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Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Xiong P, Cheng L, Ma J, Wen Y, Shen T, He X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Xiao C. Integrated network pharmacology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics of Huanglian-Hongqu herb pair in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117828. [PMID: 38325669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Huanglian-Hongqu herb pair (HH) is a synergistic drug combination used to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeuticeffects of HH requires further elucidation. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study explored the potential mechanism of HH in treating NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was employed to identify the drug constituents in HH. A NAFLD rat model was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with different doses of HH. The functional mechanism of HH in NAFLD rats was predicted using network pharmacology, metabolomics and transcriptomics. Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and Western blot were performed to validate the key mechanisms. RESULTS Pharmacodynamic assessment demonstrated that HH exhibited improvements in lipid deposition and reduced hepatic oxidative stress in NAFLD rats. Hepatic wide-target metabolomics revealed that HH primarily modulated amino acids and their metabolites, fatty acids, organic acids and their derivatives, bile acids, and other liver metabolites. The enriched pathways included metabolic pathways, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and bile secretion. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that HH regulated the key pathways in NAFLD, notably PPAR, AMPK, NF-κB and other signaling pathways. Furthermore, hepatic transcriptomics, based on Illumina RNA-Seq sequencing analyses, suggested that HH improved NAFLD through metabolic pathways, the PPAR signaling pathway, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism. Further mechanistic studies indicated that HH could regulate the genes and proteins associated with the PPAR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that the potential therapeutic benefits of HH in ameliorating NAFLD by targeting the PPAR signaling pathway, thereby facilitating a more extensive use of HH in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zubing Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Peiyu Xiong
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Cheng
- College of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingru Ma
- College of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chong Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Zhuang X, Zhao M, Ji X, Yang S, Yin H, Zhao L. Chitobiose exhibited a lipid-lowering effect in ob/ob -/- mice via butyric acid enrolled liver-gut crosstalk. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:79. [PMID: 38647627 PMCID: PMC10991647 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitobiose (COS2) efficiently lowers lipids in vivo and facilitates butyric acid enrichment during human fecal fermentation. However, whether COS2 can interact with butyric acid to generate a hypolipidemic effect remains unclear. This study examined the hypolipidemic mechanism of COS2 involving butyric acid, which could alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The results revealed that COS2 administration modulated the β-oxidation pathway in the liver and restructured the short chain fatty acids in the fecal of ob/ob-/- mice. Moreover, the hypolipidemic effect of COS2 and its specific accumulated metabolite butyric acid was verified in sodium oleate-induced HepG2 cells. Butyric acid was more effective to reverse lipid accumulation and up-regulate β-oxidation pathway at lower concentrations. Furthermore, structural analysis suggested that butyric acid formed hydrogen bonds with key residues in hydrophilic ligand binding domains (LBDs) of PPARα and activated the transcriptional activity of the receptor. Therefore, the potential mechanism behind the lipid-lowering effect of COS2 in vivo involved restoring hepatic lipid disorders via butyric acid accumulation and liver-gut axis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoguo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Sihan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200003, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Liu H, Yokoyama F, Ishizuka S. Metabolic alterations of the gut-liver axis induced by cholic acid contribute to hepatic steatosis in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159319. [PMID: 37075973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
12α-Hydroxylated (12αOH) bile acids (BAs) selectively increase with high-fat diet intake. Dietary supplementation with cholic acid (CA) in rats is a possible strategy to reveal the causal link between 12αOH BAs and hepatic steatosis. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolic mechanism underlying the effect of 12αOH BAs on hepatic steatosis. Male WKAH rats were fed either a control (Ct) or CA-supplemented diet (0.5 g/kg). After the 12-week intervention, the CA diet elevated the 12αOH BA levels in the gut-liver axis. CA-fed rats showed greater hepatic lipid accumulation than in the Ct group, regardless of the dietary energy balance. Untargeted metabolomics suggested marked differences in the fecal metabolome of rats subjected to the CA diet compared with that of Ct, characterized by the depletion of fatty acids and enrichment of amino acids and amines. Moreover, the liver metabolome differed in the CA diet group, characterized by an alteration in redox-related pathways. The CA diet elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumption owing to the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, resulting in impaired peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling in the liver. The CA diet increased sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, and enhanced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting promotion of the pentose phosphate pathway that generates reducing equivalents. Integrated analysis of the gut-liver metabolomic data revealed the role of deoxycholic acid and its liver counterpart in mediating these metabolic alterations. These observations suggest that alterations in metabolites induced by 12αOH BAs in the gut-liver axis contribute to the enhancement of liver lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Fumika Yokoyama
- Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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4
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Chen L, Jiao T, Liu W, Luo Y, Wang J, Guo X, Tong X, Lin Z, Sun C, Wang K, He Y, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wang J, Zuo J, Ding Q, He S, Gonzalez FJ, Xie C. Hepatic cytochrome P450 8B1 and cholic acid potentiate intestinal epithelial injury in colitis by suppressing intestinal stem cell renewal. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1366-1381.e9. [PMID: 36055192 PMCID: PMC10673678 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although disrupted bile acid (BA) homeostasis is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the role of hepatic BA metabolism in the pathogenesis of colitis is poorly understood. Here, we found that cholic acid (CA) levels were increased in patients and mice. Cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1), which synthesizes CA, was induced in livers of colitic mice. CA-treated or liver Cyp8b1-overexpressing mice developed more severe colitis with compromised repair of the mucosal barrier, whereas Cyp8b1-knockout mice were resistant to colitis. Mechanistically, CA inhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), resulting in impeded fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and impaired Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) renewal. A PPARα agonist restored FAO and improved Lgr5+ ISC function. Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) suppressed liver CYP8B1 expression and ameliorated colitis in mice. This study reveals a connection between the hepatic CYP8B1-CA axis and colitis via regulating intestinal epithelial regeneration, suggesting that BA-based strategies might be beneficial in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Tingying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zemin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chuying Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Kanglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yifan He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Hualing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Shijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
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Zhou S, You H, Qiu S, Yu D, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. A new perspective on NAFLD: Focusing on the crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113577. [PMID: 35988420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily caused by abnormal lipid metabolism and the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. NAFLD is also associated with hepatic steatosis and nutritional and energy imbalances and is a chronic liver disease associated with a number of factors. Nuclear receptors play a key role in balancing energy and nutrient metabolism, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulate lipid metabolism genes, controlling hepatocyte lipid utilization and regulating bile acid (BA) synthesis and transport. They play an important role in lipid metabolism and BA homeostasis. At present, PPARα and FXR are the most promising targets for the treatment of NAFLD among nuclear receptors. This review focuses on the crosstalk mechanisms and transcriptional regulation of PPARα and FXR in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and summarizes PPARα and FXR drugs in clinical trials, laying a theoretical foundation for the targeted treatment of NAFLD and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimin You
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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6
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Ye X, Zhang T, Han H. PPARα: A potential therapeutic target of cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:916866. [PMID: 35924060 PMCID: PMC9342652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.916866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of bile acids in the liver leads to the development of cholestasis and hepatocyte injury. Nuclear receptors control the synthesis and transport of bile acids in the liver. Among them, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the most common receptor studied in treating cholestasis. The activation of this receptor can reduce the amount of bile acid synthesis and decrease the bile acid content in the liver, alleviating cholestasis. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) have a FXR excitatory effect, but the unresponsiveness of some patients and the side effect of pruritus seriously affect the results of UDCA or OCA treatment. The activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) has emerged as a new target for controlling the synthesis and transport of bile acids during cholestasis. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARα can effectively reduce cholestatic liver injury, thereby improving patients’ physiological status. Here, we will focus on the function of PPARα and its involvement in the regulation of bile acid transport and metabolism. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARα will be discussed in some detail. Finally, we will discuss the application of PPARα agonists for cholestatic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang, ; Han Han,
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang, ; Han Han,
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7
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Jiao TY, Ma YD, Guo XZ, Ye YF, Xie C. Bile acid and receptors: biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1103-1119. [PMID: 35217817 PMCID: PMC9061718 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a series of liver metabolic disorders manifested by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, has become the primary cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. About 20%-30% of NAFLD patients advance to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), along with cell death, inflammation response and fibrogenesis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and its development is strongly related to multiple metabolic disorders (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases). The clinical outcomes include liver failure and hepatocellular cancer. There is no FDA-approved NASH drug so far, and thus effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Bile acids are synthesized in hepatocytes, transported into the intestine, metabolized by gut bacteria and recirculated back to the liver by the enterohepatic system. They exert pleiotropic roles in the absorption of fats and regulation of metabolism. Studies on the relevance of bile acid disturbance with NASH render it as an etiological factor in NASH pathogenesis. Recent findings on the functional identification of bile acid receptors have led to a further understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH such as metabolic dysregulation and inflammation, and bile acid receptors are recognized as attractive targets for NASH treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of bile acids and the receptors in the development of NAFLD and NASH, especially the functions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in different tissues including liver and intestine. The progress in the development of bile acid and its receptors-based drugs for the treatment of NASH including bile acid analogs and non-bile acid modulators on bile acid metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan-di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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8
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Intestinal farnesoid X receptor signaling controls hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159089. [PMID: 34856412 PMCID: PMC8864892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to maintaining bile acid, cholesterol and glucose homeostasis, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) also regulates fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). To explore the different roles of hepatic and intestinal FXR in liver FAO, FAO-associated metabolites, including acylcarnitines and fatty acids, and FXR target gene mRNAs were profiled using an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis in control (Fxrfl/fl), liver-specific Fxr-null (FxrΔHep) and intestine-specific Fxr-null (FxrΔIE) mice, treated either with the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) or vehicle (VEH). Activation of FXR by OCA treatment significantly increased fatty acyl-CoA hydrolysis (Acot1) and decreased FAO-associated mRNAs in Fxrfl/fl mice, resulting in reduced levels of total acylcarnitines and relative accumulation of long/medium chain acylcarnitines and fatty acids in liver. FxrΔHep mice responded to OCA treatment in a manner similar to Fxrfl/fl mice while FxrΔIE mice responded differently, thus illustrating that intestinal FXR plays a critical role in the regulation of hepatic FAO. A significant negative-correlation between intestinal FXR-FGF15 and hepatic CREB-PGC1A pathways was observed after both VEH and OCA treatment, suggesting that OCA-induced activation of the intestinal FXR-FGF15 axis downregulates hepatic PGC1α signaling via inactivation of hepatic CREB, thus repressing FAO. This mechanism was confirmed in experiments based on human recombinant FGF19 treatment and intestinal Fgf15-null mice. This study revealed an important role for the intestinal FXR-FGF15 pathway in hepatic FAO repression.
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9
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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10
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Brocker CN, Kim D, Melia T, Karri K, Velenosi TJ, Takahashi S, Aibara D, Bonzo JA, Levi M, Waxman DJ, Gonzalez FJ. Long non-coding RNA Gm15441 attenuates hepatic inflammasome activation in response to PPARA agonism and fasting. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5847. [PMID: 33203882 PMCID: PMC7673042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the molecular mechanisms that prevent inflammation during caloric restriction may yield promising therapeutic targets. During fasting, activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) promotes the utilization of lipids as an energy source. Herein, we show that ligand activation of PPARα directly upregulates the long non-coding RNA gene Gm15441 through PPARα binding sites within its promoter. Gm15441 expression suppresses its antisense transcript, encoding thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP). This, in turn, decreases TXNIP-stimulated NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, caspase-1 (CASP1) cleavage, and proinflammatory interleukin 1β (IL1B) maturation. Gm15441-null mice were developed and shown to be more susceptible to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and to exhibit elevated CASP1 and IL1B cleavage in response to PPARα agonism and fasting. These findings provide evidence for a mechanism by which PPARα attenuates hepatic inflammasome activation in response to metabolic stress through induction of lncRNA Gm15441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Tisha Melia
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kritika Karri
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas J Velenosi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Daisuke Aibara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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11
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Kim TW, Hong DW, Park JW, Hong SH. CB11, a novel purine-based PPARɣ ligand, overcomes radio-resistance by regulating ATM signalling and EMT in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1737-1748. [PMID: 32958825 PMCID: PMC7723055 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists frequently induce cell death in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, majority of NSCLC patients acquire resistance after cancer therapy, and it is still unclear. Methods In this study we investigated the apoptotic mechanism and the anti-cancer effects of a novel purine-based PPARγ agonist, CB11 (8-(2-aminophenyl)-3-butyl-1,6,7-trimethyl-1H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4(3H,8H)-dione), on human NSCLC cells. CB11 mediates PPARγ-dependent cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, cell cycle arrest, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity, and caspase-3 activity in human NSCLC cells. Results CB11 causes cell death via ROS-mediated ATM-p53-GADD45α signalling in human NSCLC cells, and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, decreases cell death by inhibiting CB11-mediated ATM signalling. In a xenograft experiment, CB11 dramatically reduced tumour volume when compared to a control group. Furthermore, CB11 induced cell death by inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) under radiation exposure in radiation-resistant human NSCLC cells. However, PPARγ deficiency inhibited cell death by blocking the ATM-p53 axis in radiation/CB11-induced radiation-resistant human NSCLC cells. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that CB11, a novel PPARγ agonist, may be a novel anti-cancer agent, and it could be useful in a therapeutic strategy to overcome radio-resistance in radiation-exposed NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Won Hong
- Laboratory of RNA Cell Biology, Graduate Department of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro 152, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16892, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Whan Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hong
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Promotion of lipogenesis by PPARγ-activated FXR expression in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Oh HYP, Visvalingam V, Wahli W. The PPAR-microbiota-metabolic organ trilogy to fine-tune physiology. FASEB J 2019; 33:9706-9730. [PMID: 31237779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802681rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human gut is colonized by commensal microorganisms, predominately bacteria that have coevolved in symbiosis with their host. The gut microbiota has been extensively studied in recent years, and many important findings on how it can regulate host metabolism have been unraveled. In healthy individuals, feeding timing and type of food can influence not only the composition but also the circadian oscillation of the gut microbiota. Host feeding habits thus influence the type of microbe-derived metabolites produced and their concentrations throughout the day. These microbe-derived metabolites influence many aspects of host physiology, including energy metabolism and circadian rhythm. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate various metabolic processes such as fatty acid metabolism. Similar to the gut microbiota, PPAR expression in various organs oscillates diurnally, and studies have shown that the gut microbiota can influence PPAR activities in various metabolic organs. For example, short-chain fatty acids, the most abundant type of metabolites produced by anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota, are PPAR agonists. In this review, we highlight how the gut microbiota can regulate PPARs in key metabolic organs, namely, in the intestines, liver, and muscle. Knowing that the gut microbiota impacts metabolism and is altered in individuals with metabolic diseases might allow treatment of these patients using noninvasive procedures such as gut microbiota manipulation.-Oh, H. Y. P., Visvalingam, V., Wahli, W. The PPAR-microbiota-metabolic organ trilogy to fine-tune physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Penny Oh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Vivegan Visvalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1331, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-ToxAlim, Toulouse, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Xie C, Takahashi S, Brocker CN, He S, Chen L, Xie G, Jang K, Gao X, Krausz KW, Qu A, Levi M, Gonzalez FJ. Hepatocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α regulates bile acid synthesis and transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1396-1411. [PMID: 31195146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) controls lipid homeostasis through regulation of lipid transport and catabolism. PPARα activators are clinically used for hyperlipidemia treatment. The role of PPARα in bile acid (BA) homeostasis is beginning to emerge. Herein, Ppara-null and hepatocyte-specific Ppara-null (Ppara∆Hep) as well as the respective wild-type mice were treated with the potent PPARα agonist Wy-14,643 (Wy) and global metabolomics performed to clarify the role of hepatocyte PPARα in the regulation of BA homeostasis. Levels of all serum BAs were markedly elevated in Wy-treated wild-type mice but not in Ppara-null and Ppara∆Hep mice. Gene expression analysis showed that PPARα activation (1) down-regulated the expression of sodium-taurocholate acid transporting polypeptide and organic ion transporting polypeptide 1 and 4, responsible for the uptake of BAs into the liver; (2) decreased the expression of bile salt export pump transporting BA from hepatocytes into the bile canaliculus; (3) upregulated the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 and 4 transporting BA from hepatocytes into the portal vein. Moreover, there was a notable increase in the compositions of serum, hepatic and biliary cholic acid and taurocholic acid following Wy treatment, which correlated with the upregulated expression of the Cyp8b1 gene encoding sterol 12α-hydroxylase. The effects of Wy were identical between the Ppara∆Hep and Ppara-null mice. Hepatocyte PPARα controlled BA synthesis and transport not only via direct transcriptional regulation but also via crosstalk with hepatic farnesoid X receptor signaling. These findings underscore a key role for hepatocyte PPARα in the control of BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Shijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Katrina Jang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
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15
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Bile acids and their effects on diabetes. Front Med 2018; 12:608-623. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Protective Effects of Yinchenhao Decoction on Cholesterol Gallstone in Mice Fed a Lithogenic Diet by Regulating LXR, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, and HMGCR Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8134918. [PMID: 30310412 PMCID: PMC6166389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8134918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study attempted to elucidate whether lipid genes are closely associated with lipid metabolic abnormalities during the lithogenic time and how Yinchenhao Decoction (YCHD) works on the transcriptions of lipid genes against cholesterol gallstone model. C57BL/6J mice fed on lithogenic diet (LD) were used for model establishment and randomized into 5 groups. All groups received LD for different weeks with isometrically intragastric administration of YCHD or NS. Biochemical tests were measured and liver tissues were harvested for histological and genetic detection. It was found that all groups with increasing LD showed a following tendency of gallstone incidence, bile cholesterol, phospholipids, total bile acid, and cholesterol saturation index (CSI). Conversely, YCHD could significantly normalize the levels of gallstone incidence, bile lipids, and CSI (CSI<1). As lithogenic time progressed, ABCG5, ABCG8, PPAR-α, and ABCB4 were upregulated, and SREBP2, CYP7A1, and CYP7B1 were downregulated, while CYP7A1, CYP7B1, LXR, and HMGCR mRNA were increased 3-fold under the administration of YCHD. It was concluded that abnormal expressions of the mentioned genes may eventually progress to cholesterol gallstone. CYP7A1, CYP7B1, LXR, and HMGCR mRNA may be efficient targets of YCHD, which may be a preventive drug to reverse liver injury, normalize bile lipids, facilitate gallstone dissolution, and attenuate gallstone formation.
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17
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Preidis GA, Kim KH, Moore DD. Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors PPARα and FXR control liver energy balance. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1193-1201. [PMID: 28287408 DOI: 10.1172/jci88893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors PPARα (encoded by NR1C1) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR, encoded by NR1H4) are activated in the liver in the fasted and fed state, respectively. PPARα activation induces fatty acid oxidation, while FXR controls bile acid homeostasis, but both nuclear receptors also regulate numerous other metabolic pathways relevant to liver energy balance. Here we review evidence that they function coordinately to control key nutrient pathways, including fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis in the fasted state and lipogenesis and glycolysis in the fed state. We have also recently reported that these receptors have mutually antagonistic impacts on autophagy, which is induced by PPARα but suppressed by FXR. Secretion of multiple blood proteins is a major drain on liver energy and nutrient resources, and we present preliminary evidence that the liver secretome may be directly suppressed by PPARα, but induced by FXR. Finally, previous studies demonstrated a striking deficiency in bile acid levels in malnourished mice that is consistent with results in malnourished children. We present evidence that hepatic targets of PPARα and FXR are dysregulated in chronic undernutrition. We conclude that PPARα and FXR function coordinately to integrate liver energy balance.
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18
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Taoka H, Yokoyama Y, Morimoto K, Kitamura N, Tanigaki T, Takashina Y, Tsubota K, Watanabe M. Role of bile acids in the regulation of the metabolic pathways. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:260-270. [PMID: 27433295 PMCID: PMC4937164 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i13.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that bile acids (BAs) are not only facilitators of dietary lipid absorption but also important signaling molecules exerting multiple physiological functions. Some major signaling pathways involving the nuclear BAs receptor farnesoid X receptor and the G protein-coupled BAs receptor TGR5/M-BAR have been identified to be the targets of BAs. BAs regulate their own homeostasis via signaling pathways. BAs also affect diverse metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. This paper suggests the mechanism of controlling metabolism via BA signaling and demonstrates that BA signaling is an attractive therapeutic target of the metabolic syndrome.
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19
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Rimando AM, Khan SI, Mizuno CS, Ren G, Mathews ST, Kim H, Yokoyama W. Evaluation of PPARα activation by known blueberry constituents. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1666-1671. [PMID: 25996649 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are known to have hypolipidemic properties. It was deemed necessary to determine whether major blueberry anthocyanins and catechins are ligands for the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha isoform (PPARα), and compare activation with known PPARα agonistic constituents, pterostilbene and resveratrol. It was also considered important to investigate the effect of pterostilbene on PPARα gene expression, and relate results with hepatic mRNA PPARα expression up-regulation observed previously in hamsters fed a diet supplemented with blueberry peels extract (BBX). RESULTS The anthocyanins and catechins did not activate PPARα. Only pterostilbene exhibited a dose-dependent activation of PPARα in H4IIEC3 cells. The resveratrol responses were lower than those of pterostilbene. Pterostilbene significantly and dose-dependently (at 10, 20 and 50 µmol L(-1) ) increased PPARα gene expression and the effect at 10 µmol L(-1) was greater than 100 and 200 µmol L(-1) of fenofibrate. Analysis of BBX showed levels of pterostilbene and resveratrol at 418 and 2381 ng g(-1), respectively. CONCLUSION Anthocyanins and catechins do not appear to contribute to the up-regulation of hepatic PPARα expression observed in hamsters. While pterostilbene and resveratrol demonstrated PPARα activation, their levels in BBX do not seem to be at efficacious concentrations. These stilbenes may contribute to the up-regulation of PPARα expression by acting synergistically with each other or with other constituents in BBX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M Rimando
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- University of Mississippi, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Cassia S Mizuno
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Guang Ren
- Auburn University, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Suresh T Mathews
- Auburn University, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Wallace Yokoyama
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
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20
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Woo S, Yoon M, Kim J, Hong Y, Kim MY, Shin SS, Yoon M. The anti-angiogenic herbal extract from Melissa officinalis inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and suppresses adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 178:238-250. [PMID: 26702505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) has been used traditionally and contemporarily as an anti-stress herb. Current hypotheses suggest that not only chronic stress promotes angiogenesis, but angiogenesis also modulates adipogenesis and obesity. Because the herbal extract ALS-L1023 from M. officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) has an anti-angiogenic activity, we hypothesized that ALS-L1023 could inhibit adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALS-L1023 was prepared by a two-step organic solvent fractionation from M. officinalis. The effects of ALS-L1023 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS ALS-L1023 inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in the HUVEC tube formation assay in vitro. Treatment of cells with ALS-L1023 inhibited lipid accumulation and adipocyte-specific gene expression caused by troglitazone or MDI differentiation mix. ALS-L1023 reduced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in differentiated cells. In contrast, mRNA levels of angiogenic inhibitors (TSP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) increased. Protease activity, as measured by zymography, showed that activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased in ALS-L1023-treated cells. ALS-L1023 also inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 reporter gene expression in the presence of the MMP inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. An in vivo study showed that ALS-L1023 not only decreased adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, but also reduced mRNA levels of adipose tissue angiogenic factors and MMPs in HFD-fed obese mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the anti-angiogenic herbal extract ALS-L1023 suppresses adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy, and this effect may be mediated by inhibiting angiogenesis and MMP activities. Thus, by curbing adipogenesis, anti-angiogenic ALS-L1023 yields a possible therapeutic choice for the prevention and treatment of human obesity and its associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangee Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhee Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Wada E, Koyanagi S, Kusunose N, Akamine T, Masui H, Hashimoto H, Matsunaga N, Ohdo S. Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activity by bile acids causes circadian changes in the intestinal expression of Octn1/Slc22a4 in mice. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:314-22. [PMID: 25422143 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their digestive actions, bile acids modulate gene expression by altering the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). The modulatory effects of bile acids have been shown to affect the expression of genes responsible for lipid metabolism as well as membrane transporters. Bile acids are secreted in response to food intake and accumulate in intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study, we identified soluble carrier protein family 22 member 4 (Slc22a4), encoding organic cation transporter novel type-1 (Octn1), as a PPARα-regulated gene and its intestinal expression exhibited circadian oscillations in a bile acid-dependent manner. Nocturnally active mice mainly consumed their food around the early dark phase, during which bile acids accumulated in intestinal epithelial cells. PPARα activated the intestinal expression of Slc22a4 mRNA during the light period, and protein levels of Octn1 peaked before the start of the dark phase. The bile acids that accumulated in intestinal epithelial cells suppressed the PPARα-mediated transactivation of Slc22a4 in the dark phase. The time-dependent suppression of PPARα-mediated transactivation by bile acids regulated oscillations in the intestinal expression of Octn1/Slc22a4 during the daily feeding cycle. The results of a pharmacokinetic analysis also revealed that oscillations in the expression of Octn1 caused dosing time-dependent differences in the intestinal absorption of gabapentin (2-[1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid). These results suggest a molecular clock-independent mechanism by which bile acid-regulated PPARα activity governs the circadian expression of intestinal organic cation transporters. This mechanism could also account for interindividual variations in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of Octn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kusunose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akamine
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hana Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Okamura A, Koyanagi S, Dilxiat A, Kusunose N, Chen JJ, Matsunaga N, Shibata S, Ohdo S. Bile acid-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) activity underlies circadian expression of intestinal peptide absorption transporter PepT1/Slc15a1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25296-305. [PMID: 25016014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Digested proteins are mainly absorbed as small peptides composed of two or three amino acids. The intestinal absorption of small peptides is mediated via only one transport system: the proton-coupled peptide transporter-1 (PepT1) encoded from the soluble carrier protein Slc15a1. In mammals, intestinal expression of PepT1/Slc15a1 oscillates during the daily feeding cycle. Although the oscillation in the intestinal expression of PepT1/Slc15a1 is suggested to be controlled by molecular components of circadian clock, we demonstrated here that bile acids regulated the oscillation of PepT1/Slc15a1 expression through modulating the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Nocturnally active mice mainly consumed their food during the dark phase. PPARα activated the intestinal expression of Slc15a1 mRNA during the light period, and protein levels of PepT1 peaked before the start of the dark phase. After food intake, bile acids accumulated in intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal accumulated bile acids interfered with recruitment of co-transcriptional activator CREB-binding protein/p300 on the promoter region of Slc15a1 gene, thereby suppressing PPARα-mediated transactivation of Slc15a1. The time-dependent suppression of PPARα-mediated transactivation by bile acids caused an oscillation in the intestinal expression of PepT1/Slc15a1 during the daily feeding cycle that led to circadian changes in the intestinal absorption of small peptides. These findings suggest a molecular clock-independent mechanism by which bile acid-regulated PPARα activity governs the circadian expression of intestinal peptide transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Okamura
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Adila Dilxiat
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Naoki Kusunose
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Jia Jun Chen
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- From the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
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23
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Shu-Yao Z, Hong J, Chao-Xian L, Zhi-Wei Z, Dai-Shan X, Lei C. In vitro evidence of possible influence of scutellarein towards bile acids' metabolism. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:556-9. [PMID: 24250288 PMCID: PMC3824425 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucuronidation process has been regarded as the key elimination process for toxic bile acids. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A3 is one important metabolizing enzyme involved in this process. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the inhibition of UGT1A3 by scutellarein which is an important herbal ingredient using in vitro method, trying to indicate the possibility of toxicity due to the accumulation of toxic bile acids. METHODS Due to the difficulty to gain the standards of biles acids' glucuronides, the recombinant UGT1A3-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation reaction was employed to profile the activity of UGT1A3. RESULTS The results showed that scutellarein inhibited UGT1A3 in a concentration-dependent behaviour. Competitive inhibition was demonstrated using both Dixon plot and Lineweaver-Burk plot, and the inhibition kinetic parameter (Ki) was calculated to be 5.8uM. CONCLUSION All these data reminded the necessary monitoring of the levels of bile acids in plasma when utilizing scutellarein and the herbs containing this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Shu-Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515031, Guangdong, China
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Retinol-binding protein 4 as a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 377:219-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dietary cholesterol reduces plasma triacylglycerol in apolipoprotein E-null mice: suppression of lipin-1 and -2 in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22917. [PMID: 21857965 PMCID: PMC3153461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated by both cholesterol and its metabolites in the mammalian liver, but the regulatory mechanism of triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis remains to be elucidated. Lipin, which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol, is a key enzyme involved in de novo TG synthesis in the liver via the glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) pathway. However, the regulatory mechanisms for the expression of lipin in the liver are not well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Apolipoprotein E-knock out (apoE-KO) mice were fed a chow supplemented with 1.25% cholesterol (high-Chol diet). Cholesterol and bile acids were highly increased in the liver within a week. However, the amount of TG in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), but not in the liver, was reduced by 78%. The epididymal adipose tissue was almost eradicated in the long term. DNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that the mRNA expression of all the genes in the G3P pathway in the liver was suppressed in the high-Chol diet apoE-KO mice. In particular, the mRNA and protein expression of lipin-1 and lipin-2 was markedly decreased, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), which up-regulates the transcription of lipin-1, was also suppressed. In vitro analysis using HepG2 cells revealed that the protein expression of lipin-2 was suppressed by treatment with taurocholic acid. Conclusions/Significance These data using apoE-KO mice indicate that cholesterol and its metabolites are involved in regulating TG metabolism through a suppression of lipin-1 and lipin-2 in the liver. This research provides evidence for the mechanism of lipin expression in the liver.
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Liaset B, Hao Q, Jørgensen H, Hallenborg P, Du ZY, Ma T, Marschall HU, Kruhøffer M, Li R, Li Q, Yde CC, Criales G, Bertram HC, Mellgren G, Øfjord ES, Lock EJ, Espe M, Frøyland L, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. Nutritional regulation of bile acid metabolism is associated with improved pathological characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28382-95. [PMID: 21680746 PMCID: PMC3151081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are powerful regulators of metabolism, and mice treated orally with cholic acid are protected from diet-induced obesity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and increased plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and glucose levels. Here, we show that plasma BA concentration in rats was elevated by exchanging the dietary protein source from casein to salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH). Importantly, the SPH-treated rats were resistant to diet-induced obesity. SPH-treated rats had reduced fed state plasma glucose and TAG levels and lower TAG in liver. The elevated plasma BA concentration was associated with induction of genes involved in energy metabolism and uncoupling, Dio2, Pgc-1α, and Ucp1, in interscapular brown adipose tissue. Interestingly, the same transcriptional pattern was found in white adipose tissue depots of both abdominal and subcutaneous origin. Accordingly, rats fed SPH-based diet exhibited increased whole body energy expenditure and heat dissipation. In skeletal muscle, expressions of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ target genes (Cpt-1b, Angptl4, Adrp, and Ucp3) were induced. Pharmacological removal of BAs by inclusion of 0.5 weight % cholestyramine to the high fat SPH diet attenuated the reduction in abdominal obesity, the reduction in liver TAG, and the decrease in nonfasted plasma TAG and glucose levels. Induction of Ucp3 gene expression in muscle by SPH treatment was completely abolished by cholestyramine inclusion. Taken together, our data provide evidence that bile acid metabolism can be modulated by diet and that such modulation may prevent/ameliorate the characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Liaset
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Qin Hao
- the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henry Jørgensen
- the Department of Animal Health, Welfare, and Nutrition, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Philip Hallenborg
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tao Ma
- the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- the Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ruiqiang Li
- the Beijing Genomic Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qibin Li
- the Beijing Genomic Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Christian Clement Yde
- the Department of Animal Health, Welfare, and Nutrition, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Criales
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne C. Bertram
- the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- the Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- the Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway, and
| | | | - Erik-Jan Lock
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Espe
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Livar Frøyland
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Madsen
- From the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
- the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Buko VU, Kuzmitskaya-Nikolaeva IA, Naruta EE, Lukivskaya OY, Kirko SN, Tauschel HD. Ursodeoxycholic acid dose-dependently improves liver injury in rats fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:647-59. [PMID: 21711424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The data on the beneficial effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are controversial. The difference of opinion is connected with UDCA dosage to be used. Therefore, we evaluated the dose-dependent efficacy of UDCA in experimental NASH. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed the methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 10 weeks. Rats were administrated UDCA (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg bodyweight intragastrically) after 6 weeks of the MCD diet. RESULTS Animals fed the MCD diet developed severe steatohepatitis. Treatment with UDCA dose-dependently decreased liver damage, but only high-dose UDCA (80 mg/kg) significantly diminished ultrastructural changes in addition to preventing steatosis, ballooning and inflammatory changes in the liver. The activities of serum marker enzymes and the content of liver triglyceride and blood glucose were increased in MCD diet-fed rats, but decreased in all the UDCA-treated groups. Serum insulin concentration was decreased whereas the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index did not changed in MCD diet-fed groups. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α content was strongly increased after MCD diet and normalized in the UDCA-treated rats, with the most pronounced effect in the highest dose groups, 40 and 80 mg/kg. The contents of endogenous ethanol in blood and intestinal mucus were increased in MCD diet-fed rats which were significantly lowered by UDCA (40 and 80 mg/kg per day). CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate a beneficial effect of UDCA that manifested by the decrease of liver steatosis, inflammatory signs and serum tumor necrosis factor-α content especially of the highest 40 and 80 mg/kg day doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav U Buko
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Grodno, Belarus Dr Falk Pharma, Freiburg, Germany
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Steri R, Schneider P, Klenner A, Rupp M, Kriegl JM, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Schneider G. Target Profile Prediction: Cross-Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) and Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR). Mol Inform 2010; 29:287-92. [PMID: 27463055 DOI: 10.1002/minf.200900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Steri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LIFF, ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Petra Schneider
- Schneider Consulting GbR, George-C.-Marshall Ring 33, 61440 Oberursel, Germany
| | - Alexander Klenner
- Chair for Chem- and Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, LIFF, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Matthias Rupp
- Chair for Chem- and Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, LIFF, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt a.M., Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan M Kriegl
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma, Department of Lead Discovery, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LIFF, ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Chair for Chem- and Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, LIFF, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt a.M., Germany. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Cho JY, Matsubara T, Kang DW, Ahn SH, Krausz KW, Idle JR, Luecke H, Gonzalez FJ. Urinary metabolomics in Fxr-null mice reveals activated adaptive metabolic pathways upon bile acid challenge. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1063-74. [PMID: 19965603 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in synthesis, metabolism, and transport of bile acids and thus plays a major role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. In this study, metabolomic responses were investigated in urine of wild-type and Fxr-null mice fed cholic acid, an FXR ligand, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Multivariate data analysis between wild-type and Fxr-null mice on a cholic acid diet revealed that the most increased ions were metabolites of p-cresol (4-methylphenol), corticosterone, and cholic acid in Fxr-null mice. The structural identities of the above metabolites were confirmed by chemical synthesis and by comparing retention time (RT) and/or tandem mass fragmentation patterns of the urinary metabolites with the authentic standards. Tauro-3alpha,6,7alpha,12alpha-tetrol (3alpha,6,7alpha,12alpha-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyltaurine), one of the most increased metabolites in Fxr-null mice on a CA diet, is a marker for efficient hydroxylation of toxic bile acids possibly through induction of Cyp3a11. A cholestatic model induced by lithocholic acid revealed that enhanced expression of Cyp3a11 is the major defense mechanism to detoxify cholestatic bile acids in Fxr-null mice. These results will be useful for identification of biomarkers for cholestasis and for determination of adaptive molecular mechanisms in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Youn Cho
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Anderson N, Meier T, Borlak J. Toxicogenomics applied to cultures of human hepatocytes enabled an identification of novel petasites hybridus extracts for the treatment of migraine with improved hepatobiliary safety. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:507-20. [PMID: 19770483 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterbur extracts (Petasites hybridus) are recommended for the prevention of migraine, but pharmacovigilance reports may be suggestive of rare hepatobiliary toxicity. To evaluate its hepatotoxic potential, a series of in vivo and in vitro studies were carried out. Essentially, there were no signs of hepatocellular toxicity at estimated therapeutic C(max) levels of 60 ng/ml. Nonetheless, in a 28-day toxicity study at approximately 200-fold of therapeutic doses, induced liver transaminases and bilirubin elevations were observed. In a subsequent 6-month chronic toxicity study, the initial hepatobiliary effects were reproduced, but at the end of the study, liver function recovered and returned to normal as evidenced by clinical chemistry measurements. To identify possible mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, we investigated liver function in vitro at > 170-fold of therapeutic C(max) levels, including cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase, MTT, and ATP), transaminase activities (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), albumin synthesis, urea and testosterone metabolism to assay for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity. Only with extracts rich in petasin (37% petasin) and at high and well above therapeutic doses, liver toxicity was observed. A toxicogenomic approach applied to hepatocyte cultures enabled hypothesis generation and was highly suggestive for extracts high in petasin content to impair bile acid transport and lipid and protein metabolism. Importantly, neither chronic rat in vivo nor rat in vitro studies predicted reliably hepatotoxicity, therefore reemphasizing the utility of human-based in vitro investigations for the development of safe medicinal products. Finally, toxicogenomics enabled the characterization of a novel butterbur extract with no signals for hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Anderson
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism by PPARs. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:501739. [PMID: 19636418 PMCID: PMC2712638 DOI: 10.1155/2009/501739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are amphipathic molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Bile acid synthesis is a major pathway for hepatic cholesterol catabolism. Bile acid synthesis generates bile flow which is important for biliary secretion of free cholesterol, endogenous metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids are biological detergents that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Recent studies suggest that bile acids are important metabolic regulators of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ) regulate lipoprotein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis and inflammation, and therefore are
used as anti-diabetic drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia and insulin insistence. Recent studies have shown that activation of
PPARα alters bile acid synthesis, conjugation, and transport, and also cholesterol synthesis, absorption and reverse cholesterol transport. This review will focus on the roles of PPARs in the regulation of pathways in bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, and the therapeutic implications of using PPAR agonists for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) have a long established role in fat digestion in the intestine by acting as tensioactives, due to their amphipathic characteristics. BAs are reabsorbed very efficiently by the intestinal epithelium and recycled back to the liver via transport mechanisms that have been largely elucidated. The transport and synthesis of BAs are tightly regulated in part by specific plasma membrane receptors and nuclear receptors. In addition to their primary effect, BAs have been claimed to play a role in gastrointestinal cancer, intestinal inflammation and intestinal ionic transport. BAs are not equivalent in any of these biological activities, and structural requirements have been generally identified. In particular, some BAs may be useful for cancer chemoprevention and perhaps in inflammatory bowel disease, although further research is necessary in this field. This review covers the most recent developments in these aspects of BA intestinal biology.
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Lee J, Chae K, Ha J, Park BY, Lee HS, Jeong S, Kim MY, Yoon M. Regulation of obesity and lipid disorders by herbal extracts from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:263-270. [PMID: 18023310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae), Morus alba L. (Moraceae), and Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (Compositae) are suggested to be involved in the regulation of hyperlipidemia. We hypothesized that Ob-X, a mixture of three herbs, Morus alba, Melissa officinalis and Artemisia capillaris [corrected] improves lipid metabolism, body weight gain and adiposity and that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is associated with these events. Mice fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks exhibited increases in body weight gain and adipose tissue mass compared with mice fed a low fat diet. However, feeding a high-fat diet supplemented with Ob-X significantly reduced these effects. Ob-X treatment also decreased the circulating levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, and inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation. Ob-X supplementation was found to increase the hepatic mRNA levels of PPARalpha target enzymes responsible for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Moreover, Ob-X elevated the endogenous expression of a luciferase reporter gene containing three copies of a PPAR response element (PPRE) in NMu2Li liver cells. These data demonstrate that Ob-X regulates body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and lipid metabolism in part through changes in the expression of hepatic PPARalpha target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejon 302-729, Republic of Korea
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Morozov DN, Vysotskaya RU. Comparative study of bile acid composition of bile of the European vendace Coregonus albula L. and the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. under conditions of technogenic water reservoir pollution. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093007050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are attractive drug targets due to their role in regulation of a wide range of physiologic responses. In addition to providing therapeutic value, many pharmaceutical agents along with environmental chemicals are ligands for NRs and can cause adverse health effects that are directly related to activation of NRs. Identifying the molecular events that produce a toxic response may be confounded by the fact that there is a significant overlap in the biological processes that NRs regulate. Microarrays and other methods for gene expression profiling have served as useful, sensitive tools for discerning the mechanisms by which therapeutics and environmental chemicals invoke toxic effects. The capability to probe thousands of genes simultaneously has made genomics a prime technology for identifying drug targets, biomarkers of exposure/toxicity and key players in the mechanisms of disease. The complex intertwining networks regulated by NRs are hard to probe comprehensively without global approaches and genomics has become a key technology that facilitates our understanding of NR-dependent and -independent events. The future of drug discovery, design and optimization, and risk assessment of chemical toxicants that activate NRs will inevitably involve genomic profiling. This review will focus on genomics studies related to PPAR, CAR, PXR, RXR, LXR, FXR, and AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney G Woods
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA
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Jeong S, Yoon M. Inhibition of the actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha on obesity by estrogen. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1430-40. [PMID: 17557980 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the major ovarian factor estrogen modulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha actions on obesity and to investigate the mechanism by which estrogen regulates PPARalpha actions. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Female ovariectomized mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group). After they were treated with combinations of high fat, fenofibrate (FF), or 17beta-estradiol (E) for 13 weeks, variables and determinants of obesity and lipid metabolism were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS When female ovariectomized mice were given a high-fat diet with either FF or E, body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced and serum lipid profiles were improved compared with control mice fed a high-fat diet alone. When mice were concomitantly treated with FF and E, however, E reversed the effects of FF on body weight gain, serum lipid profiles, and hepatic PPARalpha target gene expression. Consistent with the in vivo data, E not only decreased basal levels of PPARalpha reporter gene activation but also significantly decreased Wy14,643-induced luciferase reporter activity. In addition, inhibition of PPARalpha functions by E did not seem to occur by interfering with the DNA binding of PPARalpha. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that in vivo and in vitro treatment of estrogen inhibited the actions of FF-activated PPARalpha on obesity and lipid metabolism through changes in the expression of PPARalpha target genes, providing evidence that FF does not regulate obesity in female mice with functioning ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Taejon 302-729, Korea
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Keshava N, Caldwell JC. Key issues in the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonism and cell signaling in trichloroethylene toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1464-70. [PMID: 16966106 PMCID: PMC1570084 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is thought to be involved in several different diseases, toxic responses, and receptor pathways. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2001 draft trichloroethylene (TCE) risk assessment concluded that although PPAR may play a role in liver tumor induction, the role of its activation and the sequence of subsequent events important to tumorigenesis are not well defined, particularly because of uncertainties concerning the extraperoxisomal effects. In this article, which is part of a mini-monograph on key issues in the health risk assessment of TCE, we summarize some of the scientific literature published since that time on the effects and actions of PPARalpha that help inform and illustrate the key scientific questions relevant to TCE risk assessment. Recent analyses of the role of PPARalpha in gene expression changes caused by TCE and its metabolites provide only limited data for comparison with other PPARalpha agonists, particularly given the difficulties in interpreting results involving PPARalpha knockout mice. Moreover, the increase in data over the last 5 years from the broader literature on PPARalpha agonists presents a more complex array of extraperoxisomal effects and actions, suggesting the possibility that PPARalpha may be involved in modes of action (MOAs) not only for liver tumors but also for other effects of TCE and its metabolites. In summary, recent studies support the conclusion that determinations of the human relevance and susceptibility to PPARalpha-related MOA(s) of TCE-induced effects cannot rely on inferences regarding peroxisome proliferation per se and require a better understanding of the interplay of extraperoxisomal events after PPARalpha agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalakshmi Keshava
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
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Matsusue K, Miyoshi A, Yamano S, Gonzalez FJ. Ligand-activated PPARbeta efficiently represses the induction of LXR-dependent promoter activity through competition with RXR. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 256:23-33. [PMID: 16806672 PMCID: PMC1544360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (angptl3), a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family, was shown to play an important role in regulating lipid metabolism. To elucidate the mechanism by which PPARbeta represses angptl3 promoter activity, reporter constructs were prepared and transfection analysis carried out. PPARbeta repressed angptl3-Luc promoter activity and activation of PPARbeta by L-165041, a PPARbeta-specific ligand, increased the extent of repression. The repression by L-165041 was lost in angptl3-Luc plasmids having a deleted or mutated LXRalpha binding site (DR4). PPARbetaL405R, deficient in RXRalpha binding, had no effect on angptl3-Luc promoter activity. PPARbeta did not repress the activity of GAL4-LXRalpha which activates of GAL4DBD TK-Luc independent of RXR. Addition of RXRalpha completely abolished the repression of angptl3-Luc activity by PPARbeta. Mammalian two-hybrid analysis revealed that PPARbeta ligand binding enhanced the dissociation of the LXRalpha-RXRalpha heterodimer. Gel shift assays also indicated that PPARbeta ligand binding increased dissociation of LXRalpha/RXRalpha binding to a DR4 oligonucleotide probe; addition of RXRalpha restored the binding lost by addition of PPARbeta. Collectively, these results suggest that the binding of PPARbeta-specific ligand enhances the affinity between RXRalpha and activated PPARbeta and thus may regulate angptl3 gene expression through a DR4 element by competing with LXRalpha for RXRalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Matsusue
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Building 37, Room 3106, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Aya Miyoshi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Building 37, Room 3106, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 301 496 9067; fax: +1 301 496 8419. E-mail address: (F.J. Gonzalez)
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Lee H, Gonzalez FJ, Yoon M. Ginsenoside Rf, a component of ginseng, regulates lipoprotein metabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:196-203. [PMID: 16297877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether ginseng regulates lipoprotein metabolism by altering peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)-mediated pathways, using a PPARalpha-null mouse model. Administration of ginseng extract, ginsenosides, and ginsenoside Rf (Rf) to wild-type mice not only significantly increased basal levels of hepatic apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and C-III mRNA compared with wild-type controls, but also substantially reversed the reductions in mRNA levels of apo A-I and C-III expected following treatment with the potent PPARalpha ligand Wy14,643. In contrast, no effect was detected in the PPARalpha-null mice. Testing of eight main ginsenosides on PPARalpha reporter gene expression indicated that Rf was responsible for the effects of ginseng on lipoprotein metabolism. Furthermore, the inhibition of PPARalpha-dependent transactivation by Rf seems to occur at the level of DNA binding. These results demonstrate that ginseng component Rf regulates apo A-I and C-III mRNA and the actions of Rf on lipoprotein metabolism are mediated via interactions with PPARalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunghee Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Taejon 302-729, Republic of Korea
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40
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Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. LXRs also permit the efficient storage of carbohydrate- and fat-derived energy, whereas FXR activation results in an overall decrease in triglyceride levels and modulation of glucose metabolism. The elegant, dual interplay between these two receptor systems suggests that they coevolved to constitute a highly sensitive and efficient system for the maintenance of total body fat and cholesterol homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that the tissue-specific action of these receptors is also crucial for the proper function of the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive, endocrine pancreas, renal, and central nervous systems. Together, LXRs and FXR represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of numerous metabolic and lipid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Y Kalaany
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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41
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Abstract
In this minireview, the role of various nuclear receptors and transcription factors in the expression of drug disposition genes is summarized. Specifically, the molecular aspects and functional impact of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor-E2 p45-related factor 2 (N(r)f2), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha), constitutive androstane receptor (LAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR(alpha)), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha), vitamin D receptor (VDR), liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1), liver X receptor (LXR(alpha)), small heterodimer partner-1 (SHP-1), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on gene expression are detailed. Finally, we discuss some current topics and themes in nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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42
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McCarthy TC, Li X, Sinal CJ. Vitamin D Receptor-dependent Regulation of Colon Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 3 Gene Expression by Bile Acids. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23232-42. [PMID: 15824121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411520200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) is a multispecific anion transporter that is capable of transporting a number of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids. Expression of the MRP3 gene is increased during pathological states associated with elevated bile acid concentrations indicating a role for this transporter in adaptive and homeostatic bile acid metabolism. Analysis of Mrp3 mRNA levels in various mouse tissues with known relevance and/or exposure to bile acids revealed the highest levels of basal expression in the colon followed in order by the liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and kidney. Functional analysis of a murine Mrp3 promoter reporter construct revealed vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (VD3), 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA), and the cholestatic secondary bile acid, lithocholic acid (LCA). Using a series of deletion constructs combined with sequence analysis, a candidate VDR response element (VDRE) was identified between -1028 and -1014 bp of the Mrp3 promoter. Activation of the Mrp3 promoter in response to VD3, RA, or LCA, as well as binding of VDR/RXR heterodimers, was attenuated substantially by mutation of this VDRE. Treatment of mice with VD3 or LCA demonstrated in vivo modulation of the Mrp3 gene in colon but not in the liver. Reduction of endogenous VDR expression in colon adenocarcinoma MCA-38 cells by siRNA transfection was associated with reduced constitutive and inducible expression of the Mrp3 gene. These data support a regulatory role for the VDR in the protection of colon cells from bile acid toxicity through regulation of the Mrp3 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Calcitriol/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colon/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Exons
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Kidney/metabolism
- Ligands
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/chemistry
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya C McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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43
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Jeong S, Han M, Lee H, Kim M, Kim J, Nicol CJ, Kim BH, Choi JH, Nam KH, Oh GT, Yoon M. Effects of fenofibrate on high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and adiposity in female C57BL/6J mice. Metabolism 2004; 53:1284-9. [PMID: 15375783 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study suggested that fenofibrate affects obesity and lipid metabolism in a sexually dimorphic manner in part through the differential activation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in male and female C57BL/6J mice. To determine whether fenofibrate reduces body weight gain and adiposity in female sham-operated (Sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, the effects of fenofibrate on not only body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, and food intake, but also the expression of both leptin and PPARalpha target genes were measured. Compared to their respective low-fat diet-fed controls, both Sham and OVX mice exhibited increases in body weight and WAT mass when fed a high-fat diet. Fenofibrate treatment decreased body weight gain and WAT mass in OVX, but not in Sham mice. Furthermore, fenofibrate increased the mRNA levels of PPARalpha target genes encoding peroxisomal enzymes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation, and reduced apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III) mRNA, all of which were expressed at higher levels in OVX compared to Sham mice. However, leptin mRNA levels were found to positively correlate with WAT mass, and food intake was not changed in either OVX or Sham mice following fenofibrate treatment. These results suggest that fenofibrate differentially regulates body weight and adiposity due in part to differences in PPARalpha activation, but not to differences in leptin production, between female OVX and Sham mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Taejon, Korea
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44
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McCarthy TC, Pollak PT, Hanniman EA, Sinal CJ. Disruption of hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice after amiodarone treatment is associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha target gene activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:864-73. [PMID: 15265979 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.072785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone, an efficacious and widely used antiarrhythmic agent, has been reported to cause hepatotoxicity in some patients. To gain insight into the mechanism of this unwanted effect, mice were administered various doses of amiodarone and examined for changes in hepatic histology and gene regulation. Amiodarone induced hepatomegaly, hepatocyte microvesicular lipid accumulation, and a significant decrease in serum triglycerides and glucose. Northern blot analysis of hepatic RNA revealed a dose-dependent increase in the expression of a number of genes critical for fatty acid oxidation, lipoprotein assembly, and lipid transport. Many of these genes are regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha), a ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptor transcription factor. The absence of induction of these genes as well as hepatomegaly in PPARalpha knockout [PPARalpha-/-] mice indicated that the effects of amiodarone were dependent upon the presence of a functional PPARalpha gene. Compared to wild-type mice, treatment of PPARalpha-/- mice with amiodarone resulted in an increased rate and extent of total body weight loss. The inability of amiodarone to directly activate either human or mouse PPARalpha transiently expressed in human HepG2 hepatoma cells indicates that the effects of amiodarone on the function of this receptor were indirect. Based upon these results, we conclude that amiodarone disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and that the increased expression of PPARalpha target genes is secondary to this toxic effect. These results provide important new mechanistic information regarding the hepatotoxic effects of amiodarone and indicate that PPARalpha protects against amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya C McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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45
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Latruffe N, Vamecq J, Cherkaoui Malki M. Genetic-dependency of peroxisomal cell functions - emerging aspects. J Cell Mol Med 2004; 7:238-48. [PMID: 14594548 PMCID: PMC6741413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2003.tb00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews aspects concerning the genetic regulation of the expression of the well studied peroxisomal genes including those of fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes; acyl-CoA oxidase, multifunctional enzyme and thiolase from different tissues and species. An important statement is PPARalpha, which is now long known to be in rodents the key nuclear receptor orchestrating liver peroxisome proliferation and enhanced peroxisomal beta-oxidation, does not appear to control so strongly in man the expression of genes involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation related enzymes. In this respect, the present review strengthens among others the emerging concept that, in the humans, the main genes whose expression is up-regulated by PPARalpha are mitochondrial and less peroxisomal genes. A special emphasis is also made on the animal cold adaptation and on need for sustained study of peroxisomal enzymes and genes; challenging that some essential roles of peroxisomes in cell function and regulation still remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Latruffe
- Laboratory of Cell Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
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Watanabe M, Houten SM, Wang L, Moschetta A, Mangelsdorf DJ, Heyman RA, Moore DD, Auwerx J. Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1408-18. [PMID: 15146238 PMCID: PMC406532 DOI: 10.1172/jci21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 967] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the effects of bile acids on triglyceride (TG) homeostasis using a combination of molecular, cellular, and animal models. Cholic acid (CA) prevents hepatic TG accumulation, VLDL secretion, and elevated serum TG in mouse models of hypertriglyceridemia. At the molecular level, CA decreases hepatic expression of SREBP-1c and its lipogenic target genes. Through the use of mouse mutants for the short heterodimer partner (SHP) and liver X receptor (LXR) alpha and beta, we demonstrate the critical dependence of the reduction of SREBP-1c expression by either natural or synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists on both SHP and LXR alpha and LXR beta. These results suggest that strategies aimed at increasing FXR activity and the repressive effects of SHP should be explored to correct hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
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Solaas K, Kase BF, Pham V, Bamberg K, Hunt MC, Alexson SEH. Differential regulation of cytosolic and peroxisomal bile acid amidation by PPARα activation favors the formation of unconjugated bile acids. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1051-60. [PMID: 15026425 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300291-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In human liver, unconjugated bile acids can be formed by the action of bile acid-CoA thioesterases (BACTEs), whereas bile acid conjugation with taurine or glycine (amidation) is catalyzed by bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases (BACATs). Both pathways exist in peroxisomes and cytosol. Bile acid amidation facilitates biliary excretion, whereas the accumulation of unconjugated bile acids may become hepatotoxic. We hypothesized that the formation of unconjugated and conjugated bile acids from their common substrate bile acid-CoA thioesters by BACTE and BACAT is regulated via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Livers from wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice either untreated or treated with the PPARalpha activator WY-14,643 were analyzed for BACTE and BACAT expression. The total liver capacity of taurochenodeoxycholate and taurocholate formation was decreased in WY-14,643-treated wild-type mice by 60% and 40%, respectively, but not in PPARalpha-null mice. Suppression of the peroxisomal BACAT activity was responsible for the decrease in liver capacity, whereas cytosolic BACAT activity was essentially unchanged by the treatment. In both cytosol and peroxisomes, the BACTE activities and protein levels were upregulated 5- to 10-fold by the treatment. These effects caused by WY-14,643 treatment were abolished in PPARalpha-null mice. The results from this study suggest that an increased formation of unconjugated bile acids occurs during PPARalpha activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne Solaas
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Jeong S, Kim M, Han M, Lee H, Ahn J, Kim M, Song YH, Shin C, Nam KH, Kim TW, Oh GT, Yoon M. Fenofibrate prevents obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice. Metabolism 2004; 53:607-13. [PMID: 15131765 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that fenofibrate improves both lipid metabolism and obesity, in part through hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activation, in female ovariectomized, but not in sham-operated, low-density lipoprotein receptor-null (LDLR-null) mice. The aim of this study was to determine whether fenofibrate prevents obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in male LDLR-null mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks exhibited increases in body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights and developed severe hypertriglyceridemia compared with mice fed a low-fat control diet. However, these effects were effectively prevented by fenofibrate. Mice given a fenofibrate-supplemented high-fat diet showed significantly reduced body weight, WAT weight, and serum triglycerides versus high-fat diet-fed animals. Triton WR1339 study showed that fenofibrate-induced reduction in circulating triglycerides was due to the decreased secretion of triglycerides from the liver. Moreover, the administration of fenofibrate not only resulted in liver hypertrophy and reduction in hepatic lipid accumulation, but also regulated the transcriptional expression of PPARalpha target genes, such as hepatic acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). Therefore, our results suggest that alterations in hepatic PPARalpha action by fenofibrate seem to suppress diet-induced obesity and severe hypertriglyceridemia caused by LDLR deficiency in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Taejon, Korea
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49
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Post SM, Groenendijk M, Solaas K, Rensen PCN, Princen HMG. Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Deficiency in Mice on an APOE*3-Leiden Background Impairs Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Production. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:768-74. [PMID: 14962946 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000121572.21122.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (cyp7a1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. To study the relationship between bile acid biosynthesis and triglyceride metabolism, we cross-bred mice lacking cyp7a1 on a hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden background. METHODS AND RESULTS Female mice received a chow or lipogenic diet. On both diets, fecal bile acid excretion was 70% decreased concomitantly with a 2-fold increased neutral sterol output. The differences in bile acid biosynthesis did not change plasma cholesterol levels. However, plasma triglyceride levels decreased by 41% and 38% in the cyp7a1-/-. APOE*3-Leiden mice as compared with APOE*3-Leiden mice on chow and lipogenic diet, respectively. Mechanistic studies showed that very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-apolipoprotein B and VLDL-triglyceride production rates were reduced in cyp7a1-/-. APOE*3-Leiden mice as compared with APOE*3-Leiden mice (-34% and -35%, respectively). Cyp7a1 deficiency also increased the hepatic cholesteryl ester and triglyceride content (2.8-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively). In addition, hepatic anti-oxidative vitamin content, which can influence VLDL-production, was lower. Hepatic mRNA analysis showed decreased expression of genes involved in lipogenesis including srebf1. CONCLUSIONS Cyp7a1 deficiency in APOE*3-Leiden mice decreases the VLDL particle production rate, as a consequence of a strongly reduced bile acid biosynthesis, leading to a decrease in plasma triglycerides. These data underscore the close relationship between bile acid biosynthesis and triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Post
- TNO Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Lind S, Rudling M, Ericsson S, Olivecrona H, Eriksson M, Borgström B, Eggertsen G, Berglund L, Angelin B. Growth Hormone Induces Low-Density Lipoprotein Clearance but not Bile Acid Synthesis in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:349-56. [PMID: 14656733 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000110657.67317.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) induces hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and lowers plasma cholesterol. We characterized the influence of GH treatment on plasma LDL clearance in normal humans and investigated the relative role of LDL receptor (LDLR) activity and stimulation of bile acid synthesis in subjects with different LDLR expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma clearance of autologous 125I-LDL was measured before and during 3 weeks of treatment with GH (0.1 IU/kg per day) in 9 healthy young males. Plasma LDL cholesterol was reduced by 13% and the fractional catabolic rate of LDL increased by 27%. More marked changes were seen in a patient with hypopituitarism substituted with GH (0.07 IU/kg per day) for 3 months. In a second study, GH dose-dependently reduced LDL cholesterol and increased Lp(a) levels in 3 groups of males: younger and elderly healthy subjects and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). No effect on bile acid synthesis measured by the plasma marker 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was observed. In an LDLR-deficient FH homozygote, LDL cholesterol was not affected by GH. CONCLUSIONS GH treatment reduces plasma LDL cholesterol by inducing LDL clearance. In humans, LDLR expression is a prerequisite for this effect, whereas it is not related to stimulation of bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lind
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Novum, Sweden
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