1
|
Marin JJG, Cives-Losada C, Macias RIR, Romero MR, Marijuan RP, Hortelano-Hernandez N, Delgado-Calvo K, Villar C, Gonzalez-Santiago JM, Monte MJ, Asensio M. Impact of liver diseases and pharmacological interactions on the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116166. [PMID: 38527556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in drug disposition owing to the expression of transporters accounting for the uptake at the sinusoidal membrane and the efflux across the basolateral and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes of many different compounds. Moreover, intracellular mechanisms of phases I and II biotransformation generate, in general, inactive compounds that are more polar and easier to eliminate into bile or refluxed back toward the blood for their elimination by the kidneys, which becomes crucial when the biliary route is hampered. The set of transporters expressed at a given time, i.e., the so-called transportome, is encoded by genes belonging to two gene superfamilies named Solute Carriers (SLC) and ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), which account mainly, but not exclusively, for the uptake and efflux of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, which include many different drugs. Besides the existence of genetic variants, which determines a marked interindividual heterogeneity regarding liver drug disposition among patients, prevalent diseases, such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and several cholestatic liver diseases, can alter the transportome and hence affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat these patients. Moreover, hepatic drug transporters are involved in many drug-drug interactions (DDI) that challenge the safety of using a combination of agents handled by these proteins. Updated information on these questions has been organized in this article by superfamilies and families of members of the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Candela Cives-Losada
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca P Marijuan
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Delgado-Calvo
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Villar
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus M Gonzalez-Santiago
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stepanova M, Aherne CM. Adenosine in Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function. Cells 2024; 13:381. [PMID: 38474346 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
At the intestinal front, several lines of defense are in place to resist infection and injury, the mucus layer, gut microbiome and strong epithelial junctions, to name a few. Their collaboration creates a resilient barrier. In intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), barrier function is compromised, which results in rampant inflammation and tissue injury. In response to the destruction, the intestinal epithelium releases adenosine, a small but powerful nucleoside that functions as an alarm signal. Amidst the chaos of inflammation, adenosine aims to restore order. Within the scope of its effects is the ability to regulate intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. This review aims to define the contributions of adenosine to mucus production, microbiome-dependent barrier protection, tight junction dynamics, chloride secretion and acid-base balance to reinforce its importance in the intestinal epithelial barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Stepanova
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carol M Aherne
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mendes I, Vale N. Overcoming Microbiome-Acquired Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:227. [PMID: 38275398 PMCID: PMC10813061 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) are one of the most recurrent diseases in the world. Among all GICs, pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest and continues to disrupt people's lives worldwide. The most frequent pancreatic cancer type is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), representing 90 to 95% of all pancreatic malignancies. PC is one of the cancers with the worst prognoses due to its non-specific symptoms that lead to a late diagnosis, but also due to the high resistance it develops to anticancer drugs. Gemcitabine is a standard treatment option for PDAC, however, resistance to this anticancer drug develops very fast. The microbiome was recently classified as a cancer hallmark and has emerged in several studies detailing how it promotes drug resistance. However, this area of study still has seen very little development, and more answers will help in developing personalized medicine. PC is one of the cancers with the highest mortality rates; therefore, it is crucial to explore how the microbiome may mold the response to reference drugs used in PDAC, such as gemcitabine. In this article, we provide a review of what has already been investigated regarding the impact that the microbiome has on the development of PDAC in terms of its effect on the gemcitabine pathway, which may influence the response to gemcitabine. Therapeutic advances in this type of GIC could bring innovative solutions and more effective therapeutic strategies for other types of GIC, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), due to its close relation with the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mendes
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Edifício de Geociências, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Šimoničová K, Janotka L, Kavcova H, Sulova Z, Messingerova L, Breier A. Resistance of Leukemia Cells to 5-Azacytidine: Different Responses to the Same Induction Protocol. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113063. [PMID: 37297025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three AML cell variants (M/A, M/A* from MOLM-13 and S/A from SKM-1) were established for resistance by the same protocol using 5-azacytidine (AZA) as a selection agent. These AZA-resistant variants differ in their responses to other cytosine nucleoside analogs, including 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC), as well as in some molecular features. Differences in global DNA methylation, protein levels of DNA methyltransferases, and phosphorylation of histone H2AX were observed in response to AZA and DAC treatment in these cell variants. This could be due to changes in the expression of uridine-cytidine kinases 1 and 2 (UCK1 and UCK2) demonstrated in our cell variants. In the M/A variant that retained sensitivity to DAC, we detected a homozygous point mutation in UCK2 resulting in an amino acid substitution (L220R) that is likely responsible for AZA resistance. Cells administered AZA treatment can switch to de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, which could be blocked by inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by teriflunomide (TFN). This is shown by the synergistic effect of AZA and TFN in those variants that were cross-resistant to DAC and did not have a mutation in UCK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Šimoničová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Janotka
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kavcova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdena Sulova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Messingerova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals the Requirement of DYRK1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Ion Transport- and Cell Junction-Related Proteins for Notochord Lumenogenesis in Ascidian. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060921. [PMID: 36980262 PMCID: PMC10047359 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK1) phosphorylates diverse substrates involved in various cellular processes. Here, we found that blocking the kinase activity of DYRK1 inhibited notochord development and lumenogenesis in ascidian Ciona savignyi. By performing phosphoproteomics in conjunction with notochord-specific proteomics, we identified 1065 notochord-specific phosphoproteins that were present during lumen inflation, of which 428 differentially phosphorylated proteins (DPPs) were identified after inhibition of DYRK1 kinase activity. These DPPs were significantly enriched in metal ion transmembrane transporter activity, protein transport and localization, and tight junction. We next analyzed the downregulated phosphoproteins and focused on those belonging to the solute carrier (SLC), Ras-related protein (RAB), and tight junction protein (TJP) families. In vivo phospho-deficient study showed that alanine mutations on the phosphosites of these proteins resulted in defects of lumenogenesis during Ciona notochord development, demonstrating the crucial roles of phosphorylation of transmembrane transport-, vesicle trafficking-, and tight junction-related proteins in lumen formation. Overall, our study provides a valuable data resource for investigating notochord lumenogenesis and uncovers the molecular mechanisms of DYRK1-mediated notochord development and lumen inflation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang W, Yu X, Li H, Yang C, Jin C, Huang X. hENT1's role in adjuvant intra-arterial gemcitabine-based chemotherapy for resectable pancreatic cancer patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 36755224 PMCID: PMC9909848 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to verify the role of hENT1 as a prognostic predictor for patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who underwent radical resection followed by intra-arterial infusion of gemcitabine-based regimen. METHODS We collected surgical samples from 102 patients with resectable PDAC who received radical resection followed by intra-arterial infusion of gemcitabine-based regimen. The hENT1 expression with the help of immunohistochemistry was conducted using formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. The Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression were used to evaluate the mortality hazard associated with the discrepancy between strong and weak of hENT1 expression. Patients' clinical and pathological characteristics were compared between the two groups, then the role of hENT1 as a prognostic predictor was further explored. RESULTS A total of 102 patients were included to assess the hENT1 expression. 50 patients were classified into high hENT1 expression group, the other 52 patients were attributed into low hENT1 expression group. High hENT1 expression was related to a significantly improved overall survival (OS) (p = 0.014) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.004). Both univariate (p = 0.001) and multivariate analyses (p < 0.001) indicated that high hENT1 expression was related to a decreased mortality. CONCLUSIONS High expression of hENT1 is positive prognostic factor for adjuvant intra-arterial gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in resectable PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 S. Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233 China
| | - Xinzhe Yu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 S. Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233 China
| | - Hengchao Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 S. Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Chuanxin Yang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 S. Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233 China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 S. Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Xinyu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 S. Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development of a Dose-Adjusted Polygenic Risk Model for Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:337-344. [PMID: 36728273 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracyclines, which are effective chemotherapeutic agents, cause cardiac dysfunction in up to 57% of patients. The cumulative anthracycline dose is a crucial predictor of cardiotoxicity; however, the cumulative dose alone cannot explain all cardiotoxic events. Strongly associated genetic variants in SLC28A3, UGT1A6, and RARG contribute to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in pediatric patients and may help identify those most susceptible. This study aimed to examine how these pharmacogenetic effects are modulated by cumulative anthracycline doses in the development of cardiotoxicity. METHODS A total of 595 anthracycline-treated children were genotyped and cardiotoxicity cases were identified. A dose-stratified analysis was performed to compare the contributions of SLC28A3 rs7853758, UGT1A6 rs17863783, and RARG rs2229774 variants to the development of cardiotoxicity in low-dose (<150 mg/m2 cumulative dose) and high-dose (>250 mg/m2 cumulative dose) patient groups. Logistic regression was used to model the relationships between the cumulative anthracycline dose, genetic variants, and cardiotoxicity in the full cohort. RESULTS At < 150 mg/m2 cumulative anthracycline dose, the SLC28A3 protective variant did not reach statistical significance [odds ratio (OR) 0.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10-1.45), P = 0.23], but it was statistically significant at doses >250 mg/m2 [OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.22-0.78), P = 0.0093]. Conversely, the UGT1A6 and RARG risk variants were either statistically significant or approaching significance at doses <150 mg/m2 [OR 7.18 (95% CI 1.78-28.4), P = 0.0045 for UGT1A6 and OR 2.76 (95% CI 0.89-7.63), P = 0.057 for RARG], but not at doses >250 mg/m2 [OR 2.91 (95% CI 0.80-11.0), P = 0.10; OR 1.56 (95% CI 0.89-2.75), P = 0.12]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the SLC28A3 variant imparts more significant protection for patients receiving higher anthracycline doses, whereas the UGT1A6 and RARG risk variants significantly increased the risk of cardiotoxicity at low anthracycline doses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang M, Xu X. Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:483-505. [PMID: 35975669 PMCID: PMC9506706 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleoside analogs are an important class of antiviral agents. Due to the high hydrophilicity and limited membrane permeability of antiviral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (AVNAs), transporters play critical roles in AVNA pharmacokinetics. Understanding the properties of these transporters is important to accelerate translational research for AVNAs. AREAS COVERED The roles of key transporters in the pharmacokinetics of 25 approved AVNAs were reviewed. Clinically relevant information that can be explained by the modulation of transporter functions is also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although the roles of transporters in the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of AVNAs have been well identified, more research is warranted to understand their roles in the distribution of AVNAs, especially to immune privileged compartments where treatment of viral infection is challenging. P-gp, MRP4, BCRP, and nucleoside transporters have shown extensive impacts in the disposition of AVNAs. It is highly recommended that the role of transporters should be investigated during the development of novel AVNAs. Clinically, co-administered inhibitors and genetic polymorphism of transporters are the two most frequently reported factors altering AVNA pharmacokinetics. Physiopathology conditions also regulate transporter activities, while their effects on pharmacokinetics need further exploration. Pharmacokinetic models could be useful for elucidating these complicated factors in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koltai T, Reshkin SJ, Carvalho TMA, Di Molfetta D, Greco MR, Alfarouk KO, Cardone RA. Resistance to Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Physiopathologic and Pharmacologic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2486. [PMID: 35626089 PMCID: PMC9139729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a very aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis and inadequate response to treatment. Many factors contribute to this therapeutic failure: lack of symptoms until the tumor reaches an advanced stage, leading to late diagnosis; early lymphatic and hematic spread; advanced age of patients; important development of a pro-tumoral and hyperfibrotic stroma; high genetic and metabolic heterogeneity; poor vascular supply; a highly acidic matrix; extreme hypoxia; and early development of resistance to the available therapeutic options. In most cases, the disease is silent for a long time, andwhen it does become symptomatic, it is too late for ablative surgery; this is one of the major reasons explaining the short survival associated with the disease. Even when surgery is possible, relapsesare frequent, andthe causes of this devastating picture are the low efficacy ofand early resistance to all known chemotherapeutic treatments. Thus, it is imperative to analyze the roots of this resistance in order to improve the benefits of therapy. PDAC chemoresistance is the final product of different, but to some extent, interconnected factors. Surgery, being the most adequate treatment for pancreatic cancer and the only one that in a few selected cases can achieve longer survival, is only possible in less than 20% of patients. Thus, the treatment burden relies on chemotherapy in mostcases. While the FOLFIRINOX scheme has a slightly longer overall survival, it also produces many more adverse eventsso that gemcitabine is still considered the first choice for treatment, especially in combination with other compounds/agents. This review discusses the multiple causes of gemcitabine resistance in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Joel Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (T.M.A.C.); (D.D.M.); (M.R.G.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Tiago M. A. Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (T.M.A.C.); (D.D.M.); (M.R.G.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Daria Di Molfetta
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (T.M.A.C.); (D.D.M.); (M.R.G.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Maria Raffaella Greco
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (T.M.A.C.); (D.D.M.); (M.R.G.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Khalid Omer Alfarouk
- Zamzam Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Temple Terrace, FL 33617, USA
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (T.M.A.C.); (D.D.M.); (M.R.G.); (R.A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller JP, Gründemann D. Does Intracellular Metabolism Render Gemcitabine Uptake Undetectable in Mass Spectrometry? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094690. [PMID: 35563081 PMCID: PMC9101085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ergothioneine transporter ETT (formerly OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a powerful and highly specific transporter for the uptake of ergothioneine (ET). Recently, Sparreboom et al. reported that the ETT would transport nucleosides and nucleoside analogues such as cytarabine and gemcitabine with the highest efficiency. In our assay system, we could not detect any such transport. Subsequently, Sparreboom suggested that the intracellular metabolization of the nucleosides occurs so fast that the original compounds cannot be detected by LC–MS/MS after inward transport. Our current experiments with 293 cells disprove this hypothesis. Uptake of gemcitabine was easily detected by LC–MS/MS measurements when we expressed the Na+/nucleoside cotransporter CNT3 (SLC28A3). Inward transport was 1280 times faster than the intracellular production of gemcitabine triphosphate. The deoxycytidine kinase inhibitor 2-thio-2′-deoxycytidine markedly blocked the production of gemcitabine triphosphate. There was no concomitant surge in intracellular gemcitabine, however. This does not fit the rapid phosphorylation of gemcitabine. Uptake of cytarabine was very slow, but detection by MS was still possible. When the ETT was expressed and incubated with gemcitabine, there was no increase in intracellular gemcitabine triphosphate. We conclude that the ETT does not transport nucleosides.
Collapse
|
12
|
Markowicz-Piasecka M, Markiewicz A, Darłak P, Sikora J, Adla SK, Bagina S, Huttunen KM. Current Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Views in the Development of Successful Brain-Targeted Pharmaceutics. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:942-976. [PMID: 35391662 PMCID: PMC9294128 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with successful pharmaceutical treatments of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the delivery of drugs into their target sites with appropriate concentrations. For example, the physically tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks compounds from penetrating into the brain, also by the action of metabolizing enzymes and efflux transport mechanisms. However, many endogenous compounds, including both smaller compounds and macromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, nucleosides, hormones, steroids, and electrolytes, have their peculiar internalization routes across the BBB. These delivery mechanisms, namely carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transcytosis have been utilized to some extent in brain-targeted drug development. The incomplete knowledge of the BBB and the smaller than a desirable number of chemical tools have hindered the development of successful brain-targeted pharmaceutics. This review discusses the recent advancements achieved in the field from the point of medicinal chemistry view and discusses how brain drug delivery can be improved in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Markiewicz
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Darłak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sreelatha Bagina
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Finland Oy, Neulaniementie 4, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walter M, Herr P. Re-Discovery of Pyrimidine Salvage as Target in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040739. [PMID: 35203388 PMCID: PMC8870348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are synthesized through two distinct pathways: de novo synthesis and nucleoside salvage. Whereas the de novo pathway synthesizes nucleotides from amino acids and glucose, the salvage pathway recovers nucleosides or bases formed during DNA or RNA degradation. In contrast to high proliferating non-malignant cells, which are highly dependent on the de novo synthesis, cancer cells can switch to the nucleoside salvage pathways to maintain efficient DNA replication. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis remains the target of interest in cancer therapy and several inhibitors showed promising results in cancer cells and in vivo models. In the 1980s and 1990s, poor responses were however observed in clinical trials with several of the currently existing pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors. To overcome the observed limitations in clinical trials, targeting pyrimidine salvage alone or in combination with pyrimidine de novo inhibitors was suggested. Even though this approach showed initially promising results, it received fresh attention only recently. Here we discuss the re-discovery of targeting pyrimidine salvage pathways for DNA replication alone or in combination with inhibitors of pyrimidine de novo synthesis to overcome limitations of commonly used antimetabolites in various preclinical cancer models and clinical trials. We also highlight newly emerged targets in pyrimidine synthesis as well as pyrimidine salvage as a promising target in immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cladribine as a Potential Object of Nucleoside Transporter-Based Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 61:167-187. [PMID: 34894346 PMCID: PMC8813788 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B and T-lymphocytes) to its active triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®), administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years), are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Cladribine has been shown to be a substrate of various nucleoside transporters (NTs). Intestinal absorption and distribution of cladribine throughout the body appear to be essentially mediated by equilibrative NTs (ENTs) and concentrative NTs (CNTs), specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Other efficient transporters of cladribine are the ABC efflux transporters, specifically breast cancer resistance protein, which likely modulates the oral absorption and renal excretion of cladribine. A key transporter for the intracellular uptake of cladribine into B and T-lymphocytes is ENT1 with ancillary contributions of ENT2 and CNT2. Transporter-based drug interactions affecting absorption and target cellular uptake of a prodrug such as cladribine are likely to reduce systemic bioavailability and target cell exposure, thereby possibly hampering clinical efficacy. In order to manage optimized therapy, i.e., to ensure uncompromised target cell uptake to preserve the full therapeutic potential of cladribine, it is important that clinicians are aware of the existence of NT-inhibiting medicinal products, various lifestyle drugs, and food components. This article reviews the existing knowledge on inhibitors of NT, which may alter cladribine absorption, distribution, and uptake into target cells, thereby summarizing the existing knowledge on optimized methods of administration and concomitant drugs that should be avoided during cladribine treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ordoñez JFF, Galindez GGST, Gulay KT, Ravago-Gotanco R. Transcriptome analysis of growth variation in early juvenile stage sandfish Holothuria scabra. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100904. [PMID: 34488170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sandfish Holothuria scabra is a high-value tropical sea cucumber species representing a major mariculture prospect across the Indo-Pacific. Advancements in culture technology, rearing, and processing present options for augmenting capture production, stock restoration, and sustainable livelihood activities from hatchery-produced sandfish. Further improvements in mariculture production may be gained from the application of genomic technologies to improve performance traits such as growth. In this study, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and characterization of fast- and slow-growing juvenile H. scabra from three Philippine populations. Analyses revealed 66 unigenes that were consistently differentially regulated in fast-growing sandfish and found to be associated with immune response and metabolism. Further, we identified microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers potentially associated with fast growth. These findings provide insight on potential genomic determinants underlying growth regulation in early juvenile sandfish which will be useful for further functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June Feliciano F Ordoñez
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Velasquez St., Diliman, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Gihanna Gaye S T Galindez
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Velasquez St., Diliman, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines; Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Germany.
| | - Karina Therese Gulay
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Velasquez St., Diliman, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Rachel Ravago-Gotanco
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Velasquez St., Diliman, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carter CJ, Mekkawy AH, Morris DL. Role of human nucleoside transporters in pancreatic cancer and chemoresistance. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6844-6860. [PMID: 34790010 PMCID: PMC8567477 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is poor with the overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5% changing minimally over the past decades and future projections predicting it developing into the second leading cause of cancer related mortality within the next decade. Investigations into the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development, progression and acquired chemoresistance have been constant for the past few decades, thus resulting in the identification of human nucleoside transporters and factors affecting cytotoxic uptake via said transporters. This review summaries the aberrant expression and role of human nucleoside transports in pancreatic cancer, more specifically human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1/2 (hENT1, hENT2), and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1/3 (hCNT1, hCNT3), while briefly discussing the connection and importance between these nucleoside transporters and mucins that have also been identified as being aberrantly expressed in pancreatic cancer. The review also discusses the incidence, current diagnostic techniques as well as the current therapeutic treatments for pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we address the importance of chemoresistance in nucleoside analogue drugs, in particular, gemcitabine and we discuss prospective therapeutic treatments and strategies for overcoming acquired chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer by the enhancement of human nucleoside transporters as well as the potential targeting of mucins using a combination of mucolytic compounds with cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Jade Carter
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rasmussen HB, Jürgens G, Thomsen R, Taboureau O, Zeth K, Hansen PE, Hansen PR. Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Phosphorylation of GS-441524: Implications for Its Effectiveness against COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071369. [PMID: 34372575 PMCID: PMC8310262 DOI: 10.3390/v13071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-441524 is an adenosine analog and the parent nucleoside of the prodrug remdesivir, which has received emergency approval for treatment of COVID-19. Recently, GS-441524 has been proposed to be effective in the treatment of COVID-19, perhaps even being superior to remdesivir for treatment of this disease. Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of GS-441524 requires understanding of its uptake and intracellular conversion to GS-441524 triphosphate, the active antiviral substance. We here discuss the potential impact of these pharmacokinetic steps of GS-441524 on the formation of its active antiviral substance and effectiveness for treatment of COVID-19. Available protein expression data suggest that several adenosine transporters are expressed at only low levels in the epithelial cells lining the alveoli in the lungs, i.e., the alveolar cells or pneumocytes from healthy lungs. This may limit uptake of GS-441524. Importantly, cellular uptake of GS-441524 may be reduced during hypoxia and inflammation due to decreased expression of adenosine transporters. Similarly, hypoxia and inflammation may lead to reduced expression of adenosine kinase, which is believed to convert GS-441524 to GS-441524 monophosphate, the perceived rate-limiting step in the intracellular formation of GS-441524 triphosphate. Moreover, increases in extracellular and intracellular levels of adenosine, which may occur during critical illnesses, has the potential to competitively decrease cellular uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524. Taken together, tissue hypoxia and severe inflammation in COVID-19 may lead to reduced uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524 with lowered therapeutic effectiveness as a potential outcome. Hypoxia may be particularly critical to the ability of GS-441524 to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 from tissues with low basal expression of adenosine transporters, such as alveolar cells. This knowledge may also be relevant to treatments with other antiviral adenosine analogs and anticancer adenosine analogs as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gesche Jürgens
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
| | - Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (K.Z.); (P.E.H.)
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamamura T, Narumi K, Ohata T, Satoh H, Mori T, Furugen A, Kobayashi M, Iseki K. Characterization of deoxyribonucleoside transport mediated by concentrative nucleoside transporters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:120-125. [PMID: 33910126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are responsible for cellular uptake of ribonucleosides; however, although it is important to better characterize CNT-subtype specificity to understand the systemic disposition of deoxyribonucleosides (dNs) and their analogs, the involvement of CNTs in transporting dNs is not fully understood. In this study, using COS-7 cells that transiently expressed CNT1, CNT2, or CNT3, we investigated if CNTs could transport not only ribonucleosides but also dNs, i.e., 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo), 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), and 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd). The cellular uptake study demonstrated that dAdo and dGuo were taken up by CNT2 but not by CNT1. Although dCyd was taken up by CNT1, no significant uptake was detected in COS-7 cells expressing CNT2. Similarly, these dNs were transported by CNT3. The apparent Km values of their uptake were as follows: CNT1, Km = 141 μM for dCyd; CNT2, Km = 62.4 μM and 54.9 μM for dAdo and dGuo, respectively; CNT3, Km = 14.7 μM and 34.4 μM for dGuo and dCyd, respectively. These results demonstrate that CNTs contribute not only to ribonucleoside transport but also to the transport of dNs. Moreover, our data indicated that CNT1 and CNT2 selectively transported pyrimidine and purine dNs, respectively, and CNT3 was shown to transport both pyrimidine and purine dNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Yamamura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharma Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharma Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Tsukika Ohata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharma Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Research and Development division, Hokkaido Research Institute, Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Eniwa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Research and Development division, Hokkaido Research Institute, Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Eniwa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharma Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharma Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharma Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gorczyca L, Du J, Bircsak KM, Wen X, Vetrano AM, Aleksunes LM. Low oxygen tension differentially regulates the expression of placental solute carriers and ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:811-827. [PMID: 32978975 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen concentration, or hypoxia, is an important physiological regulator of placental function including chemical disposition. Here, we compared the ability of low oxygen tension to alter the expression of solute carriers (SLC) and ABC transporters in two human placental models, namely BeWo cells and term placental explants. We found that exposure to low oxygen concentration differentially regulates transporter expression in BeWo cells, including downregulation of ENT1, OATP4A1, OCTN2, BCRP, and MRP2/3/5, and upregulation of CNT1, OAT4, OATP2B1, SERT, SOAT, and MRP1. Similar upregulation of MRP1 and downregulation of MRP5 and BCRP were observed in explants, whereas uptake transporters were decreased or unchanged. Furthermore, a screening of transcriptional regulators of transporters revealed that hypoxia leads to a decrease in the mRNA levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and retinoid x receptor alpha in both human placental models. These data suggest that transporter expression is differentially regulated by oxygen concentration across experimental human placental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Gorczyca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jianyao Du
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristin M Bircsak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou Y, Liao L, Wang C, Li J, Chi P, Xiao Q, Liu Q, Guo L, Sun L, Deng D. Cryo-EM structure of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter CNT3. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000790. [PMID: 32776918 PMCID: PMC7440666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), members of the solute carrier (SLC) 28 transporter family, facilitate the salvage of nucleosides and therapeutic nucleoside derivatives across the plasma membrane. Despite decades of investigation, the structures of human CNTs remain unknown. We determined the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of human CNT (hCNT) 3 at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å. As with its bacterial homologs, hCNT3 presents a trimeric architecture with additional N-terminal transmembrane helices to stabilize the conserved central domains. The conserved binding sites for the substrate and sodium ions unravel the selective nucleoside transport and distinct coupling mechanism. Structural comparison of hCNT3 with bacterial homologs indicates that hCNT3 is stabilized in an inward-facing conformation. This study provides the molecular determinants for the transport mechanism of hCNTs and potentially facilitates the design of nucleoside drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhou
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianghuan Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengliang Chi
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingjie Xiao
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingting Liu
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Guo
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linfeng Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (DD)
| | - Dong Deng
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (DD)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kano H, Saito C, Yamada N, Fukuuchi T, Yamaoka N, Kaneko K, Asami Y. Species-dependent patterns of incorporation of purine mononucleotides and nucleosides by lactic acid bacteria. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1440-1448. [PMID: 32397874 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1733604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although most lactic acid bacteria do not directly incorporate purine nucleotides, the strain Lactobacillus gasseri PA-3 was found to incorporate purine mononucleotides. To determine whether the direct uptake of purine mononucleotides is dependent on the species or strain of lactic acid bacteria, incorporation of purine mononucleotides was assessed in L. gasseri, Lactcoccus lactis sbsp. lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus and other species of lactic acid bacteria. Each bacterial strain was incubated with 32P-AMP or 14C-adenosine and the incorporation of each purine was evaluated by measuring their radioactivity. All investigated strains of L. gasseri incorporated 32P-AMP, whereas strains of S. thermophilus and most strains of L. lactis did not. Incorporation of 32P-AMP into strains of Pediococcus was dependent on the strain or species of that genus of bacteria. All investigated strains, except for one strain of L. gasseri, incorporated 14C-adenosine, with S. thermophilus, L. lactis and Pediococcus generally displaying greater incorporation of 14C-adenosine than L. gasseri. Although most lactic acid bacteria such as S. thermophiles and L. lactis do not incorporate purine mononucleotides, some species such as L. gasseri directly incorporate purine mononucleotides. These findings indicate that the preferential incorporation of purine mononucleotides or nucleosides by lactic acid bacteria is dependent on the species or strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kano
- Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Saito
- Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Yamada
- Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Fukuuchi
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Yamaoka
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kaneko
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Asami
- Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abdelkawy KS, El-Haggar SM, Ziada DH, Ebaid NF, El-Magd MA, Elbarbry FA. The effect of genetic variations on ribavirin pharmacokinetics and treatment response in HCV-4 Egyptian patients receiving sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and ribavirin. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109657. [PMID: 31810127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in ribavirin (RBV) transport (SLC28A2 gene, ABCB1 gene and ABCB11 gene) on the clinical outcome and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in HCV- 4 Egyptian patients. METHOD 100 patients treated with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and ribavirin for 12 weeks. The SNP genotyping was performed by real-time PCR using high resolution melting analysis. Ribavirin plasma trough concentrations were determined at week 4 of therapy using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For clinical outcomes, sustained virological response (SVR), liver function tests (ALT and AST), total bilirubin, albumin, serum creatinine, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, and platelet count were measured. RESULTS Concerning RBV pharmacokinetics, ABCB1 2677 G > T SNP and ABCB11 1331 T > C SNP were statistically associated with RBV Ctrough levels after 4 weeks of therapy. ABCB11 1331 T > C SNP revealed significant association with clinical outcomes (SVR). SLC28A2-146 A > T SNP has not showed any statistically significant association with RBV plasma levels or response. CONCLUSION SNP genotyping for ABCB1 and ABCB11 genes can help in better personalized medicine for maximizing response for ribavirin as explored by the significant association between polymorphism in ABCB1 and ABCB11 genes and ribavirin pharmacokinetics and the significant association of ABCB11 1331 T > C SNP with clinical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Abdelkawy
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - S M El-Haggar
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - D H Ziada
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - N F Ebaid
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - M A El-Magd
- Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.
| | - F A Elbarbry
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8thAve., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mutual role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 in the intestinal uptake of dAMP. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223892. [PMID: 31634358 PMCID: PMC6802847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP), a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA, affects intestinal cell growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal absorption of foreign DNA ingested along with food has hardly been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying intestinal absorption of dAMP. The uptake of [3H]dAMP by Caco-2 cells was Na+- and pH-dependent and was inhibited by various nucleosides. In contrast, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NMBPR), an equilibrative nucleoside transporter inhibitor, showed little inhibitory effects on [3H]dAMP uptake. Additionally, human concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) 3, transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, mediated the uptake of [3H]dAMP. A kinetic study revealed that the Km value of CNT3-mediated uptake of dAMP (59.6 μM) was close to that of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) (56.3 μM), whereas the dAMP Vmax (15.6 pmol·mg protein–1min–1) was 500-fold lesser than the dAdo Vmax (7782 pmol·mg protein–1min–1). Further, [3H]dAMP uptake was greater in COS-7 cells expressing ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 with CNT3 than in those expressing CNT3 alone. These data suggest that, although dAMP is a substrate of CNT3, it is dephosphorylated to dAdo by CD73 and is efficiently absorbed as dAdo from the intestinal lumen.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang H, Jones AK, Dvorak CC, Huang L, Orchard P, Ivaturi V, Long-Boyle J. Population Pharmacokinetics of Clofarabine as Part of Pretransplantation Conditioning in Pediatric Subjects before Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:1603-1610. [PMID: 31002993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this work was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of systemic clofarabine (clo-fara) in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients receiving either nucleoside monotherapy or a dual nucleoside analog preparative regimen. Fifty-one children (median age, 4.9 years; range, .25 to 14.9 years) undergoing allogeneic HCT for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders underwent PK assessment. Plasma samples were collected over the 4 to 5 days of clo-fara treatment and quantified for clo-fara, using a validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to develop the population PK model, including identification of covariates that influenced drug disposition. In agreement with previously published models, a 2-compartment PK model with first-order elimination best described the PK of clo-fara. Final parameter estimates for clo-fara were consistent with previous reports and were as follows: clearance (CL), 23 L/h/15 kg; volume of the central compartment, 42 L/15 kg; volume of peripheral compartment, 47 L/15 kg; and intercompartmental CL, 9.8 L/h/15 kg. Unexplained variability was acceptable at 33%, and the additive residual error (reflective of the assay) was estimated to be 0.36 ng/mL. Patient-specific factors significantly impacting clo-fara CL included actual body weight and age. The covariate model was able to estimate clo-fara CL with good precision in children spanning a wide age range from infancy to early adulthood and demonstrates the need for variable dosing in children of different ages. For example, the dose required for a 6-month and 1-year old was approximately 43% and 17% lower, respectively, than the typical 40 mg/m2dose to achieve the median AUC0-24of 1.04 mg·h/L in the study population. Despite the known renal elimination of clo-fara, no significant clinical parameters for renal function were retained in the final model (P> .05). Coadministration of fludarabine with clo-fara did not alter the CL of clo-fara (P> .05). These results will help inform individualized dosing strategies for clo-fara to improve clinical outcomes and limit drug-related adverse events in children undergoing HCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hechuan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aksana K Jones
- Center for Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Liusheng Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Paul Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vijay Ivaturi
- Center for Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Janel Long-Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Holec AD, Mandal S, Prathipati PK, Destache CJ. Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Thorough Review, Present Status and Future Perspective as HIV Therapeutics. Curr HIV Res 2019; 15:411-421. [PMID: 29165087 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171120110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a severe viral infection that has claimed approximately 658,507 lives in the US between the years 2010-2014. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has proven to inhibit HIV-1, but unlike other viral illness, not cure the infection. OBJECTIVE Among various Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ARVs, nucleoside/ nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are most effective in limiting HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on NRTIs mechanism of action and metabolism. METHODS A search of PubMed (1982-2016) was performed to capture relevant articles regarding NRTI pharmacology. RESULTS The current classical NRTIs pharmacology for HIV-1 prevention and treatment are presented. Finally, various novel strategies are proposed to improve the efficacy of NRTIs, which will increase therapeutic efficiency of present-day HIV-1 prevention/treatment regimen. CONCLUSION Use of NRTIs will continue to be critical for successful treatment and prevention of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Holec
- Creighton University Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Subhra Mandal
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu W, Zhai G, Xu Z, Hou B, Liu D, Liu T, Liu W, Ren F. Whole-exome sequencing identified four loci influencing craniofacial morphology in northern Han Chinese. Hum Genet 2019; 138:601-611. [PMID: 30968251 PMCID: PMC6554238 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Facial shape differences are one of the most significant phenotypes in humans. It is affected largely by skull shape. However, research into the genetic basis of the craniofacial morphology has rarely been reported. The present study aimed to identify genetic variants influencing craniofacial morphology in northern Han Chinese through whole-exome sequencing (WES). Phenotypic data of the volunteers’ faces and skulls were obtained through three-dimensional CT scan of the skull. A total of 48 phenotypes (35 facial and 13 cranial phenotypes) were used for the bioinformatics analysis. Four genetic loci were identified affecting the craniofacial shapes. The four candidate genes are RGPD3, IGSF3, SLC28A3, and USP40. Four single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site mutations in RGPD3, IGSF3, and USP40 were significantly associated with the skull shape (p < 1×10−6), and three SNP site mutations in RGPD3, IGSF3, and SLC28A3 were significantly associated with the facial shape (p < 1×10−6). The rs62152530 site mutation in the RGPD3 gene may be closely associated with the nasal length, ear length, and alar width. The rs647711 site mutation in the IGSF3 gene may be closely associated with the nasal length, mandibular width, and width between the mental foramina. The rs10868138 site mutation in the SLC28A3 gene may be associated with the nasal length, alar width, width between tragus, and width between the mental foramina. The rs1048603 and rs838543 site mutations in the USP40 gene may be closely associated with the pyriform aperture width. Our findings provide useful genetic information for the determination of face morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Humanities and Management, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiying Zhai
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejun Xu
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hou
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahua Liu
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wei Liu
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Ren
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Physical Characteristics Research (LPKL-CPCR), Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shen H, Scialis RJ, Lehman-McKeeman L. Xenobiotic Transporters in the Kidney: Function and Role in Toxicity. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:159-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
30
|
Knies C, Reuter H, Hammerbacher K, Bender E, Bonaterra GA, Kinscherf R, Rosemeyer H. Synthesis of New Potential Lipophilic Co-Drugs of 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (Cladribine, 2-CdA, Mavenclad®, Leustatin®) and 6-Azauridine (z 6 U) with Valproic Acid. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800497. [PMID: 30614625 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine, 1) was acylated with valproic acid (2) under various reaction conditions yielding 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-3',5'-O-divalproyladenosine (3) as well as the 3'-O- and 5'-O-monovalproylated derivatives, 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-3'-O-valproyladenosine (4) and 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-5'-O-valproyladenosine (5), as new co-drugs. In addition, 6-azauridine-2',3'-O-(ethyl levulinate) (8) was valproylated at the 5'-OH group (→9). All products were characterized by 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The structure of the by-product 6 (N-cyclohexyl-N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-2-propylpentanamide), formed upon valproylation of cladribine in the presence of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, was analyzed by X-ray crystallography. Cladribine as well as its valproylated co-drugs were tested upon their cancerostatic/cancerotoxic activity in human astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma GOS-3 cells, in rat malignant neuro ectodermal BT4Ca cells, as well as in phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages. The most important result of these experiments is the finding that only the 3'-O-valproylated derivative 4 exhibits a significant antitumor activity while the 5'-O- as well as the 3',5'-O-divalproylated cladribine derivatives 3 and 5 proved to be inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans Reuter
- Anorganische Chemie II, Strukturchemie, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Bender
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Use of Germline Genetic Variability for Prediction of Chemoresistance and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120511. [PMID: 30545124 PMCID: PMC6316878 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to set up a panel for targeted sequencing of chemoresistance genes and the main transcription factors driving their expression and to evaluate their predictive and prognostic value in breast cancer patients. Coding and regulatory regions of 509 genes, selected from PharmGKB and Phenopedia, were sequenced using massive parallel sequencing in blood DNA from 105 breast cancer patients in the testing phase. In total, 18,245 variants were identified of which 2565 were novel variants (without rs number in dbSNP build 150) in the testing phase. Variants with major allele frequency over 0.05 were further prioritized for validation phase based on a newly developed decision tree. Using emerging in silico tools and pharmacogenomic databases for functional predictions and associations with response to cytotoxic therapy or disease-free survival of patients, 55 putative variants were identified and used for validation in 805 patients with clinical follow up using KASPTM technology. In conclusion, associations of rs2227291, rs2293194, and rs4376673 (located in ATP7A, KCNAB1, and DFFB genes, respectively) with response to neoadjuvant cytotoxic therapy and rs1801160 in DPYD with disease-free survival of patients treated with cytotoxic drugs were validated and should be further functionally characterized.
Collapse
|
32
|
Logie L, Lees Z, Allwood JW, McDougall G, Beall C, Rena G. Regulation of hepatic glucose production and AMPK by AICAR but not by metformin depends on drug uptake through the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2748-2758. [PMID: 29962100 PMCID: PMC6282725 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recently we have observed differences in the ability of metformin and AICAR to repress glucose production from hepatocytes using 8CPT-cAMP. Previous results indicate that, in addition to activating protein kinase A, 8CPT-modified cAMP analogues suppress the nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1. We aimed to exploit 8CPT-cAMP, 8CPT-2-Methyl-O-cAMP and NBMPR, which is highly selective for a high-affinity binding-site on ENT1, to investigate the role of ENT1 in the liver-specific glucose-lowering properties of AICAR and metformin. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes were incubated with AICAR and metformin in combination with cAMP analogues, glucagon, forskolin and NBMPR. Hepatocyte glucose production (HGP) and AMPK signalling were measured, and a uridine uptake assay with supporting LC-MS was used to investigate nucleoside depletion from medium by cells. RESULTS AICAR and metformin increased AMPK pathway phosphorylation and decreased HGP induced by dibutyryl cAMP and glucagon. HGP was also induced by 8CPT-cAMP, 8CPT-2-Methyl-O-cAMP and NBMPR; however, in each case this was resistant to suppression by AICAR but not by metformin. Cross-validation of tracer and mass spectrometry studies indicates that 8CPT-cAMP, 8CPT-2-Methyl-O-cAMP and NBMPR inhibited the effects of AICAR, at least in part, by impeding its uptake into hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time that suppression of ENT1 induces HGP. ENT1 inhibition also impedes uptake and the effects of AICAR, but not metformin, on HGP. Further investigation of nucleoside transport may illuminate a better understanding of how metformin and AICAR each regulate HGP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Logie
- Division of Cellular MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Zoe Lees
- Division of Cellular MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUK
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - J. William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Craig Beall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Cellular MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mayati A, Moreau A, Jouan E, Febvre-James M, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. mRNA Expression and Activity of Nucleoside Transporters in Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cells. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040246. [PMID: 30469356 PMCID: PMC6320972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line is a highly differentiated human hepatoma cell line, displaying the expression of various drug transporters. However, functional expression of nucleoside transporters remains poorly characterized in HepaRG cells, although these transporters play a key role in hepatic uptake of antiviral and anticancer drugs. The present study was, therefore, designed to characterize the expression, activity and regulation of equilibrative (ENT) and concentrative (CNT) nucleoside transporter isoforms in differentiated HepaRG cells. These cells were found to exhibit a profile of nucleoside transporter mRNAs similar to that found in human hepatocytes, i.e., notable expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1, with very low or no expression of CNT2 and CNT3. ENT1 activity was, next, demonstrated to be the main uridine transport activity present in HepaRG cells, like in cultured human hepatocytes. Various physiological factors, such as protein kinase C (PKC) activation or treatment by inflammatory cytokines or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), were additionally found to regulate expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1; PKC activation and HGF notably concomitantly induced mRNA expression and activity of ENT1 in HepaRG cells. Overall, these data suggest that HepaRG cells may be useful for analyzing cellular pharmacokinetics of nucleoside-like drugs in human hepatic cells, especially of those handled by ENT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mayati
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Marie Febvre-James
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-35033 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Berveiller P, Mir O, Degrelle SA, Tsatsaris V, Selleret L, Guibourdenche J, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T, Gil S. Chemotherapy in pregnancy: exploratory study of the effects of paclitaxel on the expression of placental drug transporters. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:1075-1085. [PMID: 30367323 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of paclitaxel in pregnant cancer patients is feasible in terms of fetal safety, but little is known about the effects of paclitaxel on the placenta. Using three experimental models, we aimed to assess the effects of paclitaxel on the expression of placental drug transporters. Methods In the in vitro model (human primary trophoblast culture), trophoblasts were isolated from normal term placentas and subsequently exposed to paclitaxel. The transcriptional regulation of 84 genes encoding for drug transporters, and the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP were assessed. In the in vivo model, placental tissues isolated from pregnant cancer patients treated with paclitaxel were analyzed to assess the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP. The same parameters were assessed in extracts from human placental cotyledons perfused ex vivo with paclitaxel. Results In the in vitro model, the expression of twelve drug-transporters genes was found to be significantly down-regulated after exposure to paclitaxel, including ABCC10, SLC28A3, SLC29A2, and ATP7B (involved in the transport of taxanes, antimetabolites, and cisplatin, respectively). The protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp increased by 1.3-fold after paclitaxel administration. Finally, the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP was higher in cotyledons from mothers treated with multiple doses of paclitaxel during pregnancy than in cotyledons perfused with a single dose of paclitaxel. Discussion Paclitaxel modulates the expression of placental drug transporters involved in the disposition of various anticancer agents. Further studies will be needed to assess the impact of repeated or prolonged exposure to paclitaxel on the expression and function of placental drug transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Berveiller
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy Saint Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, F78300, Poissy, France.
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Obstetrics, Port-Royal Maternity, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Lise Selleret
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tenon Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- Department of Hormonal Biology, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gil
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vaskó B, Juhász V, Tóth B, Kurunczi A, Fekete Z, Krisjanis Zolnerciks J, Kis E, Magnan R, Bidon-Chanal Badia A, Pastor-Anglada M, Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Fülöp F, Krajcsi P. Inhibitor selectivity of CNTs and ENTs. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:840-851. [PMID: 30022699 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1501832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT; solute carrier family 28 (SLC28)) and the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT; solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)) are important therapeutic targets but may also mediate toxicity or adverse events. To explore the relative role of the base and the monosaccharide moiety in inhibitor selectivity we selected compounds that either harbor an arabinose moiety or a cytosine moiety, as these groups had several commercially available drug members. The screening data showed that more compounds harboring a cytosine moiety displayed potent interactions with the CNTs than compounds harboring the arabinose moiety. In contrast, ENTs showed a preference for compounds with an arabinose moiety. The correlation between CNT1 and CNT3 was good as five of six compounds displayed IC50 values within the threefold threshold and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. For CNT1 and CNT2 as well as for CNT2 and CNT3 only two of six IC50 values correlated and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. Interestingly, of the six compounds that potently interacted with both ENT1 and ENT2 only nelarabine displayed selectivity. Our data show differences between inhibitor selectivities of CNTs and ENTs as well as differences within the CNT family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beáta Tóth
- b SOLVO Biotechnology , Budaörs , Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Emese Kis
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary
| | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal Badia
- c Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera , Universitat de Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- d Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e Oncology Program , National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | - Ferenc Fülöp
- g Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Peter Krajcsi
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary.,h Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,i Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics , Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pastor-Anglada M, Urtasun N, Pérez-Torras S. Intestinal Nucleoside Transporters: Function, Expression, and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1003-1017. [PMID: 29978890 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the absorptive organ for nutrients found in foods after digestion. Nucleosides and, to a lesser extent nucleobases, are the late products of nucleoprotein digestion. These metabolites are absorbed by nucleoside (and nucleobase) transporter (NT) proteins. NTs are differentially distributed along the gastrointestinal tract showing also polarized expression in epithelial cells. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are mainly located at the apical side of enterocytes, whereas equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the basolateral efflux of nucleosides and nucleobases to the bloodstream. Moreover, selected nucleotides and the bioactive nucleoside adenosine act directly on intestinal cells modulating purinergic signaling. NT-polarized insertion is tightly regulated. However, not much is known about the modulation of intestinal NT function in humans, probably due to the lack of appropriate cell models retaining CNT functional expression. Thus, the possibility of nutritional regulation of intestinal NTs has been addressed using animal models. Besides the nutrition-related role of NT proteins, orally administered drugs also need to cross the intestinal barrier, this event being a major determinant of drug bioavailability. In this regard, NT proteins might also play a role in pharmacology, thereby allowing the absorption of nucleoside- and nucleobase-derived drugs. The relative broad selectivity of these membrane transporters also suggests clinically relevant drug-drug interactions when using combined therapies. This review focuses on all these physiological and pharmacological aspects of NT protein biology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1003-1017, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Urtasun
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Who Is Who in Adenosine Transport. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:627. [PMID: 29962948 PMCID: PMC6010718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated by a panel of membrane transporters which, in most cases, mediate its uptake into cells. Adenosine transporters belong to two gene families encoding Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter proteins (ENTs and CNTs, respectively). The lack of appropriate pharmacological tools targeting every transporter subtype has introduced some bias on the current knowledge of the role of these transporters in modulating adenosine levels. In this regard, ENT1, for which pharmacology is relatively well-developed, has often been identified as a major player in purinergic signaling. Nevertheless, other transporters such as CNT2 and CNT3 can also contribute to purinergic modulation based on their high affinity for adenosine and concentrative capacity. Moreover, both transporter proteins have also been shown to be under purinergic regulation via P1 receptors in different cell types, which further supports its relevance in purinergic signaling. Thus, several transporter proteins regulate extracellular adenosine levels. Moreover, CNT and ENT proteins are differentially expressed in tissues but also in particular cell types. Accordingly, transporter-mediated fine tuning of adenosine levels is cell and tissue specific. Future developments focusing on CNT pharmacology are needed to unveil transporter subtype-specific events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Emerging Roles of Nucleoside Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:606. [PMID: 29928232 PMCID: PMC5997781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since human Nucleoside Transporters (hNTs) were identified by their activity as transport systems, extensive work has been done to fully characterize them at the molecular and physiological level. Many efforts have been addressed to the identification of their selectivity for natural substrates and nucleoside analogs used to treat several diseases. hNTs belong to two different gene families, SLC28 and SLC29, encoding human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (hCNTs) and human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters (hENTs), respectively. hCNTs and hENTs are integral membrane proteins, albeit structurally unrelated. Both families share common features as substrate selectivity and often tissue localization. This apparent biological redundancy may anticipate some different roles for hCNTs and hENTs in cell physiology. Thus, hENTs may have a major role in maintaining nucleoside homeostasis, whereas hCNTs could contribute to nucleoside sensing and signal transduction. In this sense, the ascription of hCNT1 to a transceptor reinforces this hypothesis. Moreover, some evidences could suggest a putative role of hCNT2 and hCNT3 as transceptors. The interacting proteins identified for hCNT2 suggest a link to energy metabolism. Moreover, the ability of hCNT2 and hCNT3 to transport adenosine links both proteins to purinergic signaling. On the other hand, the broad selectivity transporters hENTs have a crucial role in salvage pathways and purinergic signaling by means of nucleoside pools regulation. In particular, the two new hENT2 isoforms recently described together with hENT2 seem to be key elements controlling nucleoside and nucleotide pools for DNA synthesis. This review focuses on all these NTs functions beyond their mere translocation ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ivaturi V, Dvorak CC, Chan D, Liu T, Cowan MJ, Wahlstrom J, Stricherz M, Jennissen C, Orchard PJ, Tolar J, Pai SY, Huang L, Aweeka F, Long-Boyle J. Pharmacokinetics and Model-Based Dosing to Optimize Fludarabine Therapy in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1701-1713. [PMID: 28684371 PMCID: PMC6108324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A prospective multicenter study was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of fludarabine plasma (f-ara-a) and intracellular triphosphate (f-ara-ATP) in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and receiving fludarabine with conditioning. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected over the course of therapy for quantitation of f-ara-a and f-ara-ATP. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to develop the PK model, including identification of covariates impacting drug disposition. Data from a total of 133 children (median age, 5 years; range, .2 to 17.9) undergoing HCT for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders were available for PK-PD modeling. The implementation of allometric scaling of PK parameters alone was insufficient to describe drug clearance, particularly in very young children. Renal impairment was predicted to increase drug exposure across all ages. The rate of f-ara-a entry into PBMCs (expressed in pmoles per million cells) decreased over the course of therapy, resulting in 78% lower f-ara-ATP after the fourth dose (1.7 pmoles/million cells [range, .2 to 7.2]) compared with first dose (7.9 pmoles/million cells [range, .7 to 18.2]). The overall incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM) was low at 3% and 8% at days 60 and 360, respectively, and no association with f-ara-a exposure and TRM was found. In the setting of malignancy, disease-free survival was highest at 1 year after HCT in subjects achieving a systemic f-ara-a cumulative area under the curve (cAUC) greater than 15 mg*hour/L compared to patients with a cAUC less than 15 mg*hour/L (82.6% versus 52.8% P = .04). These results suggest that individualized model-based dosing of fludarabine in infants and young children may reduce morbidity and mortality through improved rates of disease-free survival and limiting drug-related toxicity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01316549.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Ivaturi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Danna Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Wahlstrom
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Melisa Stricherz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cathryn Jennissen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liusheng Huang
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Janel Long-Boyle
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Giuliani P, Zuccarini M, Buccella S, Peña-Altamira LE, Polazzi E, Virgili M, Monti B, Poli A, Rathbone MP, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F. Evidence for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) release from rat C6 glioma cells. J Neurochem 2017; 141:208-221. [PMID: 28251649 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular purine turnover is mainly oriented to preserving the level of triphosphate nucleotides, fundamental molecules in vital cell functions that, when released outside cells, act as receptor signals. Conversely, high levels of purine bases and uric acid are found in the extracellular milieu, even in resting conditions. These compounds could derive from nucleosides/bases that, having escaped to cell reuptake, are metabolized by extracellular enzymes similar to the cytosolic ones. Focusing on purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of purine (deoxy)-nucleosides/bases, we found that it is constitutively released from cultured rat C6 glioma cells into the medium, and has a molecular weight and enzyme activity similar to the cytosolic enzyme. Cell exposure to 10 μM ATP or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) increased the extracellular amount of all corresponding purines without modifying the levels/activity of released PNP, whereas selective activation of ATP P2Y1 or adenosine A2A metabotropic receptors increased PNP release and purine base formation. The reduction to 1% in oxygen supply (2 h) to cells decreased the levels of released PNP, leading to an increased presence of extracellular nucleosides and to a reduced formation of xanthine and uric acid. Conversely, 2 h cell re-oxygenation enhanced the extracellular amounts of both PNP and purine bases. Thus, hypoxia and re-oxygenation modulated in opposite manner the PNP release/activity and, thereby, the extracellular formation of purine metabolism end-products. In conclusion, extracellular PNP and likely other enzymes deputed to purine base metabolism are released from cells, contributing to the purinergic system homeostasis and exhibiting an important pathophysiological role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvana Buccella
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Polazzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Virgili
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michel P Rathbone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, McMaster University - Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
NANDAKUMAR P, LEE D, RICHARD MA, TEKOLA-AYELE F, TAYO BO, WARE E, SUNG YJ, SALAKO B, OGUNNIYI A, GU CC, GROVE ML, FORNAGE M, KARDIA S, ROTIMI C, COOPER RS, MORRISON AC, EHRET G, CHAKRAVARTI A. Rare coding variants associated with blood pressure variation in 15 914 individuals of African ancestry. J Hypertens 2017; 35:1381-1389. [PMID: 28234671 PMCID: PMC5451310 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension is a major risk factor for all cardiovascular diseases, especially among African Americans. This study focuses on identifying specific blood pressure (BP) genes using 15 914 individuals of African ancestry from eight cohorts (Africa America Diabetes Mellitus, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in young Adults, Genetics Network, Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy, Howard University Family Study, Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network, and Loyola University Chicago Cohort) to further genetic findings in this population which has generally been underrepresented in BP studies. METHODS We genotyped and performed various single variant and gene-based exome-wide analyses on 15 914 individuals on the Illumina HumanExome Beadchip v1.0 or v1.1 to test association with SBP and DBP long-term average residuals that were adjusted for age, age-squared, sex, and BMI. RESULTS We identified rare variants affecting SBP and DBP in 10 genes: AFF1, GAPDHS, SLC28A3, COL6A1, CRYBA2, KRBA1, SEL1L3, YOD1, CCDC13, and QSOX1. Prior experimental evidence for six of these 10 candidate genes supports their involvement in cardiovascular mechanisms, corroborating their potential roles in BP regulation. CONCLUSION Although our results require replication or validation due to their low numbers of carriers, and an ethnicity-specific genotyping array may be more informative, this study, which has identified several candidate genes in this population most susceptible to hypertension, presents one of the largest African-ancestry BP studies to date and the largest including analysis of rare variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka NANDAKUMAR
- McKusick - Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dongwon LEE
- McKusick - Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melissa A. RICHARD
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Fasil TEKOLA-AYELE
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bamidele O. TAYO
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Erin WARE
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yun Ju SUNG
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - C. Charles GU
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Megan L. GROVE
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Myriam FORNAGE
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Sharon KARDIA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Charles ROTIMI
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard S. COOPER
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Alanna C. MORRISON
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston TX
| | - Georg EHRET
- McKusick - Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Specialties of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aravinda CHAKRAVARTI
- McKusick - Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stecula A, Schlessinger A, Giacomini KM, Sali A. Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3 (hCNT3, SLC28A3) Forms a Cyclic Homotrimer. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3475-3483. [PMID: 28661652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer and antiviral drugs are purine or pyrimidine analogues, which use membrane transporters to cross cellular membranes. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) mediate the salvage of nucleosides and the transport of therapeutic nucleoside analogues across plasma membranes by coupling the transport of ligands to the sodium gradient. Of the three members of the human CNT family, CNT3 has the broadest selectivity and the widest expression profile. However, the molecular mechanisms of the transporter, including how it interacts with and translocates structurally diverse nucleosides and nucleoside analogues, are unclear. Recently, the crystal structure of vcCNT showed that the prokaryotic homologue of CNT3 forms a homotrimer. In this study, we successfully expressed and purified the wild type human homologue, hCNT3, demonstrating the homotrimer by size exclusion profiles and glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Further, by creating a series of cysteine mutants at highly conserved positions guided by comparative structure models, we cross-linked hCNT3 protomers in a cell-based assay, thus showing the existence of hCNT3 homotrimers in human cells. The presence and absence of cross-links at specific locations along TM9 informs us of important structural differences between vcCNT and hCNT3. Comparative modeling of the trimerization domain and sequence coevolution analysis both indicate that oligomerization is critical to the stability and function of hCNT3. In particular, trimerization appears to shorten the translocation path for nucleosides across the plasma membrane and may allow modulation of the transport function via allostery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The SLC28 (CNT) and SLC29 (ENT) nucleoside transporter families: a 30-year collaborative odyssey. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:869-76. [PMID: 27284054 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Specialized nucleoside transporter (NT) proteins are required for passage of nucleosides and hydrophilic nucleoside analogues across biological membranes. Physiologic nucleosides serve as central salvage metabolites in nucleotide biosynthesis, and nucleoside analogues are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer and antiviral diseases. The nucleoside adenosine modulates numerous cellular events via purino-receptor cell signalling pathways. Human NTs are divided into two structurally unrelated protein families: the SLC28 concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) family and the SLC29 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family. Human CNTs are inwardly directed Na(+)-dependent nucleoside transporters found predominantly in intestinal and renal epithelial and other specialized cell types. Human ENTs mediate bidirectional fluxes of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides down their concentration gradients and are ubiquitously found in most, possibly all, cell types. Both protein families are evolutionarily old: CNTs are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes; ENTs are widely distributed in mammalian, lower vertebrate and other eukaryote species. This mini-review describes a 30-year collaboration with Professor Stephen Baldwin to identify and understand the structures and functions of these physiologically and clinically important transport proteins.
Collapse
|
45
|
Arimany-Nardi C, Claudio-Montero A, Viel-Oliva A, Schmidtke P, Estarellas C, Barril X, Bidon-Chanal A, Pastor-Anglada M. Identification and Characterization of a Secondary Sodium-Binding Site and the Main Selectivity Determinants in the Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1980-1987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Arimany-Nardi
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Claudio-Montero
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Viel-Oliva
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Schmidtke
- Departament
de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Estarellas
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l′Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l′Alimentació
de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma
de Gramenet, Spain
| | - X. Barril
- Departament
de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Bidon-Chanal
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l′Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l′Alimentació
de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma
de Gramenet, Spain
| | - M. Pastor-Anglada
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mulinta R, Yao SYM, Ng AML, Cass CE, Young JD. Substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM) analysis of the transport domain of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) and other family members reveals features of structural and functional importance. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9505-9522. [PMID: 28385889 PMCID: PMC5465479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SLC28 family of concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) proteins has three members: hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3. Na+-coupled hCNT1 and hCNT2 transport pyrimidine and purine nucleosides, respectively, whereas hCNT3 transports both pyrimidine and purine nucleosides utilizing Na+ and/or H+ electrochemical gradients. Escherichia coli CNT family member NupC resembles hCNT1 in permeant selectivity but is H+-coupled. Using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes and the engineered cysteine-less hCNT3 protein hCNT3(C-), substituted cysteine accessibility method analysis with the membrane-impermeant thiol reactive reagent p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate was performed on the transport domain (interfacial helix 2, hairpin 1, putative transmembrane domain (TM) 7, and TM8), as well as TM9 of the scaffold domain of the protein. This systematic scan of the entire C-terminal half of hCNT3(C-) together with parallel studies of the transport domain of wild-type hCNT1 and the corresponding TMs of cysteine-less NupC(C-) yielded results that validate the newly developed structural homology model of CNT membrane architecture for human CNTs, revealed extended conformationally mobile regions within transport-domain TMs, identified pore-lining residues of functional importance, and provided evidence of an emerging novel elevator-type mechanism of transporter function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ras Mulinta
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| | - Sylvia Y M Yao
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| | - Amy M L Ng
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| | - Carol E Cass
- Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada and.,the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - James D Young
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Grixti JM, O'Hagan S, Day PJ, Kell DB. Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Therapeutic Index through Cheminformatics-Based Selection of Small Molecule Binary Weapons That Improve Transporter-Mediated Targeting: A Cytotoxicity System Based on Gemcitabine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28396636 PMCID: PMC5366350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of drug molecules is mainly determined by the distribution of influx and efflux transporters for which they are substrates. To enable tissue targeting, we sought to develop the idea that we might affect the transporter-mediated disposition of small-molecule drugs via the addition of a second small molecule that of itself had no inhibitory pharmacological effect but that influenced the expression of transporters for the primary drug. We refer to this as a “binary weapon” strategy. The experimental system tested the ability of a molecule that on its own had no cytotoxic effect to increase the toxicity of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine to Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. An initial phenotypic screen of a 500-member polar drug (fragment) library yielded three “hits.” The structures of 20 of the other 2,000 members of this library suite had a Tanimoto similarity greater than 0.7 to those of the initial hits, and each was itself a hit (the cheminformatics thus providing for a massive enrichment). We chose the top six representatives for further study. They fell into three clusters whose members bore reasonable structural similarities to each other (two were in fact isomers), lending strength to the self-consistency of both our conceptual and experimental strategies. Existing literature had suggested that indole-3-carbinol might play a similar role to that of our fragments, but in our hands it was without effect; nor was it structurally similar to any of our hits. As there was no evidence that the fragments could affect toxicity directly, we looked for effects on transporter transcript levels. In our hands, only the ENT1-3 uptake and ABCC2,3,4,5, and 10 efflux transporters displayed measurable transcripts in Panc1 cultures, along with a ribonucleoside reductase RRM1 known to affect gemcitabine toxicity. Very strikingly, the addition of gemcitabine alone increased the expression of the transcript for ABCC2 (MRP2) by more than 12-fold, and that of RRM1 by more than fourfold, and each of the fragment “hits” served to reverse this. However, an inhibitor of ABCC2 was without significant effect, implying that RRM1 was possibly the more significant player. These effects were somewhat selective for Panc cells. It seems, therefore, that while the effects we measured were here mediated more by efflux than influx transporters, and potentially by other means, the binary weapon idea is hereby fully confirmed: it is indeed possible to find molecules that manipulate the expression of transporters that are involved in the bioactivity of a pharmaceutical drug. This opens up an entirely new area, that of chemical genomics-based drug targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Grixti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Steve O'Hagan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Determination and quantification of intracellular fludarabine triphosphate, cladribine triphosphate and clofarabine triphosphate by LC-MS/MS in human cancer cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1053:101-110. [PMID: 28415014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside analogues are widely used in the treatment of haematological malignancies, and their biological activity is dependent on the intracellular accumulation of their triphosphorylated metabolites. In this context, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to study the formation of 5'-triphosphorylated derivatives of cladribine, fludarabine, clofarabine and 2'-deoxyadenosine in human cancer cells. Br-ATP was used as internal standard. Separation was achieved on a hypercarb column. Analytes were eluted with a mixture of hexylamine (5 mM), DEA (0.4%, v/v, pH 10.5) and acetonitrile, in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 0.3mLmin-1. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) and electrospray ionization in negative mode (ESI-) were used for detection. The application of this method to the quantification of these phosphorylated cytotoxic compounds in a human follicular lymphoma cell line, showed that it was suitable for the study of relevant biological samples.
Collapse
|
49
|
Barar J, Rafi MA, Pourseif MM, Omidi Y. Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:225-248. [PMID: 28265539 PMCID: PMC5326671 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Introduction: Desired clinical outcome of pharmacotherapy of brain diseases largely depends upon the safe drug delivery into the brain parenchyma. However, due to the robust blockade function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), drug transport into the brain is selectively controlled by the BBB formed by brain capillary endothelial cells and supported by astrocytes and pericytes.
Methods: In the current study, we have reviewed the most recent literature on the subject to provide an insight upon the role and impacts of BBB on brain drug delivery and targeting.
Results: All drugs, either small molecules or macromolecules, designated to treat brain diseases must adequately cross the BBB to provide their therapeutic properties on biological targets within the central nervous system (CNS). However, most of these pharmaceuticals do not sufficiently penetrate into CNS, failing to meet the intended therapeutic outcomes. Most lipophilic drugs capable of penetrating BBB are prone to the efflux functionality of BBB. In contrast, all hydrophilic drugs are facing severe infiltration blockage imposed by the tight cellular junctions of the BBB. Hence, a number of strategies have been devised to improve the efficiency of brain drug delivery and targeted therapy of CNS disorders using multimodal nanosystems (NSs).
Conclusions: In order to improve the therapeutic outcomes of CNS drug transfer and targeted delivery, the discriminatory permeability of BBB needs to be taken under control. The carrier-mediated transport machineries of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) can be exploited for the discovery, development and delivery of small molecules into the brain. Further, the receptor-mediated transport systems can be recruited for the delivery of macromolecular biologics and multimodal NSs into the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu Y, Hamlow LA, He CC, Strobehn SF, Lee JK, Gao J, Berden G, Oomens J, Rodgers MT. Influence of Sodium Cationization versus Protonation on the Gas-Phase Conformations and Glycosidic Bond Stabilities of 2'-Deoxyadenosine and Adenosine. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8892-904. [PMID: 27494378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of noncovalent interactions with a sodium cation on the gas-phase structures and N-glycosidic bond stabilities of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) and adenosine (Ado), [dAdo+Na](+) and [Ado+Na](+), are probed via infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (ER-CID) experiments. ER-CID experiments are also performed on the protonated forms of these nucleosides, [dAdo+H](+) and [Ado+H](+), for comparison purposes. Complementary electronic structure calculations are performed to determine the structures and relative stabilities of the stable low-energy conformations of the sodium cationized nucleoside complexes and to predict their IR spectra. Comparison between the measured IRMPD action spectra and calculated IR spectra enables the conformations of the sodium cationized nucleosides present in the experiments to be elucidated. The influence of sodium cationization versus protonation on the structures and IR spectra is elucidated by comparison to IRMPD and theoretical results previously reported for the protonated forms of these nucleosides. The influence of sodium cationization versus protonation on the glycosidic bond stability of the adenine nucleosides is determined by comparison of the ER-CID behavior of these systems. All structures present in the experiments are found to involve tridentate binding of Na(+) to the N3, O4', and O5' atoms forming favorable 5- and 6-membered chelation rings, which requires that adenine rotate to a syn configuration. This mode of sodium cation binding results in moderate flexibility of the sugar moiety such that the sugar puckering of the conformations present varies between C2'-endo and O4'-endo. Sodium cationization is found to be less effective toward activating the N-glycosidic bond than protonation for both dAdo and Ado. Both the IRMPD yields and ER-CID behavior indicate that the 2'-hydroxyl substituent of Ado stabilizes the N-glycosidic bond relative to that of dAdo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - L A Hamlow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - C C He
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - S F Strobehn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J Gao
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Berden
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oomens
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|