1
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Li VL, Xiao S, Schlosser P, Scherer N, Wiggenhorn AL, Spaas J, Tung ASH, Karoly ED, Köttgen A, Long JZ. SLC17A1/3 transporters mediate renal excretion of Lac-Phe in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6895. [PMID: 39134528 PMCID: PMC11319466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) is a lactate-derived metabolite that suppresses food intake and body weight. Little is known about the mechanisms that mediate Lac-Phe transport across cell membranes. Here we identify SLC17A1 and SLC17A3, two kidney-restricted plasma membrane-localized solute carriers, as physiologic urine Lac-Phe transporters. In cell culture, SLC17A1/3 exhibit high Lac-Phe efflux activity. In humans, levels of Lac-Phe in urine exhibit a strong genetic association with the SLC17A1-4 locus. Urine Lac-Phe levels are increased following a Wingate sprint test. In mice, genetic ablation of either SLC17A1 or SLC17A3 reduces urine Lac-Phe levels. Despite these differences, both knockout strains have normal blood Lac-Phe and body weights, demonstrating SLC17A1/3-dependent de-coupling of urine and plasma Lac-Phe pools. Together, these data establish SLC17A1/3 family members as the physiologic urine Lac-Phe transporters and uncover a biochemical pathway for the renal excretion of this signaling metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shuke Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora Scherer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amanda L Wiggenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jan Spaas
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Sheng-Hwa Tung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- The Phil & Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Li VL, Xiao S, Schlosser P, Scherer N, Wiggenhorn AL, Spaas J, Tung ASH, Karoly ED, Köttgen A, Long JZ. SLC17 transporters mediate renal excretion of Lac-Phe in mice and humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.589815. [PMID: 38659895 PMCID: PMC11042375 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.589815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) is a lactate-derived metabolite that suppresses food intake and body weight. Little is known about the mechanisms that mediate Lac-Phe transport across cell membranes. Here we identify SLC17A1 and SLC17A3, two kidney-restricted plasma membrane-localized solute carriers, as physiologic urine Lac-Phe transporters. In cell culture, SLC17A1/3 exhibit high Lac-Phe efflux activity. In humans, levels of Lac-Phe in urine exhibit a strong genetic association with the SLC17A1-4 locus. Urine Lac-Phe levels are also increased following a Wingate sprint test. In mice, genetic ablation of either SLC17A1 or SLC17A3 reduces urine Lac-Phe levels. Despite these differences, both knockout strains have normal blood Lac-Phe and body weights, demonstrating that urine and plasma Lac-Phe pools are functionally and biochemically de-coupled. Together, these data establish SLC17 family members as the physiologic urine transporters for Lac-Phe and uncover a biochemical pathway for the renal excretion of this signaling metabolite.
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3
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Wen S, Arakawa H, Tamai I. Uric acid in health and disease: From physiological functions to pathogenic mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108615. [PMID: 38382882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Owing to renal reabsorption and the loss of uricase activity, uric acid (UA) is strictly maintained at a higher physiological level in humans than in other mammals, which provides a survival advantage during evolution but increases susceptibility to certain diseases such as gout. Although monosodium urate (MSU) crystal precipitation has been detected in different tissues of patients as a trigger for disease, the pathological role of soluble UA remains controversial due to the lack of causality in the clinical setting. Abnormal elevation or reduction of UA levels has been linked to some of pathological status, also known as U-shaped association, implying that the physiological levels of UA regulated by multiple enzymes and transporters are crucial for the maintenance of health. In addition, the protective potential of UA has also been proposed in aging and some diseases. Therefore, the role of UA as a double-edged sword in humans is determined by its physiological or non-physiological levels. In this review, we summarize biosynthesis, membrane transport, and physiological functions of UA. Then, we discuss the pathological involvement of hyperuricemia and hypouricemia as well as the underlying mechanisms by which UA at abnormal levels regulates the onset and progression of diseases. Finally, pharmacological strategies for urate-lowering therapy (ULT) are introduced, and current challenges in UA study and future perspectives are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Vávra J, Pavelcová K, Mašínová J, Hasíková L, Bubeníková E, Urbanová A, Mančíková A, Stibůrková B. Examining the Association of Rare Allelic Variants in Urate Transporters SLC22A11, SLC22A13, and SLC17A1 with Hyperuricemia and Gout. DISEASE MARKERS 2024; 2024:5930566. [PMID: 38222853 PMCID: PMC10787658 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5930566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variations in urate transporters play a significant role in determining human urate levels and have been implicated in developing hyperuricemia or gout. Polymorphism in the key urate transporters, such as ABCG2, URAT1, or GLUT9 was well-documented in the literature. Therefore in this study, our objective was to determine the frequency and effect of rare nonsynonymous allelic variants of SLC22A11, SLC22A13, and SLC17A1 on urate transport. In a cohort of 150 Czech patients with primary hyperuricemia and gout, we examined all coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of SLC22A11, SLC22A13, and SLC17A1 using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. For comparison, we used a control group consisting of 115 normouricemic subjects. To examine the effects of the rare allelic nonsynonymous variants on the expression, intracellular processing, and urate transporter protein function, we performed a functional characterization using the HEK293A cell line, immunoblotting, fluorescent microscopy, and site directed mutagenesis for preparing variants in vitro. Variants p.V202M (rs201209258), p.R343L (rs75933978), and p.P519L (rs144573306) were identified in the SLC22A11 gene (OAT4 transporter); variants p.R16H (rs72542450), and p.R102H (rs113229654) in the SLC22A13 gene (OAT10 transporter); and the p.W75C variant in the SLC17A1 gene (NPT1 transporter). All variants minimally affected protein levels and cytoplasmic/plasma membrane localization. The functional in vitro assay revealed that contrary to the native proteins, variants p.P519L in OAT4 (p ≤ 0.05), p.R16H in OAT10 (p ≤ 0.05), and p.W75C in the NPT1 transporter (p ≤ 0.01) significantly limited urate transport activity. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of (1) the risk of urate transporter-related hyperuricemia/gout and (2) uric acid handling in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Vávra
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Eliška Bubeníková
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Urbanová
- 1st Department of Medicine, Department of Hematology; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Mančíková
- Department of Staphylococcal and Food-Borne Bacterial Infections, The National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Stibůrková
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sakaguchi YM, Wiriyasermkul P, Matsubayashi M, Miyasaka M, Sakaguchi N, Sahara Y, Takasato M, Kinugawa K, Sugie K, Eriguchi M, Tsuruya K, Kuniyasu H, Nagamori S, Mori E. Identification of three distinct cell populations for urate excretion in human kidneys. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:1. [PMID: 38166558 PMCID: PMC10763458 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
In humans, uric acid is an end-product of purine metabolism. Urate excretion from the human kidney is tightly regulated by reabsorption and secretion. At least eleven genes have been identified as human renal urate transporters. However, it remains unclear whether all renal tubular cells express the same set of urate transporters. Here, we show renal tubular cells are divided into three distinct cell populations for urate handling. Analysis of healthy human kidneys at single-cell resolution revealed that not all tubular cells expressed the same set of urate transporters. Only 32% of tubular cells were related to both reabsorption and secretion, while the remaining tubular cells were related to either reabsorption or secretion at 5% and 63%, respectively. These results provide physiological insight into the molecular function of the transporters and renal urate handling on single-cell units. Our findings suggest that three different cell populations cooperate to regulate urate excretion from the human kidney, and our proposed framework is a step forward in broadening the view from the molecular to the cellular level of transport capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko M Sakaguchi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
- Center for SI Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Center for SI Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Biological Research Department, Research Institute, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyasaka
- Center for SI Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nau Sakaguchi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sahara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kinugawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eriguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Nephrology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Center for SI Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Collaborative Research for Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
- V-iCliniX Laboratory, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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Batarni S, Nayak N, Chang A, Li F, Hareendranath S, Zhou L, Xu H, Stroud R, Eriksen J, Edwards RH. Substrate recognition and proton coupling by a bacterial member of solute carrier family 17. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104646. [PMID: 36965620 PMCID: PMC10149257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier 17 family transports diverse organic anions using two distinct modes of coupling to a source of energy. Transporters that package glutamate and nucleotide into secretory vesicles for regulated release by exocytosis are driven by membrane potential but subject to allosteric regulation by H+ and Cl-. Other solute carrier 17 members including the lysosomal sialic acid exporter couple the flux of organic anion to cotransport of H+. To begin to understand how similar proteins can perform such different functions, we have studied Escherichia coli DgoT, a H+/galactonate cotransporter. A recent structure of DgoT showed many residues contacting D-galactonate, and we now find that they do not tolerate even conservative substitutions. In contrast, the closely related lysosomal H+/sialic acid cotransporter Sialin tolerates similar mutations, consistent with its recognition of diverse substrates with relatively low affinity. We also find that despite coupling to H+, DgoT transports more rapidly but with lower apparent affinity at high pH. Indeed, membrane potential can drive uptake, indicating electrogenic transport and suggesting a H+:galactonate stoichiometry >1. Located in a polar pocket of the N-terminal helical bundle, Asp46 and Glu133 are each required for net flux by DgoT, but the E133Q mutant exhibits robust exchange activity and rescues exchange by D46N, suggesting that these two residues operate in series to translocate protons. E133Q also shifts the pH sensitivity of exchange by DgoT, supporting a central role for the highly conserved TM4 glutamate in H+ coupling by DgoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Batarni
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Nanda Nayak
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Audrey Chang
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Fei Li
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Surabhi Hareendranath
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Lexi Zhou
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacob Eriksen
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.
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Mandal AK, Leask MP, Sumpter NA, Choi HK, Merriman TR, Mount DB. Genetic and Physiological Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) on Human Urate Homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:451-466. [PMID: 36735516 PMCID: PMC10103387 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hyperinsulinemia induces hyperuricemia by activating net renal urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. The basolateral reabsorptive urate transporter GLUT9a appears to be the dominant target for insulin. By contrast, IGF-1 infusion reduces serum urate (SU), through mechanisms unknown. Genetic variants of IGF1R associated with reduced SU have increased IGF-1R expression and interact with genes encoding the GLUT9 and ABCG2 urate transporters, in a sex-specific fashion, which controls the SU level. Activation of IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling in Xenopus oocytes modestly activates GLUT9a and inhibits insulin's stimulatory effect on the transporter, which also activates multiple secretory urate transporters-ABCG2, ABCC4, OAT1, and OAT3. The results collectively suggest that IGF-1 reduces SU by activating secretory urate transporters and inhibiting insulin's action on GLUT9a. BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and hyperinsulinemia are associated with hyperuricemia. Insulin infusion in healthy volunteers elevates serum urate (SU) by activating net urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule, whereas IGF-1 infusion reduces SU by mechanisms unknown. Variation within the IGF1R gene also affects SU levels. METHODS Colocalization analyses of a SU genome-wide association studies signal at IGF1R and expression quantitative trait loci signals in cis using COLOC2, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and urate transport assays in transfected HEK 293T cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS Genetic association at IGF1R with SU is stronger in women and is mediated by control of IGF1R expression. Inheritance of the urate-lowering homozygous genotype at the SLC2A9 locus is associated with a differential effect of IGF1R genotype between men and women. IGF-1, through IGF-1R, stimulated urate uptake in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells and transfected HEK 293T cells, through activation of IRS1, PI3/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK; urate uptake was inhibited in the presence of uricosuric drugs, specific inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase, PI3 kinase (PI3K), ERK, and p38 MAPK. In X. laevis oocytes expressing ten individual urate transporters, IGF-1 through endogenous IGF-1R stimulated urate transport mediated by GLUT9, OAT1, OAT3, ABCG2, and ABCC4 and inhibited insulin's stimulatory action on GLUT9a and OAT3. IGF-1 significantly activated Akt and ERK. Specific inhibitors of PI3K, ERK, and PKC significantly affected IGF-1 stimulation of urate transport in oocytes. CONCLUSIONS The combined results of infusion, genetics, and transport experiments suggest that IGF-1 reduces SU by activating urate secretory transporters and inhibiting insulin's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K. Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Megan P. Leask
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nicholas A. Sumpter
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David B. Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Yang B, Xin M, Liang S, Xu X, Cai T, Dong L, Wang C, Wang M, Cui Y, Song X, Sun J, Sun W. New insight into the management of renal excretion and hyperuricemia: Potential therapeutic strategies with natural bioactive compounds. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1026246. [PMID: 36483739 PMCID: PMC9723165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is the result of increased production and/or underexcretion of uric acid. Hyperuricemia has been epidemiologically associated with multiple comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome, gout with long-term systemic inflammation, chronic kidney disease, urolithiasis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, dyslipidemia, diabetes/insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress. Dysregulation of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOD), the enzyme that catalyzes uric acid biosynthesis primarily in the liver, and urate transporters that reabsorb urate in the renal proximal tubules (URAT1, GLUT9, OAT4 and OAT10) and secrete urate (ABCG2, OAT1, OAT3, NPT1, and NPT4) in the renal tubules and intestine, is a major cause of hyperuricemia, along with variations in the genes encoding these proteins. The first-line therapeutic drugs used to lower serum uric acid levels include XOD inhibitors that limit uric acid biosynthesis and uricosurics that decrease urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubules and increase urate excretion into the urine and intestine via urate transporters. However, long-term use of high doses of these drugs induces acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease and liver toxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new nephroprotective drugs with improved safety profiles and tolerance. The current systematic review summarizes the characteristics of major urate transporters, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia, and the regulation of uric acid biosynthesis and transport. Most importantly, this review highlights the potential mechanisms of action of some naturally occurring bioactive compounds with antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective potential isolated from various medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendong Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, China
| | - Jinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, China
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9
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Ogura J. [Association of Abnormal Disulfide Bond Formation with Disease Development and Progression]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1055-1060. [PMID: 36184439 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bridges in proteins play a vital role in the stability of the final protein structure, the disruption of disulfide bridges in proteins may lead to disease development and progression. Therefore, understanding the association of abnormal protein disulfide bond formation with disease development and progression can be useful for developing novel drugs for various diseases. Considering that disulfide-linked protein folding involves redox reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum, this process may be affected by oxidative stress. We hypothesized that oxidative stress-related diseases may be induced by abnormal protein disulfide bond formation. This review introduces the association of abnormal protein disulfide bond formation with disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Ogura
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamagata University.,Department of Pharmacy, Yamagata University Hospital
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10
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Chen Z, Farina S, van Heerebeek REA, Meima ME, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Medici M, Visser WE. Functional Characterization of the Novel and Specific Thyroid Hormone Transporter SLC17A4. Thyroid 2022; 32:326-335. [PMID: 34937426 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: A recent genome-wide association study identified the SLC17A4 locus associated with circulating free thyroxine (T4) concentrations. Human SLC17A4, being widely expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, was characterized as a novel triiodothyronine (T3) and T4 transporter. However, apart from the cellular uptake of T3 and T4, transporter characteristics are currently unknown. In this study, we delineated basic transporter characteristics of this novel thyroid hormone (TH) transporter. Methods: We performed a broad range of well-established TH transport studies in COS-1 cells transiently overexpressing SLC17A4. We studied cellular TH uptake in various incubation buffers, TH efflux, and the inhibitory effects of different TH metabolites and known inhibitors of other TH transporters on SLC17A4-mediated TH transport. Finally, we determined the effect of tunicamycin, a pharmacological inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, and targeted mutations in Asn residues on SLC17A4 function. Results: SLC17A4 induced the cellular uptake of T3 and T4 by ∼4 times, and of reverse (r)T3 by 1.5 times over control cells. The uptake of T4 by SLC17A4 was Na+ and Cl- independent, stimulated by low extracellular pH, and reduced by various iodothyronines and metabolites thereof, particularly those that contain at least three iodine moieties irrespective of the presence of modification at the alanine side chain. None of the classical TH transporter inhibitors studied attenuated SLC17A4-mediated TH transport. SLC17A4 also facilitates the efflux of T3 and T4, and to a lesser extent of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2). Immunoblot studies on lysates of transfected cells cultured in absence or presence of tunicamycin indicated that SLC17A4 is subject to N-linked glycosylation. Complementary mutational studies identified Asn66, Asn75, and Asn90, which are located in extracellular loop 1, as primary targets. Conclusions: Our studies show that SLC17A4 facilitates the transport of T3 and T4, and less efficiently rT3 and 3,3'-T2. Further studies should reveal the physiological role of SLC17A4 in TH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongli Chen
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Farina
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramona E A van Heerebeek
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marco Medici
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Abstract
Circulation of urate levels is determined by the balance between urate production and excretion, homeostasis regulated by the function of urate transporters in key epithelial tissues and cell types. Our understanding of these physiological processes and identification of the genes encoding the urate transporters has advanced significantly, leading to a greater ability to predict risk for urate-associated diseases and identify new therapeutics that directly target urate transport. Here, we review the identified urate transporters and their organization and function in the renal tubule, the intestinal enterocytes, and other important cell types to provide a fuller understanding of the complicated process of urate homeostasis and its role in human diseases. Furthermore, we review the genetic tools that provide an unbiased catalyst for transporter identification as well as discuss the role of transporters in determining the observed significant gender differences in urate-associated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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12
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You Y, Ren Y, Liu J, Qu J. Promising Epigenetic Biomarkers Associated With Cancer-Associated-Fibroblasts for Progression of Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:736156. [PMID: 34630525 PMCID: PMC8495159 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.736156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most common malignant kidney tumor as its characterization of highly metastatic potential. Patients with KIRC are associated with poor clinical outcomes with limited treatment options. Up to date, the underlying molecular mechanisms of KIRC pathogenesis and progression are still poorly understood. Instead, particular features of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) are highly associated with adverse outcomes of patients with KIRC, while the precise regulatory mechanisms at the epigenetic level of KIRC in governing CAFs remain poorly defined. Therefore, explore the correlations between epigenetic regulation and CAFs infiltration may help us better understand the molecular mechanisms behind KIRC progression, which may improve clinical outcomes and patients quality of life. In the present study, we identified a set of clinically relevant CAFs-related methylation-driven genes, NAT8, TINAG, and SLC17A1 in KIRC. Our comprehensive in silico analysis revealed that the expression levels of NAT8, TINAG, and SLC17A1 are highly associated with outcomes of patients with KIRC. Meanwhile, their methylation levels are highly correlates with the severity of KIRC. We suggest that the biomarkers might contribute to CAFs infiltration in KIRC. Taken together, our study provides a set of promising biomarkers which could predict the progression and prognosis of KIRC. Our findings could have potential prognosis and therapeutic significance in the progression of KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke You
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yeping Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Mandal AK, Leask MP, Estiverne C, Choi HK, Merriman TR, Mount DB. Genetic and Physiological Effects of Insulin on Human Urate Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:713710. [PMID: 34408667 PMCID: PMC8366499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.713710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and hyperinsulinemia reduce renal fractional excretion of urate (FeU) and play a key role in the genesis of hyperuricemia and gout, via uncharacterized mechanisms. To explore this association further we studied the effects of genetic variation in insulin-associated pathways on serum urate (SU) levels and the physiological effects of insulin on urate transporters. We found that urate-associated variants in the human insulin (INS), insulin receptor (INSR), and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) loci associate with the expression of the insulin-like growth factor 2, IRS1, INSR, and ZNF358 genes; additionally, we found genetic interaction between SLC2A9 and the three loci, most evident in women. We also found that insulin stimulates the expression of GLUT9 and increases [14C]-urate uptake in human proximal tubular cells (PTC-05) and HEK293T cells, transport activity that was effectively abrogated by uricosurics or inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), PI3 kinase, MEK/ERK, or p38 MAPK. Heterologous expression of individual urate transporters in Xenopus oocytes revealed that the [14C]-urate transport activities of GLUT9a, GLUT9b, OAT10, OAT3, OAT1, NPT1 and ABCG2 are directly activated by insulin signaling, through PI3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, MEK/ERK and/or p38 MAPK. Given that the high-capacity urate transporter GLUT9a is the exclusive basolateral exit pathway for reabsorbed urate from the renal proximal tubule into the blood, that insulin stimulates both GLUT9 expression and urate transport activity more than other urate transporters, and that SLC2A9 shows genetic interaction with urate-associated insulin-signaling loci, we postulate that the anti-uricosuric effect of insulin is primarily due to the enhanced expression and activation of GLUT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K. Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan P. Leask
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher Estiverne
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David B. Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Chung S, Kim GH. Urate Transporters in the Kidney: What Clinicians Need to Know. Electrolyte Blood Press 2021; 19:1-9. [PMID: 34290818 PMCID: PMC8267069 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2021.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate is produced in the liver by the degradation of purines from the diet and nucleotide turnover and excreted by the kidney and gut. The kidney is the major route of urate removal and has a pivotal role in the regulation of urate homeostasis. Approximately 10% of the glomerular filtered urate is excreted in the urine, and the remainder is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. However, the transport of urate in the proximal tubule is bidirectional: reabsorption and secretion. Thus, an increase in reabsorption or a decrease in secretion may induce hyperuricemia. In contrast, a decrease in reabsorption or an increase in secretion may result in hyperuricosuria. In the proximal tubule, urate reabsorption is mainly mediated by apical URAT1 (SLC22A12) and basolateral GLUT9 (SLC2A9) transporter. OAT4 (SLC22A11) also acts in urate reabsorption in the apical membrane, and its polymorphism is associated with the risk of hyperuricemia. Renal hypouricemia is caused by SLC22A12 or SLC2A9 loss-of-function mutations, and it may be complicated by exercise-induced acute kidney injury. URAT1 and GLUT9 are also drug targets for uricosuric agents. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors may induce hyperuricosuria by inhibiting GLUT9b located in the apical plasma membrane. Urate secretion is mediated by basolateral OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) and apical ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), NPT1 (SLC17A1), and NPT4 (SLC17A3) transporter in the proximal tubule. NPT1 and NPT4 may be key players in renal urate secretion in humans, and deletion of SLC22A6 and SLC22A8 in mice leads to decreased urate excretion. Dysfunctional variants of ABCG2 inhibit urate secretion from the gut and kidney and may cause gout. In summary, the net result of urate transport in the proximal tubule is determined by the dominance of transporters between reabsorption (URAT1, OAT4, and GLUT9) and secretion (ABCG2, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, and OAT3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Sun HL, Wu YW, Bian HG, Yang H, Wang H, Meng XM, Jin J. Function of Uric Acid Transporters and Their Inhibitors in Hyperuricaemia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667753. [PMID: 34335246 PMCID: PMC8317579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of uric acid metabolism may be associated with pathological processes in many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. These diseases can further promote uric acid accumulation in the body, leading to a vicious cycle. Preliminary studies have proven many mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders, and rennin angiotensin axis involving in the progression of hyperuricaemia-related diseases. However, there is still lack of effective clinical treatment for hyperuricaemia. According to previous research results, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, OAT4, URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2, PDZK1, these urate transports are closely related to serum uric acid level. Targeting at urate transporters and urate-lowering drugs can enhance our understanding of hyperuricaemia and hyperuricaemia-related diseases. This review may put forward essential references or cross references to be contributed to further elucidate traditional and novel urate-lowering drugs benefits as well as provides theoretical support for the scientific research on hyperuricemia and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Wan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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16
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Tátrai P, Erdő F, Dörnyei G, Krajcsi P. Modulation of Urate Transport by Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060899. [PMID: 34204277 PMCID: PMC8235739 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum urate (SU) levels in primates are extraordinarily high among mammals. Urate is a Janus-faced molecule that acts physiologically as a protective antioxidant but provokes inflammation and gout when it precipitates at high concentrations. Transporters play crucial roles in urate disposition, and drugs that interact with urate transporters either by intention or by accident may modulate SU levels. We examined whether in vitro transporter interaction studies may clarify and predict such effects. METHODS Transporter interaction profiles of clinically proven urate-lowering (uricosuric) and hyperuricemic drugs were compiled from the literature, and the predictive value of in vitro-derived cut-offs like Cmax/IC50 on the in vivo outcome (clinically relevant decrease or increase of SU) was assessed. RESULTS Interaction with the major reabsorptive urate transporter URAT1 appears to be dominant over interactions with secretory transporters in determining the net effect of a drug on SU levels. In vitro inhibition interpreted using the recommended cut-offs is useful at predicting the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS In vitro safety assessments regarding urate transport should be done early in drug development to identify candidates at risk of causing major imbalances. Attention should be paid both to the inhibition of secretory transporters and inhibition or trans-stimulation of reabsorptive transporters, especially URAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B2, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella Dörnyei
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Krajcsi
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B2, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Park JH, Jo YI, Lee JH. Renal effects of uric acid: hyperuricemia and hypouricemia. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:1291-1304. [PMID: 32872730 PMCID: PMC7652664 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. Although hyperuricemia has been associated with CKD in many studies, it remains controversial whether this is the cause or the result of decreased renal function. Recent observational studies of healthy populations and patients with CKD have reported that uric acid (UA) has an independent role in the development or progression of CKD. Experimental studies have shown several potential mechanisms by which hyperuricemia may cause or promote CKD. However, other reports have indicated an association between hypouricemia and CKD. This opposing effect is hypothesized to occur because UA is a major antioxidant in human plasma and is associated with oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the potential association between UA imbalance and CKD and how they can be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Jung Hwan Park, M.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea Tel: +82-2-2030-7528, Fax: +82-2-2030-7748, E-mail:
| | - Yong-Il Jo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gout and other disease processes. The circulating serum uric acid concentration is governed by the relative balance of hepatic production, intestinal secretion, and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. An elegant synergy between genome-wide association studies and transport physiology has led to the identification and characterization of the major transporters involved with urate reabsorption and secretion, in both kidney and intestine. This development, combined with continued analysis of population-level genetic data, has yielded an increasingly refined mechanistic understanding of uric acid homeostasis as well as greater understanding of the genetic and acquired influences on serum uric acid concentration. The continued delineation of novel and established regulatory pathways that regulate uric acid homeostasis promises to lead to a more complete understanding of uric acid-associated diseases and to identify new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asim K Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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19
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Dubois L, Pietrancosta N, Cabaye A, Fanget I, Debacker C, Gilormini PA, Dansette PM, Dairou J, Biot C, Froissart R, Goupil-Lamy A, Bertrand HO, Acher FC, McCort-Tranchepain I, Gasnier B, Anne C. Amino Acids Bearing Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Substituents as a New Class of Ligands for the Lysosomal Sialic Acid Transporter Sialin. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8231-8249. [PMID: 32608236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sialin, encoded by the SLC17A5 gene, is a lysosomal sialic acid transporter defective in Salla disease, a rare inherited leukodystrophy. It also enables metabolic incorporation of exogenous sialic acids, leading to autoantibodies against N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans. Here, we identified a novel class of human sialin ligands by virtual screening and structure-activity relationship studies. The ligand scaffold is characterized by an amino acid backbone with a free carboxylate, an N-linked aromatic or heteroaromatic substituent, and a hydrophobic side chain. The most potent compound, 45 (LSP12-3129), inhibited N-acetylneuraminic acid 1 (Neu5Ac) transport in a non-competitive manner with IC50 ≈ 2.5 μM, a value 400-fold lower than the KM for Neu5Ac. In vitro and molecular docking studies attributed the non-competitive character to selective inhibitor binding to the Neu5Ac site in a cytosol-facing conformation. Moreover, compound 45 rescued the trafficking defect of the pathogenic mutant (R39C) causing Salla disease. This new class of cell-permeant inhibitors provides tools to investigate the physiological roles of sialin and help develop pharmacological chaperones for Salla disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Dubois
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.,Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Cabaye
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France.,BIOVIA, Dassault Systèmes, F-78140 Velizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Isabelle Fanget
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Debacker
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-André Gilormini
- UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, CNRS, F-59650 Lille, France
| | - Patrick M Dansette
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Biot
- UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, CNRS, F-59650 Lille, France
| | - Roseline Froissart
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | | | | | - Francine C Acher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle McCort-Tranchepain
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gasnier
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Christine Anne
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
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20
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Wada S, Matsunaga N, Tamai I. Mathematical modeling analysis of hepatic uric acid disposition using human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:432-440. [PMID: 32807664 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is biosynthesized from purine by xanthine oxidase (XO) mainly in the liver and is excreted into urine and feces. Although several transporters responsible for renal and intestinal handling of uric acid have been reported, information on hepatic transporters is limited. In the present study, we studied quantitative contribution of transporters for hepatic handling of uric acid by mathematical modeling analysis in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (hSCH). Stable isotope-labeled hypoxanthine, hypoxanthine-13C2,15N (HX), was incubated with hSCH and formed 13C2,15N-labeled xanthine (XA) and uric acid (UA) were measured by LC-MS/MS time dependently. Rate constants for metabolism and efflux and uptake transport across sinusoidal and bile canalicular membranes of HX, XA and UA were estimated in the presence of inhibitors of XO and uric acid transporters. An XO inhibitor allopurinol significantly decreased metabolisms of HX and XA. Efflux into bile canalicular lumen was negligible and sinusoidal efflux was considered main efflux pathway of formed UA. Transporter inhibition study highlighted that GLUT9 strongly and MRP4 intermediately contribute to the sinusoidal efflux of UA with minor contribution of NPT1/4. Modeling analysis developed in the present study should be useful for quantitative prediction of uric acid disposition in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Norikazu Matsunaga
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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21
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Sex Differences in Urate Handling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124269. [PMID: 32560040 PMCID: PMC7349092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, or elevated serum urate, causes urate kidney stones and gout and also increases the incidence of many other conditions including renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. As we gain mechanistic insight into how urate contributes to human disease, a clear sex difference has emerged in the physiological regulation of urate homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of urate as a disease risk factor and how being of the female sex appears protective. Further, we review the mechanisms of renal handling of urate and the significant contributions from powerful genome-wide association studies of serum urate. We also explore the role of sex in the regulation of specific renal urate transporters and the power of new animal models of hyperuricemia to inform on the role of sex and hyperuricemia in disease pathogenesis. Finally, we advocate the use of sex differences in urate handling as a potent tool in gaining a further understanding of physiological regulation of urate homeostasis and for presenting new avenues for treating the constellation of urate related pathologies.
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Sekiya M, Matsuda T, Yamamoto Y, Furuta Y, Ohyama M, Murayama Y, Sugano Y, Ohsaki Y, Iwasaki H, Yahagi N, Yatoh S, Suzuki H, Shimano H. Deciphering genetic signatures by whole exome sequencing in a case of co-prevalence of severe renal hypouricemia and diabetes with impaired insulin secretion. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:91. [PMID: 32375679 PMCID: PMC7201978 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a hereditary disorder where mutations in SLC22A12 gene and SLC2A9 gene cause RHUC type 1 (RHUC1) and RHUC type 2 (RHUC2), respectively. These genes regulate renal tubular reabsorption of urates while there exist other genes counterbalancing the net excretion of urates including ABCG2 and SLC17A1. Urate metabolism is tightly interconnected with glucose metabolism, and SLC2A9 gene may be involved in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. On the other hand, a myriad of genes are responsible for the impaired insulin secretion independently of urate metabolism. Case presentation We describe a 67 year-old Japanese man who manifested severe hypouricemia (0.7 mg/dl (3.8–7.0 mg/dl), 41.6 μmol/l (226–416 μmol/l)) and diabetes with impaired insulin secretion. His high urinary fractional excretion of urate (65.5%) and low urinary C-peptide excretion (25.7 μg/day) were compatible with the diagnosis of RHUC and impaired insulin secretion, respectively. Considering the fact that metabolic pathways regulating urates and glucose are closely interconnected, we attempted to delineate the genetic basis of the hypouricemia and the insulin secretion defect observed in this patient using whole exome sequencing. Intriguingly, we found homozygous Trp258* mutations in SLC22A12 gene causing RHUC1 while concurrent mutations reported to be associated with hyperuricemia were also discovered including ABCG2 (Gln141Lys) and SLC17A1 (Thr269Ile). SLC2A9, that also facilitates glucose transport, has been implicated to enhance insulin secretion, however, the non-synonymous mutations found in SLC2A9 gene of this patient were not dysfunctional variants. Therefore, we embarked on a search for causal mutations for his impaired insulin secretion, resulting in identification of multiple mutations in HNF1A gene (MODY3) as well as other genes that play roles in pancreatic β-cells. Among them, the Leu80fs in the homeobox gene NKX6.1 was an unreported mutation. Conclusion We found a case of RHUC1 carrying mutations in SLC22A12 gene accompanied with compensatory mutations associated with hyperuricemia, representing the first report showing coexistence of the mutations with opposed potential to regulate urate concentrations. On the other hand, independent gene mutations may be responsible for his impaired insulin secretion, which contains novel mutations in key genes in the pancreatic β-cell functions that deserve further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Furuta
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Ohyama
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Murayama
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Sugano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yatoh
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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Abstract
Phosphate is an essential nutrient for life and is a critical component of bone formation, a major signaling molecule, and structural component of cell walls. Phosphate is also a component of high-energy compounds (i.e., AMP, ADP, and ATP) and essential for nucleic acid helical structure (i.e., RNA and DNA). Phosphate plays a central role in the process of mineralization, normal serum levels being associated with appropriate bone mineralization, while high and low serum levels are associated with soft tissue calcification. The serum concentration of phosphate and the total body content of phosphate are highly regulated, a process that is accomplished by the coordinated effort of two families of sodium-dependent transporter proteins. The three isoforms of the SLC34 family (SLC34A1-A3) show very restricted tissue expression and regulate intestinal absorption and renal excretion of phosphate. SLC34A2 also regulates the phosphate concentration in multiple lumen fluids including milk, saliva, pancreatic fluid, and surfactant. Both isoforms of the SLC20 family exhibit ubiquitous expression (with some variation as to which one or both are expressed), are regulated by ambient phosphate, and likely serve the phosphate needs of the individual cell. These proteins exhibit similarities to phosphate transporters in nonmammalian organisms. The proteins are nonredundant as mutations in each yield unique clinical presentations. Further research is essential to understand the function, regulation, and coordination of the various phosphate transporters, both the ones described in this review and the phosphate transporters involved in intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Hernando
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth Gagnon
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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Otani N, Ouchi M, Kudo H, Tsuruoka S, Hisatome I, Anzai N. Recent approaches to gout drug discovery: an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:943-954. [PMID: 32329387 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1755251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation induced by urate deposition in joints causes gout. Healthy individuals maintain serum levels of urate by balancing urate production/excretion, whereas a production/excretion imbalance increases urate levels. Hyperuricemia is diagnosed when the serum urate level is continuously above 7 mg/dl as the solubility limit, and urate accumulates in the kidneys and joints. Because hyperuricemia increases the risk of gout, therapies aim to eliminate urate deposition to prevent gouty arthritis and kidney injury. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the mechanism underlying hyperuricemia with respect to urate production and urate transport, along with urate-lowering therapeutics, including urate synthesis inhibitors, uricolytic enzymes, and uricosuric agents. The authors asses published data on relevant commercial therapy development projects and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Available treatment options for hyperuricemia are limited. Allopurinol, a urate synthesis inhibitor, is generally administered at a reduced dosage to patients with renal impairment. Some URAT1 inhibitors have an unfavorable side effect profile. A promising strategy for treatment is the use of uricosuric agents that inhibit transporters (e.g. URAT1, URATv1/GLUT9, OAT10) which reabsorb urate from the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Otani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine , Oita, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine , Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideo Kudo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine , Oita, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Science , Tottori, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba, Japan
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Gianesello L, Ceol M, Bertoldi L, Terrin L, Priante G, Murer L, Peruzzi L, Giordano M, Paglialonga F, Cantaluppi V, Musetti C, Valle G, Del Prete D, Anglani F. Genetic Analyses in Dent Disease and Characterization of CLCN5 Mutations in Kidney Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020516. [PMID: 31947599 PMCID: PMC7014080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dent disease (DD), an X-linked renal tubulopathy, is mainly caused by loss-of-function mutations in CLCN5 (DD1) and OCRL genes. CLCN5 encodes the ClC-5 antiporter that in proximal tubules (PT) participates in the receptor-mediated endocytosis of low molecular weight proteins. Few studies have analyzed the PT expression of ClC-5 and of megalin and cubilin receptors in DD1 kidney biopsies. About 25% of DD cases lack mutations in either CLCN5 or OCRL genes (DD3), and no other disease genes have been discovered so far. Sanger sequencing was used for CLCN5 gene analysis in 158 unrelated males clinically suspected of having DD. The tubular expression of ClC-5, megalin, and cubilin was assessed by immunolabeling in 10 DD1 kidney biopsies. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed in eight DD3 patients. Twenty-three novel CLCN5 mutations were identified. ClC-5, megalin, and cubilin were significantly lower in DD1 than in control biopsies. The tubular expression of ClC-5 when detected was irrespective of the type of mutation. In four DD3 patients, WES revealed 12 potentially pathogenic variants in three novel genes (SLC17A1, SLC9A3, and PDZK1), and in three genes known to be associated with monogenic forms of renal proximal tubulopathies (SLC3A, LRP2, and CUBN). The supposed third Dent disease-causing gene was not discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gianesello
- Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Clinical Nephrology, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (G.P.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Monica Ceol
- Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Clinical Nephrology, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (G.P.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Loris Bertoldi
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Liliana Terrin
- Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Clinical Nephrology, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (G.P.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Giovanna Priante
- Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Clinical Nephrology, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (G.P.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Luisa Murer
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Licia Peruzzi
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 CDSS Turin, Italy;
| | - Mario Giordano
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, University Hospital, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Fabio Paglialonga
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (V.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Musetti
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (V.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Giorgio Valle
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Dorella Del Prete
- Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Clinical Nephrology, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (G.P.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Franca Anglani
- Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Clinical Nephrology, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (M.C.); (L.T.); (G.P.); (D.D.P.)
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.B.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8212-155
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Stewart DJ, Langlois V, Noone D. Hyperuricemia and Hypertension: Links and Risks. Integr Blood Press Control 2019; 12:43-62. [PMID: 31920373 PMCID: PMC6935283 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s184685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia has long been recognized to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk, including risk of developing hypertension. Epidemiological findings suggest that the link with hypertension is stronger in children and adolescents. Uric acid acts as a strong antioxidant compound in the extracellular environment but has pro-inflammatory effects within the intracellular setting. A chronic phase of microvascular injury is known to occur after prolonged periods of hyperuricemia. This is proposed to contribute to afferent arteriolopathy and elevation of blood pressure that may become unresponsive to uric acid-lowering therapies over time. Studies have struggled to infer direct causality of hyperuricemia due to a vast number of confounders including body mass index. The aim of this review is to present the available data and highlight the need for large scale prospective randomized controlled trials in this area. At present, there is limited evidence to support a role for uric acid-lowering therapies in helping mitigate the risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Stewart
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Valerie Langlois
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Damien Noone
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Wubuli A, Reyer H, Muráni E, Ponsuksili S, Wolf P, Oster M, Wimmers K. Tissue-Wide Gene Expression Analysis of Sodium/Phosphate Co-Transporters in Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225576. [PMID: 31717287 PMCID: PMC6888643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium/phosphate co-transporters are considered to be important mediators of phosphorus (P) homeostasis. The expression of specific sodium/phosphate co-transporters is routinely used as an immediate response to dietary interventions in different species. However, a general understanding of their tissue-specificity is required to elucidate their particular contribution to P homeostasis. In this study, the tissue-wide gene expression status of all currently annotated sodium/phosphate co-transporters were investigated in two pig trials focusing on a standard commercial diet (trial 1) or divergent P-containing diets (trial 2). A wide range of tissues including the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon), kidney, liver, bone, muscle, lung, and aorta were analyzed. Both trials showed consistent patterns in the overall tissue-specific expression of P transporters. While SLC34A2 was considered as the most important intestinal P transporter in other species including humans, SLC34A3 appeared to be the most prominent intestinal P transporter in pigs. In addition, the P transporters of the SLC17 family showed basal expression in the pig intestine and might have a contribution to P homeostasis. The expression patterns observed in the distal colon provide evidence that the large intestine may also be relevant for intestinal P absorption. A low dietary P supply induced higher expressions of SLC20A1, SLC20A2, SLC34A1, and SLC34A3 in the kidney cortex. The results suggest that the expression of genes encoding transcellular P transporters is tissue-specific and responsive to dietary P supply, while underlying regulatory mechanisms require further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisanjiang Wubuli
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Henry Reyer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Eduard Muráni
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Petra Wolf
- Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Michael Oster
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 7, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68600
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Leano JB, Batarni S, Eriksen J, Juge N, Pak JE, Kimura-Someya T, Robles-Colmenares Y, Moriyama Y, Stroud RM, Edwards RH. Structures suggest a mechanism for energy coupling by a family of organic anion transporters. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000260. [PMID: 31083648 PMCID: PMC6532931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the solute carrier 17 (SLC17) family use divergent mechanisms to concentrate organic anions. Membrane potential drives uptake of the principal excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles, whereas closely related proteins use proton cotransport to drive efflux from the lysosome. To delineate the divergent features of ionic coupling by the SLC17 family, we determined the structure of Escherichia coli D-galactonate/H+ symporter D-galactonate transporter (DgoT) in 2 states: one open to the cytoplasmic side and the other open to the periplasmic side with substrate bound. The structures suggest a mechanism that couples H+ flux to substrate recognition. A transition in the role of H+ from flux coupling to allostery may confer regulation by trafficking to and from the plasma membrane. The first structures of a family of organic anion transporters reveal an interaction with protons that is conserved from bacterial transporters to the mammalian proteins that transport glutamate into synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Leano
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Samir Batarni
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jacob Eriksen
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Narinobu Juge
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John E. Pak
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tomomi Kimura-Someya
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yaneth Robles-Colmenares
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Robert M. Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMS); (RHE)
| | - Robert H. Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMS); (RHE)
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30
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Edwards A, Auberson M, Ramakrishnan SK, Bonny O. A model of uric acid transport in the rat proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F934-F947. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00603.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to theoretically investigate the mechanisms underlying uric acid transport in the proximal tubule (PT) of rat kidneys, and their modulation by factors, including Na+, parathyroid hormone, ANG II, and Na+-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. To that end, we incorporated the transport of uric acid and its conjugate anion urate in our mathematical model of water and solute transport in the rat PT. The model accounts for parallel urate reabsorption and secretion pathways on apical and basolateral membranes and their coupling to lactate and α-ketoglutarate transport. Model results agree with experimental findings at the segment level. Net reabsorption of urate by the rat PT is predicted to be ~70% of the filtered load, with a rate of urate removal from the lumen that is 50% higher than the rate of urate secretion. The model suggests that apical URAT1 deletion significantly reduces net urate reabsorption across the PT, whereas ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 dysfunction affects it only slightly. Inactivation of basolateral glucose transporter-9 raises fractional urate excretion above 100%, as observed in patients with renal familial hypouricemia. Furthermore, our results suggest that reducing Na+ reabsorption across Na+/H+ exchangers or Na+-glucose cotransporters augments net urate reabsorption. The model predicts that parathyroid hormone reduces urate excretion, whereas ANG II increases it. In conclusion, we have developed the first model of uric acid transport in the rat PT; this model provides a framework to gain greater insight into the numerous solutes and coupling mechanisms that affect the renal handing of uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Muriel Auberson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suresh K. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Phosphate is essential for skeletal mineralization, and its chronic deficiency leads to rickets and osteomalacia. Skeletal mineralization starts in matrix vesicles (MVs) derived from the plasma membrane of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. MVs contain high activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP), which hydrolyzes phosphoric esters such as pyrophosphates (PPi) to produce inorganic orthophosphates (Pi). Extracellular Pi in the skeleton is taken up by MVs through type III sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) cotransporters and forms hydroxyapatite. In addition to its roles in MV-mediated skeletal mineralization, accumulating evidence has revealed that extracellular Pi evokes signal transduction and regulates cellular function. Pi induces apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes, which is a critical step for endochondral ossification. Extracellular Pi also regulates the expression of various genes including those related to proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. In vitro cell studies have demonstrated that an elevation in extracellular Pi level leads to the activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), Raf/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, where the type III Na+/Pi cotransporter PiT-1 may be involved. Responsiveness of skeletal cells to extracellular Pi suggests their ability to sense and adapt to an alteration in Pi availability in their environment. Involvement of FGFR in the Pi-evoked signal transduction is interesting because enhanced FGFR signaling in osteoblasts/osteocytes might be responsible for the overproduction of FGF23, a key molecule in phosphate homeostasis, in a mouse model for human X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH). Impaired Pi sensing may be a pathogenesis of XLH, which needs to be clarified in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshimi Michigami
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Wang Z, Cui T, Ci X, Zhao F, Sun Y, Li Y, Liu R, Wu W, Yi X, Liu C. The effect of polymorphism of uric acid transporters on uric acid transport. J Nephrol 2018; 32:177-187. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Michigami T, Kawai M, Yamazaki M, Ozono K. Phosphate as a Signaling Molecule and Its Sensing Mechanism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2317-2348. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, phosphate balance is maintained by influx and efflux via the intestines, kidneys, bone, and soft tissue, which involves multiple sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) cotransporters, as well as regulation by several hormones. Alterations in the levels of extracellular phosphate exert effects on both skeletal and extra-skeletal tissues, and accumulating evidence has suggested that phosphate itself evokes signal transduction to regulate gene expression and cell behavior. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that an elevation in extracellular Piactivates fibroblast growth factor receptor, Raf/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway and Akt pathway, which might involve the type III Na+/Picotransporter PiT-1. Excessive phosphate loading can lead to various harmful effects by accelerating ectopic calcification, enhancing oxidative stress, and dysregulating signal transduction. The responsiveness of mammalian cells to altered extracellular phosphate levels suggests that they may sense and adapt to phosphate availability, although the precise mechanism for phosphate sensing in mammals remains unclear. Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and yeast, use some types of Pitransporters and other molecules, such as kinases, to sense the environmental Piavailability. Multicellular animals may need to integrate signals from various organs to sense the phosphate levels as a whole organism, similarly to higher plants. Clarification of the phosphate-sensing mechanism in humans may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat diseases caused by phosphate imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Yamazaki
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Zhu W, Deng Y, Zhou X. Multiple Membrane Transporters and Some Immune Regulatory Genes are Major Genetic Factors to Gout. Open Rheumatol J 2018; 12:94-113. [PMID: 30123371 PMCID: PMC6062909 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901812010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a common form of inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricemia and the deposition of Monosodium Urate (MSU) crystals. It is also considered as a complex disorder in which multiple genetic factors have been identified in association with its susceptibility and/or clinical outcomes. Major genes that were associated with gout include URAT1, GLUT9, OAT4, NPT1 (SLC17A1), NPT4 (SLC17A3), NPT5 (SLC17A4), MCT9, ABCG2, ABCC4, KCNQ1, PDZK1, NIPAL1, IL1β, IL-8, IL-12B, IL-23R, TNFA, MCP-1/CCL2, NLRP3, PPARGC1B, TLR4, CD14, CARD8, P2X7R, EGF, A1CF, HNF4G and TRIM46, LRP2, GKRP, ADRB3, ADH1B, ALDH2, COMT, MAOA, PRKG2, WDR1, ALPK1, CARMIL (LRRC16A), RFX3, BCAS3, CNIH-2, FAM35A and MYL2-CUX2. The proteins encoded by these genes mainly function in urate transport, inflammation, innate immunity and metabolism. Understanding the functions of gout-associated genes will provide important insights into future studies to explore the pathogenesis of gout, as well as to develop targeted therapies for gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology of Children, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Benn CL, Dua P, Gurrell R, Loudon P, Pike A, Storer RI, Vangjeli C. Physiology of Hyperuricemia and Urate-Lowering Treatments. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:160. [PMID: 29904633 PMCID: PMC5990632 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and is a multifactorial disease typically characterized by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate crystal deposition predominantly in, but not limited to, the joints and the urinary tract. The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia has increased in developed countries over the past two decades and research into the area has become progressively more active. We review the current field of knowledge with emphasis on active areas of hyperuricemia research including the underlying physiology, genetics and epidemiology, with a focus on studies which suggest association of hyperuricemia with common comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Finally, we discuss current therapies and emerging drug discovery efforts aimed at delivering an optimized clinical treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinky Dua
- Pfizer Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew Pike
- DMPK, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Ian Storer
- IMED Biotech Unit, Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Vadakedath S, Kandi V. Probable Potential Role of Urate Transporter Genes in the Development of Metabolic Disorders. Cureus 2018; 10:e2382. [PMID: 29850377 PMCID: PMC5973493 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are a group of interrelated conditions which increases the risk of developing heart diseases, stroke, and diabetes. These usually occur as a consequence of deficiency of enzymes involved in biochemical reactions in the body. The dietary habits, lack of physical exercise, stress, and genetic susceptibility leads to an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders. A diet rich in processed food items containing high calories aggravates the production of a purine metabolite, the uric acid (UA). UA functions as an antioxidant, protects against inflammation, aging, and cancer. It exists as urate ions in the circulation and blood level of UA is maintained by a balance between its production in the liver and its excretion by the renal tubules. The regular excretion of UA through the kidneys is necessary to maintain optimum blood levels of UA (3-7 mg/dl). There are various transporters of uric acid present around the renal tubules, which help in reabsorption of UA into the blood. These urate transporters (UT) are proteins coded in the genes. Mutations in these genes may prompt disturbances in UA reabsorption, and could lead to the development of hyperuricaemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This paper reviews eight such genes coding for UTs and attempts to unravel the link between the activities of UA, UTs, and the consequences during mutations in the genes coding for the UTs in the development of metabolic disorders. The genes reviewed included SLC2A9, SLC17A1, SLC22A12, SLC16A9, GCKR, LRRC16A, PDZK1, and ABCG2.
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Genetic variants in two pathways influence serum urate levels and gout risk: a systematic pathway analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3848. [PMID: 29497127 PMCID: PMC5832812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to identify candidate pathways associated with serum urate and to explore the genetic effect of those pathways on the risk of gout. Pathway analysis of the loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) showed that the ion transmembrane transporter activity pathway (GO: 0015075) and the secondary active transmembrane transporter activity pathway (GO: 0015291) were both associated with serum urate concentrations, with PFDR values of 0.004 and 0.007, respectively. In a Chinese population of 4,332 individuals, the two pathways were also found to be associated with serum urate (PFDR = 1.88E-05 and 3.44E-04, separately). In addition, these two pathways were further associated with the pathogenesis of gout (PFDR = 1.08E-08 and 2.66E-03, respectively) in the Chinese population and a novel gout-associated gene, SLC17A2, was identified (OR = 0.83, PFDR = 0.017). The mRNA expression of candidate genes also showed significant differences among different groups at pathway level. The present study identified two transmembrane transporter activity pathways (GO: 0015075 and GO: 0015291) were associations with serum urate concentrations and the risk of gout. SLC17A2 was identified as a novel gene that influenced the risk of gout.
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38
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Johnson RJ, Bakris GL, Borghi C, Chonchol MB, Feldman D, Lanaspa MA, Merriman TR, Moe OW, Mount DB, Sanchez Lozada LG, Stahl E, Weiner DE, Chertow GM. Hyperuricemia, Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Report of a Scientific Workshop Organized by the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 71:851-865. [PMID: 29496260 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urate is a cause of gout, kidney stones, and acute kidney injury from tumor lysis syndrome, but its relationship to kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes remains controversial. A scientific workshop organized by the National Kidney Foundation was held in September 2016 to review current evidence. Cell culture studies and animal models suggest that elevated serum urate concentrations can contribute to kidney disease, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Epidemiologic evidence also supports elevated serum urate concentrations as a risk factor for the development of kidney disease, hypertension, and diabetes, but differences in methodologies and inpacts on serum urate concentrations by even subtle changes in kidney function render conclusions uncertain. Mendelian randomization studies generally do not support a causal role of serum urate in kidney disease, hypertension, or diabetes, although interpretation is complicated by nonhomogeneous populations, a failure to consider environmental interactions, and a lack of understanding of how the genetic polymorphisms affect biological mechanisms related to urate. Although several small clinical trials suggest benefits of urate-lowering therapies on kidney function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance, others have been negative, with many trials having design limitations and insufficient power. Thus, whether uric acid has a causal role in kidney and cardiovascular diseases requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Orson W Moe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - David B Mount
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Eli Stahl
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY
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Moriyama Y, Nomura M. Clodronate: A Vesicular ATP Release Blocker. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:13-23. [PMID: 29146440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clodronate is a first-generation bisphosphonate used worldwide for antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis. Although clodronate is analgesic in nature, its mechanism and efficacy were unknown for some time. Recently, clodronate was identified as a selective and potent inhibitor for vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), a transporter responsible for vesicular storage of ATP. Clodronate inhibits vesicular ATP release from neurons and reduces chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain following blockade of purinergic chemical transmission. Its effectiveness is stronger, faster acting, and longer lasting than that of existing drugs such as pregabalin. Thus, clodronate might be a promising drug for attenuating chronic neuropathic pain and opens a new field of drug discovery as a presynaptic blocker for purinergic chemical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shioziri 399-0781, Japan; Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT): appearance of an actress on the stage of purinergic signaling. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:387-404. [PMID: 28616712 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular storage of ATP is one of the processes initiating purinergic chemical transmission. Although an active transport mechanism was postulated to be involved in the processes, a transporter(s) responsible for the vesicular storage of ATP remained unidentified for some time. In 2008, SLC17A9, the last identified member of the solute carrier 17 type I inorganic phosphate transporter family, was found to encode the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) that is responsible for the vesicular storage of ATP. VNUT transports various nucleotides in a membrane potential-dependent fashion and is expressed in the various ATP-secreting cells. Mice with knockout of the VNUT gene lose vesicular storage and release of ATP from neurons and neuroendocrine cells, resulting in blockage of the initiation of purinergic chemical transmission. Thus, VNUT plays an essential role in the vesicular storage and release of ATP. The VNUT knockout mice exhibit resistance for neuropathic pain and a therapeutic effect against diabetes by way of increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, VNUT inhibitors and suppression of VNUT gene expression may be used for therapeutic purposes through suppression of purinergic chemical transmission. This review summarizes the studies to date on VNUT and discusses what we have learned about the relevance of vesicular ATP release as a potential drug target.
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41
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Caliceti C, Calabria D, Roda A, Cicero AFG. Fructose Intake, Serum Uric Acid, and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040395. [PMID: 28420204 PMCID: PMC5409734 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a direct relationship between fructose intake and serum levels of uric acid (UA), which is the final product of purine metabolism. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that chronic hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. It is probably also an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease, Type 2 diabetes, and cognitive decline. These relationships have been observed for high serum UA levels (>5.5 mg/dL in women and >6 mg/dL in men), but also for normal to high serum UA levels (5-6 mg/dL). In this regard, blood UA levels are much higher in industrialized countries than in the rest of the world. Xanthine-oxidase inhibitors can reduce UA and seem to minimize its negative effects on vascular health. Other dietary and pathophysiological factors are also related to UA production. However, the role of fructose-derived UA in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders has not yet been fully clarified. Here, we critically review recent research on the biochemistry of UA production, the relationship between fructose intake and UA production, and how this relationship is linked to cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47900 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Donato Calabria
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47900 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47900 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Sakiyama M, Matsuo H, Nagamori S, Ling W, Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Higashino T, Chiba T, Ichida K, Kanai Y, Shinomiya N. Expression of a human NPT1/SLC17A1 missense variant which increases urate export. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 35:536-542. [PMID: 27906618 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1149192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter type 1 (NPT1/SLC17A1) is one of the urate transporters in the kidney. Our recent study revealed that a common missense variant, I269T (rs1165196), of NPT1 decreases the risk of renal underexcretion gout. Moreover, we demonstrated that human NPT1 is localized to the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubule, and that I269T is the gain-of-function variant which increases the NPT1-mediated urate export. However, the mechanism by which I269T variant increases the urate export remains to be clarified. Thus, we performed immunostaining and functional analysis of human NPT1 using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. For comparison of human NPT1 expression levels of oocyte membrane between 269I (wild type) and 269T (variant), immunostaining was performed with anti-human NPT1 antibodies. As a result, we showed that NPT1 I269T variant did not change the human NPT1 membrane expression levels, although NPT1 I269T variant increased the urate transport compared with NPT1 wild type. Combined with the previous report that I269T variant did not induce Km changes but increased the Vmax of urate transport in a proteoliposome system, our findings suggest that I269T variant increases NPT1-mediated urate export without increase of NPT1 expression levels on the membrane. Thus, I269T, a common missense variant of NPT1, might have faster conformation changes than NPT1 wild type in terms of the alternating-access model of transporters, and increases renal urate export in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sakiyama
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- b Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biosystem Pharmacology , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Wei Ling
- b Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biosystem Pharmacology , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Toshihide Higashino
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Toshinori Chiba
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- c Department of Pathophysiology , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- b Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biosystem Pharmacology , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- a Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
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Mandal AK, Mercado A, Foster A, Zandi-Nejad K, Mount DB. Uricosuric targets of tranilast. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5:e00291. [PMID: 28357121 PMCID: PMC5368959 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has both proven and emerging roles in human disease. Serum uric acid in humans is determined by production and by the net balance of reabsorption and secretion in kidney and intestine. In the human kidney, epithelial reabsorption dominates over secretion, such that in normal subjects there is at least 90% net reabsorption of filtered urate resulting in a fractional excretion of <10%. Tranilast, an anti-inflammatory drug with pleiotropic effects, has a marked hypouricemic, uricosuric effect in humans. We report here that tranilast is a potent inhibitor of [14C]-urate transport mediated by the major reabsorptive urate transporters (URAT1, GLUT9, OAT4, and OAT10) in Xenopus oocytes; this provides an unequivocal molecular mechanism for the drug's uricosuric effect. Tranilast was found to inhibit urate transport mediated by URAT1 and GLUT9 in a fully reversible and noncompetitive (mixed) manner. In addition, tranilast inhibits the secretory urate transporters NPT1, OAT1, and OAT3 without affecting the secretory efflux pump ABCG2. Notably, while benzbromarone and probenecid inhibited urate as well as nicotinate transport, tranilast inhibited the urate transport function of URAT1, GLUT9, OAT4, OAT10, and NPT1, without significantly affecting nicotinate transport mediated by SMCT1 (IC 50 ~1.1 mmol/L), SMCT2 (IC 50 ~1.0 mmol/L), and URAT1 (IC 50 ~178 μmol/L). In summary, tranilast causes uricosuria by inhibiting all the major reabsorptive urate transporters, selectively affecting urate over nicotinate transport. These data have implications for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, the pharmacology of tranilast, and the structure-function analysis of urate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K Mandal
- Renal Divisions VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Adriana Mercado
- Renal Divisions Departamento de Nefrología Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Mexico City Mexico
| | - Andria Foster
- Renal Divisions VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kambiz Zandi-Nejad
- Renal Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Divisions VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
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Kaneko C, Ogura J, Sasaki S, Okamoto K, Kobayashi M, Kuwayama K, Narumi K, Iseki K. Fructose suppresses uric acid excretion to the intestinal lumen as a result of the induction of oxidative stress by NADPH oxidase activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:559-566. [PMID: 27913188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high intake of fructose increases the risk for hyperuricemia. It has been reported that long-term fructose consumption suppressed renal uric acid excretion and increased serum uric acid level. However, the effect of single administration of fructose on excretion of uric acid has not been clarified. METHODS We used male Wistar rats, which were orally administered fructose (5g/kg). Those rats were used in each experiment at 12h after administration. RESULTS Single administration of fructose suppressed the function of ileal uric acid excretion and had no effect on the function of renal uric acid excretion. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) predominantly contributes to intestinal excretion of uric acid as an active homodimer. Single administration of fructose decreased BCRP homodimer level in the ileum. Moreover, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox), recovered the suppression of the function of ileal uric acid excretion and the Bcrp homodimer level in the ileum of rats that received single administration of fructose. CONCLUSIONS Single administration of fructose decreases in BCRP homodimer level, resulting in the suppression the function of ileal uric acid excretion. The suppression of the function of ileal uric acid excretion by single administration of fructose is caused by the activation of Nox. The results of our study provide a new insight into the mechanism of fructose-induced hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kaneko
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jiro Ogura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sasaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan.
| | - Kaori Kuwayama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan.
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45
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Mechanism of high affinity inhibition of the human urate transporter URAT1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34995. [PMID: 27713539 PMCID: PMC5054527 DOI: 10.1038/srep34995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is caused by elevated serum urate levels, which can be treated using inhibitors of the uric acid transporter, URAT1. We exploited affinity differences between the human and rat transporters to map inhibitor binding sites in URAT1. Human-rat transporter chimeras revealed that human URAT1 serine-35, phenylalanine-365 and isoleucine-481 are necessary and sufficient to provide up to a 100-fold increase in affinity for inhibitors. Moreover, serine-35 and phenylalanine-365 are important for high-affinity interaction with the substrate urate. A novel URAT1 binding assay provides support for direct interaction with these amino acids; thus, current clinically important URAT1 inhibitors likely bind the same site in URAT1. A structural model suggests that these three URAT1 residues are in close proximity potentially projecting within the channel. Our results indicate that amino acids from several transmembrane segments functionally cooperate to form a high-affinity URAT1 inhibitor binding site that, when occupied, prevents substrate interactions.
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Kumagai T, Ota T, Tamura Y, Chang WX, Shibata S, Uchida S. Time to target uric acid to retard CKD progression. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:182-192. [PMID: 27339448 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) remains a possible risk factor of chronic kidney disease (CKD) but its potential role should be elucidated given a fact that multidisciplinary treatments assure a sole strategy to inhibit the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In clinical setting, most observational studies showed that elevation of serum uric acid (SUA) independently predicts the incidence and the development of CKD. The meta-analysis showed that SUA-lowering therapy with allopurinol may retard the progression of CKD but did not reach conclusive results due to small-sized studies. Larger scale, randomized placebo-controlled trials to assess SUA-lowering therapy are needed. Our recent analysis by propensity score methods has shown that the threshold of SUA should be less than 6.5 mg/dL to abrogate ESRD. In animal models an increase in SUA by the administration of oxonic acid, uricase inhibitor, or nephrectomy can induce glomerular hypertension, arteriolosclerosis including afferent arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The ever-growing discoveries of urate transporters prompt us to learn UA metabolism in the kidney and intestine. One example is that the intestinal ABCG2 may play a compensatory role at face of decreased renal clearance of UA in nephrectomized rats, the trigger of which is not a uremic toxin but SUA itself. This review will summarize the recent knowledge on the relationship between SUA and the kidney and try to draw a conclusion when and how to treat asymptomatic hyperuricemia accompanied by CKD. Finally we will address a future perspective on UA study including a Mendelian randomization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kumagai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Support for Community Medicine Endowed Chair, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Ota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshifuru Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Wen Xiu Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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47
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Abstract
Elevated serum urate concentration is the primary cause of gout. Understanding the processes that affect serum urate concentration is important for understanding the etiology of gout and thereby understanding treatment. Urate handing in the human body is a complex system including three major processes: production, renal elimination, and intestinal elimination. A change in any one of these can affect both the steady-state serum urate concentration as well as other urate processes. The remarkable complexity underlying urate regulation and its maintenance at high levels in humans suggests that this molecule could potentially play an interesting role other than as a mere waste product to be eliminated as rapidly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hyndman
- Ardea Biosciences, Inc., Biology Department, 9390 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Sha Liu
- Ardea Biosciences, Inc., Biology Department, 9390 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Miner
- Ardea Biosciences, Inc., Biology Department, 9390 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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48
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Tatsumi S, Miyagawa A, Kaneko I, Shiozaki Y, Segawa H, Miyamoto KI. Regulation of renal phosphate handling: inter-organ communication in health and disease. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:1-10. [PMID: 26296817 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the interconnection of inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in the network of the bone-kidney, parathyroid-kidney, intestine-kidney, and liver-kidney axes. Such a network of organ communication is important for body Pi homeostasis. Normalization of serum Pi levels is a clinical target in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Particularly, disorders of the fibroblast growth factor 23/klotho system are observed in early CKD. Identification of phosphaturic factors from the intestine and liver may enhance our understanding of body Pi homeostasis and Pi metabolism disturbances in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Atsumi Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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49
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César-Razquin A, Snijder B, Frappier-Brinton T, Isserlin R, Gyimesi G, Bai X, Reithmeier RA, Hepworth D, Hediger MA, Edwards AM, Superti-Furga G. A Call for Systematic Research on Solute Carriers. Cell 2015; 162:478-87. [PMID: 26232220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) membrane transport proteins control essential physiological functions, including nutrient uptake, ion transport, and waste removal. SLCs interact with several important drugs, and a quarter of the more than 400 SLC genes are associated with human diseases. Yet, compared to other gene families of similar stature, SLCs are relatively understudied. The time is right for a systematic attack on SLC structure, specificity, and function, taking into account kinship and expression, as well as the dependencies that arise from the common metabolic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián César-Razquin
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Berend Snijder
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ruth Isserlin
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gergely Gyimesi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyun Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | | | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Aled M Edwards
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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50
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Omote H, Miyaji T, Hiasa M, Juge N, Moriyama Y. Structure, Function, and Drug Interactions of Neurotransmitter Transporters in the Postgenomic Era. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:385-402. [PMID: 26514205 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters are responsible for the accumulation of neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles and play essential roles in chemical transmission. The SLC17 family contributes to sequestration of anionic neurotransmitters such as glutamate, aspartate, and nucleotides. Identification and subsequent cellular and molecular biological studies of SLC17 transporters unveiled the principles underlying the actions of these transporters. Recent progress in reconstitution methods in combination with postgenomic approaches has advanced studies on neurotransmitter transporters. This review summarizes the molecular properties of SLC17-type transporters and recent findings regarding the novel SLC18 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Omote
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; ,
| | - Takaaki Miyaji
- Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Miki Hiasa
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; ,
| | - Narinobu Juge
- Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; , .,Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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