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Zhang H, Zhou Z, Guo J. The Function, Regulation, and Mechanism of Protein Turnover in Circadian Systems in Neurospora and Other Species. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2574. [PMID: 38473819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks drive a large array of physiological and behavioral activities. At the molecular level, circadian clocks are composed of positive and negative elements that form core oscillators generating the basic circadian rhythms. Over the course of the circadian period, circadian negative proteins undergo progressive hyperphosphorylation and eventually degrade, and their stability is finely controlled by complex post-translational pathways, including protein modifications, genetic codon preference, protein-protein interactions, chaperon-dependent conformation maintenance, degradation, etc. The effects of phosphorylation on the stability of circadian clock proteins are crucial for precisely determining protein function and turnover, and it has been proposed that the phosphorylation of core circadian clock proteins is tightly correlated with the circadian period. Nonetheless, recent studies have challenged this view. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the function, regulation, and mechanism of protein stability in the circadian clock systems of multiple model organisms, with an emphasis on Neurospora crassa, in which circadian mechanisms have been extensively investigated. Elucidation of the highly complex and dynamic regulation of protein stability in circadian clock networks would greatly benefit the integrated understanding of the function, regulation, and mechanism of protein stability in a wide spectrum of other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zengxuan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jinhu Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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2
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Naveed M, Chao OY, Hill JW, Yang YM, Huston JP, Cao R. Circadian neurogenetics and its implications in neurophysiology, behavior, and chronomedicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105523. [PMID: 38142983 PMCID: PMC10872425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm affects multiple physiological processes, and disruption of the circadian system can be involved in a range of disease-related pathways. The genetic underpinnings of the circadian rhythm have been well-studied in model organisms. Significant progress has been made in understanding how clock genes affect the physiological functions of the nervous system. In addition, circadian timing is becoming a key factor in improving drug efficacy and reducing drug toxicity. The circadian biology of the target cell determines how the organ responds to the drug at a specific time of day, thus regulating pharmacodynamics. The current review brings together recent advances that have begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms of how the circadian clock affects neurophysiological and behavioral processes associated with human brain diseases. We start with a brief description of how the ubiquitous circadian rhythms are regulated at the genetic, cellular, and neural circuit levels, based on knowledge derived from extensive research on model organisms. We then summarize the latest findings from genetic studies of human brain disorders, focusing on the role of human clock gene variants in these diseases. Lastly, we discuss the impact of common dietary factors and medications on human circadian rhythms and advocate for a broader application of the concept of chronomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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3
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Pavithra S, Aich A, Chanda A, Zohra IF, Gawade P, Das RK. PER2 gene and its association with sleep-related disorders: A review. Physiol Behav 2024; 273:114411. [PMID: 37981094 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The natural circadian rhythm in an individual governs the sleep-wake cycle over 24 h. Disruptions in this internal cycle can lead to major health hazards and sleep disorders. Reports suggest that at least 50 % of people worldwide suffer from sleep-related disorders. An increase in screen time, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, is one of the external causative factors for this condition. While many factors govern the circadian clock and its aberrance, the PER2 gene has been strongly linked to chronotypes by many researchers. The current paper provides an extensive examination of key Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms within the PER2 gene and their potential connection to four major types of sleep disorders. This study investigates whether these SNPs play a causative role in sleep disorders or if they are solely associated with these conditions. Additionally, we explore whether these genetic variations exert a lifelong influence on these sleep patterns or if external triggers contribute to the development of sleep disorders. This gene is a crucial regulator of the circadian cycle responsible for the transcription of other clock genes. It regulates a variety of physiological systems such as metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immunological, cardiovascular, and renal function. We aim to establish some clarity to the multifaceted nature of this gene, which is often overlooked, and seek to establish the mechanistic role of PER2 gene mutations in sleep disorders. This will improve further understanding, assessment, and treatment of these conditions in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pavithra
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adrija Aich
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Adrita Chanda
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ifsha Fatima Zohra
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Pranotee Gawade
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Raunak Kumar Das
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Qu L, Liu M, Zheng L, Wang X, Xue H. Data-independent acquisition-based global phosphoproteomics reveal the diverse roles of casein kinase 1 in plant development. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2077-2093. [PMID: 37599176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) is serine/threonine protein kinase highly conserved among eukaryotes, and regulates multiple developmental and signaling events through phosphorylation of target proteins. Arabidopsis early flowering 1 (EL1)-like (AELs) are plant-specific CK1s with varied functions, but identification and validation of their substrates is a major bottleneck in elucidating their physiological roles. Here, we conducted a quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis in data-independent acquisition mode to systematically identify CK1 substrates. We extracted proteins from seedlings overexpressing individual AEL genes (AEL1/2/3/4-OE) or lacking AEL function (all ael single mutants and two triple mutants) to identify the high-confidence phosphopeptides with significantly altered abundance compared to wild-type Col-0. Among these, we selected 3985 phosphopeptides with higher abundance in AEL-OE lines or lower abundance in ael mutants compared with Col-0 as AEL-upregulated phosphopeptides, and defined 1032 phosphoproteins. Eight CK1s substrate motifs were enriched among AEL-upregulated phosphopeptides and verified, which allowed us to predict additional candidate substrates and functions of CK1s. We functionally characterized a newly identified substrate C3H17, a CCCH-type zinc finger transcription factor, through biochemical and genetic analyses, revealing a role for AEL-promoted C3H17 protein stability and transactivation activity in regulating embryogenesis. As CK1s are highly conserved across eukaryotes, we searched the rice, mouse, and human protein databases using newly identified CK1 substrate motifs, yielding many more candidate substrates than currently known, largely expanding our understanding of the common and distinct functions exerted by CK1s in Arabidopsis and humans, facilitating future mechanistic studies of CK1-mediated phosphorylation in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Moyang Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingli Zheng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Jiang H, Wang X, Ma J, Xu G. The fine-tuned crosstalk between lysine acetylation and the circadian rhythm. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194958. [PMID: 37453648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-h wake and sleep cycle that almost all of the organisms on the earth follow when they execute their biological functions and physiological activities. The circadian clock is mainly regulated by the transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL), consisting of the core clock proteins, including BMAL1, CLOCK, PERs, CRYs, and a series of accessory factors. The circadian clock and the downstream gene expression are not only controlled at the transcriptional and translational levels but also precisely regulated at the post-translational modification level. Recently, it has been discovered that CLOCK exhibits lysine acetyltransferase activities and could acetylate protein substrates. Core clock proteins are also acetylated, thereby altering their biological functions in the regulation of the expression of downstream genes. Studies have revealed that many protein acetylation events exhibit oscillation behavior. However, the biological function of acetylation on circadian rhythm has only begun to explore. This review will briefly introduce the acetylation and deacetylation of the core clock proteins and summarize the proteins whose acetylation is regulated by CLOCK and circadian rhythm. Then, we will also discuss the crosstalk between lysine acetylation and the circadian clock or other post-translational modifications. Finally, we will briefly describe the possible future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglv Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Center of Soochow University, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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6
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Hickner PV, Mori A, Rund SSC, Severson DW. Quantitative Trait Locus Determining the Time of Blood Feeding in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1500-1506. [PMID: 35976948 PMCID: PMC9473656 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes and other blood feeding arthropods are vectors of pathogens causing serious human diseases, such as Plasmodium spp. (malaria), Wuchereria bancrofti (lymphatic filariasis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), and viruses causing dengue, Zika, West Nile, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Among the most effective strategies for the prevention of vector-borne diseases are those aimed at reducing human-vector interactions, such as insecticide applications and insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs). In some areas where ITNs are widely used, behavioral adaptations have resulted in mosquitoes shifting their time of blood feeding to earlier or later in the night when the bed nets are not being employed. Little is known about the genetic basis of these behavioral shifts. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using two strains of Culex pipiens sensu lato with contrasting blood feeding behaviors, wherein the lab adapted Shasta strain blood feeds at any time of the day or night, while the newly established Trinidad strain feeds only at night. We identified a single locus on chromosome 2 associated with the observed variation in feeding times. None of the core clock genes period, timeless, clock, cycle, PAR-domain protein 1, vrille, discs overgrown, cryptochrome 1, or cryptochrome 2 were located within the QTL region. We then monitored locomotor behavior to determine if they differed in their flight activity. The highly nocturnal Trinidad strain showed little daytime activity while the day-feeding Shasta strain was active during the day, suggesting blood feeding behavior and flight activity are physiologically linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Hickner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Akio Mori
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Samuel S C Rund
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Center for Research Computing, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - David W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
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Joshi R, Cai YD, Xia Y, Chiu JC, Emery P. PERIOD Phosphoclusters Control Temperature Compensation of the Drosophila Circadian Clock. Front Physiol 2022; 13:888262. [PMID: 35721569 PMCID: PMC9201207 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.888262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature varies constantly. However, the period of circadian pacemakers is remarkably stable over a wide-range of ecologically- and physiologically-relevant temperatures, even though the kinetics of most biochemical reactions accelerates as temperature rises. This thermal buffering phenomenon, called temperature compensation, is a critical feature of circadian rhythms, but how it is achieved remains elusive. Here, we uncovered the important role played by the Drosophila PERIOD (PER) phosphodegron in temperature compensation. This phosphorylation hotspot is crucial for PER proteasomal degradation and is the functional homolog of mammalian PER2 S478 phosphodegron, which also impacts temperature compensation. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we introduced a series of mutations that altered three Serines of the PER phosphodegron. While all three Serine to Alanine substitutions lengthened period at all temperatures tested, temperature compensation was differentially affected. S44A and S45A substitutions caused undercompensation, while S47A resulted in overcompensation. These results thus reveal unexpected functional heterogeneity of phosphodegron residues in thermal compensation. Furthermore, mutations impairing phosphorylation of the per s phosphocluster showed undercompensation, consistent with its inhibitory role on S47 phosphorylation. We observed that S47A substitution caused increased accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated PER at warmer temperatures. This finding was corroborated by cell culture assays in which S47A slowed down phosphorylation-dependent PER degradation at high temperatures, causing PER degradation to be excessively temperature-compensated. Thus, our results point to a novel role of the PER phosphodegron in temperature compensation through temperature-dependent modulation of the abundance of hyper-phosphorylated PER. Our work reveals interesting mechanistic convergences and differences between mammalian and Drosophila temperature compensation of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Joshi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Yao D. Cai
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yongliang Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Joanna C. Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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8
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Casein kinase 1 and disordered clock proteins form functionally equivalent, phospho-based circadian modules in fungi and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118286119. [PMID: 35217617 PMCID: PMC8892514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118286119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks rely on negative feedback loops. The core circadian inhibitors, FRQ in Neurospora and PERs in animals, are progressively hyperphosphorylated, inactivated, and degraded. CK1 is essential for these clocks. Despite our knowledge of the role of CK1, it is not known how many other kinases are required and how multisite phosphorylation might contribute to circadian timekeeping. We show here that CK1 alone is sufficient to slowly phosphorylate low-affinity sites in FRQ or PER2. The reaction is nearly temperature compensated, and the phosphorylation state of FRQ or PER2 corresponds to the time elapsed since the start of the reaction. Thus, CK1 and FRQ or PER2 form equivalent modules that are in principle capable of measuring time on a circadian scale. Circadian clocks are timing systems that rhythmically adjust physiology and metabolism to the 24-h day–night cycle. Eukaryotic circadian clocks are based on transcriptional–translational feedback loops (TTFLs). Yet TTFL-core components such as Frequency (FRQ) in Neurospora and Periods (PERs) in animals are not conserved, leaving unclear how a 24-h period is measured on the molecular level. Here, we show that CK1 is sufficient to promote FRQ and mouse PER2 (mPER2) hyperphosphorylation on a circadian timescale by targeting a large number of low-affinity phosphorylation sites. Slow phosphorylation kinetics rely on site-specific recruitment of Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) and access of intrinsically disordered segments of FRQ or mPER2 to bound CK1 and on CK1 autoinhibition. Compromising CK1 activity and substrate binding affects the circadian clock in Neurospora and mammalian cells, respectively. We propose that CK1 and the clock proteins FRQ and PERs form functionally equivalent, phospho-based timing modules in the core of the circadian clocks of fungi and animals.
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Chen LC, Hsieh YL, Tan GYT, Kuo TY, Chou YC, Hsu PH, Hwang-Verslues WW. Differential effects of SUMO1 and SUMO2 on circadian protein PER2 stability and function. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14431. [PMID: 34257372 PMCID: PMC8277905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification (PTM) of core circadian clock proteins, including Period2 (PER2), is required for proper circadian regulation. PER2 function is regulated by casein kinase 1 (CK1)-mediated phosphorylation and ubiquitination but little is known about other PER2 PTMs or their interaction with PER2 phosphorylation. We found that PER2 can be SUMOylated by both SUMO1 and SUMO2; however, SUMO1 versus SUMO2 conjugation had different effects on PER2 turnover and transcriptional suppressor function. SUMO2 conjugation facilitated PER2 interaction with β-TrCP leading to PER2 proteasomal degradation. In contrast, SUMO1 conjugation, mediated by E3 SUMO-protein ligase RanBP2, enhanced CK1-mediated PER2S662 phosphorylation, inhibited PER2 degradation and increased PER2 transcriptional suppressor function. PER2 K736 was critical for both SUMO1- and SUMO2-conjugation. A PER2K736R mutation was sufficient to alter PER2 protein oscillation and reduce PER2-mediated transcriptional suppression. Together, our data revealed that SUMO1 versus SUMO2 conjugation acts as a determinant of PER2 stability and function and thereby affects the circadian regulatory system and the expression of clock-controlled genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chih Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Lin Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Grace Y T Tan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai-Yun Kuo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wendy W Hwang-Verslues
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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Azevedo PGD, Miranda LR, Nicolau ES, Alves RB, Bicalho MAC, Couto PP, Ramos AV, Souza RPD, Longhi R, Friedman E, Marco LD, Bastos-Rodrigues L. Genetic association of the PERIOD3 (PER3) Clock gene with extreme obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2021; 15:334-338. [PMID: 34215556 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, affecting life quality and span. Susceptibility to obesity is partly mediated by genetic differences. Indeed, several genes from the clock gene family have already been shown to be intimately associated with obesity in diverse ethnic groups. In the present study, an association between BMI and the rs707467, rs228697 and rs228729 PER3 (Period Circadian Clock 3) polymorphisms in subjects with class II (BMI ≥ 35.0-39.9 kg/m2) and class III obesity (>40 kg/m2, extreme obesity) were carried out using TaqMan real-time PCR. Overall, 259 Brazilian adults were genotyped, of whom 122 had class II or III obesity (BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2) and 137 were controls having normal weight (BMI > 18.5 and <24.9 kg/m2). RESULTS PER3 tag SNP (rs228729) shows a significant association with extreme obesity (1000 permutation p = 0.03 and p = 0.04), for genotype and allele frequency respectively) and a haplotype among the three assessed SNPs (alleles G/T/A, rs228697, rs228729, and rs707467, respectively, 1000 permutation p = 0.03) was significantly more prevalent in the group with obesity. CONCLUSION This exploratory association study suggests that PER3 rs228729 may be associated with extreme obesity in Brazilian adults, however, replication is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guimarães de Azevedo
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Luana Reis Miranda
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Souza Nicolau
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Rayane Benfica Alves
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Pereira Couto
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Pedra de Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Longhi
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 35010-177, Brazil
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Suzanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Luiz De Marco
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bastos-Rodrigues
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 35010-177, Brazil.
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Li SS, Dong YH, Liu ZP. Recent Advances in the Development of Casein Kinase 1 Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1585-1604. [PMID: 32660395 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200713185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The casein kinase 1 (CK1) family is involved in regulating many cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, DNA damage repair, cytoskeleton dynamics, cytoskeleton maintenance and apoptosis. CK1 isoforms, especially CK1δ and CK1ε have emerged as important therapeutic targets for severe disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), familial advanced sleep phase syndrome and cancer. Due to the importance of CK1 for the pathogenesis of disorders, there are great interests in the development of CK1 inhibitors. METHODS Using SciFinder® as a tool, the publications about the biology of CK1 and the recent developments of CK1 inhibitors were surveyed with an exclusion of those published as patents. RESULTS This review presents the current state of knowledge on the development of CK1 inhibitors, including both synthetic small molecular inhibitors that were divided into 7 categories according to structural features, and the natural compounds. An overview of the advancement of CK1 inhibitors was given, with the introduction of various existing CK1 inhibitors, their inhibitory activities, and the structure-activity relationships. CONCLUSION Through physicochemical characterization and biological investigations, it is possible to understand the structure-activity relationship of CK1 inhibitors, which will contribute to better design and discovery of potent and selective CK1 inhibitors as potential agents for severe disorders such as AD, ALS and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yue-Hui Dong
- Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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12
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Zhang Z, Zeng P, Gao W, Zhou Q, Feng T, Tian X. Circadian clock: a regulator of the immunity in cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:37. [PMID: 33752691 PMCID: PMC7986390 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous timekeeper system that controls and optimizes biological processes, which are consistent with a master circadian clock and peripheral clocks and are controlled by various genes. Notably, the disruption of circadian clock genes has been identified to affect a wide range of ailments, including cancers. The cancer-immunity cycle is composed of seven major steps, namely cancer cell antigen release and presentation, priming and activation of effector immunity cells, trafficking, and infiltration of immunity to tumors, and elimination of cancer cells. Existing evidence indicates that the circadian clock functions as a gate that govern many aspects of the cancer-immunity cycle. In this review, we highlight the importance of the circadian clock during tumorigenesis, and discuss the potential role of the circadian clock in the cancer-immunity cycle. A comprehensive understanding of the regulatory function of the circadian clock in the cancer-immunity cycle holds promise in developing new strategies for the treatment of cancer. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Puhua Zeng
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Gao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Narasimamurthy R, Virshup DM. The phosphorylation switch that regulates ticking of the circadian clock. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1133-1146. [PMID: 33545069 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In our 24/7 well-lit world, it's easy to skip or delay sleep to work, study, and play. However, our circadian rhythms are not easily fooled; the consequences of jet lag and shift work are many and severe, including metabolic, mood, and malignant disorders. The internal clock that keeps track of time has at its heart the reversible phosphorylation of the PERIOD proteins, regulated by isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1). In-depth biochemical, genetic, and structural studies of these kinases, their mutants, and their splice variants have combined over the past several years to provide a robust understanding of how the core clock is regulated by a phosphoswitch whereby phosphorylation of a stabilizing site on PER blocks phosphorylation of a distant phosphodegron. The recent structure of a circadian mutant form of CK1 implicates an internal activation loop switch that regulates this phosphoswitch and points to new approaches to regulation of the clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narasimamurthy
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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14
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Kula-Eversole E, Lee DH, Samba I, Yildirim E, Levine DC, Hong HK, Lear BC, Bass J, Rosbash M, Allada R. Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-1 Selectively Times Circadian Behavior in Darkness via Function in PDF Neurons and Dephosphorylation of TIMELESS. Curr Biol 2021; 31:138-149.e5. [PMID: 33157022 PMCID: PMC7855481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The timing of behavior under natural light-dark conditions is a function of circadian clocks and photic input pathways, but a mechanistic understanding of how these pathways collaborate in animals is lacking. Here we demonstrate in Drosophila that the Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-1 (PRL-1) sets period length and behavioral phase gated by photic signals. PRL-1 knockdown in PDF clock neurons dramatically lengthens circadian period. PRL-1 mutants exhibit allele-specific interactions with the light- and clock-regulated gene timeless (tim). Moreover, we show that PRL-1 promotes TIM accumulation and dephosphorylation. Interestingly, the PRL-1 mutant period lengthening is suppressed in constant light, and PRL-1 mutants display a delayed phase under short, but not long, photoperiod conditions. Thus, our studies reveal that PRL-1-dependent dephosphorylation of TIM is a core mechanism of the clock that sets period length and phase in darkness, enabling the behavioral adjustment to change day-night cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ima Samba
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Evrim Yildirim
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel C Levine
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hee-Kyung Hong
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bridget C Lear
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02445, USA
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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15
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Brenna A, Albrecht U. Phosphorylation and Circadian Molecular Timing. Front Physiol 2020; 11:612510. [PMID: 33324245 PMCID: PMC7726318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.612510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous circadian rhythms are biological processes generated by an internal body clock. They are self-sustaining, and they govern biochemical and physiological processes. However, circadian rhythms are influenced by many external stimuli to reprogram the phase in response to environmental change. Through their adaptability to environmental changes, they synchronize physiological responses to environmental challenges that occur within a sidereal day. The precision of this circadian system is assured by many post-translational modifications (PTMs) that occur on the protein components of the circadian clock mechanism. The most ancient example of circadian rhythmicity driven by phosphorylation of clock proteins was observed in cyanobacteria. The influence of phosphorylation on the circadian system is observed through different kingdoms, from plants to humans. Here, we discuss how phosphorylation modulates the mammalian circadian clock, and we give a detailed overview of the most critical discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenna
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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16
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Crosby P, Partch CL. New insights into non-transcriptional regulation of mammalian core clock proteins. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/18/jcs241174. [PMID: 32934011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms drive ∼24 h periodicity in a wide range of cellular processes, temporally coordinating physiology and behaviour within an organism, and synchronising this with the external day-night cycle. The canonical model for this timekeeping consists of a delayed negative-feedback loop, containing transcriptional activator complex CLOCK-BMAL1 (BMAL1 is also known as ARNTL) and repressors period 1, 2 and 3 (PER1, PER2 and PER3) and cryptochrome 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2), along with a number of accessory factors. Although the broad strokes of this system are defined, the exact molecular mechanisms by which these proteins generate a self-sustained rhythm with such periodicity and fidelity remains a topic of much research. Recent studies have identified prominent roles for a number of crucial post-transcriptional, translational and, particularly, post-translational events within the mammalian circadian oscillator, providing an increasingly complex understanding of the activities and interactions of the core clock proteins. In this Review, we highlight such contemporary work on non-transcriptional events and set it within our current understanding of cellular circadian timekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Crosby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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17
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Diernfellner AC, Brunner M. Phosphorylation Timers in the Neurospora crassa Circadian Clock. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3449-3465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Abstract
The speed of the circadian clock is regulated by phosphorylation-regulated degradation of the PER protein. However, this model has recently been challenged by genetic studies in mice and fungi. Here, we provide definitive genetic and biochemical evidence that strongly supports the importance of the phosphoswitch-regulated proteolysis of PER2 in regulating the clock. We generated two independent mouse lines with a point mutation in a casein kinase 1-dependent phosphodegron in PER2. These mice have longer circadian rhythms, increased accumulation of circadian proteins, and perturbed temperature compensation. The findings strongly support the phosphoswitch model of regulated PER2 degradation as a central mechanism controlling the speed of the circadian clock. Casein kinase 1 (CK1) plays a central role in regulating the period of the circadian clock. In mammals, PER2 protein abundance is regulated by CK1-mediated phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation. On the other hand, recent studies have questioned whether the degradation of the core circadian machinery is a critical step in clock regulation. Prior cell-based studies found that CK1 phosphorylation of PER2 at Ser478 recruits the ubiquitin E3 ligase β-TrCP, leading to PER2 degradation. Creation of this phosphodegron is regulated by a phosphoswitch that is also implicated in temperature compensation. However, in vivo evidence that this phosphodegron influences circadian period is lacking. Here, we generated and analyzed PER2-Ser478Ala knock-in mice. The mice showed longer circadian period in behavioral analysis. Molecularly, mutant PER2 protein accumulated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the mouse liver, while Per2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were minimally affected. Nuclear PER1, CRY1, and CRY2 proteins also increased, probably due to stabilization of PER2-containing complexes. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from PER2-Ser478Ala::LUC mice, three-phase decay and temperature compensation of the circadian period was perturbed. These data provide direct in vivo evidence for the importance of phosphorylation-regulated PER2 stability in the circadian clock and validate the phosphoswitch in a mouse model.
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19
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Xu P, Ianes C, Gärtner F, Liu C, Burster T, Bakulev V, Rachidi N, Knippschild U, Bischof J. Structure, regulation, and (patho-)physiological functions of the stress-induced protein kinase CK1 delta (CSNK1D). Gene 2019; 715:144005. [PMID: 31376410 PMCID: PMC7939460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved pleiotropic CK1 family of serine/threonine-specific kinases are tightly regulated in the cell and play crucial regulatory roles in multiple cellular processes from protozoa to human. Since their dysregulation as well as mutations within their coding regions contribute to the development of various different pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, they have become interesting new drug targets within the last decade. However, to develop optimized CK1 isoform-specific therapeutics in personalized therapy concepts, a detailed knowledge of the regulation and functions of the different CK1 isoforms, their various splice variants and orthologs is mandatory. In this review we will focus on the stress-induced CK1 isoform delta (CK1δ), thereby addressing its regulation, physiological functions, the consequences of its deregulation for the development and progression of diseases, and its potential as therapeutic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Fabian Gärtner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Congxing Liu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Nur-Sultan 020000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Eltsin, Technology for Organic Synthesis Laboratory, 19 Mirastr., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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20
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The NRON complex controls circadian clock function through regulated PER and CRY nuclear translocation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11883. [PMID: 31417156 PMCID: PMC6695496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational regulation plays a central role in the circadian clock mechanism. However, nucleocytoplasmic translocation of core clock proteins, a key step in circadian timekeeping, is not fully understood. Earlier we found that the NRON scaffolding complex regulates nuclear translocation of NFAT and its signaling. Here, we show that components of the NRON complex also regulate the circadian clock. In peripheral cell clock models, genetic perturbation of the NRON complex affects PER and CRY protein nuclear translocation, dampens amplitude, and alters period length. Further, we show small molecules targeting the NFAT pathway alter nuclear translocation of PER and CRY proteins and impact circadian rhythms in peripheral cells and tissue explants of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Taken together, these studies highlight a key role for the NRON complex in regulating PER/CRY subcellular localization and circadian timekeeping.
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21
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Abstract
In mammals, genetic influences of circadian rhythms occur at many levels. A set of core "clock genes" have been identified that form a feedback loop of gene transcription and translation. The core genetic clockwork generates circadian rhythms in cells throughout the body. Polymorphisms in both core clock genes and interacting genes contribute to individual differences in the expression and properties of circadian rhythms. The circadian clock profoundly influences the patterns of gene expression and cellular functions, providing a mechanistic basis for the impact of the genetic circadian system on normal physiological processes as well as the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Kazuhiro Shimomura
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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22
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Millius A, Ode KL, Ueda HR. A period without PER: understanding 24-hour rhythms without classic transcription and translation feedback loops. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31031966 PMCID: PMC6468715 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18158.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Ronald Konopka and Seymour Benzer's discovery of the gene Period in the 1970s, the circadian rhythm field has diligently investigated regulatory mechanisms and intracellular transcriptional and translation feedback loops involving Period, and these investigations culminated in a 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Michael W. Young, Michael Rosbash, and Jeffrey C. Hall. Although research on 24-hour behavior rhythms started with Period, a series of discoveries in the past decade have shown us that post-transcriptional regulation and protein modification, such as phosphorylation and oxidation, are alternatives ways to building a ticking clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Millius
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Immunology and Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji L Ode
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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23
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Abbott SM, Malkani RG, Zee PC. Circadian disruption and human health: A bidirectional relationship. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:567-583. [PMID: 30549337 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disorders have been classically associated with disorders of abnormal timing of the sleep-wake cycle, however circadian dysfunction can play a role in a wide range of pathology, ranging from the increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and malignancy in shift workers, prompting the need for a new field focused on the larger concept of circadian medicine. The relationship between circadian disruption and human health is bidirectional, with changes in circadian amplitude often preceding the classical symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders. As our understanding of the importance of circadian dysfunction in disease grows, we need to develop better clinical techniques for identifying circadian rhythms and also develop circadian based strategies for disease management. Overall this review highlights the need to bring the concept of time to all aspects of medicine, emphasizing circadian medicine as a prime example of both personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra M Abbott
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roneil G Malkani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Liu J, Zou X, Gotoh T, Brown AM, Jiang L, Wisdom EL, Kim JK, Finkielstein CV. Distinct control of PERIOD2 degradation and circadian rhythms by the oncoprotein and ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/556/eaau0715. [PMID: 30425162 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock relies on posttranslational modifications to set the timing for degradation of core regulatory components, which drives clock progression. Ubiquitin-modifying enzymes that target clock components for degradation mainly recognize phosphorylated substrates. Degradation of the circadian clock component PERIOD 2 (PER2) is mediated by its phospho-specific recognition by β-transducin repeat-containing proteins (β-TrCPs), which are F-box-containing proteins that function as substrate recognition subunits of the SCFβ-TRCP ubiquitin ligase complex. However, this mode of regulating PER2 stability falls short of explaining the persistent oscillatory phenotypes reported in biological systems lacking functional elements of the phospho-dependent PER2 degradation machinery. We identified PER2 as a previously uncharacterized substrate for the ubiquitin ligase mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and found that MDM2 targeted PER2 for degradation in a manner independent of PER2 phosphorylation. Deregulation of MDM2 plays a major role in oncogenesis by contributing to the accumulation of genomic and epigenomic alterations that favor tumor development. MDM2-mediated PER2 turnover was important for defining the circadian period length in mammalian cells, a finding that emphasizes the connection between the circadian clock and cancer. Our results not only broaden the range of specific substrates of MDM2 beyond the cell cycle to include circadian components but also identify a previously unknown regulator of the clock as a druggable node that is often found to be deregulated during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Liu
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xianlin Zou
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tetsuya Gotoh
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Anne M Brown
- Research and Informatics, University Libraries, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Esther L Wisdom
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Carla V Finkielstein
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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25
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Tao SC, Guo SC. Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Participants in Circadian Rhythm Synchronization. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1610-1620. [PMID: 30416375 PMCID: PMC6216034 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm (CR) is a set of autonomous endogenous oscillators. Exposure to the 24-hour day-night cycle synchronizes our CR system, maintaining homeostasis and human health. Several mechanisms for the CR system have been proposed, including those underlying the function (transcriptional-translational negative-feedback loops, or TTFLs), mechanisms regulating the TTFLs, and the mechanism by which the "server clock" is synchronized to environmental time. Several pathways downstream of the "server clock" perform well-characterized biological functions. However, the synchronization between the "server clock" (the endogenous master clock seated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the hypothalamus) and the "client clock" (imbedded in nearly every cell in the form of interlocking TTFLs) is difficult to explain with current theories. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are involved in intercellular communication and have recently been found to participate in regulation of the "client clock", might be the answer to this question. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CRs, TTFLs, and EVs, examine research findings about the functions of EVs in the CR system, and discuss the issues requiring attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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26
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Archer SN, Schmidt C, Vandewalle G, Dijk DJ. Phenotyping of PER3 variants reveals widespread effects on circadian preference, sleep regulation, and health. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40:109-126. [PMID: 29248294 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Period3 (Per3) is one of the most robustly rhythmic genes in humans and animals. It plays a significant role in temporal organisation in peripheral tissues. The effects of PER3 variants on many phenotypes have been investigated in targeted and genome-wide studies. PER3 variants, especially the human variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), associate with diurnal preference, mental disorders, non-visual responses to light, brain and cognitive responses to sleep loss/circadian misalignment. Introducing the VNTR into mice alters responses to sleep loss and expression of sleep homeostasis-related genes. Several studies were limited in size and some findings were not replicated. Nevertheless, the data indicate a significant contribution of PER3 to sleep and circadian phenotypes and diseases, which may be connected by common pathways. Thus, PER3-dependent altered light sensitivity could relate to high retinal PER3 expression and may contribute to altered brain response to light, diurnal preference and seasonal mood. Altered cognitive responses during sleep loss/circadian misalignment and changes to slow wave sleep may relate to changes in wake/activity-dependent patterns of hypothalamic gene expression involved in sleep homeostasis and neural network plasticity. Comprehensive characterisation of effects of clock gene variants may provide new insights into the role of circadian processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Archer
- Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK.
| | - Christina Schmidt
- GIGA-Research, Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Research, Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK
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27
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Ode KL, Ueda HR. Design Principles of Phosphorylation-Dependent Timekeeping in Eukaryotic Circadian Clocks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028357. [PMID: 29038116 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock in cyanobacteria employs a posttranslational oscillator composed of a sequential phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle of KaiC protein, in which the dynamics of protein structural changes driven by temperature-compensated KaiC's ATPase activity are critical for determining the period. On the other hand, circadian clocks in eukaryotes employ transcriptional feedback loops as a core mechanism. In this system, the dynamics of protein accumulation and degradation affect the circadian period. However, recent studies of eukaryotic circadian clocks reveal that the mechanism controlling the circadian period can be independent of the regulation of protein abundance. Instead, the circadian substrate is often phosphorylated at multiple sites at flexible protein regions to induce structural changes. The phosphorylation is catalyzed by kinases that induce sequential multisite phosphorylation such as casein kinase 1 (CK1) with temperature-compensated activity. We propose that the design principles of phosphorylation-dependent circadian-period determination in eukaryotes may share characteristics with the posttranslational oscillator in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji L Ode
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Khan S, Nabi G, Yao L, Siddique R, Sajjad W, Kumar S, Duan P, Hou H. Health risks associated with genetic alterations in internal clock system by external factors. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:791-798. [PMID: 29910689 PMCID: PMC6001675 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system maintains the main aspects of physiological and behavioral processes. Both circadian rhythm and sleep impact an organism's health through interaction with environmental factors. Variations in external factors influence the functionality of clock genes and disrupt 24-hour rhythmic cycle. The disrupted circadian rhythm and disregulated sleep affect an organism's health, thereby causing several disorders including cancer, depression and cardiac disorders. Considering the role of clock genes and environmental factors, extensive investigation is required focusing on pathways involved in development of life-threatening disorders. This review identifies the major risks and associated factors related with disruption in circadian system and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P.R China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P.R China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province / Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sunjeet Kumar
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P.R China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University
| | - Hongwei Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P.R China
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Two Ck1δ transcripts regulated by m6A methylation code for two antagonistic kinases in the control of the circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5980-5985. [PMID: 29784786 PMCID: PMC6003373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721371115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The most abundant modification in mRNA is the N6-methylation of internal adenosines (m6A), but m6A’s physiological function is unknown for most mRNAs. Here we show that Casein Kinase 1 Delta mRNA (Ck1δ), coding for a critical kinase in the control of circadian rhythms, is regulated by m6A. When m6A is inhibited, the expression of two CK1δ isoforms, uncharacterized until now, increases due to enhanced translation. This increase in CK1δs leads to a slower clock because of increased phosphorylation of the clock protein PER2 at a key residue, leading to the stabilization of PER2 protein. The N6-methylation of internal adenosines (m6A) in mRNA has been quantified and localized throughout the transcriptome. However, the physiological significance of m6A in most highly methylated mRNAs is unknown. It was demonstrated previously that the circadian clock, based on transcription-translation negative feedback loops, is sensitive to the general inhibition of m6A. Here, we show that the Casein Kinase 1 Delta mRNA (Ck1δ), coding for a critical kinase in the control of circadian rhythms, cellular growth, and survival, is negatively regulated by m6A. Inhibition of Ck1δ mRNA methylation leads to increased translation of two alternatively spliced CK1δ isoforms, CK1δ1 and CK1δ2, uncharacterized until now. The expression ratio between these isoforms is tissue-specific, CK1δ1 and CK1δ2 have different kinase activities, and they cooperate in the phosphorylation of the circadian clock protein PER2. While CK1δ1 accelerates the circadian clock by promoting the decay of PER2 proteins, CK1δ2 slows it down by stabilizing PER2 via increased phosphorylation at a key residue on PER2 protein. These observations challenge the previously established model of PER2 phosphorylation and, given the multiple functions and targets of CK1δ, the existence of two isoforms calls for a re-evaluation of past research when CK1δ1 and CK1δ2 were simply CK1δ.
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Abstract
Our innate circadian clocks control myriad aspects of behavior and physiology. Disruption of our clocks by shift work, jet lag, or inherited mutation leads to metabolic dysregulation and contributes to diseases, including diabetes and cancer. A central step in clock control is phosphorylation of the PERIOD 2 (PER2) protein. Here we conclusively identify the elusive PER2 priming kinase and find it to be the well-known circadian kinase, casein kinase 1 (CK1). Surprisingly, different forms of CK1 have differing abilities to phosphorylate the PER2 priming site, adding to the complexity of circadian regulation. These insights into the phosphoregulation of PER2 will be of broad interest to circadian biologists, computational modelers, and those seeking to pharmacologically manipulate the circadian clock. Multisite phosphorylation of the PERIOD 2 (PER2) protein is the key step that determines the period of the mammalian circadian clock. Previous studies concluded that an unidentified kinase is required to prime PER2 for subsequent phosphorylation by casein kinase 1 (CK1), an essential clock component that is conserved from algae to humans. These subsequent phosphorylations stabilize PER2, delay its degradation, and lengthen the period of the circadian clock. Here, we perform a comprehensive biochemical and biophysical analysis of mouse PER2 (mPER2) priming phosphorylation and demonstrate, surprisingly, that CK1δ/ε is indeed the priming kinase. We find that both CK1ε and a recently characterized CK1δ2 splice variant more efficiently prime mPER2 for downstream phosphorylation in cells than the well-studied splice variant CK1δ1. While CK1 phosphorylation of PER2 was previously shown to be robust to changes in the cellular environment, our phosphoswitch mathematical model of circadian rhythms shows that the CK1 carboxyl-terminal tail can allow the period of the clock to be sensitive to cellular signaling. These studies implicate the extreme carboxyl terminus of CK1 as a key regulator of circadian timing.
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Eng GWL, Edison, Virshup DM. Site-specific phosphorylation of casein kinase 1 δ (CK1δ) regulates its activity towards the circadian regulator PER2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177834. [PMID: 28545154 PMCID: PMC5435336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are intrinsic ~24 hour cycles that regulate diverse aspects of physiology, and in turn are regulated by interactions with the external environment. Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ, CSNK1D) is a key regulator of the clock, phosphorylating both stabilizing and destabilizing sites on the PER2 protein, in a mechanism known as the phosphoswitch. CK1δ can itself be regulated by phosphorylation on its regulatory domain, but the specific sites involved, and the role this plays in control of circadian rhythms as well as other CK1-dependent processes is not well understood. Using a sensitized PER2::LUC reporter assay, we identified a specific phosphorylation site, T347, on CK1δ, that regulates CK1δ activity towards PER2. A mutant CK1δ T347A was more active in promoting PER2 degradation. This CK1δ regulatory site is phosphorylated in cells in trans by dinaciclib- and staurosporine-sensitive kinases, consistent with their potential regulation by cyclin dependent and other proline-directed kinases. The regulation of CK1δ by site-specific phosphorylation via the cell cycle and other signaling pathways provides a mechanism to couple external stimuli to regulation of CK1δ-dependent pathways including the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracie Wee Ling Eng
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edison
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M. Virshup
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Narasimamurthy R, Virshup DM. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Temperature Compensation of the Circadian Clock. Front Neurol 2017; 8:161. [PMID: 28496429 PMCID: PMC5406394 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An approximately 24-h biological timekeeping mechanism called the circadian clock is present in virtually all light-sensitive organisms from cyanobacteria to humans. The clock system regulates our sleep–wake cycle, feeding–fasting, hormonal secretion, body temperature, and many other physiological functions. Signals from the master circadian oscillator entrain peripheral clocks using a variety of neural and hormonal signals. Even centrally controlled internal temperature fluctuations can entrain the peripheral circadian clocks. But, unlike other chemical reactions, the output of the clock system remains nearly constant with fluctuations in ambient temperature, a phenomenon known as temperature compensation. In this brief review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the posttranslational modifications, especially a phosphoswitch mechanism controlling the stability of PER2 and its implications for the regulation of temperature compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narasimamurthy
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Mendoza-Viveros L, Bouchard-Cannon P, Hegazi S, Cheng AH, Pastore S, Cheng HYM. Molecular modulators of the circadian clock: lessons from flies and mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1035-1059. [PMID: 27689221 PMCID: PMC11107503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping is a ubiquitous mechanism that enables organisms to maintain temporal coordination between internal biological processes and time of the local environment. The molecular basis of circadian rhythms lies in a set of transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) that drives the rhythmic transcription of core clock genes, whose level and phase of expression serve as the marker of circadian time. However, it has become increasingly evident that additional regulatory mechanisms impinge upon the TTFLs to govern the properties and behavior of the circadian clock. Such mechanisms include changes in chromatin architecture, interactions with other transcription factor networks, post-transcriptional control by RNA modifications, alternative splicing and microRNAs, and post-translational regulation of subcellular trafficking and protein degradation. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of circadian clock regulation-from transcriptional to post-translational-drawing from literature pertaining to the Drosophila and murine circadian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mendoza-Viveros
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Pascale Bouchard-Cannon
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Sara Hegazi
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Arthur H Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Stephen Pastore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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Hirano A, Fu YH, Ptáček LJ. The intricate dance of post-translational modifications in the rhythm of life. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:1053-1060. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Period circadian clock (Per) genes Per1 and Per2 have essential roles in circadian oscillation. In this study, we identified a new role of Per1-Per2 cooperation, and its mechanism, using our new experimental methods. Under constant light conditions, the period length of Per1 and Per2 knockout mice depended on the copy number ratio of Per1:Per2. We then established a light-emitting diode-based lighting system that can generate any pattern of light intensity. Under gradually changing light in the absence of phase shift with different periods, both Per1(−/−) and Per2(−/−) mice were entrained to a broader range of period length than wild-type mice. To analyse Per1-Per2 cooperative roles at the cell culture level, we established a Per2 knockout-rescue system, which can detect period shortening in a familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) mutant. Upon introduction of the Per1 coding region in this system, we saw period shortening. In conclusion, short period-associated protein Per1 and long period-associated Per2 cooperated to rigidly confine the circadian period to “circa” 24-h. These results suggest that the rigid circadian rhythm maintained through the cooperation of Per1-Per2 could negatively impact modern society, in which the use of artificial lighting is ubiquitous, and result in circadian disorders, including delirium.
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Interdependence of nutrient metabolism and the circadian clock system: Importance for metabolic health. Mol Metab 2016; 5:133-152. [PMID: 26977390 PMCID: PMC4770266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While additional research is needed, a number of large epidemiological studies show an association between circadian disruption and metabolic disorders. Specifically, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and other signs of metabolic syndrome all have been linked to circadian disruption in humans. Studies in other species support this association and generally reveal that feeding that is not in phase with the external light/dark cycle, as often occurs with night or rotating shift workers, is disadvantageous in terms of energy balance. As food is a strong driver of circadian rhythms in the periphery, understanding how nutrient metabolism drives clocks across the body is important for dissecting out why circadian misalignment may produce such metabolic effects. A number of circadian clock proteins as well as their accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors) are highly sensitive to nutrient metabolism. Macronutrients and micronutrients can function as zeitgebers for the clock in a tissue-specific way and can thus impair synchrony between clocks across the body, or potentially restore synchrony in the case of circadian misalignment. Circadian nuclear receptors are particularly sensitive to nutrient metabolism and can alter tissue-specific rhythms in response to changes in the diet. Finally, SNPs in human clock genes appear to be correlated with diet-specific responses and along with chronotype eventually may provide valuable information from a clinical perspective on how to use diet and nutrition to treat metabolic disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW This article presents a background of the circadian clock components and their interrelated metabolic and transcriptional feedback loops, followed by a review of some recent studies in humans and rodents that address the effects of nutrient metabolism on the circadian clock and vice versa. We focus on studies in which results suggest that nutrients provide an opportunity to restore or, alternatively, can destroy synchrony between peripheral clocks and the central pacemaker in the brain as well as between peripheral clocks themselves. In addition, we review several studies looking at clock gene SNPs in humans and the metabolic phenotypes or tendencies associated with particular clock gene mutations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Targeted use of specific nutrients based on chronotype has the potential for immense clinical utility in the future. Macronutrients and micronutrients have the ability to function as zeitgebers for the clock by activating or modulating specific clock proteins or accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors). Circadian clock control by nutrients can be tissue-specific. With a better understanding of the mechanisms that support nutrient-induced circadian control in specific tissues, human chronotype and SNP information might eventually be used to tailor nutritional regimens for metabolic disease treatment and thus be an important part of personalized medicine's future.
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A Period2 Phosphoswitch Regulates and Temperature Compensates Circadian Period. Mol Cell 2016; 60:77-88. [PMID: 26431025 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Period (PER) protein phosphorylation is a critical regulator of circadian period, yet an integrated understanding of the role and interaction between phosphorylation sites that can both increase and decrease PER2 stability remains elusive. Here, we propose a phosphoswitch model, where two competing phosphorylation sites determine whether PER2 has a fast or slow degradation rate. This mathematical model accurately reproduces the three-stage degradation kinetics of endogenous PER2. We predict and demonstrate that the phosphoswitch is intrinsically temperature sensitive, slowing down PER2 degradation as a result of faster reactions at higher temperatures. The phosphoswitch provides a biochemical mechanism for circadian temperature compensation of circadian period. This phosphoswitch additionally explains the phenotype of Familial Advanced Sleep Phase (FASP) and CK1ε(tau) genetic circadian rhythm disorders, metabolic control of PER2 stability, and how drugs that inhibit CK1 alter period. The phosphoswitch provides a general mechanism to integrate diverse stimuli to regulate circadian period.
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Abstract
The circadian system regulates the timing and expression of nearly all biological processes, most notably, the sleep-wake cycle, and disruption of this system can result in adverse effects on both physical and mental health. The circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs) consist of 5 disorders that are due primarily to pathology of the circadian clock or to a misalignment of the timing of the endogenous circadian rhythm with the environment. This article outlines the nature of these disorders, the association of many of these disorders with psychiatric illness, and available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra M Abbott
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 500, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathryn J Reid
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 500, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 500, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conventional term 'casein kinase' (CK) denotes three classes of kinases - CK1, CK2 and Golgi-CK (G-CK)/Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) - sharing the ability to phoshorylate casein in vitro, but otherwise unrelated to each other. All CKs have been reported to be implicated in human diseases, and reviews individually dealing with the druggability of CK1 and CK2 are available. Our aim is to provide a comparative analysis of the three classes of CKs as therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED CK2 is the CK for which implication in neoplasia is best documented, with the survival of cancer cells often relying on its overexpression. An ample variety of cell-permeable CK2 inhibitors have been developed, with a couple of these now in clinical trials. Isoform-specific CK1 inhibitors that are expected to play a beneficial role in oncology and neurodegeneration have been also developed. In contrast, the pathogenic potential of G-CK/Fam20C is caused by its loss of function. Activators of Fam20C, notably sphingolipids and their analogs, may prove beneficial in this respect. EXPERT OPINION Optimization of CK2 and CK1 inhibitors will prove useful to develop new therapeutic strategies for treating cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, while the design of potent activators of G-CK/Fam20C will provide a new tool in the fields of bio-mineralization and hypophosphatemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy .,b 2 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences , Padova, Italy ;
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Proietto M, Bianchi MM, Ballario P, Brenna A. Epigenetic and Posttranslational Modifications in Light Signal Transduction and the Circadian Clock in Neurospora crassa. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15347-83. [PMID: 26198228 PMCID: PMC4519903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light, a key abiotic signal, regulates a wide variety of physiological processes in many organisms. One of these phenomena is the circadian rhythm presents in organisms sensitive to the phase-setting effects of blue light and under control of the daily alternation of light and dark. Circadian clocks consist of autoregulatory alternating negative and positive feedback loops intimately connected with the cellular metabolism and biochemical processes. Neurospora crassa provides an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in these phenomena. The White Collar Complex (WCC), a blue-light receptor and transcription factor of the circadian oscillator, and Frequency (FRQ), the circadian clock pacemaker, are at the core of the Neurospora circadian system. The eukaryotic circadian clock relies on transcriptional/translational feedback loops: some proteins rhythmically repress their own synthesis by inhibiting the activity of their transcriptional factors, generating self-sustained oscillations over a period of about 24 h. One of the basic mechanisms that perpetuate self-sustained oscillations is post translation modification (PTM). The acronym PTM generically indicates the addition of acetyl, methyl, sumoyl, or phosphoric groups to various types of proteins. The protein can be regulatory or enzymatic or a component of the chromatin. PTMs influence protein stability, interaction, localization, activity, and chromatin packaging. Chromatin modification and PTMs have been implicated in regulating circadian clock function in Neurospora. Research into the epigenetic control of transcription factors such as WCC has yielded new insights into the temporal modulation of light-dependent gene transcription. Here we report on epigenetic and protein PTMs in the regulation of the Neurospora crassa circadian clock. We also present a model that illustrates the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the blue light control of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Proietto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Michele Maria Bianchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Paola Ballario
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation and Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Andrea Brenna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation and Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
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Crane BR, Young MW. Interactive features of proteins composing eukaryotic circadian clocks. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 83:191-219. [PMID: 24905781 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research into the molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic circadian clocks has proceeded at an electrifying pace. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of the structures of central molecular players in the timing oscillators of fungi, insects, and mammals. A series of clock protein structures demonstrate that the PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) domain has been used with great variation to formulate the transcriptional activators and repressors of the clock. We discuss how posttranslational modifications and external cues, such as light, affect the conformation and function of core clock components. Recent breakthroughs have also revealed novel interactions among clock proteins and new partners that couple the clock to metabolic and developmental pathways. Overall, a picture of clock function has emerged wherein conserved motifs and structural platforms have been elaborated into a highly dynamic collection of interacting molecules that undergo orchestrated changes in chemical structure, conformational state, and partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Crane
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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Young P. Genetische Diagnostik von Schlafstörungen. SOMNOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-014-0687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang Y, McNeil GP, Jackson FR. Translational regulation of the DOUBLETIME/CKIδ/ε kinase by LARK contributes to circadian period modulation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004536. [PMID: 25211129 PMCID: PMC4161311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila homolog of Casein Kinase I δ/ε, DOUBLETIME (DBT), is required for Wnt, Hedgehog, Fat and Hippo signaling as well as circadian clock function. Extensive studies have established a critical role of DBT in circadian period determination. However, how DBT expression is regulated remains largely unexplored. In this study, we show that translation of dbt transcripts are directly regulated by a rhythmic RNA-binding protein (RBP) called LARK (known as RBM4 in mammals). LARK promotes translation of specific alternative dbt transcripts in clock cells, in particular the dbt-RC transcript. Translation of dbt-RC exhibits circadian changes under free-running conditions, indicative of clock regulation. Translation of a newly identified transcript, dbt-RE, is induced by light in a LARK-dependent manner and oscillates under light/dark conditions. Altered LARK abundance affects circadian period length, and this phenotype can be modified by different dbt alleles. Increased LARK delays nuclear degradation of the PERIOD (PER) clock protein at the beginning of subjective day, consistent with the known role of DBT in PER dynamics. Taken together, these data support the idea that LARK influences circadian period and perhaps responses of the clock to light via the regulated translation of DBT. Our study is the first to investigate translational control of the DBT kinase, revealing its regulation by LARK and a novel role of this RBP in Drosophila circadian period modulation. The CKI family of serine/threonine kinase regulates diverse cellular processes, through binding to and phosphorylation of a variety of protein substrates. In mammals, mutations in two members of the family, CKIε and CKIδ were found to affect circadian period length, causing phenotypes such as altered circadian period in rodents and the Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (FASPS) in human. The Drosophila CKI δ/ε homolog DOUBLETIME (DBT) is known to have important roles in development and circadian clock function. Despite extensive studies of DBT function, little is known about how its expression is regulated. In a previous genome-wide study, we identified dbt mRNAs as potential targets of the LARK RBP. Here we describe a detailed study of the regulation of DBT expression by LARK. We found that LARK binds to and regulates translation of dbt mRNA, promoting expression of a smaller isoform; we suggest this regulatory mechanism contributes to circadian period determination. In addition, we have identified a dbt mRNA that exhibits light-induced changes in translational status, in a LARK-dependent manner. Our study is the first to analyze the translational regulation of DBT, setting the stage for similar studies in other contexts and model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gerard P McNeil
- Department of Biology, York College, Jamaica, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
The term 'casein kinase' has been widely used for decades to denote protein kinases sharing the ability to readily phosphorylate casein in vitro. These fall into three main classes: two of them, later renamed as protein kinases CK1 (casein kinase 1, also known as CKI) and CK2 (also known as CKII), are pleiotropic members of the kinome functionally unrelated to casein, whereas G-CK, or genuine casein kinase, responsible for the phosphorylation of casein in the Golgi apparatus of the lactating mammary gland, has only been identified recently with Fam20C [family with sequence similarity 20C; also known as DMP-4 (dentin matrix protein-4)], a member of the four-jointed family of atypical protein kinases, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many secreted proteins. In hindsight, therefore, the term 'casein kinase' is misleading in every instance; in the case of CK1 and CK2, it is because casein is not a physiological substrate, and in the case of G-CK/Fam20C/DMP-4, it is because casein is just one out of a plethora of its targets, and a rather marginal one at that. Strikingly, casein kinases altogether, albeit representing a minimal proportion of the whole kinome, appear to be responsible for the generation of up to 40-50% of non-redundant phosphosites currently retrieved in human phosphopeptides database. In the present review, a short historical explanation will be provided accounting for the usage of the same misnomer to denote three unrelated classes of protein kinases, together with an update of our current knowledge of these pleiotropic enzymes, sharing the same misnomer while playing very distinct biological roles.
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Knippschild U, Krüger M, Richter J, Xu P, García-Reyes B, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Bakulev V, Bischof J. The CK1 Family: Contribution to Cellular Stress Response and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:96. [PMID: 24904820 PMCID: PMC4032983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed pleiotropic CK1 family play major regulatory roles in many cellular processes including DNA-processing and repair, proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. As a consequence of cellular stress conditions, interaction of CK1 with the mitotic spindle is manifold increased pointing to regulatory functions at the mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, CK1 is able to alter the activity of key proteins in signal transduction and signal integration molecules. In line with this notion, CK1 is tightly connected to the regulation and degradation of β-catenin, p53, and MDM2. Considering the importance of CK1 for accurate cell division and regulation of tumor suppressor functions, it is not surprising that mutations and alterations in the expression and/or activity of CK1 isoforms are often detected in various tumor entities including cancer of the kidney, choriocarcinomas, breast carcinomas, oral cancer, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, scientific effort has enormously increased (i) to understand the regulation of CK1 and its involvement in tumorigenesis- and tumor progression-related signal transduction pathways and (ii) to develop CK1-specific inhibitors for the use in personalized therapy concepts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding CK1 regulation, function, and interaction with cellular proteins playing central roles in cellular stress-responses and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Jakob Halekotte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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Silver R, Kriegsfeld LJ. Circadian rhythms have broad implications for understanding brain and behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1866-80. [PMID: 24799154 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by an endogenously organized timing system that drives daily rhythms in behavior, physiology and metabolism. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the locus of a master circadian clock. The SCN is synchronized to environmental changes in the light:dark cycle by direct, monosynaptic innervation via the retino-hypothalamic tract. In turn, the SCN coordinates the rhythmic activities of innumerable subordinate clocks in virtually all bodily tissues and organs. The core molecular clockwork is composed of a transcriptional/post-translational feedback loop in which clock genes and their protein products periodically suppress their own transcription. This primary loop connects to downstream output genes by additional, interlocked transcriptional feedback loops to create tissue-specific 'circadian transcriptomes'. Signals from peripheral tissues inform the SCN of the internal state of the organism and the brain's master clock is modified accordingly. A consequence of this hierarchical, multilevel feedback system is that there are ubiquitous effects of circadian timing on genetic and metabolic responses throughout the body. This overview examines landmark studies in the history of the study of circadian timing system, and highlights our current understanding of the operation of circadian clocks with a focus on topics of interest to the neuroscience community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, Mail Code 5501, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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Hallows WC, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Solving the mystery of human sleep schedules one mutation at a time. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:465-75. [PMID: 24001255 PMCID: PMC4089902 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.831395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep behavior remains one of the most enigmatic areas of life. The unanswered questions range from "why do we sleep?" to "how we can improve sleep in today's society?" Identification of mutations responsible for altered circadian regulation of human sleep lead to unique opportunities for probing these territories. In this review, we summarize causative circadian mutations found from familial genetic studies to date. We also describe how these mutations mechanistically affect circadian function and lead to altered sleep behaviors, including shifted or shortening of sleep patterns. In addition, we discuss how the investigation of mutations can not only expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the circadian clock and sleep duration, but also bridge the pathways between clock/sleep and other human physiological conditions and ailments such as metabolic regulation and migraine headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Hallows
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Louis J. Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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van Ooijen G, Hindle M, Martin SF, Barrios-Llerena M, Sanchez F, Bouget FY, O’Neill JS, Le Bihan T, Millar AJ. Functional analysis of Casein Kinase 1 in a minimal circadian system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70021. [PMID: 23936135 PMCID: PMC3723912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Earth's rotation has driven the evolution of cellular circadian clocks to facilitate anticipation of the solar cycle. Some evidence for timekeeping mechanism conserved from early unicellular life through to modern organisms was recently identified, but the components of this oscillator are currently unknown. Although very few clock components appear to be shared across higher species, Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) is known to affect timekeeping across metazoans and fungi, but has not previously been implicated in the circadian clock in the plant kingdom. We now show that modulation of CK1 function lengthens circadian rhythms in Ostreococcustauri, a unicellular marine algal species at the base of the green lineage, separated from humans by ~1.5 billion years of evolution. CK1 contributes to timekeeping in a phase-dependent manner, indicating clock-mediated gating of CK1 activity. Label-free proteomic analyses upon overexpression as well as inhibition revealed CK1-responsive phosphorylation events on a set of target proteins, including highly conserved potentially clock-relevant cellular regulator proteins. These results have major implications for our understanding of cellular timekeeping and can inform future studies in any circadian organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben van Ooijen
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hindle
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F. Martin
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frédéric Sanchez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - François-Yves Bouget
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - John S. O’Neill
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Le Bihan
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Millar
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Skaar JR, Pagan JK, Pagano M. Mechanisms and function of substrate recruitment by F-box proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:369-81. [PMID: 23657496 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
S phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)-cullin 1 (CUL1)-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes use a family of F-box proteins as substrate adaptors to mediate the degradation of a large number of regulatory proteins involved in diverse processes. The dysregulation of SCF complexes and their substrates contributes to multiple pathologies. In the 14 years since the identification and annotation of the F-box protein family, the continued identification and characterization of novel substrates has greatly expanded our knowledge of the regulation of substrate targeting and the roles of F-box proteins in biological processes. Here, we focus on the evolution of our understanding of substrate recruitment by F-box proteins, the dysregulation of substrate recruitment in disease and potential avenues for F-box protein-directed disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Skaar
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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50
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Minami Y, Ode KL, Ueda HR. Mammalian circadian clock: the roles of transcriptional repression and delay. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:359-377. [PMID: 23604487 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous oscillator with a 24-h period. Although delayed feedback repression was proposed to lie at the core of the clock more than 20 years ago, the mechanism for making delay in feedback repression in clock function has only been demonstrated recently. In the mammalian circadian clock, delayed feedback repression is mediated through E/E'-box, D-box, and RRE transcriptional cis-elements, which activate or repress each other through downstream transcriptional activators/repressors. Among these three types of cis-elements, transcriptional negative feedback mediated by E/E'-box plays a critical role for circadian rhythms. A recent study showed that a combination of D-box and RRE elements results in the delayed expression of Cry1, a potent transcriptional inhibitor of the E/E'-box. The overall interconnection of these cis-elements can be summarized as a combination of two oscillatory motifs: one is a simple delayed feedback repression where only an RRE represses an E/E'-box, and the other is a repressilator where each element inhibits another in turn (i.e., E/E' box represses an RRE, an RRE represses a D-box, and a D-box represses an E/E' box). Experimental verification of the roles of each motif as well as post-transcriptional regulation of the circadian oscillator will be the next challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Minami
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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