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Brandão-Teles C, Antunes ASLM, de Moraes Vrechi TA, Martins-de-Souza D. The Roles of hnRNP Family in the Brain and Brain-Related Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3578-3595. [PMID: 37999871 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) belong to a complex family of RNA-binding proteins that are essential to control alternative splicing, mRNA trafficking, synaptic plasticity, stress granule formation, cell cycle regulation, and axonal transport. Over the past decade, hnRNPs have been associated with different brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Given their essential role in maintaining cell function and integrity, it is not surprising that dysregulated hnRNP levels lead to neurological implications. This review aims to explore the primary functions of hnRNPs in neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes, and their roles in brain disorders. We also discuss proteomics and other technologies and their potential for studying and evaluating hnRNPs in brain disorders, including the discovery of new therapeutic targets and possible pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - André S L M Antunes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Talita Aparecida de Moraes Vrechi
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
- INCT in Modelling Human Complex Diseases with 3D Platforms (Model3D), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Perdaens O, Bottemanne P, van Pesch V. MicroRNAs dysregulated in multiple sclerosis affect the differentiation of CG-4 cells, an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336439. [PMID: 38486710 PMCID: PMC10937391 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Demyelination is one of the hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). While remyelination occurs during the disease, it is incomplete from the start and strongly decreases with its progression, mainly due to the harm to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), causing irreversible neurological deficits and contributing to neurodegeneration. Therapeutic strategies promoting remyelination are still very preliminary and lacking within the current treatment panel for MS. Methods In a previous study, we identified 21 microRNAs dysregulated mostly in the CSF of relapsing and/or remitting MS patients. In this study we transfected the mimics/inhibitors of several of these microRNAs separately in an OPC cell line, called CG-4. We aimed (1) to phenotypically characterize their effect on OPC differentiation and (2) to identify corroborating potential mRNA targets via immunocytochemistry, RT-qPCR analysis, RNA sequencing, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Results We observed that the majority of 13 transfected microRNA mimics decreased the differentiation of CG-4 cells. We demonstrate, by RNA sequencing and independent RT-qPCR analyses, that miR-33-3p, miR-34c-5p, and miR-124-5p arrest OPC differentiation at a late progenitor stage and miR-145-5p at a premyelinating stage as evidenced by the downregulation of premyelinating oligodendrocyte (OL) [Tcf7l2, Cnp (except for miR-145-5p)] and mature OL (Plp1, Mbp, and Mobp) markers, whereas only miR-214-3p promotes OPC differentiation. We further propose a comprehensive exploration of their change in cell fate through Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. We finally confirm by RT-qPCR analyses the downregulation of several predicted mRNA targets for each microRNA that possibly support their effect on OPC differentiation by very distinctive mechanisms, of which some are still unexplored in OPC/OL physiology. Conclusion miR-33-3p, miR-34c-5p, and miR-124-5p arrest OPC differentiation at a late progenitor stage and miR-145-5p at a premyelinating stage, whereas miR-214-3p promotes the differentiation of CG-4 cells. We propose several potential mRNA targets and hypothetical mechanisms by which each microRNA exerts its effect. We hereby open new perspectives in the research on OPC differentiation and the pathophysiology of demyelination/remyelination, and possibly even in the search for new remyelinating therapeutic strategies in the scope of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Bottemanne
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang T, Alonzo I, Stubben C, Geng Y, Herdman C, Chandler N, Doane KP, Pluimer BR, Trauger SA, Peterson RT. A zebrafish model of combined saposin deficiency identifies acid sphingomyelinase as a potential therapeutic target. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049995. [PMID: 37183607 PMCID: PMC10320721 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are a subcategory of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by mutations in enzymes of the sphingolipid catabolic pathway. Like many LSDs, neurological involvement in sphingolipidoses leads to early mortality with limited treatment options. Given the role of myelin loss as a major contributor toward LSD-associated neurodegeneration, we investigated the pathways contributing to demyelination in a CRISPR-Cas9-generated zebrafish model of combined saposin (psap) deficiency. psap knockout (KO) zebrafish recapitulated major LSD pathologies, including reduced lifespan, reduced lipid storage, impaired locomotion and severe myelin loss; loss of myelin basic protein a (mbpa) mRNA was progressive, with no changes in additional markers of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Brain transcriptomics revealed dysregulated mTORC1 signaling and elevated neuroinflammation, where increased proinflammatory cytokine expression preceded and mTORC1 signaling changes followed mbpa loss. We examined pharmacological and genetic rescue strategies via water tank administration of the multiple sclerosis drug monomethylfumarate (MMF), and crossing the psap KO line into an acid sphingomyelinase (smpd1) deficiency model. smpd1 mutagenesis, but not MMF treatment, prolonged lifespan in psap KO zebrafish, highlighting the modulation of acid sphingomyelinase activity as a potential path toward sphingolipidosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ivy Alonzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatic Analysis Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yijie Geng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chelsea Herdman
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nancy Chandler
- Electron Microscopy Core Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kim P. Doane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brock R. Pluimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Zhong Y, Liang B, Meng H, Ye R, Li Z, Du J, Wang B, Zhang B, Huang Y, Lin X, Hu M, Rong W, Wu Q, Yang X, Huang Z. 1,2-Dichloroethane induces cortex demyelination by depressing myelin basic protein via inhibiting aquaporin 4 in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113180. [PMID: 35026584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) is a pervasive environmental pollutant, and overexposure to this hazardous material causes brain edema and demyelination in humans. We found that 1,2-DCE inhibits aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and is a primary pathogenic effector of 1,2-DCE-induced brain edema in animals. However, AQP4 down-regulation's link with cortex demyelination after 1,2-DCE exposure remains unclear. Thus, we exposed wild-type (WT) CD-1 mice and AQP4 knockout (AQP4-KO) mice to 0, 100, 350 and 700 mg/m3 1,2-DCE by inhalation for 28 days. We applied label-free proteomics and a cell co-culture system to elucidate the role of AQP4 inhibition in 1,2-DCE-induced demyelination. The results showed that 1,2-DCE down-regulated AQP4 in the WT mouse cortexes. Both 1,2-DCE exposure and AQP4 deletion induced neurotoxicity in mice, including increased brain water content, abnormal pathological vacuolations, and neurobehavioral damage. Tests for interaction of multiple regression analysis highlighted different effects of 1,2-DCE exposure level depending on the genotype, indicating the core role of AQP4 in regulation on 1,2-DCE-caused neurotoxicity. We used label-free quantitative proteomics to detect differentially expressed proteins associated with 1,2-DCE exposure and AQP4 inhibition, and identified down-regulation in myelin basic protein (MBP) and tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (FYN) in a dose-dependent manner in WT mice but not in AQP4-KO mice. 1,2-DCE and AQP4 deletion separately resulted in demyelination, as detected by Luxol fast blue staining, and manifested as disordered nerve fibers and cavitation in the cortexes. Western blot and immunofluorescence confirmed the decreased AQP4 in the astrocytes and the down-regulated MBP in the oligodendrocytes by 1,2-DCE exposure and AQP4 inhibition, respectively. Finally, the co-culture results of SVG p12 and MO3.13 cells showed that 1,2-DCE-induced AQP4 down-regulation in the astrocytes was responsible for demyelination, by decreasing MBP in the oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, 1,2-DCE induced cortex demyelination by depressing MBP via AQP4 inhibition in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hao Meng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaxin Du
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingli Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xi Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Manjiang Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weifeng Rong
- Department of Hygiene Monitor, Guangdong Provincial Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qinghong Wu
- Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Chen JF, Wang F, Huang NX, Xiao L, Mei F. Oligodendrocytes and Myelin: Active players in Neurodegenerative brains? Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:160-174. [PMID: 35081276 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are a major type of glial cells in the central nervous system that generate multiple myelin sheaths to wrap axons. Myelin ensures fast and efficient propagation of action potentials along axons and supports neurons with nourishment. The decay of OLs and myelin has been implicated in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and these changes are generally considered as an inevitable result of neuron loss and axon degeneration. Noticeably, OLs and myelin undergo dynamic changes in healthy adult brains, that is, newly formed OLs are continuously added throughout life from the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and the pre-existing myelin sheaths may undergo degeneration or remodeling. Increasing evidence has shown that changes in OLs and myelin are present in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, and even prior to significant neuronal loss and functional deficits. More importantly, oligodendroglia-specific manipulation, by either deletion of the disease gene or enhancement of myelin renewal, can alleviate functional impairments in neurodegenerative animal models. These findings underscore the possibility that OLs and myelin are not passively but actively involved in neurodegenerative diseases and may play an important role in modulating neuronal function and survival. In this review, we summarize recent work characterizing OL and myelin changes in both healthy and neurodegenerative brains and discuss the potential of targeting oligodendroglial cells in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fei Chen
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Nan-Xing Huang
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Mei
- Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Smirnova EV, Rakitina TV, Ziganshin RH, Arapidi GP, Saratov GA, Kudriaeva AA, Belogurov AA. Comprehensive Atlas of the Myelin Basic Protein Interaction Landscape. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1628. [PMID: 34827627 PMCID: PMC8615356 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the key autoantigens in autoimmune neurodegeneration and multiple sclerosis particularly. MBP is highly positively charged and lacks distinct structure in solution and therefore its intracellular partners are still mostly enigmatic. Here we used combination of formaldehyde-induced cross-linking followed by immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to elucidate the interaction network of MBP in mammalian cells and provide the list of potential MBP interacting proteins. Our data suggest that the largest group of MBP-interacting proteins belongs to cellular proteins involved in the protein translation machinery, as well as in the spatial and temporal regulation of translation. MBP interacts with core ribosomal proteins, RNA helicase Ddx28 and RNA-binding proteins STAU1, TDP-43, ADAR-1 and hnRNP A0, which are involved in various stages of RNA biogenesis and processing, including specific maintaining MBP-coding mRNA. Among MBP partners we identified CTNND1, which has previously been shown to be necessary for myelinating Schwann cells for cell-cell interactions and the formation of a normal myelin sheath. MBP binds proteins MAGEB2/D2 associated with neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, involved in pathways that promote neuronal survival and neuronal death. Finally, we observed that MBP interacts with RNF40-a component of heterotetrameric Rnf40/Rnf20 E3 ligase complex, recruited by Egr2, which is the central transcriptional regulator of peripheral myelination. Concluding, our data suggest that MBP may be more actively involved in myelination not only as a main building block but also as a self-regulating element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V. Smirnova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Tatiana V. Rakitina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Georgij P. Arapidi
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - George A. Saratov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (T.V.R.); (R.H.Z.); (G.P.A.); (G.A.S.); (A.A.K.)
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 117192 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein that plays a crucial role in the production of amyloid-β peptides. Any disruption in APP protein production, its mRNA decay rate or processing may result in abnormal production of amyloid-β peptides and subsequent development of protein aggregation diseases. Therefore, the equilibrium is crucial for neuronal function. An association study of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-F and hnRNP H1 with APP was carried out in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells. In the present study, we found that hnRNP F and hnRNP H1 were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. The changes in APP expression were positively associated with hnRNP F and hnRNP H1 when hnRNP F and hnRNP H1 were depleted or increased in N2a cells. Importantly, cross-linked RNA immunoprecipitation demonstrated binding affinities of hnRNP F and hnRNP H1 for App mRNA. Mechanistically, mRNA stability assay revealed that overexpression of hnRNP F or hnRNP H1 increases the APP level by stabilizing App mRNA half-life, implying that levels of hnRNP F and hnRNP H1 can change the production of APP. Further understanding of the regulatory mechanism of APP expression in association with hnRNP F and hnRNP H1 would provide insights into the mechanism underlying the maintenance of brain health and cognition. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of hnRNP-stabilizing compounds to regulate APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad I Khan
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Gillentine MA, Wang T, Hoekzema K, Rosenfeld J, Liu P, Guo H, Kim CN, De Vries BBA, Vissers LELM, Nordenskjold M, Kvarnung M, Lindstrand A, Nordgren A, Gecz J, Iascone M, Cereda A, Scatigno A, Maitz S, Zanni G, Bertini E, Zweier C, Schuhmann S, Wiesener A, Pepper M, Panjwani H, Torti E, Abid F, Anselm I, Srivastava S, Atwal P, Bacino CA, Bhat G, Cobian K, Bird LM, Friedman J, Wright MS, Callewaert B, Petit F, Mathieu S, Afenjar A, Christensen CK, White KM, Elpeleg O, Berger I, Espineli EJ, Fagerberg C, Brasch-Andersen C, Hansen LK, Feyma T, Hughes S, Thiffault I, Sullivan B, Yan S, Keller K, Keren B, Mignot C, Kooy F, Meuwissen M, Basinger A, Kukolich M, Philips M, Ortega L, Drummond-Borg M, Lauridsen M, Sorensen K, Lehman A, Lopez-Rangel E, Levy P, Lessel D, Lotze T, Madan-Khetarpal S, Sebastian J, Vento J, Vats D, Benman LM, Mckee S, Mirzaa GM, Muss C, Pappas J, Peeters H, Romano C, Elia M, Galesi O, Simon MEH, van Gassen KLI, Simpson K, Stratton R, Syed S, Thevenon J, Palafoll IV, Vitobello A, Bournez M, Faivre L, Xia K, Earl RK, Nowakowski T, Bernier RA, Eichler EE. Rare deleterious mutations of HNRNP genes result in shared neurodevelopmental disorders. Genome Med 2021; 13:63. [PMID: 33874999 PMCID: PMC8056596 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing number of genomic sequencing studies, hundreds of genes have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The rate of gene discovery far outpaces our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations, with clinical characterization remaining a bottleneck for understanding NDDs. Most disease-associated Mendelian genes are members of gene families, and we hypothesize that those with related molecular function share clinical presentations. METHODS We tested our hypothesis by considering gene families that have multiple members with an enrichment of de novo variants among NDDs, as determined by previous meta-analyses. One of these gene families is the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which has 33 members, five of which have been recently identified as NDD genes (HNRNPK, HNRNPU, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, and HNRNPR) and two of which have significant enrichment in our previous meta-analysis of probands with NDDs (HNRNPU and SYNCRIP). Utilizing protein homology, mutation analyses, gene expression analyses, and phenotypic characterization, we provide evidence for variation in 12 HNRNP genes as candidates for NDDs. Seven are potentially novel while the remaining genes in the family likely do not significantly contribute to NDD risk. RESULTS We report 119 new NDD cases (64 de novo variants) through sequencing and international collaborations and combined with published clinical case reports. We consider 235 cases with gene-disruptive single-nucleotide variants or indels and 15 cases with small copy number variants. Three hnRNP-encoding genes reach nominal or exome-wide significance for de novo variant enrichment, while nine are candidates for pathogenic mutations. Comparison of HNRNP gene expression shows a pattern consistent with a role in cerebral cortical development with enriched expression among radial glial progenitors. Clinical assessment of probands (n = 188-221) expands the phenotypes associated with HNRNP rare variants, and phenotypes associated with variation in the HNRNP genes distinguishes them as a subgroup of NDDs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our novel approach of exploiting gene families in NDDs identifies new HNRNP-related disorders, expands the phenotypes of known HNRNP-related disorders, strongly implicates disruption of the hnRNPs as a whole in NDDs, and supports that NDD subtypes likely have shared molecular pathogenesis. To date, this is the first study to identify novel genetic disorders based on the presence of disorders in related genes. We also perform the first phenotypic analyses focusing on related genes. Finally, we show that radial glial expression of these genes is likely critical during neurodevelopment. This is important for diagnostics, as well as developing strategies to best study these genes for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn A Gillentine
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Ave NE S413A, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 981095-5065, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Ave NE S413A, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 981095-5065, USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Ave NE S413A, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 981095-5065, USA
| | - Jill Rosenfeld
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Ave NE S413A, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 981095-5065, USA.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang N Kim
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bert B A De Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Nordenskjold
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Kvarnung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica - ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Agnese Scatigno
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Genetic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione MBBM S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schuhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antje Wiesener
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Micah Pepper
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Autism Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heena Panjwani
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Autism Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Farida Abid
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irina Anselm
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paldeep Atwal
- The Atwal Clinic: Genomic & Personalized Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gifty Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Cobian
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lynne M Bird
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Genetics/Dysmorphology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Meredith S Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florence Petit
- Clinique de Génétique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Bâtiment Modulaire, CHU, 59037, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Mathieu
- Sorbonne Universités, Centre de Référence déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, département de génétique et embryologie médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Sorbonne Universités, Centre de Référence déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, département de génétique et embryologie médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Celenie K Christensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kerry M White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, IU Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Berger
- Pediatric Neurology, Assuta-Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel.,Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Edward J Espineli
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christina Fagerberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Timothy Feyma
- Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Susan Hughes
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.,The University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- The University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bonnie Sullivan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shuang Yan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kory Keller
- Oregon Health & Science University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, Hópital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Department of Genetics, Hópital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marije Meuwissen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alice Basinger
- Genetics Department, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Mary Kukolich
- Genetics Department, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Meredith Philips
- Genetics Department, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Lucia Ortega
- Genetics Department, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Mathilde Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristina Sorensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital and BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Elena Lopez-Rangel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Lotze
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Sebastian
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jodie Vento
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Divya Vats
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shane Mckee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Candace Muss
- Al Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - John Pappas
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetic Services, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen L I van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kara Simpson
- Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Stratton
- Department of Genetics, Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Sabeen Syed
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Àrea de Genètica Clínica i Molecular, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Vitobello
- UF Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne and INSERM UMR1231 GAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM UMR 1231 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Bournez
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares « déficience intellectuelle », Centre de Génétique, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes malformatifs » Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- INSERM UMR 1231 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes malformatifs » Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Rachel K Earl
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Autism Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomasz Nowakowski
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Autism Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Ave NE S413A, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 981095-5065, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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9
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Reiche L, Göttle P, Lane L, Duek P, Park M, Azim K, Schütte J, Manousi A, Schira-Heinen J, Küry P. C21orf91 Regulates Oligodendroglial Precursor Cell Fate-A Switch in the Glial Lineage? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653075. [PMID: 33796011 PMCID: PMC8008080 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently associated with impaired differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell lineage and subsequent alterations in white matter structure and dynamics. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause for cognitive impairments and intellectual disability (ID) and is associated with a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, as well as with hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS and underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. This also relates to C21ORF91, a protein considered a key modulator of aberrant CNS development in DS. We investigated the role of C21orf91 ortholog in terms of oligodendrogenesis and myelination using database information as well as through cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Upon modulation of C21orf91 gene expression, we found this factor to be important for accurate oligodendroglial differentiation, influencing their capacity to mature and to myelinate axons. Interestingly, C21orf91 overexpression initiates a cell population coexpressing astroglial- and oligodendroglial markers indicating that elevated C21orf91 expression levels induce a gliogenic shift towards the astrocytic lineage reflecting non-equilibrated glial cell populations in DS brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Schütte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Ryan VH, Perdikari TM, Naik MT, Saueressig CF, Lins J, Dignon GL, Mittal J, Hart AC, Fawzi NL. Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates hnRNPA2 granule protein partitioning and reduces neurodegeneration. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105001. [PMID: 33349959 PMCID: PMC7849316 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA transport in neurons requires formation of transport granules containing many protein components, and subsequent alterations in phosphorylation status can release transcripts for translation. Further, mutations in a structurally disordered domain of the transport granule protein hnRNPA2 increase its aggregation and cause hereditary proteinopathy of neurons, myocytes, and bone. We examine in vitro hnRNPA2 granule component phase separation, partitioning specificity, assembly/disassembly, and the link to neurodegeneration. Transport granule components hnRNPF and ch-TOG interact weakly with hnRNPA2 yet partition specifically into liquid phase droplets with the low complexity domain (LC) of hnRNPA2, but not FUS LC. In vitro hnRNPA2 tyrosine phosphorylation reduces hnRNPA2 phase separation, prevents partitioning of hnRNPF and ch-TOG into hnRNPA2 LC droplets, and decreases aggregation of hnRNPA2 disease variants. The expression of chimeric hnRNPA2 D290V in Caenorhabditis elegans results in stress-induced glutamatergic neurodegeneration; this neurodegeneration is rescued by loss of tdp-1, suggesting gain-of-function toxicity. The expression of Fyn, a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates hnRNPA2, reduces neurodegeneration associated with chimeric hnRNPA2 D290V. These data suggest a model where phosphorylation alters LC interaction specificity, aggregation, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica H Ryan
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | | | - Mandar T Naik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and BiotechnologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | | | - Jeremy Lins
- Department of NeuroscienceBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Gregory L Dignon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringLehigh UniversityBethlehemPAUSA
| | - Jeetain Mittal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringLehigh UniversityBethlehemPAUSA
| | - Anne C Hart
- Department of NeuroscienceBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Nicolas L Fawzi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and BiotechnologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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11
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Fasnall Induces Atypically Transient Stress Granules Independently of FASN Inhibition. iScience 2020; 23:101550. [PMID: 33083719 PMCID: PMC7516299 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress Granule formation has been linked to the resistance of some cancer cells to chemotherapeutic intervention. A number of studies have proposed that certain anti-tumor compounds promote cancer cell survival by inducing Stress Granule formation, leading to increased cellular fitness and apoptosis avoidance. Here we show that a potent fatty acid synthase inhibitor, fasnall, known for its anti-tumor capabilities, triggers the formation of atypical Stress Granules, independently of fatty acid synthase inhibition, characterized by high internal mobility and rapid turnover.
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12
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Regulates the Oligodendrocyte Cytoskeleton during Myelination. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2993-3007. [PMID: 32139584 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1434-18.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During differentiation, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) extend a network of processes that make contact with axons and initiate myelination. Recent studies revealed that actin polymerization is required for initiation of myelination whereas actin depolymerization promotes myelin wrapping. Here, we used primary OPCs in culture isolated from neonatal rat cortices of both sexes and young male and female mice with oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) to demonstrate that mTOR regulates expression of specific cytoskeletal targets and actin reorganization in oligodendrocytes during developmental myelination. Loss or inhibition of mTOR reduced expression of profilin2 and ARPC3, actin polymerizing factors, and elevated levels of active cofilin, which mediates actin depolymerization. The deficits in actin polymerization were revealed in reduced phalloidin and deficits in oligodendrocyte cellular branching complexity at the peak of morphologic differentiation and a delay in initiation of myelination. We further show a critical role for mTOR in expression and localization of myelin basic protein (Mbp) mRNA and MBP protein to the cellular processes where it is necessary at the myelin membrane for axon wrapping. Mbp mRNA transport deficits were confirmed by single molecule RNA FISH. Moreover, expression of the kinesin family member 1B, an Mbp mRNA transport protein, was reduced in CC1+ cells in the mTOR cKO and in mTOR inhibited oligodendrocytes undergoing differentiation in vitro These data support the conclusion that mTOR regulates both initiation of myelination and axon wrapping by targeting cytoskeletal reorganization and MBP localization to oligodendrocyte processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelination is essential for normal CNS development and adult axon preservation and function. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been implicated in promoting CNS myelination; however, there is a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which mTOR promotes developmental myelination through regulating specific downstream targets. Here, we present evidence that mTOR promotes the initiation of myelination through regulating specific cytoskeletal targets and cellular process expansion by oligodendrocyte precursor cells as well as expression and cellular localization of myelin basic protein.
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13
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Lee H, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Otterbein LE, Jin Y. Caveolin-1 selectively regulates microRNA sorting into microvesicles after noxious stimuli. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2202-2220. [PMID: 31235510 PMCID: PMC6719430 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicle (EV)-containing miRNAs mediate intercellular communications in response to noxious stimuli. It remains unclear how a cell selectively sorts the cellular miRNAs into EVs. We report that caveolin-1 (cav-1) is essential for sorting of selected miRNAs into microvesicles (MVs), a main type of EVs generated by outward budding of the plasma membrane. We found that cav-1 tyrosine 14 (Y14)-phosphorylation leads to interactions between cav-1 and hnRNPA2B1, an RNA-binding protein. The cav-1/hnRNPA2B1 complex subsequently traffics together into MVs. Oxidative stress induces O-GlcNAcylation of hnRNPA2B1, resulting in a robustly altered hnRNPA2B1-bound miRNA repertoire. Notably, cav-1 pY14 also promotes hnRNPA2B1 O-GlcNAcylation. Functionally, macrophages serve as the principal recipient of epithelial MVs in the lung. MV-containing cav-1/hnRNPA2B1 complex-bound miR-17/93 activate tissue macrophages. Collectively, cav-1 is the first identified membranous protein that directly guides RNA-binding protein into EVs. Our work delineates a novel mechanism by which oxidative stress compels epithelial cells to package and secrete specific miRNAs and elicits an innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA
| | - Chunhua Li
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Duo Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA
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14
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Hoch-Kraft P, Trotter J, Gonsior C. Missing in Action: Dysfunctional RNA Metabolism in Oligodendroglial Cells as a Contributor to Neurodegenerative Diseases? Neurochem Res 2019; 45:566-579. [PMID: 30843138 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formation of myelin around axons by oligodendrocytes (OL) poses an enormous synthetic and energy challenge for the glial cell. Local translation of transcripts, including the mRNA for the essential myelin protein Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) at the site of myelin deposition has been recognised as an efficient mechanism to assure proper myelin sheath assembly. Oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) form synapses with neurons and may localise many additional mRNAs in a similar fashion to synapses between neurons. In some diseases in which demyelination occurs, an abundance of OPCs is present but there is a failure to efficiently remyelinate and to synthesise MBP. This compromises axonal survival and function. OPCs are especially sensitive to cellular stress as occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, which can impinge on their ability to translate mRNAs into protein. Stress causes the build up of cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) in which many RNAs are sequestered and translationally stalled until the stress ceases. Chronic stress in particular could convert this initially protective reaction of the cell into damage, as persistence of SG may lead to pathological aggregate formation or long-term translation block of SG-associated RNAs. The recent recognition that many neurodegenerative diseases often exhibit an early white matter pathology with a proliferation of surviving OPCs, renders a study of the stress-associated processes in oligodendrocytes and OPCs especially relevant. Here, we discuss a potential dysfunction of RNA regulation in myelin diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) and potential contributions of OL dysfunction to neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoch-Kraft
- Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Constantin Gonsior
- Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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15
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Mayya VK, Duchaine TF. Ciphers and Executioners: How 3'-Untranslated Regions Determine the Fate of Messenger RNAs. Front Genet 2019; 10:6. [PMID: 30740123 PMCID: PMC6357968 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequences and structures of 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of messenger RNAs govern their stability, localization, and expression. 3'UTR regulatory elements are recognized by a wide variety of trans-acting factors that include microRNAs (miRNAs), their associated machinery, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). In turn, these factors instigate common mechanistic strategies to execute the regulatory programs encoded by 3'UTRs. Here, we review classes of factors that recognize 3'UTR regulatory elements and the effector machineries they guide toward mRNAs to dictate their expression and fate. We outline illustrative examples of competitive, cooperative, and coordinated interplay such as mRNA localization and localized translation. We further review the recent advances in the study of mRNP granules and phase transition, and their possible significance for the functions of 3'UTRs. Finally, we highlight some of the most recent strategies aimed at deciphering the complexity of the regulatory codes of 3'UTRs, and identify some of the important remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas F. Duchaine
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Bovaird S, Patel D, Padilla JCA, Lécuyer E. Biological functions, regulatory mechanisms, and disease relevance of RNA localization pathways. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2948-2972. [PMID: 30132838 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric subcellular distribution of RNA molecules from their sites of transcription to specific compartments of the cell is an important aspect of post-transcriptional gene regulation. This involves the interplay of intrinsic cis-regulatory elements within the RNA molecules with trans-acting RNA-binding proteins and associated factors. Together, these interactions dictate the intracellular localization route of RNAs, whose downstream impacts have wide-ranging implications in cellular physiology. In this review, we examine the mechanisms underlying RNA localization and discuss their biological significance. We also review the growing body of evidence pointing to aberrant RNA localization pathways in the development and progression of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bovaird
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dhara Patel
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Juan-Carlos Alberto Padilla
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Lécuyer
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Integration of Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Transcription Uncovered Aberrant Methylation-Regulated Genes and Pathways in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Rheumatol 2018; 2018:7342472. [PMID: 30245726 PMCID: PMC6139224 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7342472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. Aberrant gene expression and epigenetic modifications in circulating immune cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc. This study is to delineate the interaction network between gene transcription and DNA methylation in PBMC of SSc patients and to identify methylation-regulated genes which are involved in the pathogenesis of SSc. Methods. Genome-wide mRNA transcription and global DNA methylation analysis were performed on PBMC from 18 SSc patients and 19 matched normal controls (NC) using Illumina BeadChips. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were integrative analyzed to identify methylation-regulated genes and associated molecular pathways. Results. Transcriptome analysis distinguished 453 DEGs (269 up- and 184 downregulated) in SSc from NC. Global DNA methylation analysis identified 925 DMPs located on 618 genes. Integration of the two lists revealed only 20 DEGs which harbor inversely correlated DMPs, including 12 upregulated (ELANE, CTSG, LTBR, C3AR1, CSTA, SPI1, ODF3B, SAMD4A, PLAUR, NFE2, ZYX, and CTSZ) and eight downregulated genes (RUNX3, PRF1, PRKCH, PAG1, RASSF5, FYN, CXCR6, and F2R). These potential methylation-regulated DEGs (MeDEGs) are enriched in the pathways related to immune cell migration, proliferation, activation, and inflammation activities. Using a machine learning algorism, we identified six out of the 20 MeDEGs, including F2R, CXCR6, FYN, LTBR, CTSG, and ELANE, which distinguished SSc from NC with 100% accuracy. Four genes (F2R, FYN, PAG1, and PRKCH) differentially expressed in SSc with interstitial lung disease (ILD) compared to SSc without ILD. Conclusion. The identified MeDEGs may represent novel candidate factors which lead to the abnormal activation of immune regulatory pathways in the pathogenesis of SSc. They may also be used as diagnostic biomarkers for SSc and clinical complications.
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18
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Torvund-Jensen J, Steengaard J, Askebjerg LB, Kjaer-Sorensen K, Laursen LS. The 3'UTRs of Myelin Basic Protein mRNAs Regulate Transport, Local Translation and Sensitivity to Neuronal Activity in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:185. [PMID: 29946237 PMCID: PMC6006989 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of functional myelin sheaths within the central nervous system depends on expression of myelin basic protein (MBP). Following process extension and wrapping around axonal segments, this highly basic protein is required for compaction of the multi-layered membrane sheath produced by oligodendrocytes. MBP is hypothesized to be targeted to the membrane sheath by mRNA transport and local translation, which ensures that its expression is temporally and spatially restricted. The mechanistic details of how this might be regulated are still largely unknown, in particular because a model system that allows this process to be studied in vivo is lacking. We here show that the expression of the zebrafish MBP orthologs, mbpa and mbpb, is developmentally regulated, and that expression of specific mbpa isoforms is restricted to the peripheral nervous system. By analysis of transgenic zebrafish, which express a fluorescent reporter protein specifically in myelinating oligodendrocytes, we demonstrate that both mbpa and mbpb include a 3’UTR sequence, by which mRNA transport and translation is regulated in vivo. Further functional analysis suggests that: (1) the 3’UTRs delay the onset of protein expression; and that (2) several regulatory elements contribute to targeting of the mbp mRNA to the myelin sheath. Finally, we show that a pharmacological compound known to enhance neuronal activity stimulates the translation of Mbp in zebrafish in a 3’UTR-dependent manner. A similar effect was obtained following stimulation with a TrkB receptor agonist, and cell-based assays further confirmed that the receptor ligand, BDNF, in combination with other signals reversed the inhibitory effect of the 3’UTR on translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Torvund-Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jes Steengaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lisbeth S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Hoch-Kraft P, White R, Tenzer S, Krämer-Albers EM, Trotter J, Gonsior C. Dual role of the RNA helicase DDX5 in post-transcriptional regulation of Myelin Basic Protein in oligodendrocytes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.204750. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, oligodendroglial expression of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) is crucial for the assembly and structure of the myelin sheath. MBP synthesis is tightly regulated in space and time, particularly on the post-transcriptional level. We have identified the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 (alias p68) in a complex with Mbp mRNA in oligodendroglial cells. Expression of DDX5 is highest in progenitor cells and immature oligodendrocytes, where it localizes to heterogeneous populations of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes associated with Mbp mRNA in the cell body and processes. Manipulation of DDX5 protein amounts inversely affects levels of MBP protein. We present evidence that DDX5 is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of MBP protein synthesis, with implications for oligodendroglial development. In addition, DDX5 knockdown results in an increased abundance of MBP exon 2-positive isoforms in immature oligodendrocytes, most likely by regulating alternative splicing of Mbp. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the complex nature of MBP post-transcriptional control in immature oligodendrocytes where DDX5 appears to affect the abundance of MBP proteins via distinct but converging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoch-Kraft
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin White
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Constantin Gonsior
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Trümbach D, Pfeiffer S, Poppe M, Scherb H, Doll S, Wurst W, Schick JA. ENCoRE: an efficient software for CRISPR screens identifies new players in extrinsic apoptosis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:905. [PMID: 29178829 PMCID: PMC5702081 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As CRISPR/Cas9 mediated screens with pooled guide libraries in somatic cells become increasingly established, an unmet need for rapid and accurate companion informatics tools has emerged. We have developed a lightweight and efficient software to easily manipulate large raw next generation sequencing datasets derived from such screens into informative relational context with graphical support. The advantages of the software entitled ENCoRE (Easy NGS-to-Gene CRISPR REsults) include a simple graphical workflow, platform independence, local and fast multithreaded processing, data pre-processing and gene mapping with custom library import. RESULTS We demonstrate the capabilities of ENCoRE to interrogate results from a pooled CRISPR cellular viability screen following Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha challenge. The results not only identified stereotypical players in extrinsic apoptotic signaling but two as yet uncharacterized members of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade, Smg7 and Ces2a. We further validated and characterized cell lines containing mutations in these genes against a panel of cell death stimuli and involvement in p53 signaling. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this software enables bench scientists with sensitive data or without access to informatic cores to rapidly interpret results from large scale experiments resulting from pooled CRISPR/Cas9 library screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Pfeiffer
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Poppe
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hagen Scherb
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Doll
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Chair of Developmental Genetics c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Joel A Schick
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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21
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Rossi A, Moro A, Tebaldi T, Cornella N, Gasperini L, Lunelli L, Quattrone A, Viero G, Macchi P. Identification and dynamic changes of RNAs isolated from RALY-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6775-6792. [PMID: 28379492 PMCID: PMC5499869 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RALY is a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family (hnRNP), a large family of RNA-binding proteins involved in many aspects of RNA metabolism. Although RALY interactome has been recently characterized, a comprehensive global analysis of RALY-associated RNAs is lacking and the biological function of RALY remains elusive. Here, we performed RIP-seq analysis to identify RALY interacting RNAs and assessed the role of RALY in gene expression. We demonstrate that RALY binds specific coding and non-coding RNAs and associates with translating mRNAs of mammalian cells. Among the identified transcripts, we focused on ANXA1 and H1FX mRNAs, encoding for Annexin A1 and for the linker variant of the histone H1X, respectively. Both proteins are differentially expressed by proliferating cells and are considered as markers for tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that cells lacking RALY expression exhibit changes in the levels of H1FX and ANXA1 mRNAs and proteins in an opposite manner. We also provide evidence for a direct binding of RALY to the U-rich elements present within the 3΄UTR of both transcripts. Thus, our results identify RALY as a poly-U binding protein and as a regulator of H1FX and ANXA1 in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Albertomaria Moro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, CIBIO - Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Cornella
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Lisa Gasperini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lunelli
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, CIBIO - Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriella Viero
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR-Italian National Council for Research, via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Paolo Macchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento (TN), Italy
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22
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Bijlard M, de Jonge JC, Klunder B, Nomden A, Hoekstra D, Baron W. MAL Is a Regulator of the Recruitment of Myelin Protein PLP to Membrane Microdomains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155317. [PMID: 27171274 PMCID: PMC4865042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In oligodendrocytes (OLGs), an indirect, transcytotic pathway is mediating transport of de novo synthesized PLP, a major myelin specific protein, from the apical-like plasma membrane to the specialized basolateral-like myelin membrane to prevent its premature compaction. MAL is a well-known regulator of polarized trafficking in epithelial cells, and given its presence in OLGs it was therefore of interest to investigate whether MAL played a similar role in PLP transport in OLGs, taking into account its timely expression in these cells. Our data revealed that premature expression of mCherry-MAL in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells interfered with terminal OLG differentiation, although myelin membrane formation per se was not impaired. In fact, also PLP transport to myelin membranes via the cell body plasma membrane was unaffected. However, the typical shift of PLP from TX-100-insoluble membrane domains to CHAPS-resistant, but TX-100-soluble membrane domains, seen in the absence of MAL expression, is substantially reduced upon expression of the MAL protein. Interestingly, not only in vitro, but also in developing brain a strongly diminished shift from TX-100 resistant to TX-100 soluble domains was observed. Consistently, the MAL-expression mediated annihilation of the typical membrane microdomain shift of PLP is also reflected by a loss of the characteristic surface expression profile of conformation-sensitive anti-PLP antibodies. Hence, these findings suggest that MAL is not involved in vesicular PLP trafficking to either the plasma membrane and/or the myelin membrane as such. Rather, we propose that MAL may regulate PLP’s distribution into distinct membrane microdomains that allow for lateral diffusion of PLP, directly from the plasma membrane to the myelin membrane once the myelin sheath has been assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Bijlard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny C. de Jonge
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Klunder
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Nomden
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Hoekstra
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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23
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Schäfer I, Müller C, Luhmann HJ, White R. MOBP levels are regulated by Fyn kinase and affect the morphological differentiation of oligodendrocytes. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:930-42. [PMID: 26801084 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Myelin is formed by extensive wrapping of oligodendroglial processes around axonal segments, which ultimately allows a rapid saltatory conduction of action potentials within the CNS and sustains neuronal health. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn is an important signaling molecule in oligodendrocytes. It controls the morphological differentiation of oligodendrocytes and is an integrator of axon-glial signaling cascades leading to localized synthesis of myelin basic protein (MBP), which is essential for myelin formation. The abundant myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) resembles MBP in several aspects and has also been reported to be localized as mRNA and translated in the peripheral myelin compartment. The signals initiating local MOBP synthesis are so far unknown and the cellular function of MOBP remains elusive. Here, we show, by several approaches in cultured primary oligodendrocytes, that MOBP synthesis is stimulated by Fyn activity. Moreover, we reveal a new function for MOBP in oligodendroglial morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schäfer
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Christina Müller
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
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24
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SncRNA715 Inhibits Schwann Cell Myelin Basic Protein Synthesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136900. [PMID: 26317513 PMCID: PMC4552632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin basic proteins (MBP) are major constituents of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the CNS Mbp translation occurs locally at the axon-glial contact site in a neuronal activity-dependent manner. Recently we identified the small non-coding RNA 715 (sncRNA715) as a key inhibitor of Mbp translation during transport in oligodendrocytes. Mbp mRNA localization in Schwann cells has been observed, but has not been investigated in much detail. Here we could confirm translational repression of Mbp mRNA in Schwann cells. We show that sncRNA715 is expressed and its levels correlate inversely with MBP in cultured Schwann cells and in the sciatic nerve in vivo. Furthermore we could reduce MBP protein levels in cultured Schwann cells by increasing the levels of the inhibitory sncRNA715. Our findings suggest similarities in sncRNA715-mediated translational repression of Mbp mRNA in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.
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25
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Müller C, Schäfer I, Luhmann HJ, White R. Oligodendroglial Argonaute protein Ago2 associates with molecules of the Mbp mRNA localization machinery and is a downstream target of Fyn kinase. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:328. [PMID: 26379499 PMCID: PMC4548153 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS) facilitating rapid transmission of action potentials by saltatory conduction. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an essential component of myelin and its absence results in severe hypomyelination in the CNS of rodents. Mbp mRNA is not translated immediately after exit from the nucleus in the cytoplasm, but is transported to the plasma membrane in RNA transport granules in a translationally silenced state. We have previously identified the small non-coding RNA 715 (sncRNA715) as an inhibitor of Mbp translation associated with RNA granules. Argonaute (Ago) proteins and small RNAs form the minimal core of the RNA induced silencing complex and together recognize target mRNAs to be translationally inhibited or degraded. Recently, tyrosine phosphorylation of Ago2 was reported to be a regulator of small RNA binding. The oligodendroglial non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn is activated by neuronal signals and stimulates the translation of Mbp mRNA at the axon-glial contact site. Here we analyzed the expression of Ago proteins in oligodendrocytes, if they associate with Mbp mRNA transport granules and are tyrosine phosphorylated by Fyn. We show that all Ago proteins (Ago1-4) are expressed by oligodendrocytes and that Ago2 colocalizes with hnRNP A2 in granular cytoplasmic structures. Ago2 associates with hnRNP A2, Mbp mRNA, sncRNA715 and Fyn kinase and is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to Fyn activity. Our findings suggest an involvement of Ago2 in the translational regulation of Mbp. The identification of Ago proteins as Fyn targets will foster further research to understand in more molecular detail how Fyn activity regulates Mbp translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, MainzGermany
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26
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Translational control of myelin basic protein expression by ERK2 MAP kinase regulates timely remyelination in the adult brain. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7850-65. [PMID: 25995471 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4380-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful myelin repair in the adult CNS requires the robust and timely production of myelin proteins to generate new myelin sheaths. The underlying regulatory mechanisms and complex molecular basis of myelin regeneration, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of ERK MAP kinase signaling in this process. Conditional deletion of Erk2 from cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage resulted in delayed remyelination following demyelinating injury to the adult mouse corpus callosum. The delayed repair occurred as a result of a specific deficit in the translation of the major myelin protein, MBP. In the absence of ERK2, activation of the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and its downstream target, ribosomal protein S6 (S6RP), was impaired at a critical time when premyelinating oligodendrocytes were transitioning to mature cells capable of generating new myelin sheaths. Thus, we have described an important link between the ERK MAP kinase signaling cascade and the translational machinery specifically in remyelinating oligodendrocytes in vivo. These results suggest an important role for ERK2 in the translational control of MBP, a myelin protein that appears critical for ensuring the timely generation of new myelin sheaths following demyelinating injury in the adult CNS.
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27
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Intracellular Protein Shuttling: A Mechanism Relevant for Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15057-85. [PMID: 26151843 PMCID: PMC4519887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) is the degeneration and loss of previously established functional myelin sheaths, which results in impaired signal propagation and axonal damage. However, at least in early disease stages, partial replacement of lost oligodendrocytes and thus remyelination occur as a result of resident oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) activation. These cells represent a widespread cell population within the adult central nervous system (CNS) that can differentiate into functional myelinating glial cells to restore axonal functions. Nevertheless, the spontaneous remyelination capacity in the adult CNS is inefficient because OPCs often fail to generate new oligodendrocytes due to the lack of stimulatory cues and the presence of inhibitory factors. Recent studies have provided evidence that regulated intracellular protein shuttling is functionally involved in oligodendroglial differentiation and remyelination activities. In this review we shed light on the role of the subcellular localization of differentiation-associated factors within oligodendroglial cells and show that regulation of intracellular localization of regulatory factors represents a crucial process to modulate oligodendroglial maturation and myelin repair in the CNS.
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28
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Saher G, Stumpf SK. Cholesterol in myelin biogenesis and hypomyelinating disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1083-94. [PMID: 25724171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The largest pool of free cholesterol in mammals resides in myelin membranes. Myelin facilitates rapid saltatory impulse propagation by electrical insulation of axons. This function is achieved by ensheathing axons with a tightly compacted stack of membranes. Cholesterol influences myelination at many steps, from the differentiation of myelinating glial cells, over the process of myelin membrane biogenesis, to the functionality of mature myelin. Cholesterol emerged as the only integral myelin component that is essential and rate-limiting for the development of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Moreover, disorders that interfere with sterol synthesis or intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and other lipids cause hypomyelination and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes recent results on the roles of cholesterol in CNS myelin biogenesis in normal development and under different pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Saher
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sina Kristin Stumpf
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Smith R, Rathod RJ, Rajkumar S, Kennedy D. Nervous translation, do you get the message? A review of mRNPs, mRNA-protein interactions and translational control within cells of the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3917-37. [PMID: 24952431 PMCID: PMC11113408 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In neurons, translation of a message RNA can occur metres away from its transcriptional origin and in normal cells this is orchestrated with perfection. The life of an mRNA will see it pass through multiple steps of processing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm before it reaches its final destination. Processing of mRNA is determined by a myriad of RNA-binding proteins in multi-protein complexes called messenger ribonucleoproteins; however, incorrect processing and delivery of mRNA can cause several human neurological disorders. This review takes us through the life of mRNA from the nucleus to its point of translation in the cytoplasm. The review looks at the various cis and trans factors that act on the mRNA and discusses their roles in different cells of the nervous system and human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia,
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30
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Percipalle P. New insights into co-transcriptional sorting of mRNA for cytoplasmic transport during development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Villarroya-Beltri C, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Sánchez-Cabo F, Pérez-Hernández D, Vázquez J, Martin-Cofreces N, Martinez-Herrera DJ, Pascual-Montano A, Mittelbrunn M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2980. [PMID: 24356509 PMCID: PMC3905700 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1391] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are released by most cells to the extracellular environment and are involved in cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes contain specific repertoires of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and other non-coding RNAs that can be functionally transferred to recipient cells. However, the mechanisms that control the specific loading of RNA species into exosomes remain unknown. Here we describe sequence motifs present in miRNAs that control their localization into exosomes. The protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) specifically binds exosomal miRNAs through the recognition of these motifs and controls their loading into exosomes. Moreover, hnRNPA2B1 in exosomes is sumoylated, and sumoylation controls the binding of hnRNPA2B1 to miRNAs. The loading of miRNAs into exosomes can be modulated by mutagenesis of the identified motifs or changes in hnRNPA2B1 expression levels. These findings identify hnRNPA2B1 as a key player in miRNA sorting into exosomes and provide potential tools for the packaging of selected regulatory RNAs into exosomes and their use in biomedical applications. Cells secrete micro-RNAs by packaging them into exosomes; however, the mechanisms by which this packaging occurs are unclear. Here, the authors identify a sequence motif that confers exosomal targeting to micro-RNAs and identify a ribonucleoprotein complex that plays a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Villarroya-Beltri
- 1] Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain [2] Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María Mittelbrunn
- 1] Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain [2]
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- 1] Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain [2] Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain [3]
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hnRNP F complexes with tristetraprolin and stimulates ARE-mRNA decay. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100992. [PMID: 24978456 PMCID: PMC4076271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The tristetraprolin (TTP) family of zinc-finger proteins, TTP, BRF1 and BRF2, regulate the stability of a subset of mRNAs containing 3′UTR AU-rich elements (AREs), including mRNAs coding for cytokines, transcription factors, and proto-oncogenes. To better understand the mechanism by which TTP-family proteins control mRNA stability in mammalian cells, we aimed to identify TTP- and BRF1-interacting proteins as potential TTP-family co-factors. This revealed hnRNP F as a prominent interactor of TTP and BRF1. While TTP, BRF1 and hnRNP F are all RNA binding proteins (RBPs), the interaction of hnRNP F with TTP and BRF1 is independent of RNA. Depletion of hnRNP F impairs the decay of a subset of TTP-substrate ARE-mRNAs by a mechanism independent of the extent of hnRNP F binding to the mRNA. Taken together, these findings implicate hnRNP F as a co-factor in a subset of TTP/BRF-mediated mRNA decay and highlight the importance of RBP cooperativity in mRNA regulation.
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Ichinose M, Kamei Y, Iriyama T, Imada S, Seyama T, Toshimitsu M, Asou H, Yamamoto M, Fujii T. Hypothermia attenuates apoptosis and protects contact between myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendroglial-lineage cells and neurons against hypoxia-Ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1270-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kamei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takayuki Iriyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinya Imada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Seyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masatake Toshimitsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Asou
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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34
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Bakhti M, Aggarwal S, Simons M. Myelin architecture: zippering membranes tightly together. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1265-77. [PMID: 24165921 PMCID: PMC11113231 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nerve conduction requires the coating of axons by a tightly packed multilayered myelin membrane. In the central nervous system, myelin is formed from cellular processes that extend from oligodendrocytes and wrap in a spiral fashion around an axon, resulting in the close apposition of adjacent myelin membrane bilayers. In this review, we discuss the physical principles underlying the zippering of the plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes at the cytoplasmic and extracellular leaflet. We propose that the interaction of the myelin basic protein with the cytoplasmic leaflet of the myelin bilayer triggers its polymerization into a fibrous network that drives membrane zippering and protein extrusion. In contrast, the adhesion of the extracellular surfaces of myelin requires the down-regulation of repulsive components of the glycocalyx, in order to uncover weak and unspecific attractive forces that bring the extracellular surfaces into close contact. Unveiling the mechanisms of myelin membrane assembly at the cytoplasmic and extracelluar sites may help to understand how the myelin bilayers are disrupted and destabilized in the different demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Bakhti
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
- Present Address: Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shweta Aggarwal
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
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Gonsior C, Binamé F, Frühbeis C, Bauer NM, Hoch-Kraft P, Luhmann HJ, Trotter J, White R. Oligodendroglial p130Cas is a target of Fyn kinase involved in process formation, cell migration and survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89423. [PMID: 24586768 PMCID: PMC3931761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glial cells of the central nervous system. In the course of brain development, oligodendrocyte precursor cells migrate, scan the environment and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes with multiple cellular processes which recognize and ensheath neuronal axons. During differentiation, oligodendrocytes undergo dramatic morphological changes requiring cytoskeletal rearrangements which need to be tightly regulated. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn plays a central role in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. In order to improve our understanding of the role of oligodendroglial Fyn kinase, we have identified Fyn targets in these cells. Purification and mass-spectrometric analysis of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in response to overexpressed active Fyn in the oligodendrocyte precursor cell line Oli-neu, yielded the adaptor molecule p130Cas. We analyzed the function of this Fyn target in oligodendroglial cells and observed that reduction of p130Cas levels by siRNA affects process outgrowth, the thickness of cellular processes and migration behavior of Oli-neu cells. Furthermore, long term p130Cas reduction results in decreased cell numbers as a result of increased apoptosis in cultured primary oligodendrocytes. Our data contribute to understanding the molecular events taking place during oligodendrocyte migration and morphological differentiation and have implications for myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Gonsior
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabien Binamé
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Frühbeis
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina M. Bauer
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Hoch-Kraft
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Torvund-Jensen J, Steengaard J, Reimer L, Fihl LB, Laursen LS. Transport and translation of MBP mRNA is regulated differently by distinct hnRNP proteins. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1550-64. [PMID: 24522184 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing nervous system, abundant synthesis of myelin basic protein (MBP) in oligodendrocytes is required for the formation of compact myelin sheaths around axons. The MBP mRNA is known to be transported into the processes of oligodendrocytes. However, knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the tight temporal and spatial control of MBP translation within these processes is limited. Here, we have identified novel regions within the 3'-UTR of the MBP mRNA that are responsible for the regulation of its translation, and we have demonstrated that each of the mRNA-binding proteins heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-A2, hnRNP-K and hnRNP-E1 serve distinct functions to regulate controlled and localized protein synthesis. hnRNP-A2 is responsible for mRNA transport, not for translational inhibition. By contrast, hnRNP-K and hnRNP-E1 play opposing roles in the translational regulation of MBP mRNA. We have identified shared binding sites within the 3'-UTR, and show that translation is promoted by the exchange of inhibitory hnRNP-E1 for stimulatory hnRNP-K. We further show that this molecular switch in the MBP messenger RNA-ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex, which regulates the synthesis of MBP, is important for the normal growth and extension of myelin sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Torvund-Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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37
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Di Liegro I. Regulation of mRNA transport, localization and translation in the nervous system of mammals (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:747-62. [PMID: 24452120 PMCID: PMC3976132 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional control of mRNA trafficking and metabolism plays a critical role in the actualization and fine tuning of the genetic program of cells, both in development and in differentiated tissues. Cis-acting signals, responsible for post-transcriptional regulation, reside in the RNA message itself, usually in untranslated regions, 5′ or 3′ to the coding sequence, and are recognized by trans-acting factors: RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and/or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs bind short mRNA sequences usually present in the 3′-untranslated (3′-UTR) region of their target messages. RBPs recognize specific nucleotide sequences and/or secondary/tertiary structures. Most RBPs assemble on mRNA at the moment of transcription and shepherd it to its destination, somehow determining its final fate. Regulation of mRNA localization and metabolism has a particularly important role in the nervous system where local translation of pre-localized mRNAs has been implicated in developing axon and dendrite pathfinding, and in synapse formation. Moreover, activity-dependent mRNA trafficking and local translation may underlie long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy, responsible for learning and memory. This review focuses on the role of RBPs in neuronal development and plasticity, as well as possible connections between ncRNAs and RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
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38
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White R, Krämer-Albers EM. Axon-glia interaction and membrane traffic in myelin formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 7:284. [PMID: 24431989 PMCID: PMC3880936 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate nervous systems myelination of neuronal axons has evolved to increase conduction velocity of electrical impulses with minimal space and energy requirements. Myelin is formed by specialized glial cells which ensheath axons with a lipid-rich insulating membrane. Myelination is a multi-step process initiated by axon-glia recognition triggering glial polarization followed by targeted myelin membrane expansion and compaction. Thereby, a myelin sheath of complex subdomain structure is established. Continuous communication between neurons and glial cells is essential for myelin maintenance and axonal integrity. A diverse group of diseases, from multiple sclerosis to schizophrenia, have been linked to malfunction of myelinating cells reflecting the physiological importance of the axon-glial unit. This review describes the mechanisms of axonal signal integration by oligodendrocytes emphasizing the central role of the Src-family kinase Fyn during central nervous system (CNS) myelination. Furthermore, we discuss myelin membrane trafficking with particular focus on endocytic recycling and the control of proteolipid protein (PLP) transport by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. Finally, PLP mistrafficking is considered in the context of myelin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin White
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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39
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Müller C, Bauer NM, Schäfer I, White R. Making myelin basic protein -from mRNA transport to localized translation. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:169. [PMID: 24098271 PMCID: PMC3784684 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) of most vertebrates, oligodendrocytes enwrap neuronal axons with extensions of their plasma membrane to form the myelin sheath. Several proteins are characteristically found in myelin of which myelin basic protein (MBP) is the second most abundant one after proteolipid protein. The lack of functional MBP in rodents results in a severe hypomyelinated phenotype in the CNS demonstrating its importance for myelin synthesis. Mbp mRNA is transported from the nucleus to the plasma membrane and is translated locally at the axon-glial contact site. Axonal properties such as diameter or electrical activity influence the degree of myelination. As oligodendrocytes can myelinate many axonal segments with varying properties, localized MBP translation represents an important part of a rapid and axon-tailored synthesis machinery. MBP's ability to compact cellular membranes may be problematic for the integrity of intracellular membranous organelles and can also explain why MBP is transported in oligodendrocytes in the form of an mRNA rather than as a protein. Here we review the recent findings regarding intracellular transport and signaling mechanisms leading to localized translation of Mbp mRNA in oligodendrocytes. More detailed insights into the MBP synthesis pathway are important for a better understanding of the myelination process and may foster the development of remyelination therapies for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Müller
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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40
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Nawaz S, Schweitzer J, Jahn O, Werner HB. Molecular evolution of myelin basic protein, an abundant structural myelin component. Glia 2013; 61:1364-77. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Schanila Nawaz
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen; Germany
| | - Jörn Schweitzer
- Developmental Biology; Institute of Biology 1; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen; Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen; Germany
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41
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Yang Y, Wang H, Zhang J, Luo F, Herrup K, Bibb JA, Lu R, Miller RH. Cyclin dependent kinase 5 is required for the normal development of oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. Dev Biol 2013; 378:94-106. [PMID: 23583582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the vertebrate CNS, is regulated by a cohort of growth factors and transcription factors. Less is known about the signaling pathways that integrate extracellular signals with intracellular transcriptional regulators to control oligodendrocyte development. Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and its co-activators play critical roles in the regulation of neuronal differentiation, cortical lamination, neuronal cell migration and axon outgrowth. Here we demonstrate a previously unrecognized function of Cdk5 in regulating oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. During late embryonic development Cdk5 null animals displayed a reduction in the number of MBP+ cells in the spinal cord, but no difference in the number of OPCs. To determine whether the reduction of oligodendrocytes reflected a cell-intrinsic loss of Cdk5, it was selectively deleted from Olig1+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In Olig1(Cre/+); Cdk5(fl/fl) conditional mutants, reduced levels of expression of MBP and PLP mRNA were observed throughout the CNS and ultrastructural analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the proportion of myelinated axons in the optic nerve and spinal cord. Pharmacological inhibition or RNAi knockdown of Cdk5 in vitro resulted in the reduction in oligodendrocyte maturation, but had no effect on OPC cell proliferation. Conversely, over-expression of Cdk5 promoted oligodendrocyte maturation and enhanced process outgrowth. Consistent with this data, Cdk5(-/-) oligodendrocytes developed significantly fewer primary processes and branches than control cells. Together, these findings suggest that Cdk5 function as a signaling integrator to regulate oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid, Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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42
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Ahrendsen JT, Macklin W. Signaling mechanisms regulating myelination in the central nervous system. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:199-215. [PMID: 23558589 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise and coordinated production of myelin is essential for proper development and function of the nervous system. Diseases that disrupt myelin, including multiple sclerosis, cause significant functional disability. Current treatment aims to reduce the inflammatory component of the disease, thereby preventing damage resulting from demyelination. However, therapies are not yet available to improve natural repair processes after damage has already occurred. A thorough understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate myelin generation will improve our ability to enhance repair. in this review, we summarize the positive and negative regulators of myelination, focusing primarily on central nervous system myelination. Axon-derived signals, extracellular signals from both diffusible factors and the extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling pathways within myelinating oligodendrocytes are discussed. Much is known about the positive regulators that drive myelination, while less is known about the negative regulators that shift active myelination to myelin maintenance at the appropriate time. Therefore, we also provide new data on potential negative regulators of CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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43
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GRSF1 regulates RNA processing in mitochondrial RNA granules. Cell Metab 2013; 17:399-410. [PMID: 23473034 PMCID: PMC3593211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Various specialized domains have been described in the cytosol and the nucleus; however, little is known about compartmentalization within the mitochondrial matrix. GRSF1 (G-rich sequence factor 1) is an RNA binding protein that was previously reported to localize in the cytosol. We found that an isoform of GRSF1 accumulates in discrete foci in the mitochondrial matrix. These foci are composed of nascent mitochondrial RNA and also contain RNase P, an enzyme that participates in mitochondrial RNA processing. GRSF1 was found to interact with RNase P and to be required for processing of both classical and tRNA-less RNA precursors. In its absence, cleavage of primary RNA transcripts is abnormal, leading to decreased expression of mitochondrially encoded proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings suggest that the foci containing GRSF1 and RNase P correspond to sites where primary RNA transcripts converge to be processed. We have termed these large ribonucleoprotein structures "mitochondrial RNA granules."
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44
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Denti MA, Viero G, Provenzani A, Quattrone A, Macchi P. mRNA fate: Life and death of the mRNA in the cytoplasm. RNA Biol 2013; 10:360-6. [PMID: 23466755 DOI: 10.4161/rna.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The life of an mRNA molecule begins with transcription and ultimately ends in degradation. In the course of its life, however, mRNA is examined, modified in various ways and transported before eventually being translated into proteins. All these processes are performed by proteins and non-coding RNAs whose complex interplay in the cell contributes to determining the proteome changes and the phenotype of cells. On May 23‒26, 2012, over 150 scientists from around the world convened in the sunny shores of Riva del Garda, Italy, for the workshop entitled: "mRNA fate: Life and Death of mRNA in the Cytoplasm." Sessions included mRNA trafficking, mRNA translational control, RNA metabolism and disease, RNA-protein structures and systems biology of RNA. This report highlights some of the prominent and recurring themes at the meeting and emerging arenas of future research.
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45
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Myelin basic protein synthesis is regulated by small non-coding RNA 715. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:827-34. [PMID: 22744314 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglial Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) synthesis is essential for myelin formation in the central nervous system. During oligodendrocyte differentiation, MBP mRNA is kept in a translationally silenced state while intracellularly transported, until neuron-derived signals initiate localized MBP translation. Here we identify the small non-coding RNA 715 (sncRNA715) as an inhibitor of MBP translation. SncRNA715 localizes to cytoplasmic granular structures and associates with MBP mRNA transport granule components. We also detect increased levels of sncRNA715 in demyelinated chronic human multiple sclerosis lesions, which contain MBP mRNA but lack MBP protein.
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