain (DED) upon interacting with ERK2. This new conformation is modulated by the irregularly structured C-terminal tail when it first recognizes and binds to ERK2 at the d-peptide recruitment site (DRS) in an allosteric manner, and is facilitated by the rearrangement of the surface electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions on the DED. In this ERK2-bound conformation, three of the six helices (α2, α3, and α4) comprising the DED reorient substantially in comparison to the free-form structure, exposing key residues on the other three helices that directly interact with ERK2 at the DEF-docking site (docking site for ERK, FxF) and the activation loop. Additionally, we provide evidence that the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail leads to a distinct conformation of DED, allowing efficient interactions with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) protein at the DISC. Our results substantiate the allosteric regulatory roles of the C-terminal tail in modulating DED conformation and facilitating protein–protein interactions of PEA-15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres Cabezas
- Department of Chemistry, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305-1596, USA
| | - Sherouk Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305-1596, USA
| | - Yufeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305-1596, USA.
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8
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Baig MH, Kausar MA, Husain FM, Shakil S, Ahmad I, Yadav BS, Saeed M. Interfering PLD1-PED/PEA15 interaction using self-inhibitory peptides: An in silico study to discover novel therapeutic candidates against type 2 diabetes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:160-164. [PMID: 30622421 PMCID: PMC6319087 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes type 2 (T2D) is a very complex disorder with a large number of cases reported worldwide. There are several reported molecular targets which are being used towards drug design. In spite of extensive research efforts, there is no sure shot treatment available. One of the major reasons for this failure or restricted success in T2D research is the identification of a major/breakthrough therapeutic target responsible for the progression of T2D. It has been well documented that one of the major causes mediating the insulin resistance is the interaction of PLD1 with PED/PEA15. Herein, we have performed in silico experiments to investigate the interaction between PLD1 with PED/PEA15. Furthermore, this study has explored pertinent molecular interactions involving the self-derived peptides. The peptides identified in this study are found to be capable of restricting the interaction of these two proteins. Accordingly, the study suggests that the “self-derived peptides” could be used as promising therapeutic candidate(s) against T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazi Shakil
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Research center for advanced materials science, King Khalid university, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brijesh S. Yadav
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, The Former Yugolav Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Fiory F, Spinelli R, Raciti GA, Parrillo L, D'esposito V, Formisano P, Miele C, Beguinot F. Targetting PED/PEA-15 for diabetes treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:571-581. [PMID: 28395542 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1317749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PED/PEA-15 is an ubiquitously expressed protein, involved in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. It is commonly overexpressed in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and in different T2D-associated comorbidities, including cancer and certain neurodegenerative disorders. Areas covered: In mice, Ped/Pea-15 overexpression impairs glucose tolerance and, in combination with high fat diets, further promotes insulin resistance and T2D. It also controls β-cell mass, altering caspase-3 activation and the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes. These changes are mediated by PED/PEA-15-PLD1 binding. Overexpression of PLD1 D4 domain specifically blocks Ped/Pea-15-PLD1 interaction, reverting the effect of Ped/Pea-15 in vivo. D4α, a D4 N-terminal peptide, is able to displace Ped/Pea-15-PLD1 binding, but features greater stability in vivo compared to the entire D4 peptide. Here, we review early mechanistic studies on PED/PEA-15 relevance in apoptosis before focusing on its role in cancer and T2D. Finally, we describe potential therapeutic opportunities for T2D based on PED/PEA-15 targeting. Expert opinion: T2D is a major problem for public health and economy. Thus, the identification of new molecules with pharmacological activity for T2D represents an urgent need. Further studies with D4α will help to identify smaller pharmacologically active peptides and innovative molecules of potential pharmacological interest for T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Rosa Spinelli
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Luca Parrillo
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Vittoria D'esposito
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- a National Council of Research , URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
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10
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Bruntz RC, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D signaling pathways and phosphatidic acid as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1033-79. [PMID: 25244928 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D is a ubiquitous class of enzymes that generates phosphatidic acid as an intracellular signaling species. The phospholipase D superfamily plays a central role in a variety of functions in prokaryotes, viruses, yeast, fungi, plants, and eukaryotic species. In mammalian cells, the pathways modulating catalytic activity involve a variety of cellular signaling components, including G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, polyphosphatidylinositol lipids, Ras/Rho/ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases, and conventional isoforms of protein kinase C, among others. Recent findings have shown that phosphatidic acid generated by phospholipase D plays roles in numerous essential cellular functions, such as vesicular trafficking, exocytosis, autophagy, regulation of cellular metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Many of these cellular events are modulated by the actions of phosphatidic acid, and identification of two targets (mammalian target of rapamycin and Akt kinase) has especially highlighted a role for phospholipase D in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Phospholipase D is a regulator of intercellular signaling and metabolic pathways, particularly in cells that are under stress conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulation of phospholipase D activity and its modulation of cellular signaling pathways and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Bruntz
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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PLD1 participates in BDNF-induced signalling in cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14778. [PMID: 26437780 PMCID: PMC4594037 DOI: 10.1038/srep14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF plays a critical role in neuronal development and the induction of L-LTP at glutamatergic synapses in several brain regions. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these BDNF effects have not been firmly established. Using in vitro cultures of cortical neurons from knockout mice for Pld1 and Rsk2, BDNF was observed to induce a rapid RSK2-dependent activation of PLD and to stimulate BDNF ERK1/2-CREB and mTor-S6K signalling pathways, but these effects were greatly reduced in Pld1(-/-) neurons. Furthermore, phospho-CREB did not accumulate in the nucleus, whereas overexpression of PLD1 amplified the BDNF-dependent nuclear recruitment of phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-CREB. This BDNF retrograde signalling was prevented in cells silenced for the scaffolding protein PEA15, a protein which complexes with PLD1, ERK1/2, and RSK2 after BDNF treatment. Finally PLD1, ERK1/2, and RSK2 partially colocalized on endosomal structures, suggesting that these proteins are part of the molecular module responsible for BDNF signalling in cortical neurons.
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12
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On the Quest of Cellular Functions of PEA-15 and the Therapeutic Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:455-73. [PMID: 26263999 PMCID: PMC4588177 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes, 15 KDa (PEA-15), a ubiquitously expressed small protein in all mammals, is known for decades for its potent interactions with various protein partners along distinct biological pathways. Most notable interacting partners of PEA-15 include extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) protein involving in the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), and the phospholipase D1 (PLD1) affecting the insulin sensitivity. However, the actual cellular functions of PEA-15 are still mysterious, and the question why this protein is expressed in almost all cell and tissue types remains unanswered. Here we synthesize the most recent structural, biological, and clinical studies on PEA-15 with emphases on its anti-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammative properties, and propose a converged protective role of PEA-15 that maintains the balance of death and survival in different cell types. Under conditions that this delicate balance is unsustainable, PEA-15 may become pathological and lead to various diseases, including cancers and diabetes. Targeting PEA-15 interactions, or the use of PEA-15 protein as therapeutics, may provide a wider window of opportunities to treat these diseases.
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13
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Zhang Y, Frohman MA. Cellular and physiological roles for phospholipase D1 in cancer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22567-22574. [PMID: 24990946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.576876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D enzymes have long been proposed to play multiple cell biological roles in cancer. With the generation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1)-deficient mice and the development of small molecule PLD-specific inhibitors, in vivo roles for PLD1 in cancer are now being defined, both in the tumor cells and in the tumor environment. We review here tools now used to explore in vivo roles for PLD1 in cancer and summarize recent findings regarding functions in angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
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14
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Greig FH, Nixon GF. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA)-15: a potential therapeutic target in multiple disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:265-74. [PMID: 24657708 PMCID: PMC4127788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 (PEA-15) is a cytoplasmic protein that sits at an important junction in intracellular signalling and can regulate diverse cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis, dependent upon stimulation. Regulation of these processes occurs by virtue of the unique interaction of PEA-15 with other signalling proteins. PEA-15 acts as a cytoplasmic tether for the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) preventing nuclear localisation. In order to release ERK1/2, PEA-15 requires to be phosphorylated via several potential pathways. PEA-15 (and its phosphorylation state) therefore regulates many ERK1/2-dependent processes, including proliferation, via regulating ERK1/2 nuclear translocation. In addition, PEA-15 contains a death effector domain (DED) which allows interaction with other DED-containing proteins. PEA-15 can bind the DED-containing apoptotic adaptor molecule, Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) which is also dependent on the phosphorylation status of PEA-15. PEA-15 binding of FADD can inhibit apoptosis as bound FADD cannot participate in the assembly of apoptotic signalling complexes. Through these protein–protein interactions, PEA-15-regulated cellular effects have now been investigated in a number of disease-related studies. Changes in PEA-15 expression and regulation have been observed in diabetes mellitus, cancer, neurological disorders and the cardiovascular system. These changes have been suggested to contribute to the pathology related to each of these disease states. As such, new therapeutic targets based around PEA-15 and its associated interactions are now being uncovered and could provide novel avenues for treatment strategies in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Greig
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Graeme F Nixon
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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15
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Twomey EC, Cordasco DF, Kozuch SD, Wei Y. Substantial conformational change mediated by charge-triad residues of the death effector domain in protein-protein interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83421. [PMID: 24391764 PMCID: PMC3877032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein conformational changes are commonly associated with the formation of protein complexes. The non-catalytic death effector domains (DEDs) mediate protein-protein interactions in a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, proliferation and migration, and glucose metabolism. Here, using NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) data, we report a conformational change in the DED of the phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes, 15 kDa (PEA-15) protein in the complex with a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, extracellular regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), which is essential in regulating ERK2 cellular distribution and function in cell proliferation and migration. The most significant conformational change in PEA-15 happens at helices α2, α3, and α4, which also possess the highest flexibility among the six-helix bundle of the DED. This crucial conformational change is modulated by the D/E-RxDL charge-triad motif, one of the prominent structural features of DEDs, together with a number of other electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions on the protein surface. Charge-triad motif promotes the optimal orientation of key residues and expands the binding interface to accommodate protein-protein interactions. However, the charge-triad residues are not directly involved in the binding interface between PEA-15 and ERK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Twomey
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dana F. Cordasco
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yufeng Wei
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Farina B, Doti N, Pirone L, Malgieri G, Pedone EM, Ruvo M, Fattorusso R. Molecular basis of the PED/PEA15 interaction with the C-terminal fragment of phospholipase D1 revealed by NMR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1572-80. [PMID: 23608947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PED/PEA15 is a small protein involved in many protein-protein interactions that modulates the function of a number of key cellular effectors involved in major cell functions, including apoptosis, proliferation and glucose metabolism. In particular, PED/PEA15 interacts with the phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms 1 and 2 increasing protein kinase C-α isoform activity and affects both insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The C-terminal portion (residues 712-1074) of PLD1, named D4, is still able to interact with PED/PEA15. In this study we characterized, by means of NMR spectroscopy, the molecular interaction of PED/PEA15 with D4α, a smaller region of D4, encompassing residues 712-818, shown to have the same affinity for PED/PEA15 and to induce the same effects as D4 in PED/PEA15-overexpressing cells. Chemical shift perturbation (CSP) studies allowed to define D4α binding site of PED/PEA15 and to identify a smaller region likely affected by an allosteric effect. Moreover, ELISA-like experiments showed that three 20-mer overlapping synthetic peptides, covering the 762-801 region of D4α, strongly inhibit PED/PEA15-D4α interaction through their binding to PED/PEA15 with KDs in low micromolar range. Finally, molecular details of the interaction of PED/PEA15 with one of the three peptides have been revealed by CSP and saturation transfer difference (STD) analyses.
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17
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Cassese A, Raciti GA, Fiory F, Nigro C, Ulianich L, Castanò I, D’Esposito V, Terracciano D, Pastore L, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Miele C. Adenoviral gene transfer of PLD1-D4 enhances insulin sensitivity in mice by disrupting phospholipase D1 interaction with PED/PEA-15. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60555. [PMID: 23585839 PMCID: PMC3621763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PED/PEA-15) causes insulin resistance by interacting with the D4 domain of phospholipase D1 (PLD1). Indeed, the disruption of this association restores insulin sensitivity in cultured cells over-expressing PED/PEA-15. Whether the displacement of PLD1 from PED/PEA-15 improves insulin sensitivity in vivo has not been explored yet. In this work we show that treatment with a recombinant adenoviral vector containing the human D4 cDNA (Ad-D4) restores normal glucose homeostasis in transgenic mice overexpressing PED/PEA-15 (Tg ped/pea-15) by improving both insulin sensitivity and secretion. In skeletal muscle of these mice, D4 over-expression inhibited PED/PEA-15-PLD1 interaction, decreased Protein Kinase C alpha activation and restored insulin induced Protein Kinase C zeta activation, leading to amelioration of insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Interestingly, Ad-D4 administration improved insulin sensitivity also in high-fat diet treated obese C57Bl/6 mice. We conclude that PED/PEA-15-PLD1 interaction may represent a novel target for interventions aiming at improving glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cassese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Gregory A. Raciti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Fiory
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ulianich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Castanò
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria D’Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Pastore
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (FB); (CM)
| | - Claudia Miele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (FB); (CM)
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18
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Sulzmaier FJ, Valmiki MKG, Nelson DA, Caliva MJ, Geerts D, Matter ML, White EP, Ramos JW. PEA-15 potentiates H-Ras-mediated epithelial cell transformation through phospholipase D. Oncogene 2012; 31:3547-60. [PMID: 22105357 PMCID: PMC3295902 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The small GTPase H-Ras is a proto-oncogene that activates a variety of different pathways including the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. H-Ras is mutated in many human malignancies, and these mutations cause the protein to be constitutively active. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes, 15 kDa (PEA-15) blocks ERK-dependent gene transcription and inhibits proliferation by sequestering ERK in the cytoplasm. We therefore investigated whether PEA-15 influences H-Ras-mediated transformation. We found that PEA-15 does not block H-Ras-activated proliferation when H-Ras is constitutively active. We show instead that in H-Ras-transformed mouse kidney epithelial cells, co-expression of PEA-15 resulted in enhanced soft agar colony growth and increased tumor growth in vivo. Overexpression of both H-Ras and PEA-15 resulted in accelerated G1/S cell cycle transition and increased activation of the ERK signaling pathway. PEA-15 mediated these effects through activation of its binding partner phospholipase D1 (PLD1). Inhibition of PLD1 or interference with PEA-15/PLD1 binding blocked PEA-15's ability to increase ERK activation. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PEA-15 positively regulates Ras/ERK signaling and increases the proliferation of H-Ras-transformed epithelial cells through enhanced PLD1 expression and activation. Thus, our work provides a surprising mechanism by which PEA-15 augments H-Ras-driven transformation. These data reveal that PEA-15 not only suppresses ERK signaling and tumorigenesis but also alternatively enhances tumorigenesis in the context of active Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Sulzmaier
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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19
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Twomey EC, Cordasco DF, Wei Y. Profound conformational changes of PED/PEA-15 in ERK2 complex revealed by NMR backbone dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:1382-93. [PMID: 22820249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PED/PEA-15 is a small, non-catalytic, DED containing protein that is widely expressed in different tissues and highly conserved among mammals. PED/PEA-15 has been found to interact with several protein targets in various pathways, including FADD and procaspase-8 (apoptosis), ERK1/2 (cell cycle entry), and PLD1/2 (diabetes). In this research, we have studied the PED/PEA-15 in a complex with ERK2, a MAP kinase, using NMR spectroscopic techniques. MAP Kinase signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of many cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival. ERK1/2 are activated by a variety of external stimuli, including growth factors, hormones and neurotransmitters. Inactivated ERK2 is primarily found in the cytosol. Once the ERK/MAPK cascade is initiated, ERK2 is phosphorylated and stimulated, allowing it to redistribute in the cell nucleus and act as a transcription factor. Previous studies have shown that PED/PEA-15 complexes with ERK2 in the cytoplasm and prevents redistribution into the nucleus. Although the NMR structure and dynamics of PED/PEA-15 in the free form have been documented recently, no detailed structural and dynamic information for the ERK2-bound form is available. Here we report NMR chemical shift perturbation and backbone dynamic studies at the fast ps-ns timescale of PED/PEA-15, in its free form and in the complex with ERK2. These analyses characterize motions and conformational changes involved in ERK2 recognition and binding that orchestrate the reorganization of the DED and immobilization of the C-terminal tail. A new induced fit binding model for PED/PEA-15 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Twomey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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20
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Sulzmaier F, Opoku-Ansah J, Ramos JW. Phosphorylation is the switch that turns PEA-15 from tumor suppressor to tumor promoter. Small GTPases 2012; 3:173-7. [PMID: 22694972 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal ERK signaling is implicated in many human diseases including cancer. This signaling cascade is a good target for the therapy of certain malignancies because of its important role in regulating cell proliferation and survival. The small phosphoprotein PEA-15 is a potent regulator of the ERK signaling cascade, and, by acting on this pathway, has been described to have both tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoter functions. However, the exact mechanism by which PEA-15 drives the outcome one way or the other remains unclear. We propose that the cellular environment is crucial in determining PEA-15 protein function by affecting the protein's phosphorylation state. We hypothesize that only unphosphorylated PEA-15 can act as a tumor-suppressor and that phosphorylation alters the interaction with binding partners to promote tumor development. In order to use PEA-15 as a prognostic marker or therapeutic target it is therefore important to evaluate its phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sulzmaier
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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21
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Buonomo R, Giacco F, Vasaturo A, Caserta S, Guido S, Pagliara V, Garbi C, Mansueto G, Cassese A, Perruolo G, Oriente F, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P. PED/PEA-15 controls fibroblast motility and wound closure by ERK1/2-dependent mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2106-16. [PMID: 21780113 PMCID: PMC3306794 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is dependent on the control of signaling events that play significant roles in creating contractile force and in contributing to wound closure. We evaluated wound closure in fibroblasts from mice overexpressing (TgPED) or lacking ped/pea-15 (KO), a gene overexpressed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cultured skin fibroblasts isolated from TgPED mice showed a significant reduction in the ability to recolonize wounded area during scratch assay, compared to control fibroblasts. This difference was observed both in the absence and in the presence of mytomicin C, an inhibitor of mitosis. In time-lapse experiments, TgPED fibroblasts displayed about twofold lower velocity and diffusion coefficient, as compared to controls. These changes were accompanied by reduced spreading and decreased formation of stress fibers and focal adhesion plaques. At the molecular level, TgPED fibroblasts displayed decreased RhoA activation and increased abundance of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by PD98059 restored RhoA activation, cytoskeleton organization and cell motility, and almost completely rescued wound closure of TgPED fibroblasts. Interestingly, skin fibroblasts isolated from KO mice displayed an increased wound closure ability. In vivo, healing of dorsal wounds was delayed in TgPED and accelerated in KO mice. Thus, PED/PEA-15 may affect fibroblast motility by a mechanism, at least in part, mediated by ERK1/2. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2106–2116, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Buonomo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Gomez-Cambronero J. The exquisite regulation of PLD2 by a wealth of interacting proteins: S6K, Grb2, Sos, WASp and Rac2 (and a surprise discovery: PLD2 is a GEF). Cell Signal 2011; 23:1885-95. [PMID: 21740967 PMCID: PMC3204931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the conversion of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA). PLD's mission in the cell is two-fold: phospholipid turnover with maintenance of the structural integrity of cellular/intracellular membranes and cell signaling through PA and its metabolites. Precisely, through its product of the reaction, PA, PLD has been implicated in a variety of physiological cellular functions, such as intracellular protein trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, chemotaxis of leukocytes and cell proliferation. The catalytic (HKD) and regulatory (PH and PX) domains were studied in detail in the PLD1 isoform, but PLD2 was traditionally studied in lesser detail and much less was known about its regulation. Our laboratory has been focusing on the study of PLD2 regulation in mammalian cells. Over the past few years, we have reported, in regards to the catalytic action of PLD, that PA is a chemoattractant agent that binds to and signals inside the cell through the ribosomal S6 kinases (S6K). Regarding the regulatory domains of PLD2, we have reported the discovery of the PLD2 interaction with Grb2 via Y169 in the PX domain, and further association to Sos, which results in an increase of de novo DNA synthesis and an interaction (also with Grb2) via the adjacent residue Y179, leading to the regulation of cell ruffling, chemotaxis and phagocytosis of leukocytes. We also present the complex regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) and Src and the role of phosphatases. Recently, there is evidence supporting a new level of regulation of PLD2 at the PH domain, by the discovery of CRIB domains and a Rac2-PLD2 interaction that leads to a dual (positive and negative) effect on its enzymatic activity. Lastly, we review the surprising finding of PLD2 acting as a GEF. A phospholipase such as PLD that exists already in the cell membrane that acts directly on Rac allows a quick response of the cell without intermediary signaling molecules. This provides only the latest level of PLD2 regulation in a field that promises newer and exciting advances in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Choi SG, Ruf-Zamojski F, Pincas H, Roysam B, Sealfon SC. Characterization of a MAPK scaffolding protein logic gate in gonadotropes. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1027-39. [PMID: 21436256 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pituitary gonadotropes, both protein kinase C (PKC) and MAPK/ERK signaling cascades are activated by GnRH. Phosphoprotein-enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA-15) is a cytosolic ERK scaffolding protein, which is expressed in LβT2 gonadotrope cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC and small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Gαq/11 revealed that GnRH induces accumulation of phosphorylated PEA-15 in a PKC-dependent manner. To investigate the potential role of PEA-15 in GnRH signaling, we examined the regulation of ERK subcellular localization and the activation of ribosomal S6 kinase, a substrate of ERK. Results obtained by cellular fractionation/Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that GnRH-induced accumulation of phosphorylated ERK in the nucleus was attenuated when PEA-15 expression was reduced. Conversely, in the absence of GnRH stimulation, PEA-15 anchors ERK in the cytosol. Our data suggest that GnRH-induced nuclear translocation of ERK requires its release from PEA-15, which occurs upon PEA-15 phosphorylation by PKC. Additional gene-silencing experiments in GnRH-stimulated cells demonstrated that ribosomal S6 kinase activation was dependent on both PEA-15 and PKC. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PEA-15 caused a reduction in GnRH-stimulated expression of early response genes Egr2 and c-Jun, as well as gonadotropin FSHβ-subunit gene expression. PEA-15 knockdown increased LHβ and common α-glycoprotein subunit mRNAs, suggesting a possible role in differential regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression. We propose that PEA-15 represents a novel point of convergence of the PKC and MAPK/ERK pathways under GnRH stimulation. PKC, ERK, and PEA-15 form an AND logic gate that shapes the response of the gonadotrope cell to GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Gang Choi
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Annenberg 14-94, Box 1137, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Farina B, Pirone L, Russo L, Viparelli F, Doti N, Pedone C, Pedone EM, Fattorusso R. NMR backbone dynamics studies of human PED/PEA-15 outline protein functional sites. FEBS J 2010; 277:4229-40. [PMID: 20825483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PED/PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes) is a ubiquitously expressed protein and a key regulator of cell growth and glucose metabolism. PED/PEA-15 mediates both homotypic and heterotypic interactions and is constituted by an N-terminal canonical death effector domain and a C-terminal tail. In the present study, the backbone dynamics of PED/PEA-15 via (15)N R(1) and R(2) and steady-state [(1)H]-(15)N NOE measurements is reported. The dynamic parameters were analyzed using both Lipari-Szabo model-free formalism and a reduced spectral density mapping approach. The results obtained define a polar and charged surface of the death effector domain characterized by internal motions in the micro- to millisecond timescale, which is crucial for the multiple heterotypic functional protein-protein interactions in which PED/PEA-15 is involved. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of the PED/PEA-15 functional interactions and provides a more detailed surface for the design and development of PED/PEA-15 binders.
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Doti N, Cassese A, Marasco D, Paturzo F, Sabatella M, Viparelli F, Dathan N, Monti SM, Miele C, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Ruvo M. Residues 762-801 of PLD1 mediate the interaction with PED/PEA15. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:2039-48. [PMID: 20714510 DOI: 10.1039/c005272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) by its C-terminal domain D4 with PED/PEA15 has been indicated as a target for type 2 diabetes. PED/PEA15 is overexpressed in several tissues of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes and its overexpression in intact cells and in transgenic animal models impairs insulin regulation of glucose transport by a mechanism mediated by the interaction with D4 and the consequent increase of protein kinase C-alpha activity. Expression of D4 or administration of a peptide mimicking the PED/PEA15 region involved in this interaction to cells stably overexpressing PED/PEA15 reduces its interaction with PLD1, thereby lowering PKC-alpha activation and restoring normal glucose transport mediated by PKC-zeta. By using D4 deletion mutants, we have restricted the PLD1 region involved in PED/PEA15 interaction to an N-terminal fragment named D4alpha (residues 712-818). This region binds PED/PEA15 with the same efficacy as D4 (K(D) approximately 0.7 microM) and, when transfected in different PED/PEA15-overexpressing cells, it is able to reduce PKC-alpha activity and to restore the sensitivity of PKC-zeta to insulin stimulation, independently of the PI3K/Akt signalling. We also show that the effective disruption of the PED/PEA15-PLD1 interaction can restore the normal ERK1/2 signalling. Finally, using a set of overlapping peptides that cover the D4alpha region, we have further restricted the shortest PED/PEA15-binding site to a segment encompassing residues 762-801, suggesting that a quite limited binding interface mostly contributes to the interaction and can thus be a selective target for the design of effective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzianna Doti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Haling JR, Wang F, Ginsberg MH. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 kDa (PEA-15) reprograms growth factor signaling by inhibiting threonine phosphorylation of fibroblast receptor substrate 2alpha. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 21:664-73. [PMID: 20032303 PMCID: PMC2820429 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-08-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in expression of PEA-15 contribute to diabetes, tumor invasion, and cellular senescence. PEA-15 increases activation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway; the present study shows that it does so by interfering with ERK1/2 phosphorylation of FRS2, terminator of downstream signaling from FGF receptors. Changes in cellular expression of phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa (PEA-15) are linked to insulin resistance, tumor cell invasion, and cellular senescence; these changes alter the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Here, we define the mechanism whereby increased PEA-15 expression promotes and sustains ERK1/2 activation. PEA-15 binding prevented ERK1/2 membrane recruitment and threonine phosphorylation of fibroblast receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α), a key link in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor activation of ERK1/2. This reduced threonine phosphorylation led to increased FGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2α, thereby enhancing downstream signaling. Conversely, short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of endogenous PEA-15 led to reduced FRS2α tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, PEA-15 interrupts a negative feedback loop that terminates growth factor receptor signaling downstream of FRS2α. This is the dominant mechanism by which PEA-15 activates ERK1/2 because genetic deletion of FRS2α blocked the capacity of PEA-15 to activate the MAP kinase pathway. Thus, PEA-15 prevents ERK1/2 localization to the plasma membrane, thereby inhibiting ERK1/2-dependent threonine phosphorylation of FRS2α to promote activation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Haling
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0726, USA
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Oriente F, Iovino S, Cassese A, Romano C, Miele C, Troncone G, Balletta M, Perfetti A, Santulli G, Iaccarino G, Valentino R, Beguinot F, Formisano P. Overproduction of phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes (PED) induces mesangial expansion and upregulates protein kinase C-beta activity and TGF-beta1 expression. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2642-52. [PMID: 19789852 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Overproduction of phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes (PED, also known as phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 [PEA-15]) is a common feature of type 2 diabetes and impairs insulin action in cultured cells and in mice. Nevertheless, the potential role of PED in diabetic complications is still unknown. METHODS We studied the effect of PED overproduction and depletion on kidney function in animal and cellular models. RESULTS Transgenic mice overexpressing PED (PEDTg) featured age-dependent increases of plasma creatinine levels and urinary volume, accompanied by expansion of the mesangial area, compared with wild-type littermates. Serum and kidney levels of TGF-beta1 were also higher in 6- and 9-month-old PEDTg. Overexpression of PED in human kidney 2 cells significantly increased TGF-beta1 levels, SMAD family members (SMAD)2/3 phosphorylation and fibronectin production. Opposite results were obtained following genetic silencing of PED in human kidney 2 cells by antisense oligonucleotides. Inhibition of phospholipase D and protein kinase C-beta by 2-butanol and LY373196 respectively reduced TGF-beta1, SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and fibronectin production. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-beta1 receptor activity and SMAD2/3 production by SB431542 and antisense oligonucleotides respectively reduced fibronectin secretion by about 50%. TGF-beta1 circulating levels were significantly reduced in Ped knockout mice and positively correlated with PED content in peripheral blood leucocytes of type 2 diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that PED regulates fibronectin production via phospholipase D/protein kinase C-beta and TGF-beta1/SMAD pathways in kidney cells. Raised PED levels may therefore contribute to the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix and renal dysfunction in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- DNA Primers
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Rate
- Humans
- Insulin/blood
- Kidney/physiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C beta
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Smad2 Protein/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oriente
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Fiory F, Formisano P, Perruolo G, Beguinot F. Frontiers: PED/PEA-15, a multifunctional protein controlling cell survival and glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E592-601. [PMID: 19531639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00228.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PED/PEA-15 is a 15-kDa ubiquitously expressed protein implicated in a number of fundamental cellular functions, including apoptosis, proliferation, and glucose metabolism. PED/PEA-15 lacks enzymatic function and serves mainly as a molecular adaptor. PED/PEA-15 is an endogenous substrate for protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAM kinase II), and Akt. In particular, PKC phosphorylates PED/PEA-15 at Ser(104) and CAM kinase II or Akt at Ser(116), modifying its stability. Evidence obtained over the past 10 years has indicated that PED/PEA-15 regulates cell survival by interfering with both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. In addition, it may also control cell proliferation by interfering with ERK1/2-mediated pathways. Indeed, PED/PEA-15 has been identified as an ERK1/2 interactor, which modifies its subcellular localization and targeting to a specific subset of substrates. Increased PED/PEA-15 levels may affect tumorigenesis and cancer progression as well as sensitivity to anticancer agents. Moreover, PED/PEA-15 affects astrocyte motility and increases susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis in vivo. PED/PEA-15 expression is regulated at the transcriptional and the posttranslational levels. Increased PED/PEA-15 expression has been identified in individuals with type 2 diabetes early during the natural history of the disease. Evidence generated over the past 10 years indicated that this defect contributes to altering glucose tolerance by impairing insulin action and insulin secretion and might play a role in the development of diabetes-associated neurological disorders. Strategies are being devised to target key signaling events in PED/PEA-15 action aimed at improving glucose tolerance and at facilitating cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Federico II Univ. of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Sandomenico A, Monti SM, Sabatella M, De Capua A, Tornatore L, Doti N, Viparelli F, Dathan NA, Pedone C, Ruvo M, Marasco D. Protein-Protein Interactions: A Simple Strategy to Identify Binding Sites and Peptide Antagonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:483-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Viparelli F, Doti N, Monti S, Marasco D, Dathan N, Pedone C, Miele C, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Ruvo M. Peptide Antagonists of the PED-hPLD1 Binding. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:445-6. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Ungaro P, Teperino R, Mirra P, Cassese A, Fiory F, Perruolo G, Miele C, Laakso M, Formisano P, Beguinot F. Molecular cloning and characterization of the human PED/PEA-15 gene promoter reveal antagonistic regulation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:30970-9. [PMID: 18765665 PMCID: PMC2662169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803895200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ped/pea-15 gene in mice impairs glucose tolerance and leads to diabetes in conjunction with high fat diet treatment. PED/PEA-15 is also overexpressed in type 2 diabetics as well as in euglycemic offspring from these subjects. The cause(s) of this abnormality remains unclear. In the present work we have cloned and localized the promoter region of the human PED/PEA-15 gene within the first 230 bp of the 5(R)-flanking region. A cis-acting regulatory element located between -320 and -335 bps upstream the PED/PEA-15 gene transcriptional start site (+1) is recognized by both the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4alpha) and the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII), two members of the steroid/thyroid superfamily of transcription factors, both of which are involved in the control of lipid and glucose homeostasis. HNF-4alpha represses PED/PEA-15 expression in HeLa cells, whereas COUP-TFII activates its expression. In hepatocytes, the activation of PED/PEA-15 gene transcription is paralleled by the establishment of a partially dedifferentiated phenotype accompanied by a reduction in mRNA levels encoded by genes normally expressed during liver development. Cotransfection of HeLa cells with a reporter construct containing the PED/PEA-15 response element and various combinations of HNF-4alpha and COUP-TFII expression vectors indicated that COUP-TFII antagonizes the repression of the PED/PEA-15 gene by HNF-4alpha. Thus, at least in part, transcription of the PED/PEA-15 gene in vivo is dependent upon the intracellular balance of these positive and negative regulatory factors. Abnormalities in HNF-4alpha and COUP-TFII balance might have important consequences on glucose tolerance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ungaro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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33
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Viparelli F, Cassese A, Doti N, Paturzo F, Marasco D, Dathan NA, Monti SM, Basile G, Ungaro P, Sabatella M, Miele C, Teperino R, Consiglio E, Pedone C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Ruvo M. Targeting of PED/PEA-15 molecular interaction with phospholipase D1 enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21769-78. [PMID: 18541525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803771200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PED/PEA-15) is overexpressed in several tissues of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes. In intact cells and in transgenic animal models, PED/PEA-15 overexpression impairs insulin regulation of glucose transport, and this is mediated by its interaction with the C-terminal D4 domain of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and the consequent increase of protein kinase C-alpha activity. Here we show that interfering with the interaction of PED/PEA-15 with PLD1 in L6 skeletal muscle cells overexpressing PED/PEA-15 (L6(PED/PEA-15)) restores insulin sensitivity. Surface plasmon resonance and ELISA-like assays show that PED/PEA-15 binds in vitro the D4 domain with high affinity (K(D) = 0.37 +/- 0.13 mum), and a PED/PEA-15 peptide, spanning residues 1-24, PED-(1-24), is able to compete with the PED/PEA-15-D4 recognition. When loaded into L6(PED/PEA-15) cells and in myocytes derived from PED/PEA-15-overexpressing transgenic mice, PED-(1-24) abrogates the PED/PEA-15-PLD1 interaction and reduces protein kinase C-alpha activity to levels similar to controls. Importantly, the peptide restores insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by approximately 70%. Similar results are obtained by expression of D4 in L6(PED/PEA-15). All these findings suggest that disruption of the PED/PEA-15-PLD1 molecular interaction enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells and indicate that PED/PEA-15 as an important target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Viparelli
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini and Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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Expression and purification of the D4 region of PLD1 and characterization of its interaction with PED-PEA15. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:302-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Glading A, Koziol JA, Krueger J, Ginsberg MH. PEA-15 inhibits tumor cell invasion by binding to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1536-44. [PMID: 17308092 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa (PEA-15) binds to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases to alter ERK1/2 cellular localization and target preferences and binds to adaptors in the extrinsic cell death pathway to block apoptosis. Here, we report that PEA-15 protein expression is inversely correlated with the invasive behavior of breast cancer in an immunohistochemical analysis of a breast cancer progression tissue microarray. Short hairpin RNA-mediated inhibition of PEA-15 expression increased the invasion of PEA-15-expressing tumor cells in vitro, suggesting a causative role for PEA-15 in the inhibition of invasion. This causative role was confirmed by the finding that the enforced expression of PEA-15 in invasive tumor cells reduced invasion. The effect of PEA-15 on tumor invasion is mediated by its interaction with ERK1/2 as shown by the following: (a) PEA-15 mutants that fail to bind ERK1/2 did not inhibit invasion; (b) overexpression of ERK1 or activated MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) reversed the inhibitory effect of PEA-15; (c) when an inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation reduced invasion, PEA-15 expression did not significantly reduce invasion further. Furthermore, we find that the effect of PEA-15 on invasion seems to relate to the nuclear localization of activated ERK1/2. PEA-15 inhibits invasion by keeping ERK out of the nucleus, as a PEA-15 mutant that cannot prevent ERK nuclear localization was not able to inhibit invasion. In addition, membrane-localized ERK1, which sequesters endogenous ERK1 to prevent its nuclear localization, also inhibited invasion. These results reveal that PEA-15 regulates cancer cell invasion via its ability to bind ERK1/2 and indicate that nuclear entry of ERK1/2 is important in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Glading
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, The Scripps Research Institute, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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36
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Miele C, Raciti GA, Cassese A, Romano C, Giacco F, Oriente F, Paturzo F, Andreozzi F, Zabatta A, Troncone G, Bosch F, Pujol A, Chneiweiss H, Formisano P, Beguinot F. PED/PEA-15 regulates glucose-induced insulin secretion by restraining potassium channel expression in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2007; 56:622-33. [PMID: 17327429 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (ped/pea-15) gene is overexpressed in human diabetes and causes this abnormality in mice. Transgenic mice with beta-cell-specific overexpression of ped/pea-15 (beta-tg) exhibited decreased glucose tolerance but were not insulin resistant. However, they showed impaired insulin response to hyperglycemia. Islets from the beta-tg also exhibited little response to glucose. mRNAs encoding the Sur1 and Kir6.2 potassium channel subunits and their upstream regulator Foxa2 were specifically reduced in these islets. Overexpression of PED/PEA-15 inhibited the induction of the atypical protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta by glucose in mouse islets and in beta-cells of the MIN-6 and INS-1 lines. Rescue of PKC-zeta activity elicited recovery of the expression of the Sur1, Kir6.2, and Foxa2 genes and of glucose-induced insulin secretion in PED/PEA-15-overexpressing beta-cells. Islets from ped/pea-15-null mice exhibited a twofold increased activation of PKC-zeta by glucose; increased abundance of the Sur1, Kir6.2, and Foxa2 mRNAs; and enhanced glucose effect on insulin secretion. In conclusion, PED/PEA-15 is an endogenous regulator of glucose-induced insulin secretion, which restrains potassium channel expression in pancreatic beta-cells. Overexpression of PED/PEA-15 dysregulates beta-cell function and is sufficient to impair glucose tolerance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miele
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Federico II University of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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37
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Valentino R, Lupoli GA, Raciti GA, Oriente F, Farinaro E, Della Valle E, Salomone M, Riccardi G, Vaccaro O, Donnarumma G, Sesti G, Hribal ML, Cardellini M, Miele C, Formisano P, Beguinot F. The PEA15 gene is overexpressed and related to insulin resistance in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006; 49:3058-66. [PMID: 17021921 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Overexpression of the gene encoding phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA15), also known as phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes (PED), causes insulin resistance and diabetes in transgenic mice and has been observed in type 2 diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PEA15 overexpression occurs in individuals at high risk of diabetes and whether it is associated with specific type 2 diabetes subphenotypes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We analysed PEA15 expression in euglycaemic first-degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetic subjects. RESULTS The expression of PEA15 in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) paralleled that in fat and skeletal muscle tissues. In PBLs from the FDR, PEA15 expression was two-fold higher than in euglycaemic individuals with no family history of diabetes (control subjects), both at the protein and the mRNA level (p < 0.001). The expression of PEA15 was comparable in FDR and type 2 diabetic subjects and in each group close to one-third of the subjects expressed PEA15 levels more than 2 SD higher than the mean of control subjects. Subjects with IFG with at least one type 2 diabetes-affected FDR also overexpressed PEA15 (p < 0.05). In all the groups analysed, PEA15 expression was independent of sex and unrelated to age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic BP, and fasting cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose levels. However, in euglycaemic FDR of type 2 diabetic subjects, PEA15 expression was inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity (r = -557, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that PEA15 overexpression represents a common defect in FDR of patients with type 2 diabetes and is correlated with reduced insulin sensitivity in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Valentino
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Sharif A, Canton B, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H. PEA-15 Modulates TNFα Intracellular Signaling in Astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1010:43-50. [PMID: 15033692 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1299.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PEA-15 is a small protein (15 kDa) that was first identified as an abundant phosphoprotein in brain astrocytes and subsequently shown to be widely expressed in different tissues and highly conserved among mammals. It is composed of an N-terminal death effector domain (DED) and a C-terminal tail of irregular structure. PEA-15 is regulated by multiple calcium-dependent phosphorylation pathways. PEA-15 is ideally positioned to play a major role in signal integration. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that PEA-15 diverts astrocytes from TNFalpha-triggered apoptosis and regulates the actions of the ERK MAP kinase cascade by binding to ERK and altering its subcellular localization. Expression of PEA-15 directs TNFalpha outcomes toward survival, whereas its absence allows the development of the cytokine-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Sharif
- INSERM U114, Department de Neuropharmacologie, Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abstract
Ten years after the isoforms of mammalian phospholipase D (PLD), PLD1 and 2, were cloned, their roles in the brain remain speculative but several lines of evidence now implicate these enzymes in basic cell functions such as vesicular trafficking as well as in brain development. Many mitogenic factors, including neurotransmitters and growth factors, activate PLD in neurons and astrocytes. Activation of PLD downstream of protein kinase C seems to be a required step for astroglial proliferation. The characteristic disruption of the PLD signaling pathway by ethanol probably contributes to the delay of brain growth in fetal alcohol syndrome. The post-natal increase of PLD activities concurs with synapto- and myelinogenesis in the brain and PLD is apparently involved in neurite formation. In the adult and aging brain, PLD activity has antiapoptotic properties suppressing ceramide formation. Increased PLD activities in acute and chronic neurodegeneration as well as in inflammatory processes are evidently due to astrogliosis and may be associated with protective responses of tissue repair and remodeling. ARF-regulated PLD participates in receptor endocytosis as well as in exocytosis of neurotransmitters where PLD seems to favor vesicle fusion by modifications of the shape and charge of lipid membranes. Finally, PLD activities contribute free choline for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain. Novel tools such as RNA interference should help to further elucidate the roles of PLD isoforms in brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA.
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Krueger J, Chou FL, Glading A, Schaefer E, Ginsberg MH. Phosphorylation of phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA-15) regulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent transcription and cell proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:3552-61. [PMID: 15917297 PMCID: PMC1182297 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-11-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is dependent on the nuclear localization and transcriptional effects of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (ERK1/2). Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA-15) binds ERK1/2 and inhibits their nuclear localization, thus blocking cell proliferation. Here, we report that phosphorylation of PEA-15 blocks its interaction with ERK1/2 in vitro and in vivo and that phosphorylation of both Ser104 and Ser116 is required for this effect. Using phosphomimetic and nonphosphorylatable mutants of PEA-15, we found that PEA-15 phosphorylation abrogates its capacity to block the nuclear localization and transcriptional activities of ERK1/2; this phosphorylation therefore enables the proliferation of cells that express high levels of PEA-15. Additionally, we report that PEA-15 phosphorylation can modulate nontranscriptional activities of ERK1/2, such as the modulation of the affinity of integrin adhesion receptors. Finally, we used a novel anti-phospho-specific PEA-15 antibody to establish that PEA-15 is phosphorylated in situ in normal mammary epithelium. These results define a novel posttranslational mechanism for controlling the subcellular localization of ERK1/2 and for specifying the output of MAP kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Krueger
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0726, USA
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41
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Vigliotta G, Miele C, Santopietro S, Portella G, Perfetti A, Maitan MA, Cassese A, Oriente F, Trencia A, Fiory F, Romano C, Tiveron C, Tatangelo L, Troncone G, Formisano P, Beguinot F. Overexpression of the ped/pea-15 gene causes diabetes by impairing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in addition to insulin action. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5005-15. [PMID: 15143191 PMCID: PMC416420 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.11.5005-5015.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 01/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ped/pea-15 gene is a common feature of type 2 diabetes. In the present work, we show that transgenic mice ubiquitously overexpressing ped/pea-15 exhibited mildly elevated random-fed blood glucose levels and decreased glucose tolerance. Treatment with a 60% fat diet led ped/pea-15 transgenic mice to develop diabetes. Consistent with insulin resistance in these mice, insulin administration reduced glucose levels by only 35% after 45 min, compared to 70% in control mice. In vivo, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was decreased by almost 50% in fat and muscle tissues of the ped/pea-15 transgenic mice, accompanied by protein kinase Calpha activation and block of insulin induction of protein kinase Czeta. These changes persisted in isolated adipocytes from the transgenic mice and were rescued by the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide. In addition to insulin resistance, ped/pea-15 transgenic mice showed a 70% reduction in insulin response to glucose loading. Stable overexpression of ped/pea-15 in the glucose-responsive MIN6 beta-cell line also caused protein kinase Calpha activation and a marked decline in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Antisense block of endogenous ped/pea-15 increased glucose sensitivity by 2.5-fold in these cells. Thus, in vivo, overexpression of ped/pea-15 may lead to diabetes by impairing insulin secretion in addition to insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vigliotta
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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42
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Sharif A, Renault F, Beuvon F, Castellanos R, Canton B, Barbeito L, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H. The expression of PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa) defines subpopulations of astrocytes and neurons throughout the adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 2004; 126:263-75. [PMID: 15207344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa (PEA-15) is an abundant phosphoprotein in primary cultures of mouse brain astrocytes. Its capability to interact with members of the apoptotic and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades endows PEA-15 with anti-apoptotic and anti-proliferative properties. We analyzed the in vivo cellular sources of PEA-15 in the normal adult mouse brain using a novel polyclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical assays revealed numerous PEA-15-immunoreactive cells throughout the brain of wild-type adult mice while no immunoreactive signal was observed in the brain of PEA-15 -/- mice. Cell morphology and double immunofluorescent staining showed that both astrocytes and neurons could be cellular sources of PEA-15. Closer examination revealed that in a given area only part of the astrocytes expressed the protein. The hippocampus was the most striking example of this heterogeneity, a spatial segregation restricting PEA-15 positive astrocytes to the CA1 and CA3 regions. A PEA-15 immunoreactive signal was also observed in a few cells within the subventricular zone and the rostral migratory stream. In vivo analysis of an eventual PEA-15 regulation in astrocytes was performed using a model of astrogliosis occurring along motor neurons degeneration, the transgenic mouse expressing the mutant G93A human superoxyde-dismutase-1, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We observed a marked up-regulation of PEA-15 in reactive astrocytes that had developed throughout the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of the transgenic mice. The heterogeneous cellular expression of the protein and its increased expression in pathological situations, combined with the known properties of PEA-15, suggest that PEA-15 expression is associated with a particular metabolic status of cells challenged with potentially apoptotic and/or proliferative signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharif
- INSERM U114, Chaire de Neuropharmacologie, Collège de France, 11 Place M. Berthelot, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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43
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Abstract
Apoptosis signaling is regulated and executed by specialized proteins that often carry protein/protein interaction domains. One of these domains is the death effector domain (DED) that is predominantly found in components of the death-inducing signaling complex, which forms at the members of the death receptor family following their ligation. Both proapoptotic- and antiapoptotic-DED-containing proteins have been identified, which makes these proteins exquisitely suited to the regulation of apoptosis. Aside from their pivotal role in the control of the apoptotic program, DED-containing proteins have recently been demonstrated to exert their influence on other cellular processes as well, including cell proliferation. These data highlight the multiple roles for the members of this family, suggesting that they are suited to control both life and death decisions of cells. Additionally, because they can act proapoptotically, antiapoptotically, or in the regulation of the cell cycle, this family of proteins may be excellent candidates for cancer therapy targets. Oncogene (2003) 22, 8634-8644. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207103
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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44
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Renault F, Formstecher E, Callebaut I, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H. The multifunctional protein PEA-15 is involved in the control of apoptosis and cell cycle in astrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1581-8. [PMID: 14555237 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PEA-15 is a small protein (15 kDa) that was first identified as an abundant phosphoprotein in brain astrocytes [Araujo et al., J Biol Chem 1993;268(8):5911-20], and subsequently shown to be widely expressed in different tissues and highly conserved among mammals [Estelles et al., J Biol Chem 1996;271(25):14800-6; Danziger et al., J Neurochem 1995;64(3):1016-25]. It is composed of a N-terminal death effector domain and a C-terminal tail of irregular structure. PEA-15 is regulated by multiple calcium-dependent phosphorylation pathways that account for its different forms: a non-phosphorylated form in equilibrium with a mono and a biphosphorylated variety. This already suggested that PEA-15 may play a major role in signal integration. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated to modulate signaling pathways that control apoptosis and cell proliferation. In particular, PEA-15 diverts astrocytes from TNFalpha-triggered apoptosis and regulates the actions of the ERK MAP kinase cascade by binding to ERK and altering its subcellular localization. The three-dimensional structure of PEA-15 has been modelized and recently determined using NMR spectroscopy, and may help to understand the various functions played by the protein through its molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Renault
- INSERM U114, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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45
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Hill JM, Vaidyanathan H, Ramos JW, Ginsberg MH, Werner MH. Recognition of ERK MAP kinase by PEA-15 reveals a common docking site within the death domain and death effector domain. EMBO J 2002; 21:6494-504. [PMID: 12456656 PMCID: PMC136945 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Revised: 09/27/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PEA-15 is a multifunctional protein that modulates signaling pathways which control cell proliferation and cell death. In particular, PEA-15 regulates the actions of the ERK MAP kinase cascade by binding to ERK and altering its subcellular localization. The three-dimensional structure of PEA-15 has been determined using NMR spectroscopy and its interaction with ERK defined by characterization of mutants that modulate ERK function. PEA-15 is composed of an N-terminal death effector domain (DED) and a C-terminal tail of irregular structure. NMR 'footprinting' and mutagenesis identified elements of both the DED and tail that are required for ERK binding. Comparison of the DED-binding surface for ERK2 with the death domain (DD)-binding surface of Drosophila Tube revealed an unexpected similarity between the interaction modes of the DD and DED motifs in these proteins. Despite a lack of functional or sequence similarity between PEA-15 and Tube, these proteins utilize a common surface of the structurally similar DD and DED to recognize functionally diverse targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hema Vaidyanathan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021,
Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Joe W. Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021,
Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Mark H. Ginsberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021,
Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Milton H. Werner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021,
Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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46
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Zhan Y, Hegde R, Srinivasula SM, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Death effector domain-containing proteins DEDD and FLAME-3 form nuclear complexes with the TFIIIC102 subunit of human transcription factor IIIC. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:439-47. [PMID: 11965497 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2002] [Accepted: 02/08/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Death effector domain-containing proteins are involved in important cellular processes such as death-receptor induced apoptosis, NF-kappaB activation and ERK activation. Here we report the identification of a novel nuclear DED-containing protein, FLAME-3. FLAME-3 shares significant sequence (46.6% identical) and structural homology to another DED-containing protein, DEDD. FLAME-3 interacts with DEDD and c-FLIP (FLAME-1) but not with the other DED-containing proteins FADD, caspase-8 or caspase-10. FLAME-3 translocates to, and sequesters c-FLIP in the nucleus upon overexpression in human cell lines. Using the yeast two-hybrid system to identify DEDD-interacting proteins, the TFIIIC102 subunit of human transcription factor TFIIIC was identified as a DEDD- and FLAME-3-specific interacting protein. Co-expression of either DEDD or FLAME-3 with hTFIIIC102 in MCF-7 cells induces the translocation from the cytoplasm and sequestration of hTFIIIC102 in the nucleus, indicating that DEDD and FLAME-3 form strong heterocomplexes with hTFIIIC102 and might be important regulators of the activity of the hTFIIIC transcriptional complex. Consistent with this, overexpression of DEDD or FLAME-3 in 293 cells inhibited the expression of a luciferase-reporter gene under the control of the NF-kappaB promoter. Our data provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of DED-containing proteins in the regulation of components of the general transcription machinery in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhan
- Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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47
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Xie Z, Ho WT, Exton JH. Functional implications of post-translational modifications of phospholipases D1 and D2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1580:9-21. [PMID: 11923096 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that truncation of the N-terminal 168 amino acids of rat brain phospholipase D1 (rPLD1) abolishes its response to protein kinase C (PKC) and greatly diminishes its palmitoylation and Ser/Thr phosphorylation. In this study, we show that the response to PKC as well as the palmitoylation and Ser/Thr phosphorylation were restored when the truncated rPLD1 mutant (rPLD1(DeltaN168)) was coexpressed with a fragment containing the N-terminal 168 amino acids. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the N-terminal fragment associated with rPLD1(DeltaN168) when coexpressed in COS 7 cells and that palmitoylation of Cys(240) and Cys(241) was not necessary for the association. In addition, we found that rat PLD2 (rPLD2) was palmitoylated on Cys(223) and Cys(224) in COS 7 cells. Mutation of both these cysteines reduced the basal activity of rPLD2, however its response to PMA stimulation in vivo was retained. As in the case of rPLD1, loss of palmitoylation weakened membrane association of rPLD2. In summary, the N-terminal 168-amino-acid fragment of rPLD1 can associate with truncated rPLD1(DeltaN168) to restore its palmitoylation, Ser/Thr phosphorylation and PKC response. Although rPLD2 differs from rPLD1 in many properties, it is palmitoylated at the corresponding conserved cysteine residues in COS 7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0295, USA
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48
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Banno Y, Takuwa Y, Akao Y, Okamoto H, Osawa Y, Naganawa T, Nakashima S, Suh PG, Nozawa Y. Involvement of phospholipase D in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing EDG3. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:35622-8. [PMID: 11468290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105673200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt are known to be involved in cellular signaling related to proliferation and cell survival. In this report, we provide evidence that PLD links sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-induced activation of the G protein-coupled EDG3 receptor to stimulation of PI3K and its downstream effector Akt in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. S1P stimulation of EDG3-overexpressing CHO cells but not vector-transfected cells induced activation of PLD, PI3K, and Akt in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Akt phosphorylation was prevented by the PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 (2-(4-monrpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), indicating that Akt activation was dependent on PI3K. S1P-induced activation of PI3K and Akt was abrogated by 1-butanol, which inhibited S1P-induced accumulation of phosphatidic acid by serving as a phosphatidyl group acceptor in the transphosphatidylation reaction catalyzed by PLD, whereas both PI3K and Akt activation were not inhibited by 2-butanol without such reaction. Co-expression of wild-type PLD2 with myc-Akt resulted in increased Akt activation in response to S1P. In contrast, co-expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of PLD2 eliminated the S1P-induced Akt activation. The treatment of EDG3-expressing CHO cells with exogenous Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, which caused an accumulation of phosphatidic acid, resulted in increases in PI3K activity and the phosphorylation of Akt, the latter of which was completely abolished by LY294002. Furthermore, S1P-induced membrane ruffling, which was dependent on PI3K and Rac, was inhibited by 1-butanol, but not by 2-butanol. These results demonstrate that PLD participates in the activation of PI3K and Akt stimulation of EDG3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Banno
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
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49
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Abstract
Rat brain phospholipase D1 (rPLD1) has two highly conserved motifs (HXKX(4)D), denoted HKD, located in the N- and C-terminal halves, which are required for phospholipase D activity. The two halves of rPLD1 can associate in vivo, and the association is essential for catalytic activity and Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the enzyme. In this study, we found that this association is also required for palmitoylation of rPLD1, which occurs on cysteines 240 and 241. In addition, palmitoylation of rPLD1 requires the N-terminal sequence but not the conserved C-terminal sequence, since rPLD1 that lacks the first 168 amino acids is not palmitoylated in vivo, while the inactive C-terminal deletion mutant is. Palmitoylation of rPLD1 is not necessary for catalytic activity, since N-terminal truncation mutants lacking the first 168 or 319 amino acids exhibit high basal activity although they cannot be stimulated by protein kinase C (PKC). The lack of response to PKC is not due to the lack of palmitoylation, since mutation of both Cys(240) and Cys(241) to alanine in full-length rPLD1 abolishes palmitoylation, but the mutant still retains basal activity and responds to PKC. Palmitoylation-deficient rPLD1 can associate with crude membranes; however, the association is weakened. Wild type rPLD1 remains membrane-associated when extracted with 1 m NaCl or Na(2)CO(3) (pH 11), while rPLD1 mutants that lack palmitoylation are partially released. In addition, we found that palmitoylation-deficient mutants are much less modified by Ser/Thr phosphorylation compared with wild type rPLD1. Characterization of the other cysteine mutations of rPLD1 showed that mutation of cysteine 310 or 612 to alanine increased basal phospholipase D activity 2- and 4-fold, respectively. In summary, palmitoylation of rPLD1 requires interdomain association and the presence of the N-terminal 168 amino acids. Mutations of cysteines 240 and 241 to alanine abolish the extensive Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the enzyme and weaken its association with membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0295, USA
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50
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Du G, Altshuller YM, Kim Y, Han JM, Ryu SH, Morris AJ, Frohman MA. Dual requirement for rho and protein kinase C in direct activation of phospholipase D1 through G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:4359-68. [PMID: 11102529 PMCID: PMC15078 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.12.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase receptor activation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) play key roles in agonist-stimulated cellular responses such as regulated exocytosis, actin stress fiber formation, and alterations in cell morphology and motility. Protein Kinase C, ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), and Rho family members activate PLD1 in vitro; however, the actions of the stimulators on PLD1 in vivo have been proposed to take place through indirect pathways. We have used the yeast split-hybrid system to generate PLD1 alleles that fail to bind to or to be activated by RhoA but that retain wild-type responses to ARF and PKC. These alleles then were employed in combination with alleles unresponsive to PKC or to both stimulators to examine the activation of PLD1 by G protein-coupled receptors. Our results demonstrate that direct stimulation of PLD1 in vivo by RhoA (and by PKC) is critical for significant PLD1 activation but that PLD1 subcellular localization and regulated phosphorylation occur independently of these stimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5140, USA
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