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Shen H, He T, Wang S, Hou L, Wei Y, Liu Y, Mo C, Zhao Z, You W, Guo H, Li B. SOX4 promotes beige adipocyte-mediated adaptive thermogenesis by facilitating PRDM16-PPARγ complex. Theranostics 2022; 12:7699-7716. [PMID: 36451857 PMCID: PMC9706582 DOI: 10.7150/thno.77102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige fat protect against cold environments and obesity by catabolizing stored energy to generate heat. This process is achieved by controlling thermogenesis-related gene expression and the development of brown/beige fat through the induction of transcription factors, most notably PPARγ. However, the cofactors that induce the expression of thermogenic genes with PPARγ are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the role of SOX4 in adaptive thermogenesis and its relationship with PPARγ. Methods: Whole transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (iWAT) after cold stimulation was performed to identify genes with differential expression in mice. Indirect calorimetry detected oxygen consumption rate and heat generation. mRNA levels were analyzed by qPCR assays. Proteins were detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Interaction of proteins was detected by endogenous and exogenous Co-IP. ChIP-qPCR, FAIRE assay and luciferase reporter assays were used to investigate transcriptional regulation. Results: SOX4 was identified as the main transcriptional effector of thermogenesis. Mice with either adipocyte-specific or UCP1+ cells deletion of SOX4 exhibited significant cold intolerance, decreased energy expenditure, and beige adipocyte formation, which was attributed to decreased thermogenic gene expression. In addition, these mice developed obesity on a high-fat diet, with severe hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation. At the cell level, loss of SOX4 from preadipocytes inhibited the development of beige adipocytes, and loss of SOX4 from mature beige adipocytes reduced the expression of thermogenesis-related genes and energy metabolism. Mechanistically, SOX4 stimulated the transcriptional activity of Ucp1 by binding to PPARγ and activating its transcriptional function. These actions of SOX4 were, at least partly, mediated by recruiting PRDM16 to PPARγ, thus forming a transcriptional complex to elevate the expression of thermogenic genes. Conclusion: SOX4, as a coactivator of PPARγ, drives the thermogenic gene expression program and thermogenesis of beige fat, promoting energy expenditure. It has important physiological significance in resisting cold and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanming Shen
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Ting He
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Lingfeng Hou
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Wei
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Yunjia Liu
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Chunli Mo
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Zehang Zhao
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - WeiXin You
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Huiling Guo School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 361102; Tel: 86-592-2186717; E-mail: . Dr. Boan Li School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 361102; Tel: 86-592-2186717; E-mail:
| | - Boan Li
- State key laboratory of cellular stress biology, innovation center for cell signaling network and engineering research center of molecular diagnostics of the ministry of education, school of life sciences, Xiamen university, Xiamen 361100, Fujian, China.,Lead Contact.,✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Huiling Guo School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 361102; Tel: 86-592-2186717; E-mail: . Dr. Boan Li School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 361102; Tel: 86-592-2186717; E-mail:
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2
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Androgen receptor suppresses β-adrenoceptor-mediated CREB activation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue of male mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102619. [PMID: 36272644 PMCID: PMC9700029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a process by which core body temperature is maintained in mammals. Males typically have a lower body temperature than females. However, the effects of androgens, which show higher levels in males, on adrenergic receptor-mediated thermogenesis remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that androgen-androgen receptor (AR) signaling suppresses the β-adrenergic agonist-induced rise of core body temperature using castrated and AR knockout (ARKO) male mice. Furthermore, in vitro mechanistic studies show that activated AR inhibits cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription by suppressing cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. The elevation of body temperature induced by the β-adrenergic agonist CL316243 was higher in ARKO and castrated mice than in the control mice. Similarly, CL316243 induced a greater increase in Uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and CREB phosphorylation in the brown adipose tissue of ARKO mice than in that of controls. We determined that activation of AR by dihydrotestosterone suppressed β3-agonist- or forskolin-induced CRE-mediated transcription, which was prevented by AR antagonist. AR activation also suppressed CREB phosphorylation induced by forskolin. Moreover, we found AR nuclear localization, but not transcriptional activity, was necessary for the suppression of CRE-mediated transcription. Finally, modified mammalian two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation analyses suggest nuclear AR and CREB form a protein complex both in the presence and absence of dihydrotestosterone and forskolin. These results suggest androgen-AR signaling suppresses β-adrenoceptor-induced UCP1-mediated brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by suppressing CREB phosphorylation, presumably owing to a protein complex with AR and CREB. This mechanism explains sexual differences in body temperature, at least partially.
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3
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Yamamoto T, Diao Z, Murakami M, Shimokawa F, Matsui T, Funaba M. Factors affecting the induction of uncoupling protein 1 in C2C12 myogenic cells. Cytokine 2022; 157:155936. [PMID: 35738051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Brown/beige adipocytes, which are derived from skeletal muscle/smooth muscle-lineage cells, consume excess energy as heat through the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Previous studies have shown that forced expression of PR/SET domain (PRDM)-16 or early B-cell factor (EBF)-2 induced UCP1-positive adipocytes in C2C12 myogenic cells. Here, we explored the culture conditions to induce Ucp1 expression in C2C12 cells without introducing exogenous genes. Treatment with rosiglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist), GW501516 (a PPARδ agonist), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 for 8 days efficiently increased Ucp1 expression in response to treatment with forskolin, an activator of the protein kinase A pathway. BMP7 dose-dependently increased forskolin-induced Ucp1 expression in the presence of rosiglitazone and GW501516; however, GW501516 was not required for Ucp1 induction. Additionally, the structurally related proteins, BMP6 and BMP9, efficiently increased forskolin-induced Ucp1 expression in rosiglitazone-treated cells. UCP1 protein was localized in cells with lipid droplets, but adipocytes were not always positive for UCP1. Continuous treatment with BMP7 was needed for the efficient induction of Ucp1 by forskolin treatment. Significant expression of Prdm16 was not detected, irrespective of the treatment, and treatment with rosiglitazone, GW501516, and BMP7 did not affect the expression levels of Ebf2. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr)-3 expression levels were increased by BMP9 in rosiglitazone-treated cells, and molecules that upregulate Fgfr3 transcription partly overlapped with those that stimulate Ucp1 transcription. The present results provide basic information on the practical differentiation of myogenic cells to brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Zhicheng Diao
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Fumie Shimokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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4
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Chou TJ, Lu CW, Liao CC, Chiang CH, Huang CC, Huang KC. Ovariectomy Interferes with Proteomes of Brown Adipose Tissue in Rats. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:499-510. [PMID: 35370469 PMCID: PMC8964325 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.66996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women exhibit a higher prevalence of obesity due to decreased energy expenditure and increased food intake compared to their premenopausal counterparts. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in energy homeostasis, thus providing us with appealing therapeutic targets in obesity. However, how BAT proteomes are altered in response to low levels of estrogen remains unclear. To better understand the underlying mechanisms between the postmenopausal state and BAT proteomic changes, our study aimed to investigate the effect of ovariectomy on the BAT proteome. In this study, eight-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx) and sham operation (Sham) groups. Mass spectrometry was used for proteomics assay and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was applied to examine the differentially regulated proteins. Of the 1,412 identified proteins, 18 proteins were significantly upregulated, whereas 36 proteins were significantly downregulated in the Ovx group as compared to the Sham group. Our findings demonstrate that the proteins involved in BAT morphology, the browning of white adipose tissue, and metabolic substrates for thermogenesis were regulated by ovariectomy. The dysregulation of proteins by ovariectomy might be related to the disruption of BAT function in the postmenopausal status. Understanding how BAT proteomes are altered in response to ovariectomy may illuminate novel therapeutic strategies for the management of postmenopausal weight gain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jung Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Lu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Metabolomics-Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsieh Chiang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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5
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Significant genes in response to low temperature in Penaeus chinensis screened from multiple groups of transcriptome comparison. J Therm Biol 2022; 107:103198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Biochemical adaptations in white adipose tissue following aerobic exercise: from mitochondrial biogenesis to browning. Biochem J 2020; 477:1061-1081. [PMID: 32187350 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of white adipose tissue (WAT) biochemistry has evolved over the last few decades and it is now clear that WAT is not simply a site of energy storage, but rather a pliable endocrine organ demonstrating dynamic responsiveness to the effects of aerobic exercise. Similar to its established effects in skeletal muscle, aerobic exercise induces many biochemical adaptations in WAT including mitochondrial biogenesis and browning. While past research has focused on the regulation of these biochemical processes, there has been renewed interest as of late given the potential of harnessing WAT mitochondrial biogenesis and browning to treat obesity and type II diabetes. Unfortunately, despite increasing evidence that innumerable factors, both exercise induced and pharmacological, can elicit these biochemical adaptations in WAT, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we begin with a historical account of our understanding of WAT exercise biochemistry before presenting detailed evidence in favour of an up-to-date model by which aerobic exercise induces mitochondrial biogenesis and browning in WAT. Specifically, we discuss how aerobic exercise induces increases in WAT lipolysis and re-esterification and how this could be a trigger that activates the cellular energy sensor 5' AMP-activated protein kinase to mediate the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and browning via the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha. While this review primarily focuses on mechanistic results from rodent studies special attention is given to the translation of these results, or lack thereof, to human physiology.
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7
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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Flisikowski K. Investigation of allele-specific expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism suggests complex regulatory mechanisms of PPARGC1A expression in porcine fat tissues. BMC Genet 2018; 19:107. [PMID: 30497374 PMCID: PMC6267897 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of genes involved in regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism may affect economically important fatness traits in pigs. Allele-specific expression (ASE) reflects imbalance between allelic transcript levels and can be used to identify underlying cis-regulatory elements. ASE has not yet been intensively studied in pigs. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the differential allelic expression of four genes, PPARA, PPARG, SREBF1, and PPARGC1A, which are involved in the regulation of fat deposition in porcine subcutaneous and visceral fat and longissimus dorsi muscle. Results Quantification of allelic proportions by pyrosequencing revealed that both alleles of PPARG and SREBF1 are expressed at similar levels. PPARGC1A showed the greatest ASE imbalance in fat deposits in Polish Large White (PLW), Polish Landrace and Pietrain pigs; and PPARA in PLW pigs. Significant deviations of mean PPARGC1A allelic transcript ratio between cDNA and genomic DNA were detected in all tissues, with the most pronounced difference (p < 0.001) in visceral fat of PLW pigs. To search for potential cis-regulatory elements affecting ASE in the PPARGC1A gene we analyzed the effects of four SNPs (rs337351686, rs340650517, rs336405906 and rs345224049) in the promoter region, but none were associated with ASE in the breeds studied. DNA methylation analysis revealed significant CpG methylation differences between samples showing balanced (allelic transcript ratio ≈1) and imbalanced allelic expression for CpG site at the genomic position in chromosome 8 (SSC8): 18527678 in visceral fat (p = 0.017) and two CpG sites (SSC8:18525215, p = 0.030; SSC8:18525237, p = 0.031) in subcutaneous fat. Conclusions Our analysis of differential allelic expression suggests that PPARGC1A is subjected to cis-regulation in porcine fat tissues. Further studies are necessary to identify other regulatory elements localized outside the PPARGC1A proximal promoter region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0696-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmannstr. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Chen X, Zhong J, Dong D, Liu G, Yang P. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced CHOP Inhibits PGC-1α and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Embryopathy. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:275-285. [PMID: 28482072 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the development of maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs). ER stress-induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) plays an important role in the pro-apoptotic execution pathways. However, the molecular mechanism underlying ER stress- and CHOP-induced neuroepithelium cell apoptosis in diabetic embryopathy is still unclear. Deletion of the Chop gene significantly reduced maternal diabetes-induced NTDs. CHOP deficiency abrogated maternal diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroepithelium cell apoptosis. Further analysis demonstrated that CHOP repressed the expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), an essential regulator for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Both CHOP deficiency in vivo and knockdown in vitro restore high glucose-suppressed PGC-1α expression. In contrast, CHOP overexpression mimicked inhibition of PGC-1α by high glucose. In response to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin, PGC-1α expression was decreased, whereas the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid blocked high glucose-suppressed PGC-1α expression. Moreover, maternal diabetes in vivo and high glucose in vitro promoted the interaction between CHOP and the PGC-1α transcriptional regulator CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), and reduced C/EBPβ binding to the PGC-1α promoter leading to markedly decrease in PGC-1α expression. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that maternal diabetes-induced ER stress increases CHOP expression which represses PGC-1α through suppressing the C/EBPβ transcriptional activity, subsequently induces mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately results in NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Center for Translational Research, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
| | - Jianxiang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
| | - Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
| | - Gentao Liu
- Center for Translational Research, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Yang
- Center for Translational Research, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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9
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Lynch C, Zhao J, Huang R, Kanaya N, Bernal L, Hsieh JH, Auerbach SS, Witt KL, Merrick BA, Chen S, Teng CT, Xia M. Identification of Estrogen-Related Receptor α Agonists in the Tox21 Compound Library. Endocrinology 2018; 159:744-753. [PMID: 29216352 PMCID: PMC5774247 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor (NR) that plays a role in energy homeostasis and controls mitochondrial oxidative respiration. Increased expression of ERRα in certain ovarian, breast, and colon cancers has a negative prognosis, indicating an important role for ERRα in cancer progression. An interaction between ERRα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) has also recently been shown to regulate an enzyme in the β-oxidation of free fatty acids, thereby suggesting that ERRα plays an important role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it would be prudent to identify compounds that can act as activators of ERRα. In this study, we screened ∼10,000 (8311 unique) compounds, known as the Tox21 10K collection, to identify agonists of ERRα. We performed this screen using two stably transfected HEK 293 cell lines, one with the ERRα-reporter alone and the other with both ERRα-reporter and PGC-1α expression vectors. After the primary screening, we identified more than five agonist clusters based on compound structural similarity analysis (e.g., statins). By examining the activities of the confirmed ERRα modulators in other Tox21 NR assays, eliminating those with promiscuous NR activity, and performing follow-up assays (e.g., small interfering RNA knockdown), we identified compounds that might act as endocrine disrupters through effects on ERRα signaling. To our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive analysis in discovering potential endocrine disrupters that affect the ERRα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lynch
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Noriko Kanaya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Lauren Bernal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Durham, North Carolina 27560
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kristine L. Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - B. Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Christina T. Teng
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Mulberry anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, increase the quantity of mitochondria during brown adipogenesis. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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11
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Ma X, Han M, Li D, Hu S, Gilbreath KR, Bazer FW, Wu G. L-Arginine promotes protein synthesis and cell growth in brown adipocyte precursor cells via the mTOR signal pathway. Amino Acids 2017; 49:957-964. [PMID: 28260165 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
L-Arginine has been reported to enhance brown adipose tissue developments in fetal lambs of obese ewes, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that L-arginine stimulates growth and development of brown adipocyte precursor cells (BAPCs) through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin cell signaling. BAPCs isolated from fetal lambs at day 90 of gestation were incubated for 6 h in arginine-free DMEM, and then cultured in DMEM with concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 μmol L-arginine/L for 24-96 h. Cell proliferation, protein turnover, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and pre-adipocyte differentiation markers were determined. L-arginine treatment enhanced (P < 0.05) BAPC growth and protein synthesis, while inhibiting proteolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with 50 and 100 μmol/L (the concentrations of arginine in the maternal plasma of obese ewes), 200 μmol L-arginine/L (the concentrations of arginine in the maternal plasma of obese ewes receiving arginine supplementation) increased (P < 0.05) the abundances of phosphorylated mTOR, P70S6K and 4EBP1, as well as the abundances of PGC1α, UCP1, BMP7 and PRDM16. These novel findings indicate that increasing extra-cellular arginine concentration from 50 to 200 µmol/L activates mTOR cell signaling in BAPCs and enhances their growth and development in a dose-dependent manner. Our results provide a mechanism for arginine supplementation to enhance the development of brown adipose tissue in fetal lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Meng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Kyler R Gilbreath
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA.
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12
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Liu X, Baarsma H, Thiam C, Montrone C, Brauner B, Fobo G, Heier JS, Duscha S, Königshoff M, Angeli V, Ruepp A, Campillos M. Systematic Identification of Pharmacological Targets from Small-Molecule Phenotypic Screens. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1302-1313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Inagaki T, Sakai J, Kajimura S. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:480-95. [PMID: 27251423 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
White adipocytes store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas brown and beige adipocytes dissipate energy in the form of heat. This thermogenic function relies on the activation of brown and beige adipocyte-specific gene programmes that are coordinately regulated by adipose-selective chromatin architectures and by a set of unique transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. A number of transcriptional and epigenetic regulators are also required for promoting beige adipocyte biogenesis in response to various environmental stimuli. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the generation and function of brown and beige adipocytes is necessary to allow us to control adipose cell fate and stimulate thermogenesis. This may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and obesity-associated diseases, such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inagaki
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 153-8904.,The Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative (TSBMI), Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113-8655
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 153-8904.,The Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative (TSBMI), Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113-8655
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0669, USA
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Wang X, Hai C. Redox modulation of adipocyte differentiation: hypothesis of "Redox Chain" and novel insights into intervention of adipogenesis and obesity. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:99-125. [PMID: 26187871 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of the global prevalence of obesity and obesity-associated disorders, it is important to clearly understand how adipose tissue forms. Accumulating data from various laboratories implicate that redox status is closely associated with energy metabolism. Thus, biochemical regulation of the redox system may be an attractive alternative for the treatment of obesity-related disorders. In this work, we will review the current data detailing the role of the redox system in adipocyte differentiation, as well as identifying areas for further research. The redox system affects adipogenic differentiation in an extensive way. We propose that there is a complex and interactive "redox chain," consisting of a "ROS-generating enzyme chain," "combined antioxidant chain," and "transcription factor chain," which contributes to fine-tune the regulation of ROS level and subsequent biological consequences. The roles of the redox system in adipocyte differentiation are paradoxical. The redox system exerts a "tridimensional" mechanism in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation, including transcriptional, epigenetic, and posttranslational modulations. We suggest that redoxomic techniques should be extensively applied to understand the biological effects of redox alterations in a more integrated way. A stable and standardized "redox index" is urgently needed for the evaluation of the general redox status. Therefore, more effort should be made to establish and maintain a general redox balance rather than to conduct simple prooxidant or antioxidant interventions, which have comprehensive implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Chunxu Hai
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Fu J, Li Z, Zhang H, Mao Y, Wang A, Wang X, Zou Z, Zhang X. Molecular pathways regulating the formation of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:433-52. [PMID: 25139773 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is functionally composed of brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. The unique thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue results from expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the mitochondrial inner membrane. On the basis of recent findings that adult humans have functionally active brown adipose tissue, it is now recognized as playing a much more important role in human metabolism than was previously thought. More importantly, brown-like adipocytes can be recruited in white adipose tissue upon environmental stimulation and pharmacologic treatment, and this change is associated with increased energy expenditure, contributing to a lean and healthy phenotype. Thus, the promotion of brown-like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue offers novel possibilities for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the recruitment of brown-like adipocyte in white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Fu
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushan Mao
- The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anshi Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuquan Zou
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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Murakami M, Ohi M, Ishikawa S, Shirai M, Horiguchi H, Nishino Y, Funaba M. Adaptive expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the carp liver and kidney in response to changes in ambient temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Xiang X, Lan H, Tang H, Yuan F, Xu Y, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang W. Tuberous sclerosis complex 1-mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling determines brown-to-white adipocyte phenotypic switch. Diabetes 2015; 64:519-28. [PMID: 25213336 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion of white and brown adipocytes occurs between anabolic and catabolic states. The molecular mechanism regulating this phenotypic switch remains largely unknown. This study explores the role of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in the conversion of brown to white adipose tissue (WAT). A colony of Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice, in which the Tsc1 gene was specifically deleted by the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4)-Cre, was established. Western blotting and immunostaining demonstrated the absence of TSC1 and activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, the downstream target of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, in the brown adipose tissues (BATs) of Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice. Accumulation of lipid droplets in BAT was significantly increased. Levels of brown adipocyte markers were markedly downregulated, while white adipocyte markers were upregulated. Rapamycin reversed the conversion from BAT to WAT in Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice. Deletion of the Tsc1 gene in cultured brown preadipocytes significantly increased the conversion to white adipocytes. FoxC2 mRNA, the transcriptional factor for brown adipocyte determination, was significantly decreased, while mRNAs for retinoblastoma protein, p107 and RIP140, the transcriptional factors for white adipocyte determination, increased in the BAT of Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice. Our study demonstrates that TSC1-mTORC1 signaling contributes to the brown-to-white adipocyte phenotypic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - He Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Chiang MC, Cheng YC, Chen HM, Liang YJ, Yen CH. Rosiglitazone promotes neurite outgrowth and mitochondrial function in N2A cells via PPARgamma pathway. Mitochondrion 2014; 14:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang C, Li H, Meng Q, Du Y, Xiao F, Zhang Q, Yu J, Li K, Chen S, Huang Z, Liu B, Guo F. ATF4 deficiency protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress via inhibiting CYP2E1 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:80-90. [PMID: 24373582 PMCID: PMC3916120 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress in fibroblasts and neurons. The role of ATF4 in hepatocytes, however, is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ATF4 in hepatocytes in oxidative stress under a high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we showed that palmitate-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and triglyceride (TG) accumulation is blocked by ATF4 deficiency in primary hepatocytes. Consistently, HFD-induced oxidative stress, TG accumulation and expression of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily, polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) are also blocked by knocking down ATF4 expression in the mouse liver. This suggests that ATF4 might regulate oxidative stress viaCYP2E1 under an HFD. In addition, we observed that expression of CYP2E1 is indirectly regulated by ATF4 in a cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-dependent manner, which can directly activate the CYP2E1 promoter activity. Notably, ATF4-stimulated ROS production is inhibited in vivo by treatment with diallyl sulphide, a selective CYP2E1 inhibitor. Finally, we showed that ATF4 expression in the liver is responsible for the protective effects against HFD-induced CYP2E1 expression, oxidative stress, and TG accumulation. Taken together, these observations suggest that ATF4 is a novel regulator of oxidative stress as well as accumulation of TG in response to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Shibuya E, Murakami M, Kondo M, Kamei Y, Tomonaga S, Matsui T, Funaba M. Downregulation of Pgc-1α expression by tea leaves and their by-products. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:236-40. [PMID: 24114933 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Shibuya
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine; Sagamihara Japan
| | - Makoto Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioresources; Mie University; Tsu Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Kyoto Prefectural University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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Cold-induced changes in gene expression in brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and liver. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68933. [PMID: 23894377 PMCID: PMC3718809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure imposes a metabolic challenge to mammals that is met by a coordinated response in different tissues to prevent hypothermia. This study reports a transcriptomic analysis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose (WAT) and liver of mice in response to 24 h cold exposure at 8°C. Expression of 1895 genes were significantly (P<0.05) up- or down-regulated more than two fold by cold exposure in all tissues but only 5 of these genes were shared by all three tissues, and only 19, 14 and 134 genes were common between WAT and BAT, WAT and liver, and BAT and liver, respectively. We confirmed using qRT-PCR, the increased expression of a number of characteristic BAT genes during cold exposure. In both BAT and the liver, the most common direction of change in gene expression was suppression (496 genes in BAT and 590 genes in liver). Gene ontology analysis revealed for the first time significant (P<0.05) down regulation in response to cold, of genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, lipid metabolic processes and protease inhibitor activity, in both BAT and liver, but not WAT. The results reveal an unexpected importance of down regulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression and apolipoprotein, in both BAT and liver, but not WAT, in response to cold exposure. Pathway analysis suggests a model in which down regulation of the nuclear transcription factors HNF4α and PPARα in both BAT and liver may orchestrate the down regulation of genes involved in lipoprotein and steroid metabolism as well as Phase I enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 group in response to cold stress in mice. We propose that the response to cold stress involves decreased gene expression in a range of cellular processes in order to maximise pathways involved in heat production.
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Association of single nucleotide polymorphism Rs2236518 in PRDM16 gene with BMI in Chinese males. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:710-6. [PMID: 23524569 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing protein-16 (PRDM16) is a cell-autonomous transcriptional component that stimulates the development of brown fat cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of genetic variants of PRDM16 to obesity-related phenotype variations in Chinese. METHODS A total of 3204 subjects (consisting of 400 male-offspring nuclear families, 401 female-offspring nuclear families, and 729 unrelated older males) were recruited. Ten tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the PRDM16 gene were genotyped using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR by Taqman assay. Body compositions were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The associations of the SNPs with the obesity-related phenotypes were analyzed using the quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT), GLM-ANOVA and PLINK statistical methods. RESULTS Rs2236518 was the only SNP that was associated with BMI in young (aged 20-40 years) males (P=0.011) using QTDT, and in the older men (aged 50-80 years) (P=0.003) using GLM-ANOVA. No significant associations were detected in the females. Nor was a relationship found between any haplotype and obesity-related phenotypes. When PLINK was used, no significant relationship was detected between 10 SNPs and obesity-related phenotypes in any of the studied cohorts. CONCLUSION Rs2236518 is associated with BMI in the young males (using QTDT), and the older males (using GLM-ANOVA).However, the result is not confirmed using PLINK. The discrepancy needs to be further addressed.
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Jeyakumar S, Yasmeen R, Reichert B, Ziouzenkova O. Metabolism of Vitamin A in White Adipose Tissue and Obesity. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b14569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lomax MA, Karamanlidis G, Laws J, Cremers SG, Weinberg PD, Clarke L. Pigs fed saturated fat/cholesterol have a blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, are insulin resistant and have decreased expression of IRS-1, PGC1α and PPARα. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:656-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Synergism between cAMP and PPARγ Signalling in the Initiation of UCP1 Gene Expression in HIB1B Brown Adipocytes. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:476049. [PMID: 23554809 PMCID: PMC3608182 DOI: 10.1155/2013/476049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the brown adipocyte-specific gene, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), is increased by both PPARγ stimulation and cAMP activation through their ability to stimulate the expression of the PPAR coactivator PGC1α. In HIB1B brown preadipocytes, combination of the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, and the cAMP stimulator forskolin synergistically increased UCP1 mRNA expression, but PGC1α expression was only increased additively by the two drugs. The PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, and the PKA inhibitor, H89, both inhibited UCP1 expression stimulated by rosiglitazone and forskolin but PGC1α expression was not altered to the same extent. Reporter studies demonstrated that combined rosiglitazone and forskolin synergistically activated transcription from a full length 3.1 kbp UCP1 luciferase promoter construct, but the response was only additive and much reduced when a minimal 260 bp proximal UCP1 promoter was examined. Rosiglitazone and forskolin in combination were able to synergistically stimulate promoters comprising of tandem repeats of either PPREs or CREs. We conclude that rosiglitazone and forskolin act together to synergistically activate the UCP1 promoter directly rather than by increasing PGC1α expression and by a mechanism involving cross-talk between the signalling systems regulating the CRE and PPRE on the promoters.
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Wang C, Xia T, Du Y, Meng Q, Li H, Liu B, Chen S, Guo F. Effects of ATF4 on PGC1α expression in brown adipose tissue and metabolic responses to cold stress. Metabolism 2013; 62:282-9. [PMID: 22980225 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have shown previously that the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC1α) increases significantly in the white and brown adipose tissue of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) global knockout mice, which suggests that ATF4 is involved in the regulation of PGC1α expression. The goal of the current study is to investigate this possibility and elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms. MATERIAL/METHODS The effects of ATF4 on PGC1α expression and on PGC1α promoter activity were analyzed in vivo and in vitro using mice, HIB-1B, and 293T cell line. The physiological functions of ATF4 in the regulation of PGC1α expression were confirmed by analysis of body temperature of Atf4(-/-) and Atf4(+/+) mice in response to cold stress as well as expression of Complex I, II, III, V in BAT. RESULTS In this study, we showed ATF4 to be a negative regulator of PGC1α expression through competitive binding with cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at a cAMP response element (CRE) site in the PGC1α promoter. ATF4 was also found to influence the expression of mitochondria-related proteins, including Complex I, II, III, and IV through regulation of PGC1α. Finally, we showed that Atf4(-/-) mice have higher core body temperatures in reduced-temperature environments than control mice. CONCLUSION This study describes the mechanisms underlying ATF4 regulating PGC1α expression. We demonstrate a novel function of ATF4 in the regulation of thermogenesis. Taken together, these observations provide new insight into the physiological functions of ATF4, especially the regulation of thermogenesis and the response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Shore A, Emes RD, Wessely F, Kemp P, Cillo C, D'Armiento M, Hoggard N, Lomax MA. A comparative approach to understanding tissue-specific expression of uncoupling protein 1 expression in adipose tissue. Front Genet 2013; 3:304. [PMID: 23293654 PMCID: PMC3535714 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermoregulatory function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is due to the tissue-specific expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) which is thought to have evolved in early mammals. We report that a CpG island close to the UCP1 transcription start site is highly conserved in all 29 vertebrates examined apart from the mouse and xenopus. Using methylation sensitive restriction digest and bisulfite mapping we show that the CpG island in both the bovine and human is largely un-methylated and is not related to differences in UCP1 expression between white and BAT. Tissue-specific expression of UCP1 has been proposed to be regulated by a conserved 5′ distal enhancer which has been reported to be absent in marsupials. We demonstrate that the enhancer, is also absent in five eutherians as well as marsupials, monotremes, amphibians, and fish, is present in pigs despite UCP1 having become a pseudogene, and that absence of the enhancer element does not relate to BAT-specific UCP1 expression. We identify an additional putative 5′ regulatory unit which is conserved in 14 eutherian species but absent in other eutherians and vertebrates, but again unrelated to UCP1 expression. We conclude that despite clear evidence of conservation of regulatory elements in the UCP1 5′ untranslated region, this does not appear to be related to species or tissues-specific expression of UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Shore
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
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28
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Wan Z, Perry CGR, Macdonald T, Chan CB, Holloway GP, Wright DC. IL-6 is not necessary for the regulation of adipose tissue mitochondrial content. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51233. [PMID: 23240005 PMCID: PMC3519867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue mitochondria have been implicated as key mediators of systemic metabolism. We have shown that IL-6 activates AMPK, a mediator of mitochondrial biogenesis, in adipose tissue; however, IL-6(-/-) mice fed a high fat diet have been reported to develop insulin resistance. These findings suggest that IL-6 may control adipose tissue mitochondrial content in vivo, and that reductions in adipose tissue mitochondria may be causally linked to the development of insulin resistance in IL-6(-/-) mice fed a high fat diet. On the other hand, IL-6 has been implicated as a negative regulator of insulin action. Given these discrepancies the purpose of the present investigation was to further evaluate the relationship between IL-6, adipose tissue mitochondrial content and whole body insulin action. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In cultured epididymal mouse adipose tissue IL-6 (75 ng/ml) induced the expression of the transcriptional co-activators PGC-1α and PRC, reputed mediators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Similarly, IL-6 increased the expression of COXIV and CPT-1. These effects were absent in cultured subcutaneous adipose tissue and were associated with lower levels of GP130 and IL-6 receptor alpha protein content. Markers of mitochondrial content were intact in adipose tissue from chow fed IL-6(-/-) mice. When fed a high fat diet IL-6(-/-) mice were more glucose and insulin intolerant than controls fed the same diet; however this was not explained by decreases in adipose tissue mitochondrial content or respiration. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate depot-specific differences in the ability of IL-6 to induce PGC-1α and mitochondrial enzymes and demonstrate that IL-6 is not necessary for the maintenance of adipose tissue mitochondrial content in vivo. Moreover, reductions in adipose tissue mitochondria do not explain the greater insulin resistance in IL-6(-/-) mice fed a high fat diet. These results question the role of adipose tissue mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Derecka M, Gornicka A, Koralov SB, Szczepanek K, Morgan M, Raje V, Sisler J, Zhang Q, Otero D, Cichy J, Rajewsky K, Shimoda K, Poli V, Strobl B, Pellegrini S, Harris TE, Seale P, Russell AP, McAinch AJ, O'Brien PE, Keller SR, Croniger CM, Kordula T, Larner AC. Tyk2 and Stat3 regulate brown adipose tissue differentiation and obesity. Cell Metab 2012; 16:814-24. [PMID: 23217260 PMCID: PMC3522427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the Jak tyrosine kinase member Tyk2 become progressively obese due to aberrant development of Myf5+ brown adipose tissue (BAT). Tyk2 RNA levels in BAT and skeletal muscle, which shares a common progenitor with BAT, are dramatically decreased in mice placed on a high-fat diet and in obese humans. Expression of Tyk2 or the constitutively active form of the transcription factor Stat3 (CAStat3) restores differentiation in Tyk2(-/-) brown preadipocytes. Furthermore, Tyk2(-/-) mice expressing CAStat3 transgene in BAT also show improved BAT development, normal levels of insulin, and significantly lower body weights. Stat3 binds to PRDM16, a master regulator of BAT differentiation, and enhances the stability of PRDM16 protein. These results define Tyk2 and Stat3 as critical determinants of brown fat lineage and suggest that altered levels of Tyk2 are associated with obesity in both rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Wu Z, Satterfield MC, Bazer FW, Wu G. Regulation of brown adipose tissue development and white fat reduction by L-arginine. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:529-38. [PMID: 23075933 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283595cff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is present in humans, plays an important role in oxidation of fatty acids and glucose. The purpose of this review is to highlight an important role for L-arginine in regulating BAT growth and development, thereby reducing obesity in mammals. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary supplementation with L-arginine reduces white adipose tissue in genetically or diet-induced obese rats, obese pregnant sheep, and obese humans with type II diabetes. L-arginine treatment enhances BAT growth in both fetuses and postnatal animals. At molecular and cellular levels, L-arginine stimulates expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 (the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis), nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. At the whole body level, L-arginine increases blood flow to insulin-sensitive tissues, adipose tissue lipolysis, and the catabolism of glucose and fatty acids, but inhibits fatty acid synthesis and ameliorates oxidative stress, thereby improving metabolic profile. SUMMARY L-arginine increases mammalian BAT growth and development via mechanisms involving gene expression, nitric oxide signaling, and protein synthesis. This enhances the oxidation of energy substrates and, thus, reduces white fat accretion in the body. L-arginine holds great promise in preventing and treating obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Mottillo EP, Bloch AE, Leff T, Granneman JG. Lipolytic products activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and δ in brown adipocytes to match fatty acid oxidation with supply. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25038-48. [PMID: 22685301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) promote brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis by mobilizing fatty acids and inducing the expression of oxidative genes. β-AR activation increases the expression of oxidative genes by elevating cAMP, but whether lipolytic products can modulate gene expression is not known. This study examined the role that adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) plays in the induction of gene expression. Activation of brown adipocytes by β-AR agonism or 8-bromo-cyclic AMP increased the expression of PGC1α, PDK4, PPARα, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1), and concurrent inhibition of HSL reduced the induction of PGC1α, PDK4, PPARα, and UCP1 but not NOR-1. Similar results were observed in the BAT of mice following pharmacological or genetic inhibition of HSL and in brown adipocytes with stable knockdown of ATGL. Conversely, treatments that increase endogenous fatty acids elevated the expression of oxidative genes. Pharmacological antagonism and siRNA knockdown indicate that PPARα and PPARδ modulate the induction of oxidative genes by β-AR agonism. Using a live cell fluorescent reporter assay of PPAR activation, we demonstrated that ligands for PPARα and -δ, but not PPARγ, were rapidly generated at the lipid droplet surface and could transcriptionally activate PPARα and -δ. Knockdown of ATGL reduced cAMP-mediated induction of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Consequently, ATGL knockdown reduced maximal oxidation of fatty acids, but not pyruvate, in response to cAMP stimulation. Overall, the results indicate that lipolytic products can activate PPARα and PPARδ in brown adipocytes, thereby expanding the oxidative capacity to match enhanced fatty acid supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio P Mottillo
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Chiang MC, Lin H, Cheng YC, Yen CH, Huang RN, Lin KH. Beta-adrenoceptor pathway enhances mitochondrial function in human neural stem cells via rotary cell culture system. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 207:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ma S, Yu H, Zhao Z, Luo Z, Chen J, Ni Y, Jin R, Ma L, Wang P, Zhu Z, Li L, Zhong J, Liu D, Nilius B, Zhu Z. Activation of the cold-sensing TRPM8 channel triggers UCP1-dependent thermogenesis and prevents obesity. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 4:88-96. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Wang C, Guo F. Effects of activating transcription factor 4 deficiency on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mammals. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:226-30. [PMID: 22223547 DOI: 10.1002/iub.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that the mammalian activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is involved in many different physiological events, such as eye development, stress response, learning, and memory. However, several recent studies have demonstrated that ATF4 also plays an important role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, insulin secretion, and sensitivity, suggesting that ATF4 is a master regulator of metabolism. This review summarizes the most recent progress in the understanding of the novel roles of ATF4 in the regulation of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Symonds ME, Budge H, Perkins AC, Lomax MA. Adipose tissue development – Impact of the early life environment. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 106:300-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Regulation of brown adipocyte gene expression by protein kinase A and PPAR gamma signalling pathways. Proc Nutr Soc 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111001777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Katafuchi T, Garbers DL, Albanesi JP. CNP/GC-B system: a new regulator of adipogenesis. Peptides 2010; 31:1906-11. [PMID: 20603173 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is regulated by a wide variety of compounds. An adipogenic cocktail containing insulin (INS), dexamethasone (DEX) and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) is routinely used to induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but the biochemical actions in adipogenesis of IBMX, a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, are not completely understood. In this study we show that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is an endogenous adipogenesis regulator which can largely replace the function of IBMX. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, CNP potently elevated cGMP production through guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B). Lipid droplets were evident in these cells upon stimulation with CNP for 12 days in the presence of INS and DEX, and their adiposity, evaluated by Oil Red O, was significantly higher than in cells stimulated with INS and DEX only. Membrane-permeable cGMP analogue also enhanced adiposity when cells were cultured together with INS and DEX, and KT5823, a non-specific cGMP-dependent kinase (cGK) inhibitor, suppressed the stimulatory effect of IBMX on adipogenesis, revealing that IBMX-stimulated adipogenesis is mediated through cGK. The enhancement of adiposity elicited by CNP was accompanied by increased mRNA levels of adipocyte-specific genes including those encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and glucose transporter 4. Interestingly, the mRNA level of CNP itself was markedly enhanced in 3T3-L1 cells upon stimulation with INS, DEX and IBMX, reaching a maximum at 8h incubation with the cocktail. These observations suggest that the CNP/GC-B system participates in regulation of adipogenesis, particularly at an early stage in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Katafuchi
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Festuccia WT, Blanchard PG, Richard D, Deshaies Y. Basal adrenergic tone is required for maximal stimulation of rat brown adipose tissue UCP1 expression by chronic PPAR-γ activation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R159-67. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00821.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of basal sympathetic tone in brown adipose tissue (BAT) recruitment and gene expression profile induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation. Innervated and surgically denervated BAT pads of rats treated or not with rosiglitazone (15 mg·kg−1·day−1, 7 days) were evaluated for weight, triacylglycerol (TAG) and DNA content, mitochondrial mass, and gene expression. Rosiglitazone induced BAT recruitment (increased mass, TAG and DNA content) and mRNA levels of lipolytic (adipose tissue triglyceride lipase and CGI58) and lipogenic (lipoprotein lipase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fatty acid binding protein 4, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1) proteins independently of tissue innervation status. Mitochondrial mass and mRNA levels of its regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-α and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β were not affected by rosiglitazone, while being significantly reduced by denervation. By contrast, maximal stimulation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) (thermogenesis), cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-45-like effector A (inhibitor of UCP1 activity), monoacylglycerol lipase (lipolysis), small heterodimer partner (transcription), and glycerokinase (TAG synthesis) by rosiglitazone depended on the presence of intact BAT innervation. Cold exposure (5°C, 24 h) significantly increased UCP1 mRNA levels in innervated BAT pads of untreated rats, without affecting the already high BAT UCP1 levels of rosiglitazone-treated animals. A similar pattern of response was found in denervated pads, but with markedly lower UCP1 expression than that in innervated BAT. In conclusion, whereas the mass (hyperplasia and hypertrophy), lipogenic, and lipolytic components of BAT recruitment induced by rosiglitazone occur independently of tissue sympathetic innervation, maximal UCP1 expression induced by PPAR-γ in vivo depends on the presence of basal BAT adrenergic tone. The residual sympathetic tone found under rosiglitazone treatment is, therefore, involved in the modulation of a subset of major components of PPAR-γ-mediated BAT recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Festuccia
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Gilles Blanchard
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Deshaies
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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NR4A orphan nuclear receptors as mediators of CREB-dependent neuroprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12317-22. [PMID: 20566846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007088107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced expression of neuroprotective genes is essential for maintaining neuronal integrity after stressful insults to the brain. Here we show that NR4A nuclear orphan receptors are induced after excitotoxic and oxidative stress in neurons, up-regulate neuroprotective genes, and increase neuronal survival. Moreover, we show that NR4A proteins are induced by cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in neurons exposed to stressful insults and that they function as mediators of CREB-induced neuronal survival. Animals with null mutations in three of six NR4A alleles show increased oxidative damage, blunted induction of neuroprotective genes, and increased vulnerability in the hippocampus after treatment with kainic acid. We also demonstrate that NR4A and the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha independently regulate distinct CREB-dependent neuroprotective gene programs. These data identify NR4A nuclear orphan receptors as essential mediators of neuroprotection after exposure to neuropathological stress.
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Shore A, Karamitri A, Kemp P, Speakman JR, Lomax MA. Role of Ucp1 enhancer methylation and chromatin remodelling in the control of Ucp1 expression in murine adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1164-73. [PMID: 20238096 PMCID: PMC2860566 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increasing the expression of the brown adipose tissue-specific gene uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1) is a potential target for treating obesity. We investigated the role of DNA methylation and histone modification in Ucp1 expression in adipose cell lines and ex vivo murine adipose tissues. METHODS Methylation state of the Ucp1 enhancer was studied using bisulphite mapping in murine adipose cell lines, and tissue taken from cold-stressed mice, coupled with functional assays of the effects of methylation and demethylation of the Ucp1 promoter on gene expression and nuclear protein binding. RESULTS We show that demethylation of the Ucp1 promoter by 5-aza-deoxycytidine increases Ucp1 expression while methylation of Ucp1 promoter-reporter constructs decreases expression. Brown adipose tissue-specific Ucp1 expression is associated with decreased CpG dinucleotide methylation of the Ucp1 enhancer. The lowest CpG dinucleotide methylation state was found in two cyclic AMP response elements (CRE3, CRE2) in the Ucp1 promoter and methylation of the CpG in CRE2, but not CRE3 decreased nuclear protein binding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the presence of the silencing DiMethH3K9 modification on the Ucp1 enhancer in white adipose tissue and the appearance of the active TriMethH3K4 mark at the Ucp1 promoter in brown adipose tissue in response to a cold environment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results demonstrate that CpG dinucleotide methylation of the Ucp1 enhancer exhibits tissue-specific patterns in murine tissue and cell lines and suggest that adipose tissue-specific Ucp1 expression involves demethylation of CpG dinucleotides found in regulatory CREs in the Ucp1 enhancer, as well as modification of histone tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Shore
- Division of Biomedical Science, Imperial College, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent UK
- Present Address: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A. Karamitri
- School of Biosciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - P. Kemp
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J. R. Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M. A. Lomax
- School of Biosciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
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Kajimura S, Seale P, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional control of brown fat development. Cell Metab 2010; 11:257-62. [PMID: 20374957 PMCID: PMC2857670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deconvoluting the natural pathway of BAT development has defined key molecular events, which enables researchers to manipulate the amount or activity of brown fat. We review recent advances on the transcriptional regulation of BAT development and discuss the emerging questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kajimura
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kim A, Park T. Diet-induced obesity regulates the galanin-mediated signaling cascade in the adipose tissue of mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1361-70. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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