1
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Wei X, Wang P, Liu F, Ye X, Xiong D. Drug Discovery Based on Fluorine-Containing Glycomimetics. Molecules 2023; 28:6641. [PMID: 37764416 PMCID: PMC10536126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycomimetics, which are synthetic molecules designed to mimic the structures and functions of natural carbohydrates, have been developed to overcome the limitations associated with natural carbohydrates. The fluorination of carbohydrates has emerged as a promising solution to dramatically enhance the metabolic stability, bioavailability, and protein-binding affinity of natural carbohydrates. In this review, the fluorination methods used to prepare the fluorinated carbohydrates, the effects of fluorination on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of natural sugars, and the biological activities of fluorinated sugars are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, No. 161, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi 046012, China
| | - Pengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. No. 38, Beijing 100191, China (F.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. No. 38, Beijing 100191, China (F.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinshan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. No. 38, Beijing 100191, China (F.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Decai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. No. 38, Beijing 100191, China (F.L.); (X.Y.)
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2
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Wang J, Cao W, Zhang W, Dou B, Zeng X, Su S, Cao H, Ding X, Ma J, Li X. Ac 34FGlcNAz is an effective metabolic chemical reporter for O-GlcNAcylated proteins with decreased S-glyco-modification. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106139. [PMID: 36610251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification governing vital biological processes in cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration. Metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) containing bio-orthogonal groups such as azido or alkyne, are widely used for labeling of interested proteins. However, most MCRs developed for O-GlcNAc modification are not specific and always lead to unexpected side reactions termed S-glyco-modification. Here, we attempt to develop a new MCR of Ac34FGlcNAz that replacing the 4-OH of Ac4GlcNAz with fluorine, which is supposed to abolish the epimerization of GALE and enhance the selectivity. The discoveries demonstrate that Ac34FGlcNAz is a powerful MCR for O-GlcNAcylation with high efficiency and the process of this labeling is conducted by the two enzymes of OGT and OGA. Most importantly, Ac34FGlcNAz is predominantly incorporated intracellular proteins in the form of O-linkage and leads to negligible S-glyco-modification, indicating it is a selective MCR for O-GlcNAcylation. Therefore, we reason that Ac34FGlcNAz developed here is a well characterized MCR of O-GlcNAcylation, which provides more choice for label and enrichment of O-GlcNAc associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Biao Dou
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xueke Zeng
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Shihao Su
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Hongtai Cao
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
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3
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Barrett K, Dube DH. Chemical tools to study bacterial glycans: a tale from discovery of glycoproteins to disruption of their function. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200050. [PMID: 37324574 PMCID: PMC10266715 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria coat themselves with a dense array of cell envelope glycans that enhance bacterial fitness and promote survival. Despite the importance of bacterial glycans, their systematic study and perturbation remains challenging. Chemical tools have made important inroads toward understanding and altering bacterial glycans. This review describes how pioneering discoveries from Prof. Carolyn Bertozzi's laboratory inspired our laboratory to develop sugar probes to facilitate the study of bacterial glycans. As described below, we used metabolic glycan labelling to install bioorthogonal reporters into bacterial glycans, ultimately permitting the discovery of a protein glycosylation system, the identification of glycosylation genes, and the development of metabolic glycan inhibitors. Our results have provided an approach to screen bacterial glycans and gain insight into their function, even in the absence of detailed structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Barrett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA
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4
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Lau LS, Mohammed NBB, Dimitroff CJ. Decoding Strategies to Evade Immunoregulators Galectin-1, -3, and -9 and Their Ligands as Novel Therapeutics in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15554. [PMID: 36555198 PMCID: PMC9778980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding proteins that play a variety of roles in normal physiology. In cancer, their expression levels are typically elevated and often associated with poor prognosis. They are known to fuel a variety of cancer progression pathways through their glycan-binding interactions with cancer, stromal, and immune cell surfaces. Of the 15 galectins in mammals, galectin (Gal)-1, -3, and -9 are particularly notable for their critical roles in tumor immune escape. While these galectins play integral roles in promoting cancer progression, they are also instrumental in regulating the survival, differentiation, and function of anti-tumor T cells that compromise anti-tumor immunity and weaken novel immunotherapies. To this end, there has been a surge in the development of new strategies to inhibit their pro-malignancy characteristics, particularly in reversing tumor immunosuppression through galectin-glycan ligand-targeting methods. This review examines some new approaches to evading Gal-1, -3, and -9-ligand interactions to interfere with their tumor-promoting and immunoregulating activities. Whether using neutralizing antibodies, synthetic peptides, glyco-metabolic modifiers, competitive inhibitors, vaccines, gene editing, exo-glycan modification, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, these methods offer new hope of synergizing their inhibitory effects with current immunotherapeutic methods and yielding highly effective, durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Norhan B. B. Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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5
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Almahayni K, Spiekermann M, Fiore A, Yu G, Pedram K, Möckl L. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian glycosylation. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100108. [PMID: 36467541 PMCID: PMC9713294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the fundamental biopolymers encountered in living systems. Compared to polynucleotide and polypeptide biosynthesis, polysaccharide biosynthesis is a uniquely combinatorial process to which interdependent enzymes with seemingly broad specificities contribute. The resulting intracellular cell surface, and secreted glycans play key roles in health and disease, from embryogenesis to cancer progression. The study and modulation of glycans in cell and organismal biology is aided by small molecule inhibitors of the enzymes involved in glycan biosynthesis. In this review, we survey the arsenal of currently available inhibitors, focusing on agents which have been independently validated in diverse systems. We highlight the utility of these inhibitors and drawbacks to their use, emphasizing the need for innovation for basic research as well as for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Almahayni
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Spiekermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonio Fiore
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Corresponding authors.
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6
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Jackson EG, Cutolo G, Yang B, Yarravarapu N, Burns MWN, Bineva-Todd G, Roustan C, Thoden JB, Lin-Jones HM, van Kuppevelt TH, Holden HM, Schumann B, Kohler JJ, Woo CM, Pratt MR. 4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-GalNAz (4FGalNAz) Is a Metabolic Chemical Reporter of O-GlcNAc Modifications, Highlighting the Notable Substrate Flexibility of O-GlcNAc Transferase. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:159-170. [PMID: 34931806 PMCID: PMC8787749 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bio-orthogonal chemistries
have revolutionized many fields. For
example, metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) of glycosylation are
analogues of monosaccharides that contain a bio-orthogonal functionality,
such as azides or alkynes. MCRs are metabolically incorporated into
glycoproteins by living systems, and bio-orthogonal reactions can
be subsequently employed to install visualization and enrichment tags.
Unfortunately, most MCRs are not selective for one class of glycosylation
(e.g., N-linked vs O-linked), complicating the types of information
that can be gleaned. We and others have successfully created MCRs
that are selective for intracellular O-GlcNAc modification by altering
the structure of the MCR and thus biasing it to certain metabolic
pathways and/or O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Here, we attempt to do
the same for the core GalNAc residue of mucin O-linked glycosylation.
The most widely applied MCR for mucin O-linked glycosylation, GalNAz,
can be enzymatically epimerized at the 4-hydroxyl to give GlcNAz.
This results in a mixture of cell-surface and O-GlcNAc labeling. We
reasoned that replacing the 4-hydroxyl of GalNAz with a fluorine would
lock the stereochemistry of this position in place, causing the MCR
to be more selective. After synthesis, we found that 4FGalNAz labels
a variety of proteins in mammalian cells and does not perturb endogenous
glycosylation pathways unlike 4FGalNAc. However, through subsequent
proteomic and biochemical characterization, we found that 4FGalNAz
does not widely label cell-surface glycoproteins but instead is primarily
a substrate for OGT. Although these results are somewhat unexpected,
they once again highlight the large substrate flexibility of OGT,
with interesting and important implications for intracellular protein
modification by a potential range of abiotic and native monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G. Jackson
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Giuliano Cutolo
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nageswari Yarravarapu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Mary W. N. Burns
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Ganka Bineva-Todd
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloë Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Halley M. Lin-Jones
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hazel M. Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W120BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Christina M. Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew R. Pratt
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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7
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Wang SS, Solar VD, Yu X, Antonopoulos A, Friedman AE, Agarwal K, Garg M, Ahmed SM, Addhya A, Nasirikenari M, Lau JT, Dell A, Haslam SM, Sampathkumar SG, Neelamegham S. Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac 5GalNTGc. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:699-710.e5. [PMID: 33609441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. Ac5GalNTGc was pharmacologically active in mouse. It reduced neutrophil infiltration to sites of inflammation by ∼60%. Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Shiuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xinheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Alan E Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kavita Agarwal
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Syed Meheboob Ahmed
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ahana Addhya
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mehrab Nasirikenari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph T Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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8
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Krautter F, Iqbal AJ. Glycans and Glycan-Binding Proteins as Regulators and Potential Targets in Leukocyte Recruitment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624082. [PMID: 33614653 PMCID: PMC7890243 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a highly controlled cascade of interactions between proteins expressed by the endothelium and circulating leukocytes. The involvement of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in the leukocyte recruitment cascade has been well-characterised. However, our understanding of these interactions and their regulation has expanded substantially in recent years to include novel lectins and regulatory pathways. In this review, we discuss the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins, mediating the interactions between endothelium and leukocytes both directly and indirectly. We also highlight recent findings of key enzymes involved in glycosylation which affect leukocyte recruitment. Finally, we investigate the potential of glycans and glycan binding proteins as therapeutic targets to modulate leukocyte recruitment and transmigration in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Hamala V, Červenková Šťastná L, Kurfiřt M, Cuřínová P, Balouch M, Hrstka R, Voňka P, Karban J. The effect of deoxyfluorination and O-acylation on the cytotoxicity of N-acetyl-D-gluco- and D-galactosamine hemiacetals. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4497-4506. [PMID: 33949602 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fully acetylated deoxyfluorinated hexosamine analogues and non-fluorinated 3,4,6-tri-O-acylated N-acetyl-hexosamine hemiacetals have previously been shown to display moderate anti-proliferative activity. We prepared a set of deoxyfluorinated GlcNAc and GalNAc hemiacetals that comprised both features: O-acylation at the non-anomeric positions with an acetyl, propionyl and butanoyl group, and deoxyfluorination at selected positions. Determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity towards the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HEK-293 cell lines showed that deoxyfluorination enhanced cytotoxicity in most analogues. Increasing the ester alkyl chain length had a variable effect on the cytotoxicity of fluoro analogues, which contrasted with non-fluorinated hemiacetals where butanoyl derivatives had always higher cytotoxicity than acetates. Reaction with 2-phenylethanethiol indicated that the recently described S-glyco-modification is an unlikely cause of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Hamala
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic. and University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červenková Šťastná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kurfiřt
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic. and University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Balouch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, žlutý kopec 7, Brno, 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Voňka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, žlutý kopec 7, Brno, 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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10
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Hevey R. The Role of Fluorine in Glycomimetic Drug Design. Chemistry 2020; 27:2240-2253. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Basel, Pharmazentrum Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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11
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Buffone A, Weaver VM. Don't sugarcoat it: How glycocalyx composition influences cancer progression. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133536. [PMID: 31874115 PMCID: PMC7039198 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffone and Weaver discuss how the structure of the backbones and glycans of the tumor glycocalyx governs cell–matrix interactions and directs cancer progression. Mechanical interactions between tumors and the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the surrounding tissues have profound effects on a wide variety of cellular functions. An underappreciated mediator of tumor–ECM interactions is the glycocalyx, the sugar-decorated proteins and lipids that act as a buffer between the tumor and the ECM, which in turn mediates all cell-tissue mechanics. Importantly, tumors have an increase in the density of the glycocalyx, which in turn increases the tension of the cell membrane, alters tissue mechanics, and drives a more cancerous phenotype. In this review, we describe the basic components of the glycocalyx and the glycan moieties implicated in cancer. Next, we examine the important role the glycocalyx plays in driving tension-mediated cancer cell signaling through a self-enforcing feedback loop that expands the glycocalyx and furthers cancer progression. Finally, we discuss current tools used to edit the composition of the glycocalyx and the future challenges in leveraging these tools into a novel tractable approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Buffone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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12
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Chakraborty A, Dimitroff CJ. Cancer immunotherapy needs to learn how to stick to its guns. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5089-5091. [PMID: 31710312 DOI: 10.1172/jci133415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy and its budding effectiveness at improving patient outcomes has revitalized our hope to fight cancer in a logical and safe manner. Immunotherapeutic approaches to reengage the immune system have largely focused on reversing immune checkpoint inhibitor pathways, which suppress the antitumor response. Although these approaches have generated much excitement, they still lack absolute success. Interestingly, newly described host-tumor sugar chains (glycosylations) and glycosylation-binding proteins (lectins) play key roles in evading the immune system to determine cancer progression. In this issue of the JCI, Nambiar et al. used patient head and neck tumors and a mouse model system to investigate the role of galactose-binding lectin 1 (Gal1) in immunotherapy resistance. The authors demonstrated that Gal1 can affect immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy by increasing immune checkpoint molecules and immunosuppressive signaling in the tumor. Notably, these results suggest that targeting a tumor's glycobiological state will improve treatment efficacy.
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13
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Del Solar V, Gupta R, Zhou Y, Pawlowski G, Matta KL, Neelamegham S. Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. Mol Omics 2020; 16:377-386. [PMID: 32352119 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. Results show that all tested compounds changed the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels, with the effect being most pronounced for the fluoro-HexNAc compounds. These molecules depressed UDP-HexNAc levels in cells by up to 80%, while concomitantly elevating UDP-4F-GalNAc and UDP-4F-GlcNAc. While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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14
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Williams DA, Pradhan K, Paul A, Olin IR, Tuck OT, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Metabolic inhibitors of bacterial glycan biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1761-1774. [PMID: 34123271 PMCID: PMC8148367 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is a quintessential drug target due to its critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell wall glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are absent from human cells, and proper assembly of monosaccharides into higher-order glycans is critical for bacterial fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare deoxy amino sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the creation of glycosylation inhibitors. To ease the study of bacterial glycan function in the absence of detailed structural or enzyme information, we crafted metabolic inhibitors based on rare bacterial monosaccharide scaffolds. Metabolic inhibitors were assessed for their ability to interfere with glycan biosynthesis and fitness in pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial species. Three metabolic inhibitors led to dramatic structural and functional defects in Helicobacter pylori. Strikingly, these inhibitors acted in a bacteria-selective manner. These metabolic inhibitors will provide a platform for systematic study of bacterial glycosylation enzymes not currently possible with existing tools. Moreover, their selectivity will provide a pathway for the development of novel, narrow-spectrum antibiotics to treat infectious disease. Our inhibition approach is general and will expedite the identification of bacterial glycan biosynthesis inhibitors in a range of systems, expanding the glycochemistry toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Williams
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ilana R Olin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Owen T Tuck
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Karen D Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
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15
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Stephenson EL, Zhang P, Ghorbani S, Wang A, Gu J, Keough MB, Rawji KS, Silva C, Yong VW, Ling CC. Targeting the Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans: Evaluating Fluorinated Glucosamines and Xylosides in Screens Pertinent to Multiple Sclerosis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1223-1234. [PMID: 31404231 PMCID: PMC6661872 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in insults to the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating condition of the central nervous system. CSPGs appear to be detrimental in MS, as they enhance immune responses and act as barriers to oligodendrocyte differentiation and thus remyelination. Despite their deleterious roles, strategies to selectively reduce CSPG production are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop, screen, and describe a series of glucosamine derivatives and xylosides for their capacity to overcome detrimental CSPGs and inflammatory processes. Specifically, we assess the ability of analogues to interfere with CSPG biosynthesis, promote the outgrowth of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in an inhibitory environment, and lower inflammation by attenuating the proliferation of T lymphocytes. We highlight the beneficial activities of a novel compound, per-O-acetylated 4,4-difluoro-N-acetylglucosamine (Ac-4,4-diF-GlcNAc) in vitro, and report that it reduced inflammation and clinical severity in a mouse model of MS. Thus, this study represents an important advance, as we uncover that targeting CSPG biosynthesis with a potent inhibitor is an effective avenue to ameliorate inflammatory cascades and promote repair processes in MS and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Stephenson
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ping Zhang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aixia Wang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiamin Gu
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael B. Keough
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khalil Sherali Rawji
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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16
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Li J, Hsu HC, Mountz JD, Allen JG. Unmasking Fucosylation: from Cell Adhesion to Immune System Regulation and Diseases. Cell Chem Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Bunn PT, Montes de Oca M, Rivera FDL, Kumar R, Edwards CL, Faleiro RJ, Ng SS, Sheel M, Wang Y, Amante FH, Haque A, Engwerda CR. Galectin-1 Impairs the Generation of Anti-Parasitic Th1 Cell Responses in the Liver during Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1307. [PMID: 29075269 PMCID: PMC5643427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases are characterized by the development of immunoregulatory pathways that contribute to pathogen persistence and associated disease symptoms. In diseases caused by intracellular parasites, such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), various immune modulators have the capacity to negatively impact protective CD4+ T cell functions. Galectin-1 is widely expressed on immune cells and has previously been shown to suppress inflammatory responses and promote the development of CD4+ T cells with immunoregulatory characteristics. Here, we investigated the role of galectin-1 in experimental VL caused by infection of C57BL/6 mice with Leishmania donovani. Mice lacking galectin-1 expression exhibited enhanced tissue-specific control of parasite growth in the liver, associated with an augmented Th1 cell response. However, unlike reports in other experimental models, we found little role for galectin-1 in the generation of IL-10-producing Th1 (Tr1) cells, and instead report that galectin-1 suppressed hepatic Th1 cell development. Furthermore, we found relatively early effects of galectin-1 deficiency on parasite growth, suggesting involvement of innate immune cells. However, experiments investigating the impact of galectin-1 deficiency on dendritic cells indicated that they were not responsible for the phenotypes observed in galectin-1-deficient mice. Instead, studies examining galectin-1 expression by CD4+ T cells supported a T cell intrinsic role for galectin-1 in the suppression of hepatic Th1 cell development during experimental VL. Together, our findings provide new information on the roles of galectin-1 during parasitic infection and indicate an important role for this molecule in tissue-specific Th1 cell development, but not CD4+ T cell IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Susanna S Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Meru Sheel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yulin Wang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Siddiqui M, Ambre S, Keay SK, Rhyne JM, Zhang CO, Barchi JJ. Glycoamino Acid Analogues of the Thomsen-Friedenreich Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Antiproliferative Factor Glycopeptides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5618-5632. [PMID: 28983523 PMCID: PMC5623948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycoamino acid analogues of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen disaccharide, where the 4' and 4″ hydroxyl groups were substituted with fluorine or hydrogen, were synthesized and incorporated into the asialylated antiproliferative factor (as-APF), a biologically active form of APF, a glycopeptide found in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis. Various strategies were employed to incorporate the fluorine atom at the 4-positions of either the galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine unit of the disaccharide antigen, based on stereochemistry and reactivity. These glycopeptides were evaluated in antiproliferative assays on both primary normal bladder epithelial cells and T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Unlike many previously published substitutions to APF, mono-4'-fluorination of the GalNAc residue did not affect the activity, whereas fluoro-derivatives of the galactose 4″-position or both 4' and 4″ hydroxyls showed a reduced potency relative to the monosubstituted GalNAc derivative. A fourth compound where the 4″ position of galactose was deoxygenated showed a lower potency than the parent and monosubstituted compounds. These results suggest that specific substitutions in the sugar moieties in the APF can be tolerated, and the glycomimetic design of APF analogues can include fluorine in the GalNAc sugar of the disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqbool
A. Siddiqui
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Shailesh Ambre
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Susan K. Keay
- Medical
Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Baltimore
Research and Education Foundation, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Medicine and Department of
Pathology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Rhyne
- Department of Medicine and Department of
Pathology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Chen-Ou Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of
Pathology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 301-846-5905. Fax: 301-846-6033 (J.J.B.)
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19
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Sackstein R, Schatton T, Barthel SR. T-lymphocyte homing: an underappreciated yet critical hurdle for successful cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 97:669-697. [PMID: 28346400 PMCID: PMC5446300 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with metastatic disease. This unfolding success story has been exemplified by a growing arsenal of novel immunotherapeutics, including blocking antibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Nonetheless, clinical benefit remains highly variable and patient-specific, in part, because all immunotherapeutic regimens vitally hinge on the capacity of endogenous and/or adoptively transferred T-effector (Teff) cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, to home efficiently into tumor target tissue. Thus, defects intrinsic to the multi-step T-cell homing cascade have become an obvious, though significantly underappreciated contributor to immunotherapy resistance. Conspicuous have been low intralesional frequencies of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) below clinically beneficial threshold levels, and peripheral rather than deep lesional TIL infiltration. Therefore, a Teff cell 'homing deficit' may arguably represent a dominant factor responsible for ineffective immunotherapeutic outcomes, as tumors resistant to immune-targeted killing thrive in such permissive, immune-vacuous microenvironments. Fortunately, emerging data is shedding light into the diverse mechanisms of immune escape by which tumors restrict Teff cell trafficking and lesional penetrance. In this review, we scrutinize evolving knowledge on the molecular determinants of Teff cell navigation into tumors. By integrating recently described, though sporadic information of pivotal adhesive and chemokine homing signatures within the tumor microenvironment with better established paradigms of T-cell trafficking under homeostatic or infectious disease scenarios, we seek to refine currently incomplete models of Teff cell entry into tumor tissue. We further summarize how cancers thwart homing to escape immune-mediated destruction and raise awareness of the potential impact of immune checkpoint blockers on Teff cell homing. Finally, we speculate on innovative therapeutic opportunities for augmenting Teff cell homing capabilities to improve immunotherapy-based tumor eradication in cancer patients, with special focus on malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Rm 671, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Steven R. Barthel, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 673B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115;
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20
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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21
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Schultz VL, Zhang X, Linkens K, Rimel J, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-N-Acetylhexosamine Uridine Diphosphate Donors: Chain Terminators in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2243-2248. [PMID: 28128958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar donors, UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine (4FGlcNAc) and UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-N-acetylgalactosamine (4FGalNAc), were prepared using both chemical and chemoenzymatic syntheses relying on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GlmU). The resulting unnatural UDP-sugar donors were then tested as substrates in glycosaminoglycan synthesis catalyzed by various synthases. UDP-4FGlcNAc was transferred onto an acceptor by Pastuerella multocida heparosan synthase 1 and subsequently served as a chain terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Kathryn Linkens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jenna Rimel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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22
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Allen JG, Mujacic M, Frohn MJ, Pickrell AJ, Kodama P, Bagal D, San Miguel T, Sickmier EA, Osgood S, Swietlow A, Li V, Jordan JB, Kim KW, Rousseau AMC, Kim YJ, Caille S, Achmatowicz M, Thiel O, Fotsch CH, Reddy P, McCarter JD. Facile Modulation of Antibody Fucosylation with Small Molecule Fucostatin Inhibitors and Cocrystal Structure with GDP-Mannose 4,6-Dehydratase. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2734-2743. [PMID: 27434622 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of therapeutic antibodies that induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can be improved by reduced fucosylation. Consequently, fucosylation is a critical product attribute of monoclonal antibodies produced as protein therapeutics. Small molecule fucosylation inhibitors have also shown promise as potential therapeutics in animal models of tumors, arthritis, and sickle cell disease. Potent small molecule metabolic inhibitors of cellular protein fucosylation, 6,6,6-trifluorofucose per-O-acetate and 6,6,6-trifluorofucose (fucostatin I), were identified that reduces the fucosylation of recombinantly expressed antibodies in cell culture in a concentration-dependent fashion enabling the controlled modulation of protein fucosylation levels. 6,6,6-Trifluorofucose binds at an allosteric site of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) as revealed for the first time by the X-ray cocrystal structure of a bound allosteric GMD inhibitor. 6,6,6-Trifluorofucose was found to be incorporated in place of fucose at low levels (<1%) in the glycans of recombinantly expressed antibodies. A fucose-1-phosphonate analog, fucostatin II, was designed that inhibits fucosylation with no incorporation into antibody glycans, allowing the production of afucosylated antibodies in which the incorporation of non-native sugar is completely absent-a key advantage in the production of therapeutic antibodies, especially biosimilar antibodies. Inhibitor structure-activity relationships, identification of cellular and inhibitor metabolites in inhibitor-treated cells, fucose competition studies, and the production of recombinant antibodies with varying levels of fucosylation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Allen
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mirna Mujacic
- Process Development − Drug Substance
Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court W., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Michael J. Frohn
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Alex J. Pickrell
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Paul Kodama
- Process Development − Drug Substance
Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court W., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Dhanashri Bagal
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tisha San Miguel
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - E. Allen Sickmier
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Steve Osgood
- Process Development − Attribute
Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Aleksander Swietlow
- Process Development − Attribute
Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Vivian Li
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - John B. Jordan
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ki-Won Kim
- Cardiometabolic
Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Anne-Marie C. Rousseau
- Therapeutic
Innovations Unit, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court W., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Seb Caille
- Process Development
− Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mike Achmatowicz
- Process Development
− Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Oliver Thiel
- Process Development
− Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher H. Fotsch
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Pranhitha Reddy
- Process Development − Drug Substance
Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court W., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - John D. McCarter
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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23
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Kanabar V, Tedaldi L, Jiang J, Nie X, Panina I, Descroix K, Man F, Pitchford SC, Page CP, Wagner GK. Base-modified UDP-sugars reduce cell surface levels of P-selectin glycoprotein 1 (PSGL-1) on IL-1β-stimulated human monocytes. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1059-1071. [PMID: 27233805 PMCID: PMC5072147 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162) is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is expressed, either constitutively or inducibly, on all myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. PSGL-1 is implicated in cell-cell interactions between platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and a key mediator of inflammatory cell recruitment and transmigration into tissues. Here, we have investigated the effects of the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibitor 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) UDP-Gal (5-FT UDP-Gal, compound 1: ) and two close derivatives on the cell surface levels of PSGL-1 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). PSGL-1 levels were studied both under basal conditions, and upon stimulation of hPBMCs with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Between 1 and 24 hours after IL-1β stimulation, we observed initial PSGL-1 shedding, followed by an increase in PSGL-1 levels on the cell surface, with a maximal window between IL-1β-induced and basal levels after 72 h. All three inhibitors reduce PSGL-1 levels on IL-1β-stimulated cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but show no such effect in resting cells. Compound 1: also affects the cell surface levels of adhesion molecule CD11b in IL-1β-stimulated hPBMCs, but not of glycoproteins CD14 and CCR2. This activity profile may be linked to the inhibition of global Sialyl Lewis presentation on hPBMCs by compound 1: , which we have also observed. Although this mechanistic explanation remains hypothetical at present, our results show, for the first time, that small molecules can discriminate between IL-1β-induced and basal levels of cell surface PSGL-1. These findings open new avenues for intervention with PSGL-1 presentation on the cell surface of primed hPBMCs and may have implications for anti-inflammatory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kanabar
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Jingqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Xiaodan Nie
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Irina Panina
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Karine Descroix
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Francis Man
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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24
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Using CRISPR-Cas9 to quantify the contributions of O-glycans, N-glycans and Glycosphingolipids to human leukocyte-endothelium adhesion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30392. [PMID: 27458028 PMCID: PMC4960646 DOI: 10.1038/srep30392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is often interest in dissecting the relative contributions of the N-glycans, O-glycans and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in regulating complex biological traits like cell signaling, adhesion, development and metastasis. To address this, we developed a CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit to selectively truncate each of these commonly expressed glycan-types. Here, O-glycan biosynthesis was truncated by knocking-out Core 1 β3Gal-T Specific Molecular Chaperone (COSMC), N-glycans by targeting the β1,2 GlcNAc-transferase (MGAT1) and GSLs by deleting UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG). These reagents were applied to reveal the glycoconjugates regulating human myeloid cell adhesion to selectins under physiological shear-flow observed during inflammation. These functional studies show that leukocyte rolling on P- and L-selectin is ablated in cells lacking O-glycans, with N-glycan truncation also increasing cell rolling velocity on L-selectin. All three glycan families contributed to E-selectin dependent cell adhesion with N-glycans contributing to all aspects of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, O-glycans only being important during initial recruitment, and GSLs stabilizing slow cell rolling and the transition to firm arrest. Overall, the genome editing tools developed here may be broadly applied in studies of cellular glycosylation.
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25
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Abstract
Cells are covered by a surface layer of glycans that is referred to as the 'glycocalyx'. In this review, we focus on the role of the glycocalyx in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension, kidney disease and sepsis) and cancer. The glycocalyx and its principal glycosaminoglycans [heparan sulphate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA)] and core proteins (syndecans and glypicans) are degraded in vascular diseases, leading to a breakdown of the vascular permeability barrier, enhanced access of leucocytes to the arterial intima that propagate inflammation and alteration of endothelial mechanotransduction mechanisms that protect against disease. By contrast, the glycocalyx on cancer cells is generally robust, promoting integrin clustering and growth factor signalling, and mechanotransduction of interstitial flow shear stress that is elevated in tumours to upregulate matrix metalloproteinase release which enhances cell motility and metastasis. HS and HA are consistently elevated on cancer cells and are associated with tumour growth and metastasis. Later, we will review the agents that might be used to enhance or protect the glycocalyx to combat vascular disease, as well as a different set of compounds that can degrade the cancer cell glycocalyx to suppress cell growth and metastasis. It is clear that what is beneficial for either vascular disease or cancer will not be so for the other. The overarching conclusions are that (i) the importance of the glycocalyx in human medicine is only beginning to be recognized, and (ii) more detailed studies of glycocalyx involvement in vascular diseases and cancer will lead to novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - L M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Mkhikian H, Mortales CL, Zhou RW, Khachikyan K, Wu G, Haslam SM, Kavarian P, Dell A, Demetriou M. Golgi self-correction generates bioequivalent glycans to preserve cellular homeostasis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27269286 PMCID: PMC4940165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential biological systems employ self-correcting mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mammalian cell function is dynamically regulated by the interaction of cell surface galectins with branched N-glycans. Here we report that N-glycan branching deficiency triggers the Golgi to generate bioequivalent N-glycans that preserve galectin-glycoprotein interactions and cellular homeostasis. Galectins bind N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) units within N-glycans initiated from UDP-GlcNAc by the medial-Golgi branching enzymes as well as the trans-Golgi poly-LacNAc extension enzyme β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (B3GNT). Marginally reducing LacNAc content by limiting N-glycans to three branches results in T-cell hyperactivity and autoimmunity; yet further restricting branching does not produce a more hyperactive state. Rather, new poly-LacNAc extension by B3GNT maintains galectin binding and immune homeostasis. Poly-LacNAc extension is triggered by redistribution of unused UDP-GlcNAc from the medial to trans-Golgi via inter-cisternal tubules. These data demonstrate the functional equivalency of structurally dissimilar N-glycans and suggest a self-correcting feature of the Golgi that sustains cellular homeostasis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14814.001 Most proteins that are released from cells are modified with sugar molecules that allow the proteins to carry out their role properly. These modifications are called glycans, and are made from sugar subunits joined into chains or branched structures. Investigating how the structure of glycans is linked to their role is complicated by the fact that many different glycans exist, made up of different sugars and arranged into different structures. Enzymes located in cell compartments known as the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi help to build the glycans. For example, the MGAT family of enzymes found in the Golgi generates branched glycans made up of sugar subunits called N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc). These glycans form part of a molecular mesh on the surface of cells that controls how certain proteins embedded in the cell membrane behave. This is particularly important in immune cells: reducing the number of branches in the glycans weakens the mesh and causes the cells and their membrane proteins to behave inappropriately. Mkhikian et al. have studied mice that lack specific MGAT enzymes, and so produce LacNAc glycans with drastically fewer branches than normal. Immune cells in these mice had glycans on their surface formed of LacNAc arranged in chains, rather than in short branched structures. These chains turned out to be biologically equivalent to branched LacNAc glycans, containing the same sugar subunits and allowing the immune cells to behave as normal. This suggests that the composition of glycans, rather than their structure, primarily determines their role. Mkhikian et al. also found that the organization of the enzymes inside the Golgi is likely to be responsible for producing these equivalent glycans. A glycan is built up as it passes through the Golgi, with the branching enzymes located earlier in the Golgi than the extending enzymes. Therefore, if the branching enzymes fail to add LacNAc subunits to the glycan, the extending enzymes can step in later to add the missing components. Overall, the results presented by Mkhikian et al. indicate that the large number of structurally diverse glycans may be reduced to a much smaller number of glycans with similar roles, based on subunit composition. This will simplify future studies on LacNAc glycans, and further work could focus on defining which other glycan structures share similar roles. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14814.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Haik Mkhikian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Christie-Lynn Mortales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Raymond W Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Khachik Khachikyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patil Kavarian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurology and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, United States
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27
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Keough MB, Rogers JA, Zhang P, Jensen SK, Stephenson EL, Chen T, Hurlbert MG, Lau LW, Rawji KS, Plemel JR, Koch M, Ling CC, Yong VW. An inhibitor of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis promotes central nervous system remyelination. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11312. [PMID: 27115988 PMCID: PMC4853428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is the generation of new myelin sheaths after injury facilitated by processes of differentiating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Although this repair phenomenon occurs in lesions of multiple sclerosis patients, many lesions fail to completely remyelinate. A number of factors have been identified that contribute to remyelination failure, including the upregulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that comprise part of the astrogliotic scar. We show that in vitro, OPCs have dramatically reduced process outgrowth in the presence of CSPGs, and a medication library that includes a number of recently reported OPC differentiation drugs failed to rescue this inhibitory phenotype on CSPGs. We introduce a novel CSPG synthesis inhibitor to reduce CSPG content and find rescued process outgrowth from OPCs in vitro and accelerated remyelination following focal demyelination in mice. Preventing CSPG deposition into the lesion microenvironment may be a useful strategy to promote repair in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - James A Rogers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Samuel K Jensen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Erin L Stephenson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Tieyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mitchel G Hurlbert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Lorraine W Lau
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Marcus Koch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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28
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Horník Š, Červenková Šťastná L, Cuřínová P, Sýkora J, Káňová K, Hrstka R, Císařová I, Dračínský M, Karban J. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:750-9. [PMID: 27340467 PMCID: PMC4901990 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Derivatives of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine represent an important family of the cell surface glycan components and their fluorinated analogs found use as metabolic inhibitors of complex glycan biosynthesis, or as probes for the study of protein–carbohydrate interactions. This work is focused on the synthesis of acetylated 3-deoxy-3-fluoro, 4-deoxy-4-fluoro and 3,4-dideoxy-3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine via 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose chemistry. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the target compounds towards selected cancer cells is determined. Results: Introduction of fluorine at C-3 was achieved by the reaction of 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-2-deoxy-4-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranose or its 4-fluoro analog with DAST. The retention of configuration in this reaction is discussed. Fluorine at C-4 was installed by the reaction of 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-β-D-talopyranose with DAST, or by fluoridolysis of 1,6:3,4-dianhydro-2-azido-β-D-galactopyranose with KHF2. The amino group was introduced and masked as an azide in the synthesis. The 1-O-deacetylated 3-fluoro and 4-fluoro analogs of acetylated D-galactosamine inhibited proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 more than cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (IC50 28 ± 3 μM and 54 ± 5 μM, respectively). Conclusion: A complete series of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine is now accessible by 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose chemistry. Intermediate fluorinated 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-hexopyranoses have potential as synthons in oligosaccharide assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Horník
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červenková Šťastná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Káňová
- Regional Centre for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
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29
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Piller F, Mongis A, Piller V. Metabolic Glyco-Engineering in Eukaryotic Cells and Selected Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1321:335-59. [PMID: 26082233 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
By metabolic glyco-engineering cellular glycoconjugates are modified through the incorporation of synthetic monosaccharides which are usually analogues of naturally present sugars. In order to get incorporated, the monosaccharides need to enter the cytoplasm and to be substrates for the enzymes necessary for their transformation into activated sugars, most often nucleotide sugars. These have to be substrates for glycosyltransferases which finally catalyze their incorporation into glycans. Such pathways are difficult to reconstitute in vitro and therefore new monosaccharide analogues have to be tested in tissue culture for their suitability in metabolic glyco-engineering. For this, glycosylation mutants are the most appropriate since they are unable to synthesize specific glycans but through the introduction of the monosaccharide analogues they may express some glycans at the cell surface with the unnatural sugar incorporated. The presence of those glycans can be easily and quantitatively detected by lectin binding or by chemical methods identifying specific sugars. Monosaccharide analogues can also block the pathways leading to sugar incorporation, thus inhibiting the synthesis of glycan structures which is also easily detectable at the cell surface by lectin labeling. The most useful and most frequently employed application of metabolic glyco-engineering is the introduction of reactive groups which can undergo bio-orthogonal click reactions for the efficient labeling of glycans at the surface of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Piller
- Synthetic Protein Chemistry and Glyco-engineering Group, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CNRS UPR 4301), Orléans, France
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30
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Villalobos JA, Yi BR, Wallace IS. 2-Fluoro-L-Fucose Is a Metabolically Incorporated Inhibitor of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Fucosylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139091. [PMID: 26414071 PMCID: PMC4587364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The monosaccharide L-fucose (L-Fuc) is a common component of plant cell wall polysaccharides and other plant glycans, including the hemicellulose xyloglucan, pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), arabinogalactan proteins, and N-linked glycans. Mutations compromising the biosynthesis of many plant cell wall polysaccharides are lethal, and as a result, small molecule inhibitors of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis have been developed because these molecules can be applied at defined concentrations and developmental stages. In this study, we characterize novel small molecule inhibitors of plant fucosylation. 2-fluoro-L-fucose (2F-Fuc) analogs caused severe growth phenotypes when applied to Arabidopsis seedlings, including reduced root growth and altered root morphology. These phenotypic defects were dependent upon the L-Fuc salvage pathway enzyme L-Fucose Kinase/ GDP-L-Fucose Pyrophosphorylase (FKGP), suggesting that 2F-Fuc is metabolically converted to the sugar nucleotide GDP-2F-Fuc, which serves as the active inhibitory molecule. The L-Fuc content of cell wall matrix polysaccharides was reduced in plants treated with 2F-Fuc, suggesting that this molecule inhibits the incorporation of L-Fuc into these polysaccharides. Additionally, phenotypic defects induced by 2F-Fuc treatment could be partially relieved by the exogenous application of boric acid, suggesting that 2F-Fuc inhibits RG-II biosynthesis. Overall, the results presented here suggest that 2F-Fuc is a metabolically incorporated inhibitor of plant cellular fucosylation events, and potentially suggest that other 2-fluorinated monosaccharides could serve as useful chemical probes for the inhibition of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Villalobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States of America
| | - Bo R. Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States of America
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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van Wijk XM, Lawrence R, Thijssen VL, van den Broek SA, Troost R, van Scherpenzeel M, Naidu N, Oosterhof A, Griffioen AW, Lefeber DJ, van Delft FL, van Kuppevelt TH. A common sugar-nucleotide-mediated mechanism of inhibition of (glycosamino)glycan biosynthesis, as evidenced by 6F-GalNAc (Ac3). FASEB J 2015; 29:2993-3002. [PMID: 25868729 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-264226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, and alterations in their amount and structure have been associated with diseases such as cancer. In this study, we probed 11 sugar analogs for their capacity to interfere with GAG biosynthesis. One analog, with a modification not directly involved in the glycosidic bond formation, 6F-N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc) (Ac3), was selected for further study on its metabolic and biologic effect. Treatment of human ovarian carcinoma cells with 50 μM 6F-GalNAc (Ac3) inhibited biosynthesis of GAGs (chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by ∼50-60%, heparan sulfate by ∼35%), N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)/GalNAc containing glycans recognized by the lectins Datura stramonium and peanut agglutinin (by ∼74 and ∼43%, respectively), and O-GlcNAc protein modification. With respect to function, 6F-GalNAc (Ac3) treatment inhibited growth factor signaling and reduced in vivo angiogenesis by ∼33%. Although the analog was readily transformed in cells into the uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-activated form, it was not incorporated into GAGs. Rather, it strongly reduced cellular UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcNAc pools. Together with data from the literature, these findings indicate that nucleotide sugar depletion without incorporation is a common mechanism of sugar analogs for inhibiting GAG/glycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander M van Wijk
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Lawrence
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor L Thijssen
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A van den Broek
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ran Troost
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique van Scherpenzeel
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha Naidu
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Oosterhof
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris L van Delft
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- *Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, and Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and Glycotechnology Core, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yazawa EM, Geddes-Sweeney JE, Cedeno-Laurent F, Walley KC, Barthel SR, Opperman MJ, Liang J, Lin JY, Schatton T, Laga AC, Mihm MC, Qureshi AA, Widlund HR, Murphy GF, Dimitroff CJ. Melanoma Cell Galectin-1 Ligands Functionally Correlate with Malignant Potential. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1849-1862. [PMID: 25756799 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1)-binding to Gal-1 ligands on immune and endothelial cells can influence melanoma development through dampening antitumor immune responses and promoting angiogenesis. However, whether Gal-1 ligands are functionally expressed on melanoma cells to help control intrinsic malignant features remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed expression, identity, and function of Gal-1 ligands in melanoma progression. Immunofluorescent analysis of benign and malignant human melanocytic neoplasms revealed that Gal-1 ligands were abundant in severely dysplastic nevi, as well as in primary and metastatic melanomas. Biochemical assessments indicated that melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) was a major Gal-1 ligand on melanoma cells that was largely dependent on its N-glycans. Other melanoma cell Gal-1 ligand activity conferred by O-glycans was negatively regulated by α2,6 sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2. In Gal-1-deficient mice, MCAM-silenced (MCAM(KD)) or ST6GalNAc2-overexpressing (ST6(O/E)) melanoma cells exhibited slower growth rates, underscoring a key role for melanoma cell Gal-1 ligands and host Gal-1 in melanoma growth. Further analysis of MCAM(KD) or ST6(O/E) melanoma cells in cell migration assays indicated that Gal-1 ligand-dependent melanoma cell migration was severely inhibited. These findings provide a refined perspective on Gal-1/melanoma cell Gal-1 ligand interactions as contributors to melanoma malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Yazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kempland C Walley
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven R Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Opperman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvaro C Laga
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin C Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Albert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hans R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Macauley MS, Arlian BM, Rillahan CD, Pang PC, Bortell N, Marcondes MCG, Haslam SM, Dell A, Paulson JC. Systemic blockade of sialylation in mice with a global inhibitor of sialyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35149-58. [PMID: 25368325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid terminates glycans of glycoproteins and glycolipids that play numerous biological roles in health and disease. Although genetic tools are available for interrogating the effects of decreased or abolished sialoside expression in mice, pharmacological inhibition of the sialyltransferase family has, to date, not been possible. We have recently shown that a sialic acid analog, 2,4,7,8,9-pentaacetyl-3Fax-Neu5Ac-CO2Me (3F-NeuAc), added to the media of cultured cells shuts down sialylation by a mechanism involving its intracellular conversion to CMP-3F-NeuAc, a competitive inhibitor of all sialyltransferases. Here we show that administering 3F-NeuAc to mice dramatically decreases sialylated glycans in cells of all tissues tested, including blood, spleen, liver, brain, lung, heart, kidney, and testes. A single dose results in greatly decreased sialoside expression for over 7 weeks in some tissues. Although blockade of sialylation with 3F-NeuAc does not affect viability of cultured cells, its use in vivo has a deleterious "on target" effect on liver and kidney function. After administration of 3F-NeuAc, liver enzymes in the blood are dramatically altered, and mice develop proteinuria concomitant with dramatic loss of sialic acid in the glomeruli within 4 days, leading to irreversible kidney dysfunction and failure to thrive. These results confirm a critical role for sialosides in liver and kidney function and document the feasibility of pharmacological inhibition of sialyltransferases for in vivo modulation of sialoside expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Macauley
- From the Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science and
| | - Britni M Arlian
- From the Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science and
| | - Cory D Rillahan
- From the Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science and the Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Poh-Choo Pang
- the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki Bortell
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Maria Cecilia G Marcondes
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James C Paulson
- From the Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science and
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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Li J, Guillebon AD, Hsu JW, Barthel SR, Dimitroff CJ, Lee YF, King MR. Human fucosyltransferase 6 enables prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Br J Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.690 bjc2013690 [pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Human fucosyltransferase 6 enables prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:3014-22. [PMID: 24178760 PMCID: PMC3859952 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The interaction between human prostate cancer (PCa) cells and bone marrow (BM) endothelium follows a rolling-and-adhesion cascade mediated by E-selectin ligand (ESL): E-selectin. This adhesion is enabled by elevated expression of α-1,3-fucosyltransferases (FTs), enzymes responsible for ESL-mediated bone metastasis in humans. In contrast, the incidence of bone metastasis in mice is rare. Methods: FT 3, 6 and 7 were overexpressed in mouse PCa cells. The rolling cell number, cell-rolling velocity and transendothelial migration were characterised in vitro. Fucosyltransferases-transduced mouse PCa cells expressing luciferase were inoculated into mice via left ventricle to compare the capability of bone metastasis. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation were utilised for identification of ESLs. Results: Overexpression of FT3, FT6 or FT7 restored ESLs and enabled mouse PCa cells to roll and adhere in E-selectin-functionalised microtubes, similar to trafficking of circulating PCa cells in BM vessels. Following intracardiac inoculation, FT6-transduced cells induced robust bone metastasis in mice. Inhibition of FT6 by a fucose mimetic significantly reduced bone metastasis. Importantly, comparison of FT3, FT6 and FT7 gene expression in existing clinical samples showed significant upregulation of FT6 in PCa-distant metastases. Conclusion: FT6 is a key mediator of PCa cells trafficking to the BM. It may serve as a viable drug target in preclinical tests of therapeutics for reduction of PCa bone metastasis.
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van Wijk XM, Thijssen VL, Lawrence R, van den Broek SA, Dona M, Naidu N, Oosterhof A, van de Westerlo EM, Kusters LJ, Khaled Y, Jokela TA, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Kremer H, Stringer SE, Griffioen AW, van Wijk E, van Delft FL, van Kuppevelt TH. Interfering with UDP-GlcNAc metabolism and heparan sulfate expression using a sugar analogue reduces angiogenesis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2331-8. [PMID: 23972127 DOI: 10.1021/cb4004332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a long linear polysaccharide, is implicated in various steps of tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis. We successfully interfered with HS biosynthesis using a peracetylated 4-deoxy analogue of the HS constituent GlcNAc and studied the compound's metabolic fate and its effect on angiogenesis. The 4-deoxy analogue was activated intracellularly into UDP-4-deoxy-GlcNAc, and HS expression was inhibited up to ∼96% (IC50 = 16 μM). HS chain size was reduced, without detectable incorporation of the 4-deoxy analogue, likely due to reduced levels of UDP-GlcNAc and/or inhibition of glycosyltransferase activity. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed reduced expression of genes regulated by HS binding growth factors such as FGF-2 and VEGF. Cellular binding and signaling of these angiogenic factors was inhibited. Microinjection in zebrafish embryos strongly reduced HS biosynthesis, and angiogenesis was inhibited in both zebrafish and chicken model systems. All of these data identify 4-deoxy-GlcNAc as a potent inhibitor of HS synthesis, which hampers pro-angiogenic signaling and neo-vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor L. Thijssen
- Angiogenesis
Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tiina A. Jokela
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Angiogenesis
Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Bio-Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sally E. Stringer
- Cardiovascular
Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis
Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Agarwal K, Kaul R, Garg M, Shajahan A, Jha SK, Sampathkumar SG. Inhibition of mucin-type O-glycosylation through metabolic processing and incorporation of N-thioglycolyl-D-galactosamine peracetate (Ac5GalNTGc). J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14189-97. [PMID: 23987472 DOI: 10.1021/ja405189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycans form one of the most abundant and complex post-translational modifications (PTM) on cell surface proteins that govern adhesion, migration, and trafficking of hematopoietic cells. Development of targeted approaches to probe functions of O-glycans is at an early stage. Among several approaches, small molecules with unique chemical functional groups that could modulate glycan biosynthesis form a critical tool. Herein, we show that metabolism of peracetyl N-acyl-D-galactosamine derivatives carrying an N-thioglycolyl (Ac5GalNTGc, 1) moiety-but not N-glycolyl (Ac5GalNGc, 2) and N-acetyl (Ac4GalNAc, 3)-through the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) salvage pathway induced abrogation of MAL-II and PNA epitopes in Jurkat cells. Mass spectrometry of permethylated O-glycans from Jurkat cells confirmed the presence of significant amounts of elaborated O-glycans (sialyl-T and disialyl-T) which were inhibited upon treatment with 1. O-Glycosylation of CD43, a cell surface antigen rich in O-glycans, was drastically reduced by 1 in a thiol-dependent manner. By contrast, only mild effects were observed for CD45 glycoforms. Direct metabolic incorporation of 1 was confirmed by thiol-selective Michael addition reaction of immunoprecipitated CD43-myc/FLAG. Mechanistically, CD43 glycoforms were unperturbed by peracetylated N-(3-acetylthiopropanoyl) (4), N-(4-acetylthiobutanoyl) (5), and N-methylthioacetyl (6) galactosamine derivatives, N-thioglycolyl-D-glucosamine (7, C-4 epimer of 1), and α-O-benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranoside (8), confirming the critical requirement of both free sulfhydryl and galactosamine moieties for inhibition of mucin-type O-glycans. Similar, yet differential, effects of 1 were observed for CD43 glycoforms in multiple hematopoietic cells. Development of small molecules that could alter glycan patterns in an antigen-selective and cell-type selective manner might provide avenues for understanding biological functions of glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Agarwal
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology (CGB), National Institute of Immunology (NII) , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Ito K, Stannard K, Gabutero E, Clark AM, Neo SY, Onturk S, Blanchard H, Ralph SJ. Galectin-1 as a potent target for cancer therapy: role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:763-78. [PMID: 22706847 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of a tumor is a highly complex milieu, primarily characterized by immunosuppression, abnormal angiogenesis, and hypoxic regions. These features promote tumor progression and metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis and greater resistance to existing cancer therapies. Galectin-1 is a β-galactoside binding protein that is abundantly secreted by almost all types of malignant tumor cells. The expression of galectin-1 is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and it plays vital pro-tumorigenic roles within the tumor microenvironment. In particular, galectin-1 suppresses T cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses and promotes tumor angiogenesis. However, since galectin-1 displays many different activities by binding to a number of diverse N- or O-glycan modified target proteins, it has been difficult to fully understand how galectin-1 supports tumor growth and metastasis. This review explores the importance of galectin-1 and glycan expression patterns in the tumor microenvironment and the potential effects of inhibiting galectin-1 as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ito
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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40
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Dimitroff CJ. Leveraging fluorinated glucosamine action to boost antitumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:206-13. [PMID: 23219268 PMCID: PMC3604137 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyllactosaminyl glycans are key regulators of the vitality and effector function of antitumor T cells. When galectin-1 (Gal-1) binds N-acetyllactosamines on select membrane glycoproteins on antitumor T cells, these cells either undergo apoptosis or become immunoregulatory. Methods designed to antagonize expression or function of these N-acetyllactosamines on N-glycans and O-glycans have thus intensified. Since tumors can produce an abundance of Gal-1, Gal-1 is considered a critical factor for protecting tumor cells from T cell-mediated antitumor activity. Recent efforts have capitalized on the anti-N-acetyllactosamine action of fluorinated glucosamines to treat antitumor T cells, resulting in diminished Gal-1-binding and higher antitumor T cell levels. In this perspective, the prospect of fluorinated glucosamines in eliminating N-acetyllactosamines on antitumor T cells to boost antitumor immunity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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41
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Development of orally active inhibitors of protein and cellular fucosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5404-9. [PMID: 23493549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222263110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The key role played by fucose in glycoprotein and cellular function has prompted significant research toward identifying recombinant and biochemical strategies for blocking its incorporation into proteins and membrane structures. Technologies surrounding engineered cell lines have evolved for the inhibition of in vitro fucosylation, but they are not applicable for in vivo use and drug development. To address this, we screened a panel of fucose analogues and identified 2-fluorofucose and 5-alkynylfucose derivatives that depleted cells of GDP-fucose, the substrate used by fucosyltransferases to incorporate fucose into protein and cellular glycans. The inhibitors were used in vitro to generate fucose-deficient antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities. When given orally to mice, 2-fluorofucose inhibited fucosylation of endogenously produced antibodies, tumor xenograft membranes, and neutrophil adhesion glycans. We show that oral 2-fluorofucose treatment afforded complete protection from tumor engraftment in a syngeneic tumor vaccine model, inhibited neutrophil extravasation, and delayed the outgrowth of tumor xenografts in immune-deficient mice. The results point to several potential therapeutic applications for molecules that selectively block the endogenous generation of fucosylated glycan structures.
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42
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Wasonga G, Tatara Y, Kakizaki I, Huang X. Synthesis of N-acetyl Glucosamine Analogs as Inhibitors for Hyaluronan Biosynthesis. J Carbohydr Chem 2013; 32:392-409. [PMID: 27099411 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2013.815196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated hyaluronan expression is a hallmark of many types of cancer. Therefore, inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthesis can potentially slow the growth of tumor cells. Herein, we explore a chain termination strategy to reduce hyaluronan synthesis by tumor cells. Several analogs of glucosamine were prepared, which contained modifications at the C-3 positions. These analogs can possibly cap the nonreducing end of a growing hyaluronan chain, thus lowering the amount of hyaluronan synthesized. Upon incubation with pancreatic cancer cells, a fluorine-containing glucosamine analog was found to exhibit significant inhibitory activities of hyaluronan synthesis. Furthermore, it drastically reduced the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Wasonga
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8224, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8224, Japan
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Zandberg WF, Kumarasamy J, Pinto BM, Vocadlo DJ. Metabolic inhibition of sialyl-Lewis X biosynthesis by 5-thiofucose remodels the cell surface and impairs selectin-mediated cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40021-30. [PMID: 23019334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.403568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Lewis X (sLe(X)) is a tetrasaccharide that serves as a ligand for the set of cell adhesion proteins known as selectins. This interaction enables adhesion of leukocytes and cancer cells to endothelial cells within capillaries, resulting in their extravasation into tissues. The last step in sLe(X) biosynthesis is the α1,3-fucosyltrasferase (FUT)-catalyzed transfer of an L-fucose residue to carbohydrate acceptors. Impairing FUT activity compromises leukocyte homing to sites of inflammation and renders cancer cells less malignant. Inhibition of FUTs is, consequently, of great interest, but efforts to generate glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including FUT inhibitors, has proven challenging. Here we describe a metabolic engineering strategy to inhibit the biosynthesis of sLe(X) in cancer cells using peracetylated 5-thio-L-fucose (5T-Fuc). We show that 5T-Fuc is taken up by cancer cells and then converted into a sugar nucleotide analog, GDP-5T-Fuc, that blocks FUT activity and limits sLe(X) presentation on HepG2 cells with an EC(50) in the low micromolar range. GDP-5T-Fuc itself does not get transferred by either FUT3 or FUT7 at a measurable rate. We further demonstrate that treatment of cells with 5T-Fuc impaired their adhesive properties to immobilized adhesion molecules and human endothelial cells. 5T-Fuc, therefore, is a useful probe that can be used to modulate sLe(X) levels in cells to evaluate the consequences of inhibiting FUT-mediated sLe(X) formation. These data also reveal the utility of using sugar analogues that lead to formation of donor substrate analogues within cells as a general approach to blocking glycosyltransferases in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
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Developing inhibitors of glycan processing enzymes as tools for enabling glycobiology. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:683-94. [PMID: 22810773 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are ubiquitous biomolecules found in all kingdoms of life. These diverse structures are metabolically responsive and occur in a cell line- and protein-specific manner, conferring tissue type-specific properties. Glycans have essential roles in diverse processes, including, for example, intercellular signaling, inflammation, protein quality control, glucohomeostasis and cellular adhesion as well as cell differentiation and proliferation. Many mysteries remain in the field, however, and uncovering the physiological roles of various glycans remains a key pursuit. Realizing this aim necessitates the ability to subtly and selectively manipulate the series of different glycoconjugates both in cells and in vivo. Selective small-molecule inhibitors of glycan processing enzymes hold great potential for such manipulation as well as for determining the function of 'orphan' carbohydrate-processing enzymes. In this review, we discuss recent advances and existing inhibitors, the prospects for small-molecule inhibitors and the challenges associated with generating high-quality chemical probes for these families of enzymes. The coordinated efforts of chemists, biochemists and biologists will be crucial for creating and characterizing inhibitors that are useful tools both for advancing a basic understanding of glycobiology in mammals as well as for validating new potential therapeutic targets within this burgeoning field.
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Rillahan CD, Antonopoulos A, Lefort CT, Sonon R, Azadi P, Ley K, Dell A, Haslam SM, Paulson JC. Global metabolic inhibitors of sialyl- and fucosyltransferases remodel the glycome. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:661-8. [PMID: 22683610 PMCID: PMC3427410 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fundamental roles of sialyl- and fucosyltransferases in mammalian physiology, there are few pharmacological tools to manipulate their function in a cellular setting. Although fluorinated analogs of the donor substrates are well-established transition state inhibitors of these enzymes, they are not membrane permeable. By exploiting promiscuous monosaccharide salvage pathways, we show that fluorinated analogs of sialic acid and fucose can be taken up and metabolized to the desired donor substrate-based inhibitors inside the cell. Because of the existence of metabolic feedback loops, they also act to prevent the de novo synthesis of the natural substrates, resulting in a global, family-wide shutdown of sialyl- and/or fucosyltransferases and remodeling of cell-surface glycans. As an example of the functional consequences, the inhibitors substantially reduce expression of the sialylated and fucosylated ligand sialyl Lewis X on myeloid cells, resulting in loss of selectin binding and impaired leukocyte rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory D. Rillahan
- Department of Chemical Physiology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Aristotelis Antonopoulos
- Division of Molecular Biosciences Faculty of Natural Sciences mperial College London, London SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Craig T. Lefort
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology Division of Inflammation Biology La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Roberto Sonon
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology Division of Inflammation Biology La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences Faculty of Natural Sciences mperial College London, London SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Division of Molecular Biosciences Faculty of Natural Sciences mperial College London, London SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Chemical Physiology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Galectins and their ligands: negative regulators of anti-tumor immunity. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:619-25. [PMID: 22544342 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are major players of anti-tumor immune responses, as their functional activity can limit tumor growth and progression. Data show that cytotoxic T cells efficiently control the proliferation of tumor cells through major histocompatibility complex class I-mediated mechanisms; nevertheless, the presence of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells in lesional tissue does not always correlate with better prognosis and increased survival of cancer patients. Similarly, adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells has only shown marginal improvement in life spans of patients with metastatic disease. In this report, we discuss experimental evidence showing that expression of tumor-derived galectins, galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9, and concomitant presence of their ligands on the surface of anti-tumor immunocytes directly compromise anti-tumor CD8(+) T cell immune responses and, perhaps, undermine the promise of adoptive CD8(+) T cell immunotherapy. Furthermore, we describe novel strategies designed to counteract Gal-1-, Gal-3- and Gal-9-mediated effects and highlight their targeting potential for creating more effective anti-tumor immune responses. We believe that Gal and their ligands represent an efficacious targeted molecular paradigm that warrants clinical evaluation.
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Pouilly S, Bourgeaux V, Piller F, Piller V. Evaluation of analogues of GalNAc as substrates for enzymes of the mammalian GalNAc salvage pathway. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:753-60. [PMID: 22276930 DOI: 10.1021/cb200511t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in glycosylation are correlated to disease and associated with differentiation processes. Experimental tools are needed to investigate the physiological implications of these changes either by labeling of the modified glycans or by blocking their biosynthesis. N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is a monosaccharide widely encountered in glycolipids, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins; once taken up by cells it can be converted through a salvage pathway to UDP-GalNAc, which is further used by glycosyltransferases to build glycans. In order to find new reporter molecules able to integrate into cellular glycans, synthetic analogues of GalNAc were prepared and tested as substrates of both enzymes acting sequentially in the GalNAc salvage pathway, galactokinase 2 (GK2) and uridylpyrophosphorylase AGX1. Detailed in vitro assays identified the GalNAc analogues that can be transformed into sugar nucleotides and revealed several bottlenecks in the pathway: a modification on C6 is not tolerated by GK2; AGX1 can use all products of GK2 although with various efficiencies; and all analogues transformed into UDP-GalNAc analogues except those with alterations on C4 are substrates for the polypeptide GalNAc transferase T1. Besides, all analogues that could be incorporated in vitro into O-glycans were also integrated into cellular O-glycans as attested by their detection on the cell surface of CHO-ldlD cells. Altogether our results show that GalNAc analogues can help to better define structural requirements of the donor substrates for the enzymes involved in GalNAc metabolism, and those that are incorporated into cells will prove valuable for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pouilly
- Centre de
Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans and INSERM, Rue Charles Sadron,
F45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Vanessa Bourgeaux
- Centre de
Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans and INSERM, Rue Charles Sadron,
F45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Friedrich Piller
- Centre de
Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans and INSERM, Rue Charles Sadron,
F45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Piller
- Centre de
Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans and INSERM, Rue Charles Sadron,
F45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Brown CD, Rusek MS, Kiessling LL. Fluorosugar chain termination agents as probes of the sequence specificity of a carbohydrate polymerase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6552-5. [PMID: 22458542 PMCID: PMC3338147 DOI: 10.1021/ja301723p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers are ubiquitous. They are assembled by polymerizing glycosyltransferases, which can generate polysaccharide products with repeating sequence patterns. The fidelity of enzymes of this class is unknown. We report a method for testing the fidelity of carbohydrate polymerase pattern deposition: we synthesized fluorosugar donors and used them as chain termination agents. The requisite nucleotide fluorosugars could be produced from a single intermediate using the Jacobsen catalyst in a kinetically controlled separation of diastereomers. The resulting fluorosugar donors were used by the galactofuranosyltransferase GlfT2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the data indicate that this enzyme mediates the cell wall galactan production through a sequence-specific polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Galectin-1 inhibits the viability, proliferation, and Th1 cytokine production of nonmalignant T cells in patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2012; 119:3534-8. [PMID: 22383798 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-396457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived galectin-1 (Gal-1), a β-galactoside-binding S-type lectin, has been shown to encourage T-cell death and promote T cell-mediated tumor immune escape. In this report, we show that patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, known to have limited complexity of their T-cell repertoires, have a predominant T helper type-2 (Th2) cytokine profile and significantly elevated plasma levels of Gal-1 compared with healthy controls. Circulating clonal malignant T cells were a major source of Gal-1. The conditioned supernatant of cultured malignant T cells induced a β-galactoside-dependent inhibition of normal T-cell proliferation and a Th2 skewing of cytokine production. These data implicate Gal-1 in development of the Th2 phenotype in patients with advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and highlight the Gal-1-Gal-1 ligand axis as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing antitumor immune responses.
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Cedeno-Laurent F, Opperman M, Barthel SR, Kuchroo VK, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-1 triggers an immunoregulatory signature in Th cells functionally defined by IL-10 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3127-37. [PMID: 22345665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a β-galactoside-binding protein, can alter fate and effector function of Th cells; however, little is known about how Gal-1 induces Th cell differentiation. In this article, we show that both uncommitted and polarized Th cells bound by Gal-1 expressed an immunoregulatory signature defined by IL-10. IL-10 synthesis was stimulated by direct Gal-1 engagement to cell surface glycoproteins, principally CD45, on activated Th cells and enhanced by IL-21 expression through the c-Maf/aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, independent of APCs. Gal-1-induced IL-10(+) T cells efficiently suppressed T cell proliferation and T cell-mediated inflammation and promoted the establishment of cancer immune-privileged sites. Collectively, these findings show how Gal-1 functions as a major glycome determinant regulating Th cell development, inflammation, and tumor immunity.
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