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Heuermann MC, Meyer RC, Knoch D, Tschiersch H, Altmann T. Strong prevalence of light regime-specific QTL in Arabidopsis detected using automated high-throughput phenotyping in fluctuating or constant light. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14255. [PMID: 38528708 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved and adapted under dynamic environmental conditions, particularly to fluctuating light, but plant research has often focused on constant growth conditions. To quantitatively asses the adaptation to fluctuating light, a panel of 384 natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions was analyzed in two parallel independent experiments under fluctuating and constant light conditions in an automated high-throughput phenotyping system upgraded with supplemental LEDs. While the integrated daily photosynthetically active radiation was the same under both light regimes, plants in fluctuating light conditions accumulated significantly less biomass and had lower leaf area during their measured vegetative growth than plants in constant light. A total of 282 image-derived architectural and/or color-related traits at six common time points, and 77 photosynthesis-related traits from one common time point were used to assess their associations with genome-wide natural variation for both light regimes. Out of the 3000 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) detected, only 183 (6.1%) were common for fluctuating and constant light conditions. The prevalence of light regime-specific QTL indicates a complex adaptation. Genes in linkage disequilibrium with fluctuating light-specific MTAs with an adjusted repeatability value >0.5 were filtered for gene ontology terms containing "photo" or "light", yielding 15 selected candidates. The candidate genes are involved in photoprotection, PSII maintenance and repair, maintenance of linear electron flow, photorespiration, phytochrome signaling, and cell wall expansion, providing a promising starting point for further investigations into the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to fluctuating light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Heuermann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rhonda C Meyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dominic Knoch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Henning Tschiersch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
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2
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Melicher P, Dvořák P, Řehák J, Šamajová O, Pechan T, Šamaj J, Takáč T. Methyl viologen-induced changes in the Arabidopsis proteome implicate PATELLIN 4 in oxidative stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:405-421. [PMID: 37728561 PMCID: PMC10735431 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthesis-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts can lead to oxidative stress, triggering changes in protein synthesis, degradation, and the assembly/disassembly of protein complexes. Using shot-gun proteomics, we identified methyl viologen-induced changes in protein abundance in wild-type Arabidopsis and oxidative stress-hypersensitive fsd1-1 and fsd1-2 knockout mutants, which are deficient in IRON SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 1 (FSD1). The levels of proteins that are localized in chloroplasts and the cytoplasm were modified in all lines treated with methyl viologen. Compared with the wild-type, fsd1 mutants showed significant changes in metabolic protein and chloroplast chaperone levels, together with increased ratio of cytoplasmic, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial proteins. Different responses in proteins involved in the disassembly of photosystem II-light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins were observed. Moreover, the abundance of PATELLIN 4, a phospholipid-binding protein enriched in stomatal lineage, was decreased in response to methyl viologen. Reverse genetic studies using patl4 knockout mutants and a PATELLIN 4 complemented line indicate that PATELLIN 4 affects plant responses to oxidative stress by effects on stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Melicher
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvořák
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Řehák
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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Su J, Jiao Q, Jia T, Hu X. The photosystem-II repair cycle: updates and open questions. PLANTA 2023; 259:20. [PMID: 38091081 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The photosystem-II (PSII) repair cycle is essential for the maintenance of photosynthesis in plants. A number of novel findings have illuminated the regulatory mechanisms of the PSII repair cycle. Photosystem II (PSII) is a large pigment-protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane. It plays a vital role in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, splitting water, releasing molecular oxygen, and transferring electrons for plastoquinone reduction. However, PSII, especially the PsbA (D1) core subunit, is highly susceptible to oxidative damage. To prevent irreversible damage, plants have developed a repair cycle. The main objective of the PSII repair cycle is the degradation of photodamaged D1 and insertion of newly synthesized D1 into the PSII complex. While many factors are known to be involved in PSII repair, the exact mechanism is still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the primary steps of PSII repair, focusing on the proteolytic degradation of photodamaged D1 and the factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Su
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qingsong Jiao
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ting Jia
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xueyun Hu
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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4
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Tsaballa A, Xanthopoulou A, Sperdouli I, Bantis F, Boutsika A, Chatzigeorgiou I, Tsaliki E, Koukounaras A, Ntinas GK, Ganopoulos I. LED omics in Rocket Salad ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia): Comparative Analysis in Different Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Spectrum and Energy Consumption. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1203. [PMID: 36986894 PMCID: PMC10059670 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By applying three different LED light treatments, designated as blue (B), red (R)/blue (B), red (R) and white (W) light, as well as the control, the effect on Diplotaxis tenuifolia phenotype (yield and quality), and physiological, biochemical, and molecular status, as well as growing system resource use efficiency, was examined. We observed that basic leaf characteristics, such as leaf area, leaf number, relative chlorophyll content, as well as root characteristics, such as total root length and root architecture, remained unaffected by different LEDs. Yield expressed in fresh weight was slightly lower in LED lights than in the control (1113 g m-2), with R light producing the least (679 g m-2). However, total soluble solids were significantly affected (highest, 5.5° Brix, in R light) and FRAP was improved in all LED lights (highest, 191.8 μg/g FW, in B) in comparison to the control, while the nitrate content was less (lowest, 949.2 μg/g FW, in R). Differential gene expression showed that B LED light affected more genes in comparison to R and R/B lights. Although total phenolic content was improved under all LED lights (highest, 1.05 mg/g FW, in R/B), we did not detect a significant amount of DEGs in the phenylpropanoid pathway. R light positively impacts the expression of the genes encoding for photosynthesis components. On the other hand, the positive impact of R light on SSC was possibly due to the expression of key genes being induced, such as SUS1. In summary, this research is an integrative and innovative study, where the exploration of the effect of different LED lights on rocket growing under protected cultivation, in a closed chamber cultivation system, was performed at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite Tsaballa
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Aliki Xanthopoulou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Filippos Bantis
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Boutsika
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Ioanna Chatzigeorgiou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsaliki
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Athanasios Koukounaras
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios K. Ntinas
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO-Dimitra), GR-57001 Thermi, Greece
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Lambertz J, Liauw P, Whitelegge JP, Nowaczyk MM. Mass spectrometry analysis of the photosystem II assembly factor Psb27 revealed variations in its lipid modification. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:305-316. [PMID: 34910272 PMCID: PMC9458691 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of large, multi-cofactor membrane protein complexes like photosystem II (PSII) requires a high level of coordination. The process is facilitated by a large network of auxiliary proteins that bind transiently to unassembled subunits, preassembled modules or intermediate states of PSII, which are comprised of a subset of subunits. However, analysis of these immature, partially assembled PSII complexes is hampered by their low abundance and intrinsic instability. In this study, PSII was purified from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus via Twin-Strep-tagged CP43 and further separated by ion exchange chromatography into mature and immature complexes. Mass spectrometry analysis of the immature Psb27-PSII intermediate revealed six different Psb27 proteoforms with distinct lipid modifications. The maturation and functional role of thylakoid localized lipoproteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lambertz
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pasqual Liauw
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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6
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Gisriel CJ, Brudvig GW. Comparison of PsbQ and Psb27 in photosystem II provides insight into their roles. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:177-191. [PMID: 35001227 PMCID: PMC9271139 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the oxidation of water at its active site that harbors a high-valent inorganic Mn4CaOx cluster called the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Extrinsic subunits generally serve to protect the OEC from reductants and stabilize the structure, but diversity in the extrinsic subunits exists between phototrophs. Recent cryo-electron microscopy experiments have provided new molecular structures of PSII with varied extrinsic subunits. We focus on the extrinsic subunit PsbQ, that binds to the mature PSII complex, and on Psb27, an extrinsic subunit involved in PSII biogenesis. PsbQ and Psb27 share a similar binding site and have a four-helix bundle tertiary structure, suggesting they are related. Here, we use sequence alignments, structural analyses, and binding simulations to compare PsbQ and Psb27 from different organisms. We find no evidence that PsbQ and Psb27 are related despite their similar structures and binding sites. Evolutionary divergence within PsbQ homologs from different lineages is high, probably due to their interactions with other extrinsic subunits that themselves exhibit vast diversity between lineages. This may result in functional variation as exemplified by large differences in their calculated binding energies. Psb27 homologs generally exhibit less divergence, which may be due to stronger evolutionary selection for certain residues that maintain its function during PSII biogenesis and this is consistent with their more similar calculated binding energies between organisms. Previous experimental inconsistencies, low confidence binding simulations, and recent structural data suggest that Psb27 is likely to exhibit flexibility that may be an important characteristic of its activity. The analysis provides insight into the functions and evolution of PsbQ and Psb27, and an unusual example of proteins with similar tertiary structures and binding sites that probably serve different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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7
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Shi Y, Ke X, Yang X, Liu Y, Hou X. Plants response to light stress. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:735-747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Inagaki N. Processing of D1 Protein: A Mysterious Process Carried Out in Thylakoid Lumen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052520. [PMID: 35269663 PMCID: PMC8909930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, D1 protein, a core subunit of photosystem II (PSII), displays a rapid turnover in the light, in which D1 proteins are distinctively damaged and immediately removed from the PSII. In parallel, as a repair process, D1 proteins are synthesized and simultaneously assembled into the PSII. On this flow, the D1 protein is synthesized as a precursor with a carboxyl-terminal extension, and the D1 processing is defined as a step for proteolytic removal of the extension by a specific protease, CtpA. The D1 processing plays a crucial role in appearance of water-oxidizing capacity of PSII, because the main chain carboxyl group at carboxyl-terminus of the D1 protein, exposed by the D1 processing, ligates a manganese and a calcium atom in the Mn4CaO5-cluster, a special equipment for water-oxidizing chemistry of PSII. This review focuses on the D1 processing and discusses it from four angles: (i) Discovery of the D1 processing and recognition of its importance: (ii) Enzyme involved in the D1 processing: (iii) Efforts for understanding significance of the D1 processing: (iv) Remaining mysteries in the D1 processing. Through the review, I summarize the current status of our knowledge on and around the D1 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Inagaki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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9
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Spaniol B, Lang J, Venn B, Schake L, Sommer F, Mustas M, Geimer S, Wollman FA, Choquet Y, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M. Complexome profiling on the Chlamydomonas lpa2 mutant reveals insights into PSII biogenesis and new PSII associated proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:245-262. [PMID: 34436580 PMCID: PMC8730698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While the composition and function of the major thylakoid membrane complexes are well understood, comparatively little is known about their biogenesis. The goal of this work was to shed more light on the role of auxiliary factors in the biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII). Here we have identified the homolog of LOW PSII ACCUMULATION 2 (LPA2) in Chlamydomonas. A Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lpa2 mutant grew slower in low light, was hypersensitive to high light, and exhibited aberrant structures in thylakoid membrane stacks. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was reduced by 38%. Synthesis and stability of newly made PSII core subunits D1, D2, CP43, and CP47 were not impaired. However, complexome profiling revealed that in the mutant CP43 was reduced to ~23% and D1, D2, and CP47 to ~30% of wild type levels. Levels of PSI and the cytochrome b6f complex were unchanged, while levels of the ATP synthase were increased by ~29%. PSII supercomplexes, dimers, and monomers were reduced to ~7%, ~26%, and ~60% of wild type levels, while RC47 was increased ~6-fold and LHCII by ~27%. We propose that LPA2 catalyses a step during PSII assembly without which PSII monomers and further assemblies become unstable and prone to degradation. The LHCI antenna was more disconnected from PSI in the lpa2 mutant, presumably as an adaptive response to reduce excitation of PSI. From the co-migration profiles of 1734 membrane-associated proteins, we identified three novel putative PSII associated proteins with potential roles in regulating PSII complex dynamics, assembly, and chlorophyll breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spaniol
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia Lang
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benedikt Venn
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lara Schake
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthieu Mustas
- Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Yves Choquet
- Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Cecchin M, Jeong J, Son W, Kim M, Park S, Zuliani L, Cazzaniga S, Pompa A, Young Kang C, Bae S, Ballottari M, Jin E. LPA2 protein is involved in photosystem II assembly in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1648-1662. [PMID: 34218480 PMCID: PMC8518032 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic eukaryotes require the proper assembly of photosystem II (PSII) in order to strip electrons from water and fuel carbon fixation reactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the PSII subunits (CP43/PsbC) was suggested to be assembled into the PSII complex via its interaction with an auxiliary protein called Low PSII Accumulation 2 (LPA2). However, the original articles describing the role of LPA2 in PSII assembly have been retracted. To investigate the function of LPA2 in the model organism for green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we generated knockout lpa2 mutants by using the CRISPR-Cas9 target-specific genome editing system. Biochemical analyses revealed the thylakoidal localization of LPA2 protein in the wild type (WT), whereas lpa2 mutants were characterized by a drastic reduction in the levels of D1, D2, CP47 and CP43 proteins. Consequently, reduced PSII supercomplex accumulation, chlorophyll content per cell, PSII quantum yield and photosynthetic oxygen evolution were measured in the lpa2 mutants, leading to the almost complete impairment of photoautotrophic growth. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that the absence of LPA2 protein caused reduced PSII assembly and reduced PSII turnover. Taken together, our data indicate that, in C. reinhardtii, LPA2 is required for PSII assembly and proper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cecchin
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada le Grazie 15Verona37134Italy
| | - Jooyeon Jeong
- Department of Life ScienceHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
| | - Woojae Son
- Department of ChemistryHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Life ScienceHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
| | - Seunghye Park
- Department of Life ScienceHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
| | - Luca Zuliani
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada le Grazie 15Verona37134Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada le Grazie 15Verona37134Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Dipartimento di Scienze BiomolecolariUniversità degli studi di UrbinoVia Aurelio Saffi, 2Urbino61029Italy
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BiorisorseConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Madonna Alta, 130Perugia06128Italy
| | - Chan Young Kang
- Department of ChemistryHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of ChemistryHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada le Grazie 15Verona37134Italy
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life ScienceHanyang University222, Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐guSeoul04763Korea
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Structural insights into a dimeric Psb27-photosystem II complex from a cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018053118. [PMID: 33495333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018053118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit pigment-protein complex and catalyzes light-driven water oxidation, leading to the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the release of molecular oxygen. Psb27 is a small thylakoid lumen-localized protein known to serve as an assembly factor for the biogenesis and repair of the PSII complex. The exact location and binding fashion of Psb27 in the intermediate PSII remain elusive. Here, we report the structure of a dimeric Psb27-PSII complex purified from a psbV deletion mutant (ΔPsbV) of the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus, solved by cryo-electron microscopy. Our structure showed that Psb27 is associated with CP43 at the luminal side, with specific interactions formed between Helix 2 and Helix 3 of Psb27 and a loop region between Helix 3 and Helix 4 of CP43 (loop C) as well as the large, lumen-exposed and hydrophilic E-loop of CP43. The binding of Psb27 imposes some conflicts with the N-terminal region of PsbO and also induces some conformational changes in CP43, CP47, and D2. This makes PsbO unable to bind in the Psb27-PSII. Conformational changes also occurred in D1, PsbE, PsbF, and PsbZ; this, together with the conformational changes occurred in CP43, CP47, and D2, may prevent the binding of PsbU and induce dissociation of PsbJ. This structural information provides important insights into the regulation mechanism of Psb27 in the biogenesis and repair of PSII.
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12
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Chang W, Li C, Cui Z, Li W, Song H, Chang H, Fu W, Wang C, Huang T, Luo Y, Shan Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Xu M, Fu A. Diverged Early From CtpB and CtpC, CtpA Has Evolved to Process D1 Precursor in Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:676036. [PMID: 34002114 PMCID: PMC8121967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.676036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
C-terminal peptidase (Ctp) cleaves the C-terminal extension of the D1 precursor (pD1) to form mature D1. Among the three homologs CtpA, CtpB, and CtpC in photosynthetic organisms only the first is capable of processing pD1 while the roles of CtpB and CtpC remain elusive. Phylogenetic analysis of Ctps from photosynthetic organisms revealed that CtpA has diverged early from CtpB and CtpC during evolution implying distinct roles for the Ctps. Analysis of Arabidopsis Ctp-deficient mutants revealed that pD1 processing was not affected in atctpb, atctpc, or atctpbatctpc mutants, demonstrating that AtCtpA, not AtCtpB or AtCtpC, is responsible for cleaving the pD1 C-terminal extension. Ectopic expression of CtpAs from Synechococcus elongatus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Physcomitrella patens in atctpa rescued the lethal phenotype of the mutant indicating that SeCtpA, CrCtpA, and PpCtpA could process pD1 in Arabidopsis. Enzyme activity assays showed that PpCtpA and CrCtpA could convert pD1 into mature D1 in vitro. In contrast, expressing CtpB or CtpC from Arabidopsis, C. reinhardtii, or P. patens in atctpa did not rescue its D1 maturation deficiency, and enzyme activity assays also showed that neither CtpB nor CtpC could process pD1 in vitro. Taken together, we conclude that the function of pD1 processing by CtpA is conserved in photosynthetic organisms. It is possible that among other factors CtpA developed this function to initiate the formation of the oxygenic D1/D2 type PSII complex during evolution whereas CtpB or CtpC have other roles that are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Han Chang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihan Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yelin Shan
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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13
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Zabret J, Bohn S, Schuller SK, Arnolds O, Möller M, Meier-Credo J, Liauw P, Chan A, Tajkhorshid E, Langer JD, Stoll R, Krieger-Liszkay A, Engel BD, Rudack T, Schuller JM, Nowaczyk MM. Structural insights into photosystem II assembly. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:524-538. [PMID: 33846594 PMCID: PMC8094115 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII), nature's water-splitting catalyst, is assisted by auxiliary proteins that form transient complexes with PSII components to facilitate stepwise assembly events. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we solved the structure of such a PSII assembly intermediate from Thermosynechococcus elongatus at 2.94 Å resolution. It contains three assembly factors (Psb27, Psb28 and Psb34) and provides detailed insights into their molecular function. Binding of Psb28 induces large conformational changes at the PSII acceptor side, which distort the binding pocket of the mobile quinone (QB) and replace the bicarbonate ligand of non-haem iron with glutamate, a structural motif found in reaction centres of non-oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. These results reveal mechanisms that protect PSII from damage during biogenesis until water splitting is activated. Our structure further demonstrates how the PSII active site is prepared for the incorporation of the Mn4CaO5 cluster, which performs the unique water-splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Zabret
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Bohn
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sandra K Schuller
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- CryoEM of Molecular Machines, SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Arnolds
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospek|NMR, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Madeline Möller
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Pasqual Liauw
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aaron Chan
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julian D Langer
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospek|NMR, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Till Rudack
- Biospectroscopy, Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jan M Schuller
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
- CryoEM of Molecular Machines, SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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14
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Tokano T, Kato Y, Sugiyama S, Uchihashi T, Noguchi T. Structural Dynamics of a Protein Domain Relevant to the Water-Oxidizing Complex in Photosystem II as Visualized by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5847-5857. [PMID: 32551630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multiprotein complex that has a function of light-driven water oxidation. The catalytic site of water oxidation is the Mn4CaO5 cluster, which is bound to the lumenal side of PSII through amino acid residues from the D1 and CP43 proteins and is further surrounded by the extrinsic proteins. In this study, we have for the first time visualized the structural dynamics of the lumenal region of a PSII core complex using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). The HS-AFM images of a PSII membrane fragment showed stepwise dissociation of the PsbP and PsbO extrinsic proteins. Upon subsequent destruction of the Mn4CaO5 cluster, the lumenal domain of CP43 was found to undergo a conformational fluctuation. The observed structural flexibility and conformational fluctuation of the CP43 lumenal domain are suggested to play important roles in the biogenesis of PSII and the photoassembly of the Mn4CaO5 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Tokano
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Kato
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shogo Sugiyama
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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15
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Tang Y, Gao CC, Gao Y, Yang Y, Shi B, Yu JL, Lyu C, Sun BF, Wang HL, Xu Y, Yang YG, Chong K. OsNSUN2-Mediated 5-Methylcytosine mRNA Modification Enhances Rice Adaptation to High Temperature. Dev Cell 2020; 53:272-286.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Peharec Štefanić P, Jarnević M, Cvjetko P, Biba R, Šikić S, Tkalec M, Cindrić M, Letofsky-Papst I, Balen B. Comparative proteomic study of phytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on tobacco plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22529-22550. [PMID: 31161543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties, increases their release into the environment and potential detrimental impact on living organisms. Plants may serve as a potential pathway for AgNPs bioaccumulation and a route into the food chain, hence investigation of AgNP phytotoxic effects are of particular importance. Since proteins are directly involved in stress response, studies of their abundance changes can help elucidate the mechanism of the AgNP-mediated phytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated proteomic changes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to AgNPs and ionic silver (AgNO3). A high overlap of differently abundant proteins was found in root after exposure to both treatments, while in leaf, almost a half of the proteins exhibited different abundance level between treatments, indicating tissue-specific responses. Majority of the identified proteins were down-regulated in both tissues after exposure to either AgNPs or AgNO3; in roots, the most affected proteins were those involved in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli and oxidative stress, while in leaf, both treatments had the most prominent effect on photosynthesis-related proteins. However, since AgNPs induced higher suppression of protein abundance than AgNO3, we conclude that AgNP effects can, at least partially, be attributed to nanoparticle form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peharec Štefanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Jarnević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Cvjetko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Biba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Šikić
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Mirogojska cesta 16, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 1016, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology, Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Austrian Cooperative Research (ACR), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Biljana Balen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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17
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Grossman A, Sanz-Luque E, Yi H, Yang W. Building the GreenCut2 suite of proteins to unmask photosynthetic function and regulation. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:697-718. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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18
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Li X, Patena W, Fauser F, Jinkerson RE, Saroussi S, Meyer MT, Ivanova N, Robertson JM, Yue R, Zhang R, Vilarrasa-Blasi J, Wittkopp TM, Ramundo S, Blum SR, Goh A, Laudon M, Srikumar T, Lefebvre PA, Grossman AR, Jonikas MC. A genome-wide algal mutant library and functional screen identifies genes required for eukaryotic photosynthesis. Nat Genet 2019. [PMID: 30886426 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0370-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms provide food and energy for nearly all life on Earth, yet half of their protein-coding genes remain uncharacterized1,2. Characterization of these genes could be greatly accelerated by new genetic resources for unicellular organisms. Here we generated a genome-wide, indexed library of mapped insertion mutants for the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The 62,389 mutants in the library, covering 83% of nuclear protein-coding genes, are available to the community. Each mutant contains unique DNA barcodes, allowing the collection to be screened as a pool. We performed a genome-wide survey of genes required for photosynthesis, which identified 303 candidate genes. Characterization of one of these genes, the conserved predicted phosphatase-encoding gene CPL3, showed that it is important for accumulation of multiple photosynthetic protein complexes. Notably, 21 of the 43 higher-confidence genes are novel, opening new opportunities for advances in understanding of this biogeochemically fundamental process. This library will accelerate the characterization of thousands of genes in algae, plants, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weronika Patena
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Friedrich Fauser
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Jinkerson
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shai Saroussi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moritz T Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nina Ivanova
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M Robertson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Yue
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Tyler M Wittkopp
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ramundo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Blum
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Goh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Laudon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Paul A Lefebvre
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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A genome-wide algal mutant library and functional screen identifies genes required for eukaryotic photosynthesis. Nat Genet 2019; 51:627-635. [PMID: 30886426 PMCID: PMC6636631 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms provide food and energy for nearly all life on Earth, yet half of their protein-coding genes remain uncharacterized1,2. Characterization of these genes could be greatly accelerated by new genetic resources for unicellular organisms. Here, we generated a genome-wide, indexed library of mapped insertion mutants for the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The 62,389 mutants in the library, covering 83% of nuclear, protein-coding genes, are available to the community. Each mutant contains unique DNA barcodes, allowing the collection to be screened as a pool. We performed a genome-wide survey of genes required for photosynthesis, which identified 303 candidate genes. Characterization of one of these genes, the conserved predicted phosphatase-encoding gene CPL3, showed it is important for accumulation of multiple photosynthetic protein complexes. Notably, 21 of the 43 highest-confidence genes are novel, opening new opportunities for advances in our understanding of this biogeochemically fundamental process. This library will accelerate the characterization of thousands of genes in algae, plants and animals. Generation of a library of 62,389 mapped insertion mutants for the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii enables screening for genes required for photosynthesis and the identification of 303 candidate genes.
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20
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Xingxing C, Jiuyang L, Huan Z, Fudong L, Shuya Z, Min X, Ke R, Yuhua W, Aigen F. Crystal structure of Psb27 from Arabidopsis thaliana determined at a resolution of 1.85 Å. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 136:139-146. [PMID: 29098572 PMCID: PMC5895690 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper biogenesis and maintenance of photosynthetic thylakoid membrane complexes are essential for the photosynthetic light reactions. A thylakoid lumenal protein, Psb27, plays a vital role in assembly or/and maintenance of photosystem II (PSII). In cyanobacteria, it is a small lipoprotein docked to the lumenal side of PSII, and functions in the assembly of the Mn4Ca cluster and in the PSII repair cycle. However, Psb27 from Arabidopsis thaliana is not a lipoprotein, and it is involved in PSII repair and acclimation to fluctuating light stress, suggesting a functional divergence between Arabidopsis Psb27 and cyanobacterial Psb27s. To gain a better understanding of Psb27 from higher plants, we determined the crystal structure of Arabidopsis Psb27 by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.85 Å. The structure of Arabidopsis Psb27 is a four-helix bundle, similar to its orthologues from cyanobacteria. However, there are several structural differences between Arabidopsis Psb27 and cyanobacterial Psb27s concerning the overall molecular shape, the N- and C-terminal structures, and the surface charge. These differences suggest that Psb27 from higher plants and cyanobacteria may function differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xingxing
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Liu Jiuyang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, 230027 Anhui China
| | - Zhang Huan
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Li Fudong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, 230027 Anhui China
| | - Zhang Shuya
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, 230027 Anhui China
| | - Xu Min
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Ruan Ke
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, 230027 Anhui China
| | - Wang Yuhua
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Fu Aigen
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
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21
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Murata N, Nishiyama Y. ATP is a driving force in the repair of photosystem II during photoinhibition. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:285-299. [PMID: 29210214 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Repair of photosystem II (PSII) during photoinhibition involves replacement of photodamaged D1 protein by newly synthesized D1 protein. In this review, we summarize evidence for the indispensability of ATP in the degradation and synthesis of D1 during the repair of PSII. Synthesis of one molecule of the D1 protein consumes more than 1,300 molecules of ATP equivalents. The degradation of photodamaged D1 by FtsH protease also consumes approximately 240 molecules of ATP. In addition, ATP is required for several other aspects of the repair of PSII, such as transcription of psbA genes. These requirements for ATP during the repair of PSII have been demonstrated by experiments showing that the synthesis of D1 and the repair of PSII are interrupted by inhibitors of ATP synthase and uncouplers of ATP synthesis, as well as by mutation of components of ATP synthase. We discuss the contribution of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I to the repair of PSII. Furthermore, we introduce new terms relevant to the regulation of the PSII repair, namely, "ATP-dependent regulation" and "redox-dependent regulation," and we discuss the possible contribution of the ATP-dependent regulation of PSII repair under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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22
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Chen J, Burke JJ, Xin Z. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis revealed essential roles of FtsH11 protease in regulation of the adaptive responses of photosynthetic systems to high temperature. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:11. [PMID: 29320985 PMCID: PMC5763919 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthetic systems are known to be sensitive to high temperature stress. To maintain a relatively "normal" level of photosynthetic activities, plants employ a variety of adaptive mechanisms in response to environmental temperature fluctuations. Previously, we reported that the chloroplast-targeted AtFtsH11 protease played an essential role for Arabidopsis plants to survive at high temperatures and to maintain normal photosynthetic efficiency at moderately elevated temperature. To investigate the factors contributing to the photosynthetic changes in FtsH11 mutant, we performed detailed chlorophyll fluorescence analyses of dark-adapted mutant plants and compared them to Col-0 WT plants under normal, two moderate high temperatures, and a high light conditions. RESULTS We found that mutation of FtsH11 gene caused significant decreases in photosynthetic efficiency of photosystems when environmental temperature raised above optimal. Under moderately high temperatures, the FtsH11 mutant showed significant 1) decreases in electron transfer rates of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), 2) decreases in photosynthetic capabilities of PSII and PSI, 3) increases in non-photochemical quenching, and a host of other chlorophyll fluorescence parameter changes. We also found that the degrees of these negative changes for utilizing the absorbed light energy for photosynthesis in FtsH11 mutant were correlated with the level and duration of the heat treatments. For plants grown under normal temperature and subjected to the high light treatment, no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was found between the FtsH11 mutant and Col-0 WT plants. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that AtFtsH11 is essential for normal photosynthetic function under moderately elevated temperatures. The results also suggest that the network mediated by AtFtsH11 protease plays critical roles for maintaining the thermostability and possibly structural integrity of both photosystems under elevated temperatures. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of FtsH11 protease in photosystems may lead to improvement of photosynthetic efficiency under heat stress conditions, hence, plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Chen
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, USDA-ARS, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA
| | - John J. Burke
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, USDA-ARS, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, USDA-ARS, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA
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23
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Nishimura K, Kato Y, Sakamoto W. Essentials of Proteolytic Machineries in Chloroplasts. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:4-19. [PMID: 27585878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are unique organelles that can alter their structure and function in response to environmental and developmental stimuli. Chloroplasts are one type of plastid and are the sites for various metabolic processes, including photosynthesis. For optimal photosynthetic activity, the chloroplast proteome must be properly shaped and maintained through regulated proteolysis and protein quality control mechanisms. Enzymatic functions and activities are conferred by protein maturation processes involving consecutive proteolytic reactions. Protein abundances are optimized by the balanced protein synthesis and degradation, which is depending on the metabolic status. Malfunctioning proteins are promptly degraded. Twenty chloroplast proteolytic machineries have been characterized to date. Specifically, processing peptidases and energy-driven processive proteases are the major players in chloroplast proteome biogenesis, remodeling, and maintenance. Recently identified putative proteases are potential regulators of photosynthetic functions. Here we provide an updated, comprehensive overview of chloroplast protein degradation machineries and discuss their importance for photosynthesis. Wherever possible, we also provide structural insights into chloroplast proteases that implement regulated proteolysis of substrate proteins/peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishimura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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24
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Theis J, Schroda M. Revisiting the photosystem II repair cycle. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1218587. [PMID: 27494214 PMCID: PMC5058467 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1218587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability of photosystem (PS) II to catalyze the light-driven oxidation of water comes along with its vulnerability to oxidative damage, in particular of the D1 core subunit. Photodamaged PSII undergoes repair in a multi-step process involving (i) reversible phosphorylation of PSII core subunits; (ii) monomerization and lateral migration of the PSII core from grana to stroma thylakoids; (iii) partial disassembly of PSII; (iv) proteolytic degradation of damaged D1; (v) replacement of damaged D1 protein with a new copy; (vi) reassembly of PSII monomers and migration back to grana thylakoids for dimerization and supercomplex assembly. Here we review the current knowledge on the PSII repair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Theis
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- CONTACT Michael Schroda Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 70, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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25
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Fine mapping of a dominant gene conferring chlorophyll-deficiency in Brassica napus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31419. [PMID: 27506952 PMCID: PMC4979034 DOI: 10.1038/srep31419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf colour regulation is important in photosynthesis and dry material production. Most of the reported chlorophyll-deficient loci are recessive. The dominant locus is rarely reported, although it may be more important than the recessive locus in the regulation of photosynthesis efficiency. During the present study, we mapped a chlorophyll-deficient dominant locus (CDE1) from the ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized Brassica napus line NJ7982. Using an F2 population derived from the chlorophyll-deficient mutant (cde1) and the canola variety ‘zhongshuang11’, a high-density linkage map was constructed, consisting of 19 linkage groups with 2,878 bins containing 13,347 SNP markers, with a total linkage map length of 1,968.6 cM. Next, the CDE1 locus was mapped in a 0.9-cM interval of chromosome C08 of B. napus, co-segregating with nine SNP markers. In the following fine-mapping of the gene using the inherited F2:3 populations of 620 individuals, the locus was identified in an interval with a length of 311 kb. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that the mapping interval contained 22 genes. These results produced a good foundation for continued research on the dominant locus involved in chlorophyll content regulation.
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26
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Tomašić Paić A, Fulgosi H. Chloroplast immunophilins. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:249-258. [PMID: 25963286 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunophilins occur in almost all living organisms. They are ubiquitously expressed proteins including cyclophilins, FK506/rapamycin-binding proteins, and parvulins. Their functional significance in vascular plants is mostly related to plant developmental processes, signalling, and regulation of photosynthesis. Enzymatically active immunophilins catalyse isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds and assist in rapid folding of nascent proline-containing polypeptides. They also participate in protein trafficking and assembly of supramolecular protein complexes. Complex immunophilins possess various additional functional domains associated with a multitude of molecular interactions. A considerable number of immunophilins act as auxiliary and/or regulatory proteins in highly specialized cellular compartments, such as lumen of thylakoids. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of so far identified chloroplast immunophilins that assist in specific assembly/repair processes necessary for the maintenance of efficient photosynthetic energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tomašić Paić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10002, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Fulgosi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10002, Zagreb, Croatia.
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27
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Lu Y. Identification and Roles of Photosystem II Assembly, Stability, and Repair Factors in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 26909098 PMCID: PMC4754418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-component pigment-protein complex that is responsible for water splitting, oxygen evolution, and plastoquinone reduction. Components of PSII can be classified into core proteins, low-molecular-mass proteins, extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) proteins, and light-harvesting complex II proteins. In addition to these PSII subunits, more than 60 auxiliary proteins, enzymes, or components of thylakoid protein trafficking/targeting systems have been discovered to be directly or indirectly involved in de novo assembly and/or the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. For example, components of thylakoid-protein-targeting complexes and the chloroplast-vesicle-transport system were found to deliver PSII subunits to thylakoid membranes. Various auxiliary proteins, such as PsbP-like (Psb stands for PSII) and light-harvesting complex-like proteins, atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family proteins, and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, were discovered to assist the de novo assembly and stability of PSII and the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. Furthermore, a series of enzymes were discovered to catalyze important enzymatic steps, such as C-terminal processing of the D1 protein, thiol/disulfide-modulation, peptidylprolyl isomerization, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PSII core and antenna proteins, and degradation of photodamaged PSII proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the identities and molecular functions of different types of proteins that influence the assembly, stability, and repair of PSII in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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28
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Ifuku K. Localization and functional characterization of the extrinsic subunits of photosystem II: an update. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1223-31. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1031078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), which catalyzes photosynthetic water oxidation, is composed of more than 20 subunits, including membrane-intrinsic and -extrinsic proteins. The extrinsic proteins of PSII shield the catalytic Mn4CaO5 cluster from exogenous reductants and serve to optimize oxygen evolution at physiological ionic conditions. These proteins include PsbO, found in all oxygenic organisms, PsbP and PsbQ, specific to higher plants and green algae, and PsbU, PsbV, CyanoQ, and CyanoP in cyanobacteria. Furthermore, red algal PSII has PsbQ′ in addition to PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU, and diatoms have Psb31 in supplement to red algal-type extrinsic proteins, exemplifying the functional divergence of these proteins during evolution. This review provides an updated summary of recent findings on PSII extrinsic proteins and discusses their binding, function, and evolution within various photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Photosystem II repair in plant chloroplasts--Regulation, assisting proteins and shared components with photosystem II biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:900-9. [PMID: 25615587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem (PS) II is a multisubunit thylakoid membrane pigment-protein complex responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Currently more than 40 proteins are known to associate with PSII, either stably or transiently. The inherent feature of the PSII complex is its vulnerability in light, with the damage mainly targeted to one of its core proteins, the D1 protein. The repair of the damaged D1 protein, i.e. the repair cycle of PSII, initiates in the grana stacks where the damage generally takes place, but subsequently continues in non-appressed thylakoid domains, where many steps are common for both the repair and de novo assembly of PSII. The sequence of the (re)assembly steps of genuine PSII subunits is relatively well-characterized in higher plants. A number of novel findings have shed light into the regulation mechanisms of lateral migration of PSII subcomplexes and the repair as well as the (re)assembly of the complex. Besides the utmost importance of the PSII repair cycle for the maintenance of PSII functionality, recent research has pointed out that the maintenance of PSI is closely dependent on regulation of the PSII repair cycle. This review focuses on the current knowledge of regulation of the repair cycle of PSII in higher plant chloroplasts. Particular emphasis is paid on sequential assembly steps of PSII and the function of the number of PSII auxiliary proteins involved both in the biogenesis and repair of PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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30
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Rühle T, Leister D. Photosystem II Assembly from Scratch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1234. [PMID: 26793213 PMCID: PMC4709462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunich, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dario Leister
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31
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Revised scheme for the mechanism of photoinhibition and its application to enhance the abiotic stress tolerance of the photosynthetic machinery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8777-96. [PMID: 25139449 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When photosynthetic organisms are exposed to abiotic stress, their photosynthetic activity is significantly depressed. In particular, photosystem II (PSII) in the photosynthetic machinery is readily inactivated under strong light and this phenomenon is referred to as photoinhibition of PSII. Other types of abiotic stress act synergistically with light stress to accelerate photoinhibition. Recent studies of photoinhibition have revealed that light stress damages PSII directly, whereas other abiotic stresses act exclusively to inhibit the repair of PSII after light-induced damage (photodamage). Such inhibition of repair is associated with suppression, by reactive oxygen species (ROS), of the synthesis of proteins de novo and, in particular, of the D1 protein, and also with the reduced efficiency of repair under stress conditions. Gene-technological improvements in the tolerance of photosynthetic organisms to various abiotic stresses have been achieved via protection of the repair system from ROS and, also, by enhancing the efficiency of repair via facilitation of the turnover of the D1 protein in PSII. In this review, we summarize the current status of research on photoinhibition as it relates to the effects of abiotic stress and we discuss successful strategies that enhance the activity of the repair machinery. In addition, we propose several potential methods for activating the repair system by gene-technological methods.
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32
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Mabbitt PD, Wilbanks SM, Eaton-Rye JJ. Structure and function of the hydrophilic Photosystem II assembly proteins: Psb27, Psb28 and Ycf48. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 81:96-107. [PMID: 24656878 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PS II) is a macromolecular complex responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone as part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain found in thylakoid membranes. Each PS II complex is composed of at least 20 protein subunits and over 80 cofactors. The biogenesis of PS II requires further hydrophilic and membrane-spanning proteins which are not part of the active holoenzyme. Many of these biogenesis proteins make transient interactions with specific PS II assembly intermediates: sometimes these are essential for biogenesis while in other examples they are required for optimizing assembly of the mature complex. In this review the function and structure of the Psb27, Psb28 and Ycf48 hydrophilic assembly factors is discussed by combining structural, biochemical and physiological information. Each of these assembly factors has homologues in all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. We provide a simple overview for the roles of these protein factors in cyanobacterial PS II assembly emphasizing their participation in both photosystem biogenesis and recovery from photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mabbitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sigurd M Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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33
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Abstract
In this review, we consider a selection of recent advances in chloroplast biology. These include new findings concerning chloroplast evolution, such as the identification of Chlamydiae as a third partner in primary endosymbiosis, a second instance of primary endosymbiosis represented by the chromatophores found in amoebae of the genus Paulinella, and a new explanation for the longevity of captured chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) in sacoglossan sea slugs. The controversy surrounding the three-dimensional structure of grana, its recent resolution by tomographic analyses, and the role of the CURVATURE THYLAKOID1 (CURT1) proteins in supporting grana formation are also discussed. We also present an updated inventory of photosynthetic proteins and the factors involved in the assembly of thylakoid multiprotein complexes, and evaluate findings that reveal that cyclic electron flow involves NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH)- and PGRL1/PGR5-dependent pathways, both of which receive electrons from ferredoxin. Other topics covered in this review include new protein components of nucleoids, an updated inventory of the chloroplast proteome, new enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis and new candidate messengers in retrograde signaling. Finally, we discuss the first successful synthetic biology approaches that resulted in chloroplasts in which electrons from the photosynthetic light reactions are fed to enzymes derived from secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Dario Leister
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichGroßhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-MartinsriedGermany
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34
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Torabi S, Umate P, Manavski N, Plöchinger M, Kleinknecht L, Bogireddi H, Herrmann RG, Wanner G, Schröder WP, Meurer J. PsbN is required for assembly of the photosystem II reaction center in Nicotiana tabacum. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1183-99. [PMID: 24619613 PMCID: PMC4001377 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast-encoded low molecular weight protein PsbN is annotated as a photosystem II (PSII) subunit. To elucidate the localization and function of PsbN, encoded on the opposite strand to the psbB gene cluster, we raised antibodies and inserted a resistance cassette into PsbN in both directions. Both homoplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mutants psbN-F and psbN-R show essentially the same PSII deficiencies. The mutants are extremely light sensitive and failed to recover from photoinhibition. Although synthesis of PSII proteins was not altered significantly, both mutants accumulated only ∼25% of PSII proteins compared with the wild type. Assembly of PSII precomplexes occurred at normal rates, but heterodimeric PSII reaction centers (RCs) and higher order PSII assemblies were not formed efficiently in the mutants. The psbN-R mutant was complemented by allotopic expression of the PsbN gene fused to the sequence of a chloroplast transit peptide in the nuclear genome. PsbN represents a bitopic trans-membrane peptide localized in stroma lamellae with its highly conserved C terminus exposed to the stroma. Significant amounts of PsbN were already present in dark-grown seedling. Our data prove that PsbN is not a constituent subunit of PSII but is required for repair from photoinhibition and efficient assembly of the PSII RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Torabi
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pavan Umate
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nikolay Manavski
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Magdalena Plöchinger
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laura Kleinknecht
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hanumakumar Bogireddi
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Reinhold G. Herrmann
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P. Schröder
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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35
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Suorsa M, Rantala M, Danielsson R, Järvi S, Paakkarinen V, Schröder WP, Styring S, Mamedov F, Aro EM. Dark-adapted spinach thylakoid protein heterogeneity offers insights into the photosystem II repair cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:1463-71. [PMID: 24296034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, thylakoid membrane protein complexes show lateral heterogeneity in their distribution: photosystem (PS) II complexes are mostly located in grana stacks, whereas PSI and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase are mostly found in the stroma-exposed thylakoids. However, recent research has revealed strong dynamics in distribution of photosystems and their light harvesting antenna along the thylakoid membrane. Here, the dark-adapted spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) thylakoid network was mechanically fragmented and the composition of distinct PSII-related proteins in various thylakoid subdomains was analyzed in order to get more insights into the composition and localization of various PSII subcomplexes and auxiliary proteins during the PSII repair cycle. Most of the PSII subunits followed rather equal distribution with roughly 70% of the proteins located collectively in the grana thylakoids and grana margins; however, the low molecular mass subunits PsbW and PsbX as well as the PsbS proteins were found to be more exclusively located in grana thylakoids. The auxiliary proteins assisting in repair cycle of PSII were mostly located in stroma-exposed thylakoids, with the exception of THYLAKOID LUMEN PROTEIN OF 18.3 (TLP18.3), which was more evenly distributed between the grana and stroma thylakoids. The TL29 protein was present exclusively in grana thylakoids. Intriguingly, PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) was found to be distributed quite evenly between grana and stroma thylakoids, whereas PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1) was highly enriched in the stroma thylakoids and practically missing from the grana cores. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Rantala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ravi Danielsson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sari Järvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Virpi Paakkarinen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Wolfgang P Schröder
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of Chemistry, Linnaeus väg 10, University of Umeå, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stenbjörn Styring
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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36
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Wang P, Liu J, Liu B, Feng D, Da Q, Wang P, Shu S, Su J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang HB. Evidence for a role of chloroplastic m-type thioredoxins in the biogenesis of photosystem II in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1710-28. [PMID: 24151299 PMCID: PMC3850194 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplastic m-type thioredoxins (TRX m) are essential redox regulators in the light regulation of photosynthetic metabolism. However, recent genetic studies have revealed novel functions for TRX m in meristem development, chloroplast morphology, cyclic electron flow, and tetrapyrrole synthesis. The focus of this study is on the putative role of TRX m1, TRX m2, and TRX m4 in the biogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To that end, we investigated the impact of single, double, and triple TRX m deficiency on chloroplast development and the accumulation of thylakoid protein complexes. Intriguingly, only inactivation of three TRX m genes led to pale-green leaves and specifically reduced stability of the photosystem II (PSII) complex, implying functional redundancy between three TRX m isoforms. In addition, plants silenced for three TRX m genes displayed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, which in turn interrupted the transcription of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes but not the expression of chloroplast-encoded PSII core proteins. To dissect the function of TRX m in PSII biogenesis, we showed that TRX m1, TRX m2, and TRX m4 interact physically with minor PSII assembly intermediates as well as with PSII core subunits D1, D2, and CP47. Furthermore, silencing three TRX m genes disrupted the redox status of intermolecular disulfide bonds in PSII core proteins, most notably resulting in elevated accumulation of oxidized CP47 oligomers. Taken together, our results suggest an important role for TRX m1, TRX m2, and TRX m4 proteins in the biogenesis of PSII, and they appear to assist the assembly of CP47 into PSII.
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37
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Järvi S, Gollan PJ, Aro EM. Understanding the roles of the thylakoid lumen in photosynthesis regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:434. [PMID: 24198822 PMCID: PMC3813922 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that the thylakoid lumen provides the environment for oxygen evolution, plastocyanin-mediated electron transfer, and photoprotection. More recently lumenal proteins have been revealed to play roles in numerous processes, most often linked with regulating thylakoid biogenesis and the activity and turnover of photosynthetic protein complexes, especially the photosystem II and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complexes. Still, the functions of the majority of lumenal proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana are unknown. Interestingly, while the thylakoid lumen proteome of at least 80 proteins contains several large protein families, individual members of many protein families have highly divergent roles. This is indicative of evolutionary pressure leading to neofunctionalization of lumenal proteins, emphasizing the important role of the thylakoid lumen for photosynthetic electron transfer and ultimately for plant fitness. Furthermore, the involvement of anterograde and retrograde signaling networks that regulate the expression and activity of lumen proteins is increasingly pertinent. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of thiol/disulfide modulation in controlling the functions of many lumenal proteins and photosynthetic regulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- *Correspondence: Eva-Mari Aro, Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland e-mail:
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38
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Pagliano C, Saracco G, Barber J. Structural, functional and auxiliary proteins of photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:167-88. [PMID: 23417641 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is the water-splitting enzyme complex of photosynthesis and consists of a large number of protein subunits. Most of these proteins have been structurally and functionally characterized, although there are differences between PSII of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Here we catalogue all known PSII proteins giving a brief description, where possible of their genetic origin, physical properties, structural relationships and functions. We have also included details of auxiliary proteins known at present to be involved in the in vivo assembly, maintenance and turnover of PSII and which transiently bind to the reaction centre core complex. Finally, we briefly give details of the proteins which form the outer light-harvesting systems of PSII in different types of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department-BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Torino, Alessandria, Italy,
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39
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Savage LJ, Imre KM, Hall DA, Last RL. Analysis of essential Arabidopsis nuclear genes encoding plastid-targeted proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73291. [PMID: 24023856 PMCID: PMC3762728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chloroplast 2010 Project (http://www.plastid.msu.edu/) identified and phenotypically characterized homozygous mutants in over three thousand genes, the majority of which encode plastid-targeted proteins. Despite extensive screening by the community, no homozygous mutant alleles were available for several hundred genes, suggesting that these might be enriched for genes of essential function. Attempts were made to generate homozygotes in ~1200 of these lines and 521 of the homozygous viable lines obtained were deposited in the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (http://abrc.osu.edu/). Lines that did not yield a homozygote in soil were tested as potentially homozygous lethal due to defects either in seed or seedling development. Mutants were characterized at four stages of development: developing seed, mature seed, at germination, and developing seedlings. To distinguish seed development or seed pigment-defective mutants from seedling development mutants, development of seeds was assayed in siliques from heterozygous plants. Segregating seeds from heterozygous parents were sown on supplemented media in an attempt to rescue homozygous seedlings that could not germinate or survive in soil. Growth of segregating seeds in air and air enriched to 0.3% carbon dioxide was compared to discover mutants potentially impaired in photorespiration or otherwise responsive to CO2 supplementation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements identified CO2-responsive mutants with altered photosynthetic parameters. Examples of genes with a viable mutant allele and one or more putative homozygous-lethal alleles were documented. RT-PCR of homozygotes for potentially weak alleles revealed that essential genes may remain undiscovered because of the lack of a true null mutant allele. This work revealed 33 genes with two or more lethal alleles and 73 genes whose essentiality was not confirmed with an independent lethal mutation, although in some cases second leaky alleles were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Imre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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40
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Savage LJ, Imre KM, Hall DA, Last RL. Analysis of essential Arabidopsis nuclear genes encoding plastid-targeted proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73291. [PMID: 24023856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073291.s012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chloroplast 2010 Project (http://www.plastid.msu.edu/) identified and phenotypically characterized homozygous mutants in over three thousand genes, the majority of which encode plastid-targeted proteins. Despite extensive screening by the community, no homozygous mutant alleles were available for several hundred genes, suggesting that these might be enriched for genes of essential function. Attempts were made to generate homozygotes in ~1200 of these lines and 521 of the homozygous viable lines obtained were deposited in the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (http://abrc.osu.edu/). Lines that did not yield a homozygote in soil were tested as potentially homozygous lethal due to defects either in seed or seedling development. Mutants were characterized at four stages of development: developing seed, mature seed, at germination, and developing seedlings. To distinguish seed development or seed pigment-defective mutants from seedling development mutants, development of seeds was assayed in siliques from heterozygous plants. Segregating seeds from heterozygous parents were sown on supplemented media in an attempt to rescue homozygous seedlings that could not germinate or survive in soil. Growth of segregating seeds in air and air enriched to 0.3% carbon dioxide was compared to discover mutants potentially impaired in photorespiration or otherwise responsive to CO2 supplementation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements identified CO2-responsive mutants with altered photosynthetic parameters. Examples of genes with a viable mutant allele and one or more putative homozygous-lethal alleles were documented. RT-PCR of homozygotes for potentially weak alleles revealed that essential genes may remain undiscovered because of the lack of a true null mutant allele. This work revealed 33 genes with two or more lethal alleles and 73 genes whose essentiality was not confirmed with an independent lethal mutation, although in some cases second leaky alleles were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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41
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Chi W, Ma J, Zhang L. Regulatory factors for the assembly of thylakoid membrane protein complexes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3420-9. [PMID: 23148269 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major multi-protein photosynthetic complexes, located in thylakoid membranes, are responsible for the capture of light and its conversion into chemical energy in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Although the structures and functions of these photosynthetic complexes have been explored, the molecular mechanisms underlying their assembly remain elusive. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the regulatory components involved in the assembly of thylakoid membrane protein complexes in photosynthetic organisms. Many of the known regulatory factors are conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, whereas others appear to be newly evolved or to have expanded predominantly in eukaryotes. Their specific features and fundamental differences in cyanobacteria, green algae and land plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chi
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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42
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Liu H, Chen J, Huang RYC, Weisz D, Gross ML, Pakrasi HB. Mass spectrometry-based footprinting reveals structural dynamics of loop E of the chlorophyll-binding protein CP43 during photosystem II assembly in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14212-14220. [PMID: 23546881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PSII repair cycle is required for sustainable photosynthesis in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. In cyanobacteria and higher plants, proteolysis of the precursor D1 protein (pD1) to expose a C-terminal carboxylate group is an essential step leading to coordination of the Mn4CaO5 cluster, the site of water oxidation. Psb27 appears to associate with both pD1- and D1-containing PSII assembly intermediates by closely interacting with CP43. Here, we report that reduced binding affinity between CP43 and Psb27 is triggered by the removal of the C-terminal extension of the pD1 protein. A mass spectrometry-based footprinting strategy was adopted to probe solvent-exposed aspartic and glutamic acid residues on the CP43 protein. By comparing the extent of footprinting between HT3ΔctpAΔ27PSII and HT3ΔctpAPSII, two genetically modified PSII assembly complexes, we found that Psb27 binds to CP43 on the side of Loop E distal to the pseudo-symmetrical D1-D2 axis. By comparing a second pair of PSII assembly complexes, we discovered that Loop E of CP43 undergoes a significant conformational rearrangement due to the removal of the pD1 C-terminal extension, altering the Psb27-CP43 binding interface. The significance of this conformational rearrangement is discussed in the context of recruitment of the PSII lumenal extrinsic proteins and Mn4CaO5 cluster assembly. In addition to CP43's previously known function as one of the core PSII antenna proteins, this work demonstrates that Loop E of CP43 plays an important role in the functional assembly of the Water Oxidizing Center (WOC) during PSII biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Richard Y-C Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Daniel Weisz
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Himadri B Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.
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43
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Lyska D, Meierhoff K, Westhoff P. How to build functional thylakoid membranes: from plastid transcription to protein complex assembly. PLANTA 2013; 237:413-28. [PMID: 22976450 PMCID: PMC3555230 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the endosymbiotic descendants of cyanobacterium-like prokaryotes. Present genomes of plant and green algae chloroplasts (plastomes) contain ~100 genes mainly encoding for their transcription-/translation-machinery, subunits of the thylakoid membrane complexes (photosystems II and I, cytochrome b (6) f, ATP synthase), and the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Nevertheless, proteomic studies have identified several thousand proteins in chloroplasts indicating that the majority of the plastid proteome is not encoded by the plastome. Indeed, plastid and host cell genomes have been massively rearranged in the course of their co-evolution, mainly through gene loss, horizontal gene transfer from the cyanobacterium/chloroplast to the nucleus of the host cell, and the emergence of new nuclear genes. Besides structural components of thylakoid membrane complexes and other (enzymatic) complexes, the nucleus provides essential factors that are involved in a variety of processes inside the chloroplast, like gene expression (transcription, RNA-maturation and translation), complex assembly, and protein import. Here, we provide an overview on regulatory factors that have been described and characterized in the past years, putting emphasis on mechanisms regulating the expression and assembly of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Lyska
- Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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44
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Nickelsen J, Rengstl B. Photosystem II assembly: from cyanobacteria to plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:609-35. [PMID: 23451783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is an integral-membrane, multisubunit complex that initiates electron flow in oxygenic photosynthesis. The biogenesis of this complex machine involves the concerted assembly of at least 20 different polypeptides as well as the incorporation of a variety of inorganic and organic cofactors. Many factors have recently been identified that constitute an integrative network mediating the stepwise assembly of PSII components. One recurring theme is the subcellular organization of the assembly process in specialized membranes that form distinct biogenesis centers. Here, we review our current knowledge of the molecular components and events involved in PSII assembly and their high degree of evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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45
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Meierhoff K, Westhoff P. The Biogenesis of the Thylakoid Membrane: Photosystem II, a Case Study. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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Nowaczyk MM, Krause K, Mieseler M, Sczibilanski A, Ikeuchi M, Rögner M. Deletion of psbJ leads to accumulation of Psb27-Psb28 photosystem II complexes in Thermosynechococcus elongatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1339-45. [PMID: 22387395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of Photosystem II (PSII) is embedded in a network of proteins that guides the complex through biogenesis, damage and repair. Some of these proteins, such as Psb27 and Psb28, are involved in cofactor assembly for which they are only transiently bound to the preassembled complex. In this work we isolated and analyzed PSII from a ΔpsbJ mutant of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. From the four different PSII complexes that could be separated the most prominent one revealed a monomeric Psb27-Psb28 PSII complex with greatly diminished oxygen-evolving activity. The MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry analysis of intact low molecular weight subunits (<10kDa) depicted wild type PSII with the absence of PsbJ. Relative quantification of the PsbA1/PsbA3 ratio by LC-ESI mass spectrometry using (15)N labeled PsbA3-specific peptides indicated the complete replacement of PsbA1 by the stress copy PsbA3 in the mutant, even under standard growth conditions (50μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Nowaczyk
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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47
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Michoux F, Takasaka K, Boehm M, Komenda J, Nixon PJ, Murray JW. Crystal structure of the Psb27 assembly factor at 1.6 Å: implications for binding to Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 110:169-75. [PMID: 22193820 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biogenesis and oxygen-evolving activity of cyanobacterial Photosystem II (PSII) is dependent on a number of accessory proteins not found in the crystallised dimeric complex. These include Psb27, a small lipoprotein attached to the lumenal side of PSII, which has been assigned a role in regulating the assembly of the Mn(4)Ca cluster catalysing water oxidation. To gain a better understanding of Psb27, we have determined in this study the crystal structure of the soluble domain of Psb27 from Thermosynechococcus elongatus to a resolution of 1.6 Å. The structure is a four-helix bundle, similar to the recently published solution structures of Psb27 from Synechocystis PCC 6803 obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Importantly, the crystal structure presented here helps us resolve the differences between the NMR-derived structural models. Potential binding sites for Psb27 within PSII are discussed in light of recent biochemical data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Michoux
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Wolfson Biochemistry Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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48
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Komenda J, Knoppová J, Kopečná J, Sobotka R, Halada P, Yu J, Nickelsen J, Boehm M, Nixon PJ. The Psb27 assembly factor binds to the CP43 complex of photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:476-86. [PMID: 22086423 PMCID: PMC3252115 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.184184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the location of the Psb27 protein and its role in photosystem (PS) II biogenesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Native gel electrophoresis revealed that Psb27 was present mainly in monomeric PSII core complexes but also in smaller amounts in dimeric PSII core complexes, in large PSII supercomplexes, and in the unassembled protein fraction. We conclude from analysis of assembly mutants and isolated histidine-tagged PSII subcomplexes that Psb27 associates with the "unassembled" CP43 complex, as well as with larger complexes containing CP43, possibly in the vicinity of the large lumenal loop connecting transmembrane helices 5 and 6 of CP43. A functional role for Psb27 in the biogenesis of CP43 is supported by the decreased accumulation and enhanced fragmentation of unassembled CP43 after inactivation of the psb27 gene in a mutant lacking CP47. Unexpectedly, in strains unable to assemble PSII, a small amount of Psb27 comigrated with monomeric and trimeric PSI complexes upon native gel electrophoresis, and Psb27 could be copurified with histidine-tagged PSI isolated from the wild type. Yeast two-hybrid assays suggested an interaction of Psb27 with the PsaB protein of PSI. Pull-down experiments also supported an interaction between CP43 and PSI. Deletion of psb27 did not have drastic effects on PSII assembly and repair but did compromise short-term acclimation to high light. The tentative interaction of Psb27 and CP43 with PSI raises the possibility that PSI might play a previously unrecognized role in the biogenesis/repair of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Komenda
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Trebon, Czech Republic.
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Psb27, a transiently associated protein, binds to the chlorophyll binding protein CP43 in photosystem II assembly intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18536-41. [PMID: 22031695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111597108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), a large multisubunit pigment-protein complex localized in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, mediates light-driven evolution of oxygen from water. Recently, a high-resolution X-ray structure of the mature PSII complex has become available. Two PSII polypeptides, D1 and CP43, provide many of the ligands to an inorganic Mn(4)Ca center that is essential for water oxidation. Because of its unusual redox chemistry, PSII often undergoes degradation followed by stepwise assembly. Psb27, a small luminal polypeptide, functions as an important accessory factor in this elaborate assembly pathway. However, the structural location of Psb27 within PSII assembly intermediates has remained elusive. Here we report that Psb27 binds to CP43 in such assembly intermediates. We treated purified genetically tagged PSII assembly intermediate complexes from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 with chemical cross-linkers to examine intermolecular interactions between Psb27 and various PSII proteins. First, the water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) was used to cross-link proteins with complementary charged groups in close association to one another. In the His27△ctpAPSII preparation, a 58-kDa cross-linked species containing Psb27 and CP43 was identified. This species was not formed in the HT3△ctpA△psb27PSII complex in which Psb27 was absent. Second, the homobifunctional thiol-cleavable cross-linker 3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate) (DTSSP) was used to reversibly cross-link Psb27 to CP43 in His27△ctpAPSII preparations, which allowed the use of liquid chromatography/tandem MS to map the cross-linking sites as Psb27K(63)↔CP43D(321) (trypsin) and CP43K(215)↔Psb27D(58)AGGLK(63)↔CP43D(321) (chymotrypsin), respectively. Our data suggest that Psb27 acts as an important regulatory protein during PSII assembly through specific interactions with the luminal domain of CP43.
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50
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Shi LX, Hall M, Funk C, Schröder WP. Photosystem II, a growing complex: updates on newly discovered components and low molecular mass proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:13-25. [PMID: 21907181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II is a unique complex capable of absorbing light and splitting water. The complex has been thoroughly studied and to date there are more than 40 proteins identified, which bind to the complex either stably or transiently. Another special feature of this complex is the unusually high content of low molecular mass proteins that represent more than half of the proteins. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the low molecular mass proteins (<15kDa) and present an overview of the newly identified components as well. We have also performed co-expression analysis of the genes encoding PSII proteins to see if the low molecular mass proteins form a specific sub-group within the Photosystem II complex. Interestingly we found that the chloroplast-localized genes encoding PSII proteins display a different response to environmental and stress conditions compared to the nuclear localized genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xin Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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