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Gomez-Mariano G, Perez-Luz S, Ramos-Del Saz S, Matamala N, Hernandez-SanMiguel E, Fernandez-Prieto M, Gil-Martin S, Justo I, Marcacuzco A, Martinez-Delgado B. Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency Type B Patient-Derived Liver Organoids Reveals Altered Lysosomal Gene Expression and Lipid Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12645. [PMID: 37628828 PMCID: PMC10454326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) or Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPA), type B (NPB) and type A/B (NPA/B), is a rare lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive accumulation of sphingomyelin (SM) in the liver, lungs, bone marrow and, in severe cases, neurons. A disease model was established by generating liver organoids from a NPB patient carrying the p.Arg610del variant in the SMPD1 gene. Liver organoids were characterized by transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis. We observed altered lipid homeostasis in the patient-derived organoids showing the predictable increase in sphingomyelin (SM), together with cholesterol esters (CE) and triacylglycerides (TAG), and a reduction in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cardiolipins (CL). Analysis of lysosomal gene expression pointed to 24 downregulated genes, including SMPD1, and 26 upregulated genes that reflect the lysosomal stress typical of the disease. Altered genes revealed reduced expression of enzymes that could be involved in the accumulation in the hepatocytes of sphyngoglycolipids and glycoproteins, as well as upregulated genes coding for different glycosidases and cathepsins. Lipidic and transcriptome changes support the use of hepatic organoids as ideal models for ASMD investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Gomez-Mariano
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
| | - Sara Perez-Luz
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
| | - Sheila Ramos-Del Saz
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
| | - Nerea Matamala
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
| | - Esther Hernandez-SanMiguel
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
| | - Marta Fernandez-Prieto
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
| | - Sara Gil-Martin
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER U758, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Justo
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Alberto Marcacuzco
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (S.R.-D.S.); (N.M.); (E.H.-S.); (M.F.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (B.M.-D.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER U758, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals mechanisms of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:13. [PMID: 34991559 PMCID: PMC8740005 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicosis is a systemic disease characterized by persistent inflammation and incurable pulmonary fibrosis. Although great effort has been made to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, molecular mechanism underlying silicosis is not fully elucidated. This study was aimed to explore proteomic and transcriptomic changes in rat model of silicosis. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the model group were intratracheally instilled with 50 mg/mL silicon dioxide (1 mL per rat) and rats in the control group were treated with 1.0 mL saline (1 mL per rat). Twenty-eight days later, transcriptomic analysis by microarray and tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic analysis were performed to reveal the expression of mRNAs and proteins in lung tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were applied to analyze the altered genes and proteins. The integrated analysis was performed between transcriptome and proteome. The data were further verified by RT-qPCR and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Results In total, 1769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 650 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the silicosis model and control groups. The integrated analysis showed 250 DEPs were correlated to the corresponding DEGs (cor-DEPs-DEGs), which were mainly enriched in phagosome, leukocyte transendothelial migration, complement and coagulation cascades and cellular adhesion molecule (CAM). These pathways are interrelated and converged at common points to produce an effect. GM2a, CHI3L1, LCN2 and GNAI1 are involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammation contributing to fibrosis. Conclusion Our comprehensive transcriptome and proteome data provide new insights into the mechanisms of silicosis and helpful information for more targeted prevention and treatment of silicosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01807-w.
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Ruiz-Blázquez P, Pistorio V, Fernández-Fernández M, Moles A. The multifaceted role of cathepsins in liver disease. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1192-1202. [PMID: 34242696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are the most abundant enzyme gene family in vertebrates and they execute essential functions in all living organisms. Their main role is to hydrolase the peptide bond within proteins, a process also called proteolysis. Contrary to the conventional paradigm, proteases are not only random catalytic devices, but can perform highly selective and targeted cleavage of specific substrates, finely modulating multiple essential cellular processes. Lysosomal protease cathepsins comprise 3 families of proteases that preferentially act within acidic cellular compartments, but they can also be found in other cellular locations. They can operate alone or as part of signalling cascades and regulatory circuits, playing important roles in apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodelling, hepatic stellate cell activation, autophagy and metastasis, contributing to the initiation, development and progression of liver disease. In this review, we comprehensively summarise current knowledge on the role of lysosomal cathepsins in liver disease, with a particular emphasis on liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Blázquez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - María Fernández-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain.
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Balboa E, Marín T, Oyarzún JE, Contreras PS, Hardt R, van den Bosch T, Alvarez AR, Rebolledo-Jaramillo B, Klein AD, Winter D, Zanlungo S. Proteomic Analysis of Niemann-Pick Type C Hepatocytes Reveals Potential Therapeutic Targets for Liver Damage. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082159. [PMID: 34440927 PMCID: PMC8392304 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. The most affected tissues are the central nervous system and liver, and while significant efforts have been made to understand its neurological component, the pathophysiology of the liver damage remains unclear. In this study, hepatocytes derived from wild type and Npc1-/- mice were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics in conjunction with bioinformatic analysis. We identified 3832 proteins: 416 proteins had a p-value smaller than 0.05, of which 37% (n = 155) were considered differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 149 of them were considered upregulated, and 6 were considered downregulated. We focused the analysis on pathways related to NPC pathogenic mechanisms, finding that the most significant changes in expression levels occur in proteins that function in the pathways of liver damage, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Moreover, in the group of DEPs, 30% (n = 47) were identified as lysosomal proteins and 7% (n = 10) were identified as mitochondrial proteins. Importantly, we found that lysosomal DEPs, including CTSB/D/Z, LIPA, DPP7 and GLMP, and mitocondrial DEPs, AKR1B10, and VAT1 had been connected with liver fibrosis, damage, and steatosis in previous studies, validiting our dataset. Our study found potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver damage in NPCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Balboa
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Tamara Marín
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan Esteban Oyarzún
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Pablo S Contreras
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8018, USA
| | - Robert Hardt
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thea van den Bosch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alejandra R Alvarez
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, CARE UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Boris Rebolledo-Jaramillo
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile
| | - Andres D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
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Breiden B, Sandhoff K. Acid Sphingomyelinase, a Lysosomal and Secretory Phospholipase C, Is Key for Cellular Phospholipid Catabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9001. [PMID: 34445706 PMCID: PMC8396676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the main features of human acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), its biosynthesis, processing and intracellular trafficking, its structure, its broad substrate specificity, and the proposed mode of action at the surface of the phospholipid substrate carrying intraendolysosomal luminal vesicles. In addition, we discuss the complex regulation of its phospholipid cleaving activity by membrane lipids and lipid-binding proteins. The majority of the literature implies that ASM hydrolyses solely sphingomyelin to generate ceramide and ignores its ability to degrade further substrates. Indeed, more than twenty different phospholipids are cleaved by ASM in vitro, including some minor but functionally important phospholipids such as the growth factor ceramide-1-phosphate and the unique lysosomal lysolipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. The inherited ASM deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease type A and B, impairs mainly, but not only, cellular sphingomyelin catabolism, causing a progressive sphingomyelin accumulation, which furthermore triggers a secondary accumulation of lipids (cholesterol, glucosylceramide, GM2) by inhibiting their turnover in late endosomes and lysosomes. However, ASM appears to be involved in a variety of major cellular functions with a regulatory significance for an increasing number of metabolic disorders. The biochemical characteristics of ASM, their potential effect on cellular lipid turnover, as well as a potential impact on physiological processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Sphingomyelinases and Liver Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111497. [PMID: 33143193 PMCID: PMC7692672 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are critical components of membrane bilayers that play a crucial role in their physico-chemical properties. Ceramide is the prototype and most studied SL due to its role as a second messenger in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways and cellular processes. Ceramide is a heterogeneous lipid entity determined by the length of the fatty acyl chain linked to its carbon backbone sphingosine, which can be generated either by de novo synthesis from serine and palmitoyl-CoA in the endoplasmic reticulum or via sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis by sphingomyelinases (SMases). Unlike de novo synthesis, SMase-induced SM hydrolysis represents a rapid and transient mechanism of ceramide generation in specific intracellular sites that accounts for the diverse biological effects of ceramide. Several SMases have been described at the molecular level, which exhibit different pH requirements for activity: neutral, acid or alkaline. Among the SMases, the neutral (NSMase) and acid (ASMase) are the best characterized for their contribution to signaling pathways and role in diverse pathologies, including liver diseases. As part of a Special Issue (Phospholipases: From Structure to Biological Function), the present invited review summarizes the physiological functions of NSMase and ASMase and their role in chronic and metabolic liver diseases, of which the most relevant is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its progression to hepatocellular carcinoma, due to the association with the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemic. A better understanding of the regulation and role of SMases in liver pathology may offer the opportunity for novel treatments of liver diseases.
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Fang W, Deng Z, Benadjaoud F, Yang C, Shi GP. Cathepsin B deficiency ameliorates liver lipid deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis after diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Transl Res 2020; 222:28-40. [PMID: 32434697 PMCID: PMC7311307 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease characterized by fat accumulation and inflammation in liver. Yet, the mechanistic insight and diagnostic and therapeutic options of NASH remain incompletely understood. This study tested the roles of cysteine protease cathepsin B (CatB) in mouse NASH development. Immunoblot revealed increased liver CatB expression in NASH mice. Fructose-palmitate-cholesterol diet increased body weight gain, liver to body weight ratio, blood fasting glucose, plasma total cholesterol and alanine transaminase levels, and liver triglyceride, but decreased plasma high-density lipoprotein in wild-type mice. All these changes were blunted in CatB-deficient (Ctsb-/-) mice. In parallel to reduced expression of genes involved in liver lipid transport and lipogenesis, liver CD36, FABP4, and PPARγ protein levels were also significantly decreased in Ctsb-/- mice, although CatB deficiency did not affect liver gluconeogenesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation-associated gene expression. Mechanistic studies showed that CatB deficiency decreased liver expression of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokine, and chemokine, along with reduced liver inflammatory cell infiltration. CatB deficiency also promoted M2 macrophage polarization and reduced liver TGF-β1 signaling and fibrosis. Together, CatB deficiency improves liver function in NASH mice by suppressing de novo lipogenesis and liver inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Fang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feriel Benadjaoud
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chongzhe Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Bestion E, Jilkova ZM, Mège JL, Novello M, Kurma K, Pour STA, Lalmanach G, Vanderlynden L, Fizanne L, Bassissi F, Rachid M, Tracz J, Boursier J, Courcambeck J, Serdjebi C, Ansaldi C, Decaens T, Halfon P, Brun S. GNS561 acts as a potent anti-fibrotic and pro-fibrolytic agent in liver fibrosis through TGF-β1 inhibition. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320942042. [PMID: 32728410 PMCID: PMC7366401 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320942042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatic fibrosis is the result of chronic liver injury that can progress to
cirrhosis and lead to liver failure. Nevertheless, there are no
anti-fibrotic drugs licensed for human use. Here, we investigated the
anti-fibrotic activity of GNS561, a new lysosomotropic molecule with high
liver tropism. Methods: The anti-fibrotic effect of GNS561 was determined in vitro
using LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and primary human HSCs by studying
cell viability, activity of caspases 3/7, autophagic flux, cathepsin
maturation and activity, HSC activation and transforming growth factor-β1
(TGF-β1) maturation and signaling. The contribution of GNS561
lysosomotropism to its anti-fibrotic activity was assessed by increasing
lysosomal pH. The potency of GNS561 on fibrosis was evaluated in
vivo in a rat model of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver
fibrosis. Results: GNS561 significantly decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis.
Disrupting the lysosomal pH gradient impaired its pharmacological effects,
suggesting that GNS561 lysosomotropism mediated cell death. GNS561 impaired
cathepsin activity, leading to defective TGF-β1 maturation and autophagic
processes. Moreover, GNS561 decreased HSC activation and extracellular
matrix deposition by downregulating TGF-β1/Smad and mitogen-activated
proteine kinase signaling and inducing fibrolysis. Finally, oral
administration of GNS561 (15 mg/kg per day) was well tolerated and
attenuated diethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in this rat model
(decrease of collagen deposition and of pro-fibrotic markers and increase of
fibrolysis). Conclusion: GNS561 is a new potent lysosomotropic compound that could represent a valid
medicinal option for hepatic fibrosis treatment through both its
anti-fibrotic and its pro-fibrolytic effects. In addition, this study
provides a rationale for targeting lysosomes as a promising therapeutic
strategy in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïne Bestion
- Genoscience Pharma, Marseille, France, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de médecine, France, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Keerthi Kurma
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de médecine, France, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble, France
| | - Seyedeh Tayebeh Ahmad Pour
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de médecine, France, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe «Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation», Tours, France, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lise Vanderlynden
- INSERM, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe «Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation», Tours, France, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lionel Fizanne
- Laboratoire HIFIH, UPRES EA 3859, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Boursier
- Laboratoire HIFIH, UPRES EA 3859, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de médecine, France, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sonia Brun
- Genoscience Pharma, 10 Rue d'Iéna, Marseille, 13006, France
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Yu C, Wan Y, Piao L, Wu Cheng X. Can cysteinyl cathepsin activity control diet-induced NAFLD? IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 28:100516. [PMID: 32373709 PMCID: PMC7195526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Key Words
- CSTB, cathepsin B
- CTSB+/+, wild-type
- CTSB−/−, cathepsin B deficiency
- CTSs, cathepsins
- FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4
- FPC, fructose-palmitate-cholesterol
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- MMP, metalloproteinase
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Scad, short-chain acyl dehydrogenase-1
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Limei Piao
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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Gopalaswamy V, Madhyastha SP, Acharya R, Manohar C. Portal hypertension: not a common Niemann. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/12/e232660. [PMID: 31811098 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-232660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Gopalaswamy
- Department of Medicine, ESIC MC & PGIMSR, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharath P Madhyastha
- Department of Medicine, KMC Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Raviraja Acharya
- Department of Medicine, KMC Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chethan Manohar
- Department of Pathology, KMC Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yu X, Huang Q, Fang W, Li J, Bonventre JV, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Differential Roles of Cysteinyl Cathepsins in TGF-β Signaling and Tissue Fibrosis. iScience 2019; 19:607-622. [PMID: 31446224 PMCID: PMC6715892 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling contributes to tissue fibrosis. Here we demonstrate that TGF-β enhances CatS and CatK expression but reduces CatB and CatL expression in mouse kidney tubular epithelial cells (TECs). CatS- and CatK deficiency reduces TEC nuclear membrane importer importin-β expression, Smad-2/3 activation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Yet CatB- and CatL-deficiency displays the opposite observations with reduced nuclear membrane exporter RanBP3 expression. CatS and CatK form immunocomplexes with the importin-β and RanBP3 more effectively than do CatB and CatL. On the plasma membrane, CatS and CatK preferentially form immunocomplexes with and activate TGF-β receptor-2, whereas CatB and CatL form immunocomplexes with and inactivate TGF-β receptor-1. Unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal injury tests differential cathepsin activities in TGF-β signaling and tissue fibrosis. CatB- or CatL-deficiency exacerbates fibrosis, whereas CatS- or CatK-deficiency protects kidneys from fibrosis. These cathepsins exert different effects in the TGF-β signaling cascade independent of their proteolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA; School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenqian Fang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Yao X, Cheng F, Yu W, Rao T, Li W, Zhao S, Zhou X, Ning J. Cathepsin S regulates renal fibrosis in mouse models of mild and severe hydronephrosis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:141-150. [PMID: 31115520 PMCID: PMC6580002 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the cysteine protease family, cathepsin S (CTSS) serves an important role in diseases such as cancer, arthritis and atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, its role in renal fibrosis is unknown. In the present study, the effects of CTSS on renal fibrosis in mild (group M) and severe (group S) hydronephrosis were studied by reverse transcription‑-quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), western blot analysis (WB), Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining in mouse models. The effects of CTSS on extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the potential mechanisms were further studied by RT‑qPCR and WB in transforming growth factor (TGF‑β1)‑stimulated TCMK‑1 cells. Compared with group N (no hydronephrosis), the expression levels of CTSS in the M and S groups were significantly higher, and a significant increase in ECM deposition was observed in the S group. In addition, compared with group N, the expression levels of TGF‑β1, α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA), SMAD2, SMAD3, phosphorylated (p)SMAD2 and pSMAD3 in groups M and S were significantly higher, whereas the expression of E‑cadherin was significantly lower. Inhibition of CTSS expression increased the expression levels of TGF‑β1, α‑SMA, fibronectin, collagen‑I, SMAD2, SMAD3, pSMAD2 and pSMAD3, whereas E‑cadherin expression decreased. A significant increase in CTSS was observed in the TGF‑β1‑stimulated TCMK‑1 cell line. ECM deposition and EMT were also intensified. The opposite outcomes occurred after intervention with small interfering RNA targeting CTSS. In conclusion, CTSS affected EMT and the deposition of ECM. CTSS may mediate the regulation of fibrosis by the TGF‑β/SMAD signaling pathway. CTSS may serve an important role in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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14
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Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-mediated immunomodulation by anti-depressants inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is the rate-limiting enzyme cleaving sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholin. CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T (Treg) cells depend on CD28 signaling for their survival and function, a receptor that activates the ASM. Both, basal and CD28-induced ASM activities are higher in Treg cells than in conventional CD4+T (Tconv) cells. In ASM-deficient (Smpd1−/−) as compared to wt mice, membranes of T cells contain 7–10-fold more sphingomyelin and two- to three-fold more ceramide, and are in a state of higher order than membranes of T cells from wt mice, which may facilitate their activation. Indeed, the frequency of Treg cells among CD4+T cells in ASM-deficient mice and their suppressive activityin vitroare increased. Moreover,in vitrostimulation of ASM-deficient T cells in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2 leads to higher numbers of induced Treg cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the ASM with a clinically used tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline in mice or in tissue culture of murine or human T cells induces higher frequencies of Treg cells among CD4+T cells within a few days. This fast alteration of the balance between T cell populationsin vitrois due to the elevated cell death of Tconv cells and protection of the CD25highTreg cells by IL-2. Together, these findings suggest that ASM-inhibiting antidepressants, including a fraction of the serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are moderately immunosuppressive and should be considered for the therapy of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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15
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Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) mediates the attenuation of myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis by astaxanthin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:637-643. [PMID: 29906461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI) is a critical pathological change leading to heart failure. Current pharmacotherapies are limited by unsatisfactory efficacy and undesired systemic side effects. Astaxanthin (ASX) is a natural carotenoid with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The effects of ASX on MI-induced cardiac fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, after the establishment of MI model, mice were administrated with ASX (200 mg/kg⋅d) for 4 weeks. We found that ASX treatment attenuated cardiac fibrosis and improved heart function following MI, as evidenced by reduced collagen I/III ratio, hydroxyproline content and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Lipidomic analysis revealed the overaccumulation of myocardial ceramides in mice with cardiac fibrosis, which was normalized by ASX treatment. Molecular docking analysis showed that ASX produced a tight fit in the pocket of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1), a key enzyme in the production of ceramides. Western blot analysis confirmed the significant inhibition of SMPD1 expression by ASX. Furthermore, MI-induced overexpression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and phosphorylated SMAD2/3 were attenuated by ASX administration. SMPD1 knockout (KO) abrogated the beneficial effect of ASX. Taken together, our results suggest that the cardioprotective effects of ASX are mediated by SMPD1 through the indirection inhibition of TGF- β1/SMAD signaling cascade.
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16
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Thriene K, Grüning BA, Bornert O, Erxleben A, Leppert J, Athanasiou I, Weber E, Kiritsi D, Nyström A, Reinheckel T, Backofen R, Has C, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Dengjel J. Combinatorial Omics Analysis Reveals Perturbed Lysosomal Homeostasis in Collagen VII-deficient Keratinocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:565-579. [PMID: 29326176 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein collagen VII is part of the microenvironment of stratified epithelia and critical in organismal homeostasis. Mutations in the encoding gene COL7A1 lead to the skin disorder dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), are linked to skin fragility and progressive inflammation-driven fibrosis that facilitates aggressive skin cancer. So far, these changes have been linked to mesenchymal alterations, the epithelial consequences of collagen VII loss remaining under-addressed. As epithelial dysfunction is a principal initiator of fibrosis, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome and proteome profiling of primary human keratinocytes from DEB and control subjects to generate global and detailed images of dysregulated epidermal molecular pathways linked to loss of collagen VII. These revealed downregulation of interaction partners of collagen VII on mRNA and protein level, but also increased abundance of S100 pro-inflammatory proteins in primary DEB keratinocytes. Increased TGF-β signaling because of loss of collagen VII was associated with enhanced activity of lysosomal proteases in both keratinocytes and skin of collagen VII-deficient individuals. Thus, loss of a single structural protein, collagen VII, has extra- and intracellular consequences, resulting in inflammatory processes that enable tissue destabilization and promote keratinocyte-driven, progressive fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Thriene
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,§Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Andreas Grüning
- §Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Germany.,¶Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Bornert
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anika Erxleben
- §Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Germany.,¶Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juna Leppert
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Athanasiou
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Weber
- ‖Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- **Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,‡‡Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- §Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Germany.,¶Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Germany.,‡‡Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; .,§Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Germany.,‡‡Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- From the ‡Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; .,§Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Germany.,‡‡Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Germany.,§§Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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17
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Torres S, Balboa E, Zanlungo S, Enrich C, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Lysosomal and Mitochondrial Liaisons in Niemann-Pick Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:982. [PMID: 29249985 PMCID: PMC5714892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are characterized by the accumulation of diverse lipid species in lysosomes. Niemann-Pick type A/B (NPA/B) and type C diseases Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) are progressive LSD caused by loss of function of distinct lysosomal-residing proteins, acid sphingomyelinase and NPC1, respectively. While the primary cause of these diseases differs, both share common biochemical features, including the accumulation of sphingolipids and cholesterol, predominantly in endolysosomes. Besides these alterations in lysosomal homeostasis and function due to accumulation of specific lipid species, the lysosomal functional defects can have far-reaching consequences, disrupting intracellular trafficking of sterols, lipids and calcium through membrane contact sites (MCS) of apposed compartments. Although MCS between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria have been well studied and characterized in different contexts, emerging evidence indicates that lysosomes also exhibit close proximity with mitochondria, which translates in their mutual functional regulation. Indeed, as best illustrated in NPC disease, alterations in the lysosomal-mitochondrial liaisons underlie the secondary accumulation of specific lipids, such as cholesterol in mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and defective antioxidant defense, which contribute to disease progression. Thus, a better understanding of the lysosomal and mitochondrial interactions and trafficking may identify novel targets for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Balboa
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica CELLEX, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Chung HY, Witt CJ, Jbeily N, Hurtado-Oliveros J, Giszas B, Lupp A, Gräler MH, Bruns T, Stallmach A, Gonnert FA, Claus RA. Acid Sphingomyelinase Inhibition Prevents Development of Sepsis Sequelae in the Murine Liver. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12348. [PMID: 28955042 PMCID: PMC5617833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of maladaptive response in liver tissue with respect to the acute and post-acute phase of sepsis are not yet fully understood. Long-term sepsis survivors might develop hepatocellular/hepatobiliary injury and fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate that acid sphingomyelinase, an important regulator of hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, is linked to the promotion of liver dysfunction in the acute phase of sepsis as well as to fibrogenesis in the long-term. In both phases, we observed a beneficial effect of partial genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency in heterozygous animals (smpd1+/−) on oxidative stress levels, hepatobiliary function, macrophage infiltration and on HSC activation. Strikingly, similar to heterozygote expression of SMPD1, either preventative (p-smpd1+/+) or therapeutic (t-smpd1+/+) pharmacological treatment strategies with desipramine – a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA) – significantly improved liver function and survival. The inhibition of sphingomyelinase exhibited a protective effect on liver function in the acute-phase, and the reduction of HSC activation diminished development of sepsis-associated liver fibrosis in the post-acute phase of sepsis. In summary, targeting sphingomyelinase with FDA-approved drugs is a novel promising strategy to overcome sepsis-induced liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yeun Chung
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany.,Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - C Julius Witt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Nayla Jbeily
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Giszas
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Falk A Gonnert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany.
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19
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Manchanda M, Das P, Gahlot GPS, Singh R, Roeb E, Roderfeld M, Datta Gupta S, Saraya A, Pandey RM, Chauhan SS. Cathepsin L and B as Potential Markers for Liver Fibrosis: Insights From Patients and Experimental Models. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e99. [PMID: 28617446 PMCID: PMC5518948 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cathepsin L (CTSL) and B (CTSB) have a crucial role in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and tissue remodeling, which is a prominent feature of fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the role and clinical significance of these cathepsins in liver fibrosis. METHODS Hepatic histological CTSL and CTSB expression were assessed in experimental models of liver fibrosis, patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, and controls by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Plasma levels of CTSL and CTSB were analyzed in 51 liver cirrhosis patients (Child-Pugh stages A, B and C) and 15 controls. RESULTS Significantly enhanced CTSL mRNA (P=0.02) and protein (P=0.01) levels were observed in the liver of carbon tetrachloride-treated mice compared with controls. Similarly, hepatic CTSL and CTSB mRNA levels (P=0.02) were markedly increased in Abcb4-/- (ATP-binding cassette transporter knockout) mice compared with wild-type littermates. Elevated levels of CTSL and CTSB were also found in the liver (P=0.001) and plasma (P<0.0001) of patients with hepatic cirrhosis compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, CTSL and CTSB levels correlated well with the hepatic collagen (r=0.5, P=0.007; r=0.64, P=0.0001). CTSL and CTSB levels increased with the Child-Pugh stage of liver cirrhosis and correlated with total bilirubin content (r=0.4/0.2; P≤0.05). CTSL, CTSB, and their combination had a high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve: 0.91, 0.89 and 0.96, respectively) for distinguishing patients from controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the overexpression of CTSL and CTSB in patients and experimental mouse models, suggesting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Manchanda
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav P S Gahlot
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R M Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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20
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Jessop F, Hamilton RF, Rhoderick JF, Fletcher P, Holian A. Phagolysosome acidification is required for silica and engineered nanoparticle-induced lysosome membrane permeabilization and resultant NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 318:58-68. [PMID: 28126413 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurs in response to hazardous particle exposures and is critical for the development of particle-induced lung disease. Mechanisms of Lysosome Membrane Permeabilization (LMP), a central pathway for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhaled particles, are not fully understood. We demonstrate that the lysosomal vATPases inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 blocked LMP in vitro and ex vivo in primary murine macrophages following exposure to silica, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and titanium nanobelts. Bafilomycin A1 treatment of particle-exposed macrophages also resulted in decreased active cathepsin L in the cytosol, a surrogate measure for leaked cathepsin B, which was associated with less NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Silica-induced LMP was partially dependent upon lysosomal cathepsins B and L, whereas nanoparticle-induced LMP occurred independent of cathepsin activity. Furthermore, inhibition of lysosomal cathepsin activity with CA-074-Me decreased the release of High Mobility Group Box 1. Together, these data support the notion that lysosome acidification is a prerequisite for particle-induced LMP, and the resultant leak of lysosome cathepsins is a primary regulator of ongoing NLRP3 inflammasome activity and release of HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Jessop
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Raymond F Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Joseph F Rhoderick
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.
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21
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Schuchman EH, Desnick RJ. Types A and B Niemann-Pick disease. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:27-33. [PMID: 28164782 PMCID: PMC5347465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The eponym Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) refers to a group of patients who present with varying degrees of lipid storage and foam cell infiltration in tissues, as well as overlapping clinical features including hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary insufficiency and/or central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Due to the pioneering work of Roscoe Brady and co-workers, we now know that there are two distinct metabolic abnormalities that account for NPD. The first is due to the deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM; "types A & B" NPD), and the second is due to defective function in cholesterol transport ("type C" NPD). Herein only types A and B NPD will be discussed. Type A NPD patients exhibit hepatosplenomegaly in infancy and profound CNS involvement. They rarely survive beyond 2-3years of age. Type B patients also have hepatosplenomegaly and pathologic alterations of their lungs, but there are usually no CNS signs. The age of onset and rate of disease progression varies greatly among type B patients, and they frequently live into adulthood. Intermediate patients also have been reported with mild to moderate neurological findings. All patients with types A and B NPD have mutations in the gene encoding ASM (SMPD1), and thus the disease is more accurately referred to as ASM deficiency (ASMD). Herein we will review the clinical, pathological, biochemical, and genetic findings in types A and B NPD, and emphasize the seminal contributions of Dr. Brady to this disease. We will also discuss the current status of therapy for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
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Hubel E, Saroha A, Park WJ, Pewzner-Jung Y, Lavoie EG, Futerman AH, Bruck R, Fishman S, Dranoff JA, Shibolet O, Zvibel I. Sortilin Deficiency Reduces Ductular Reaction, Hepatocyte Apoptosis, and Liver Fibrosis in Cholestatic-Induced Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Magtanong L, Ko PJ, Dixon SJ. Emerging roles for lipids in non-apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1099-109. [PMID: 26967968 PMCID: PMC5399169 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) is essential to maintain organismal homeostasis and may be aberrantly activated during certain pathological states. Lipids are emerging as key components of several non-apoptotic RCD pathways. For example, a direct interaction between membrane phospholipids and the pore-forming protein mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is needed for the execution of necroptosis, while the oxidative destruction of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), following the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), is a requisite gateway to ferroptosis. Here, we review the roles of lipids in the initiation and execution of these and other forms of non-apoptotic cell death. We also consider new technologies that are allowing for the roles of lipids and lipid metabolism in RCD to be probed in increasingly sophisticated ways. In certain cases, this new knowledge may enable the development of therapies that target lipids and lipid metabolic processes to enhance or suppress specific non-apoptotic RCD pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Magtanong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Ko
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
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24
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Inhibition of lysosomal protease cathepsin D reduces renal fibrosis in murine chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20101. [PMID: 26831567 PMCID: PMC4735715 DOI: 10.1038/srep20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic kidney disease (CKD) there is a dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis leading to renal fibrosis. Lysosomal proteases such as cathepsins (Cts) regulate this process in other organs, however, their role in CKD is still unknown. Here we describe a novel role for cathepsins in CKD. CtsD and B were located in distal and proximal tubular cells respectively in human disease. Administration of CtsD (Pepstatin A) but not B inhibitor (Ca074-Me), in two mouse CKD models, UUO and chronic ischemia reperfusion injury, led to a reduction in fibrosis. No changes in collagen transcription or myofibroblasts numbers were observed. Pepstatin A administration resulted in increased extracellular urokinase and collagen degradation. In vitro and in vivo administration of chloroquine, an endo/lysosomal inhibitor, mimicked Pepstatin A effect on renal fibrosis. Therefore, we propose a mechanism by which CtsD inhibition leads to increased collagenolytic activity due to an impairment in lysosomal recycling. This results in increased extracellular activity of enzymes such as urokinase, triggering a proteolytic cascade, which culminates in more ECM degradation. Taken together these results suggest that inhibition of lysosomal proteases, such as CtsD, could be a new therapeutic approach to reduce renal fibrosis and slow progression of CKD.
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25
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Baulies A, Ribas V, Núñez S, Torres S, Alarcón-Vila C, Martínez L, Suda J, Ybanez MD, Kaplowitz N, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Lysosomal Cholesterol Accumulation Sensitizes To Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Impairing Mitophagy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18017. [PMID: 26657973 PMCID: PMC4676017 DOI: 10.1038/srep18017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lysosomes in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of genetic and drug-induced lysosomal cholesterol (LC) accumulation in APAP hepatotoxicity. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase)−/− mice exhibit LC accumulation and higher mortality after APAP overdose compared to ASMase+/+ littermates. ASMase−/− hepatocytes display lower threshold for APAP-induced cell death and defective fusion of mitochondria-containing autophagosomes with lysosomes, which decreased mitochondrial quality control. LC accumulation in ASMase+/+ hepatocytes caused by U18666A reproduces the susceptibility of ASMase−/− hepatocytes to APAP and the impairment in the formation of mitochondria-containing autolysosomes. LC extraction by 25-hydroxycholesterol increased APAP-mediated mitophagy and protected ASMase−/− mice and hepatocytes against APAP hepatotoxicity, effects that were reversed by chloroquine to disrupt autophagy. The regulation of LC by U18666A or 25-hydroxycholesterol did not affect total cellular sphingomyelin content or its lysosomal distribution. Of relevance, amitriptyline-induced ASMase inhibition in human hepatocytes caused LC accumulation, impaired mitophagy and increased susceptibility to APAP. Similar results were observed upon glucocerebrosidase inhibition by conduritol β-epoxide, a cellular model of Gaucher disease. These findings indicate that LC accumulation determines susceptibility to APAP hepatotoxicity by modulating mitophagy, and imply that genetic or drug-mediated ASMase disruption sensitizes to APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Núñez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alarcón-Vila
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jo Suda
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Maria D Ybanez
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.,University of Southern California Research Center for Alcohol Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jose C Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.,University of Southern California Research Center for Alcohol Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Bárcena C, Stefanovic M, Tutusaus A, Joannas L, Menéndez A, García-Ruiz C, Sancho-Bru P, Marí M, Caballeria J, Rothlin CV, Fernández-Checa JC, de Frutos PG, Morales A. Gas6/Axl pathway is activated in chronic liver disease and its targeting reduces fibrosis via hepatic stellate cell inactivation. J Hepatol 2015; 63:670-8. [PMID: 25908269 PMCID: PMC4543529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis, an important health concern associated to chronic liver injury that provides a permissive environment for cancer development, is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix components mainly derived from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand Gas6, are involved in cell differentiation, immune response and carcinogenesis. METHODS HSCs were obtained from WT and Axl(-/-) mice, treated with recombinant Gas6 protein (rGas6), Axl siRNAs or the Axl inhibitor BGB324, and analyzed by western blot and real-time PCR. Experimental fibrosis was studied in CCl4-treated WT and Axl(-/-) mice, and in combination with Axl inhibitor. Gas6 and Axl serum levels were measured in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. RESULTS In primary mouse HSCs, Gas6 and Axl levels paralleled HSC activation. rGas6 phosphorylated Axl and AKT prior to HSC phenotypic changes, while Axl siRNA silencing reduced HSC activation. Moreover, BGB324 blocked Axl/AKT phosphorylation and diminished HSC activation. In addition, Axl(-/-) mice displayed decreased HSC activation in vitro and liver fibrogenesis after chronic damage by CCl4 administration. Similarly, BGB324 reduced collagen deposition and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Importantly, Gas6 and Axl serum levels increased in ALD and HCV patients, inversely correlating with liver functionality. CONCLUSIONS The Gas6/Axl axis is required for full HSC activation. Gas6 and Axl serum levels increase in parallel to chronic liver disease progression. Axl targeting may be a therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bárcena
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Milica Stefanovic
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leonel Joannas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anghara Menéndez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Caballeria
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain
| | - Carla V. Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - José C. Fernández-Checa
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Sain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Albert Morales
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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27
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Abstract
Two distinct metabolic abnormalities are encompassed under the eponym Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). The first is due to the deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Patients with ASM deficiency are classified as having types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). Type A NPD patients exhibit hepatosplenomegaly in infancy and profound central nervous system involvement. They rarely survive beyond two years of age. Type B patients also have hepatosplenomegaly and pathologic alterations of their lungs, but there are usually no central nervous system signs. The age of onset and rate of disease progression varies greatly among type B patients, and they frequently live into adulthood. Recently, patients with phenotypes intermediate between types A and B NPD also have been identified. These individuals represent the expected continuum caused by inheriting different mutations in the ASM gene (SMPD1). Patients in the second NPD category are designated as having types C and D NPD. These patients may have mild hepatosplenomegaly, but the central nervous system is profoundly affected. Impaired intracellular trafficking of cholesterol causes types C and D NPD, and two distinct gene defects have been found. In this chapter only types A and B NPD will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 14-20A, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Melissa P Wasserstein
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, 1st Floor, Room AB1-12, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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28
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Zhang L, Fu XH, Yu Y, Shui RH, Li C, Zeng HY, Qiao YL, Ni LY, Wang Q. Treatment with CA-074Me, a Cathepsin B inhibitor, reduces lung interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of polymyositis. J Transl Med 2015; 95:65-77. [PMID: 25384123 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CB) is involved in the turnover of proteins and has various roles in maintaining the normal metabolism of cells. In our recent study, CB is increased in the muscles of polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM). However, the role of CB in interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not been reported. ILD is a frequent complication of PM/DM, which is the leading cause of death in PM/DM. It carries high morbidity and mortality in connective tissue diseases, characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and induced fibrosis, resulting in respiratory failure. The etiology and pathogenesis of ILD remain incompletely understood. This study investigated whether treatment with CA-074Me, a specific inhibitor of CB, attenuates ILD in PM. CB expression, inflammation, and fibrosis were analyzed in the lung tissues from patients with PM/DM. The animal model of PM was induced in guinea pigs with Coxsackie virus B1 (CVB1). CA-074Me was given 24 h after CVB1 injection for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed and lung tissues were collected for the following analysis. Inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis cells, and cytokines were assessed by histological examinations and immunohistochemical analyses, western blot analysis and transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In patients with PM/DM, the protein levels of CB were significantly elevated in lung tissues compared with healthy controls, which correlated with increases in inflammation and fibrosis. Similarly, the expression of CB, inflammation and fibrosis, CD8(+) T cell, CD68(+) cell, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1 infiltrations, and apoptotic cell death were significantly increased in lung tissues of the guinea-pig model of CVB1-induced PM. These changes were attenuated by the administration of CA-074Me. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PM/DM increases CB expression in lung tissues and inhibition of CB reduces ILD in a guinea-pig model of CVB1-induced PM. This finding suggests that CB may be a potential therapeutic target for ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruo-Hong Shui
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hai-Ying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu-Lei Qiao
- Department of thoracic surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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29
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Oninla VO, Breiden B, Babalola JO, Sandhoff K. Acid sphingomyelinase activity is regulated by membrane lipids and facilitates cholesterol transfer by NPC2. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2606-19. [PMID: 25339683 PMCID: PMC4242453 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During endocytosis, membrane components move to intraluminal vesicles of the endolysosomal compartment for digestion. At the late endosomes, cholesterol is sorted out mainly by two sterol-binding proteins, Niemann-Pick protein type C (NPC)1 and NPC2. To study the NPC2-mediated intervesicular cholesterol transfer, we developed a liposomal assay system. (Abdul-Hammed, M., B. Breiden, M. A. Adebayo, J. O. Babalola, G. Schwarzmann, and K. Sandhoff. 2010. Role of endosomal membrane lipids and NPC2 in cholesterol transfer and membrane fusion. J. Lipid Res. 51: 1747-1760.) Anionic lipids stimulate cholesterol transfer between liposomes while SM inhibits it, even in the presence of anionic bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). Preincubation of vesicles containing SM with acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) (SM phosphodiesterase, EC 3.1.4.12) results in hydrolysis of SM to ceramide (Cer), which enhances cholesterol transfer. Besides SM, ASM also cleaves liposomal phosphatidylcholine. Anionic phospholipids derived from the plasma membrane (phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid) stimulate SM and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by ASM more effectively than BMP, which is generated during endocytosis. ASM-mediated hydrolysis of liposomal SM was also stimulated by incorporation of diacylglycerol (DAG), Cer, and free fatty acids into the liposomal membranes. Conversely, phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis was inhibited by incorporation of cholesterol, Cer, DAG, monoacylglycerol, and fatty acids. Our data suggest that SM degradation by ASM is required for physiological secretion of cholesterol from the late endosomal compartment, and is a key regulator of endolysosomal lipid digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent O. Oninla
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Fucho R, Martínez L, Baulies A, Torres S, Tarrats N, Fernandez A, Ribas V, Astudillo AM, Balsinde J, Garcia-Rovés P, Elena M, Bergheim I, Lotersztajn S, Trautwein C, Appelqvist H, Paton AW, Paton JC, Czaja MJ, Kaplowitz N, Fernandez-Checa JC, García-Ruiz C. ASMase regulates autophagy and lysosomal membrane permeabilization and its inhibition prevents early stage non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1126-34. [PMID: 24946279 PMCID: PMC4203709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) is activated in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the contribution of ASMase to NASH is poorly understood and limited to hepatic steatosis and glucose metabolism. Here we examined the role of ASMase in high fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH. METHODS Autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) were determined in ASMase(-/-) mice fed a HFD. The impact of pharmacological ASMase inhibition on NASH was analyzed in wild type mice fed a HFD. RESULTS ASMase deficiency determined resistance to hepatic steatosis mediated by a HFD or methionine-choline deficient diet. ASMase(-/-) mice were resistant to HFD-induced hepatic ER stress, but sensitive to tunicamycin-mediated ER stress, indicating selectivity in the resistance of ASMase(-/-) mice to ER stress and steatosis. Autophagic flux, determined in the presence of rapamycin and/or chloroquine, was lower in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH) from ASMase(-/-) mice and accompanied by increased p62 levels, suggesting autophagic impairment. Moreover, autophagy suppression by chloroquine and brefeldin A caused ER stress in PMH from ASMase(+/+) mice but not in ASMase(-/-) mice. ASMase(-/-) PMH exhibited increased lysosomal cholesterol loading, decreased LMP and apoptosis resistance induced by O-methyl-serine dodecylamide hydrochloride or palmitic acid, effects that were reversed by decreasing cholesterol levels by oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol. In vivo pharmacological ASMase inhibition by amitriptyline, a widely used tricyclic antidepressant, protected wild type mice against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and liver damage, effects indicative of early-stage NASH. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore a critical role for ASMase in diet-induced NASH and suggest the potential of amitriptyline as a treatment for patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fucho
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Tarrats
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernandez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alma M Astudillo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics CSIC, Medical School, University of Valladolid and CIBERDEM, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics CSIC, Medical School, University of Valladolid and CIBERDEM, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Rovés
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Elena
- Biochemical Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna Appelqvist
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Jeanson L, Guerrera IC, Papon JF, Chhuon C, Zadigue P, Prulière-Escabasse V, Amselem S, Escudier E, Coste A, Edelman A. Proteomic analysis of nasal epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108671. [PMID: 25268127 PMCID: PMC4182543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease remains incompletely understood. New explanations for the pathogenesis of CF lung disease may be discovered by studying the patterns of protein expression in cultured human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC). To that aim, we compared the level of protein expressions in primary cultures of HNEC from nasal polyps secondary to CF (CFNP, n = 4), primary nasal polyps (NP, n = 8) and control mucosa (CTRL, n = 4) using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography (LC)-MS-MS. The analysis of the data revealed 42 deregulated protein expressions in CFNP compared to NP and CTRL, suggesting that these alterations are related to CF. Overall, AmiGo analysis highlighted six major pathways important for cell functions that seem to be impaired: metabolism, G protein process, inflammation and oxidative stress response, protein folding, proteolysis and structural proteins. Among them, glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways could be impaired in CF with nine deregulated proteins. Our proteomic study provides a reproducible set of differentially expressed proteins in airway epithelial cells from CF patients and reveals many novel deregulated proteins that could lead to further studies aiming to clarify the involvement of such proteins in CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Jeanson
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Unité Mixte de Recherche_Scientifique 933, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, and Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
- Unité_1151, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Unité_1151, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Plateau Proteome Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche de Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Papon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche_Scientifique 855, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Service d’Otorhinolaryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital inter-communal et Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Unité_1151, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Plateau Proteome Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche de Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Zadigue
- Unité Mixte de Recherche_Scientifique 855, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Virginie Prulière-Escabasse
- Service d’Otorhinolaryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital inter-communal et Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Serge Amselem
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Unité Mixte de Recherche_Scientifique 933, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, and Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Escudier
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Unité Mixte de Recherche_Scientifique 933, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, and Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - André Coste
- Unité Mixte de Recherche_Scientifique 855, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Service d’Otorhinolaryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital inter-communal et Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- Unité_1151, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Plateau Proteome Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche de Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Li X, Xu M, Pitzer AL, Xia M, Boini KM, Li PL, Zhang Y. Control of autophagy maturation by acid sphingomyelinase in mouse coronary arterial smooth muscle cells: protective role in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:473-85. [PMID: 24463558 PMCID: PMC4211081 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have indicated a protective role of autophagy in regulating vascular smooth muscle cells homeostasis in atherogenesis, but the mechanisms controlling autophagy, particularly autophagy maturation, are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-regulated lysosome function is involved in autophagy maturation in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In coronary arterial wall of ASM-deficient (Smpd1⁻/⁻) mice on Western diet, there were high expression levels of both LC3B, a robust marker of autophagosomes (APs), and p62, a selective autophagy substrate, compared with those in wild-type (Smpd1⁺/⁺) mice. By Western blotting and flow cytometry, atherogenic stimulation of Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs with 7-ketocholesterol was found to significantly enhance LC3B expression and increase the content of both APs and autophagolysosomes (APLs). In Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs, such 7-ketocholesterol-induced increases in LC3B and p62 expression and APs were further augmented, but APLs formation was abolished. Analysis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescence-labeled LC3B and Lamp1 (lysosome marker) showed that 7-ketocholesterol markedly induced fusion of APs with lysosomes in Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs, which was abolished in Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs. Moreover, 7-ketocholesterol-induced expression of cell dedifferentiation marker vimentin and proliferation was enhanced in Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs compared with those in Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs. Lastly, overexpression of ASM further increased APLs formation in Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs and restored APLs formation in Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs indicating that increased ASM expression is highly correlated with enhanced APLs formation. Taken together, our data suggest that the control of lysosome trafficking and fusion by ASM is essential to a normal autophagic flux in CASMCs, which implicates that the deficiency of ASM-mediated regulation of autophagy maturation may result in imbalance of arterial smooth muscle cell homeostasis and thus serve as an important atherogenic mechanism in coronary arteries. KEY MESSAGES Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) controls autophagy maturation in smooth muscle cells. ASM maintains smooth muscle cell homeostasis and its contractile phenotype. ASM plays a protective role in smooth muscle dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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Kasabova M, Joulin-Giet A, Lecaille F, Gilmore BF, Marchand-Adam S, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Regulation of TGF-β1-driven differentiation of human lung fibroblasts: emerging roles of cathepsin B and cystatin C. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16239-51. [PMID: 24790080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung matrix homeostasis partly depends on the fine regulation of proteolytic activities. We examined the expression of human cysteine cathepsins (Cats) and their relative contribution to TGF-β1-induced fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts. Assays were conducted using both primary fibroblasts obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and human lung CCD-19Lu fibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic silencing of Cat B diminished α-smooth muscle actin expression, delayed fibroblast differentiation, and led to an accumulation of intracellular 50-kDa TGF-β1. Moreover, the addition of Cat B generated a 25-kDa mature form of TGF-β1 in Cat B siRNA-pretreated lysates. Inhibition of Cat B decreased Smad 2/3 phosphorylation but had no effect on p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation, indicating that Cat B mostly disturbs TGF-β1-driven canonical Smad signaling pathway. Although mRNA expression of cystatin C was stable, its secretion, which was inhibited by brefeldin A, increased during TGF-β1-induced differentiation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and CCD-19Lu fibroblasts. In addition, cystatin C participated in the control of extracellular Cats, because its gene silencing restored their proteolytic activities. These data support the notion that Cat B participates in lung myofibrogenesis as suggested for stellate cells during liver fibrosis. Moreover, we propose that TGF-β1 promotes fibrosis by driving the effective cystatin C-dependent inhibition of extracellular matrix-degrading Cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kasabova
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Alix Joulin-Giet
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- the Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
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Cirrhosis and liver failure: expanding phenotype of Acid sphingomyelinase-deficient niemann-pick disease in adulthood. JIMD Rep 2014; 15:117-21. [PMID: 24718843 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase-deficient Niemann-Pick disease (ASMD) includes the severe neuronopathic type A, the non-neuronopathic type B, and rare intermediate cases. Here we report on such an atypical type B patient who died at 31 years of age from liver failure. This male subject was first seen in a paediatric department at the age of 3 years because of significant hepatosplenomegaly. Foam cells in bone marrow, interstitial pneumonitis, a slight facial dysmorphy and normal psychomotor development were additional findings. Acid sphingomyelinase studies in lymphocytes (and later SMPD1 gene studies [c.151_154delGACT; c.1341-21_1341-18delAATG]) established the diagnosis of ASMD. Between the ages 6-27, he developed growth retardation, peripheral neuropathy, kyphoscoliosis, alopecia, and aortic valve insufficiency requiring valve replacement. Surgery for bilateral inguinal hernias was performed twice, when the patient was 10 and 21 years of age, respectively. At the age of 28, he was noted to have hepatosplenomegaly and follow-up investigations revealed ascites and gastric varices. Liver biopsy showed cirrhosis without areas of necrosis (A6 in Child-Pugh classification). He developed haematemesis and worsening encephalopathy leading to his death at age 31. In conclusion, cirrhosis should be considered as a possible complication of ASMD in adult patients, even if hepatic tests are normal.
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35
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Gabandé-Rodríguez E, Boya P, Labrador V, Dotti CG, Ledesma MD. High sphingomyelin levels induce lysosomal damage and autophagy dysfunction in Niemann Pick disease type A. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:864-75. [PMID: 24488099 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann Pick disease type A (NPA), which is caused by loss of function mutations in the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene, is a lysosomal storage disorder leading to neurodegeneration. Yet, lysosomal dysfunction and its consequences in the disease are poorly characterized. Here we show that undegraded molecules build up in neurons of acid sphingomyelinase knockout mice and in fibroblasts from NPA patients in which autophagolysosomes accumulate. The latter is not due to alterations in autophagy initiation or autophagosome-lysosome fusion but because of inefficient autophago-lysosomal clearance. This, in turn, can be explained by lysosomal membrane permeabilization leading to cytosolic release of Cathepsin B. High sphingomyelin (SM) levels account for these effects as they can be induced in control cells on addition of the lipid and reverted on SM-lowering strategies in ASM-deficient cells. These results unveil a relevant role for SM in autophagy modulation and characterize autophagy anomalies in NPA, opening new perspectives for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Boya
- Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - V Labrador
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - C G Dotti
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - M D Ledesma
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
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36
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Kong XY, Nesset CK, Damme M, Løberg EM, Lübke T, Mæhlen J, Andersson KB, Lorenzo PI, Roos N, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Kase ET, Eskild W. Loss of lysosomal membrane protein NCU-G1 in mice results in spontaneous liver fibrosis with accumulation of lipofuscin and iron in Kupffer cells. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:351-62. [PMID: 24487409 PMCID: PMC3944495 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney predominant protein, NCU-G1, is a highly conserved protein with an unknown biological function. Initially described as a nuclear protein, it was later shown to be a bona fide lysosomal integral membrane protein. To gain insight into the physiological function of NCU-G1, mice with no detectable expression of this gene were created using a gene-trap strategy, and Ncu-g1gt/gt mice were successfully characterized. Lysosomal disorders are mainly caused by lack of or malfunctioning of proteins in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. The clinical symptoms vary, but often include liver dysfunction. Persistent liver damage activates fibrogenesis and, if unremedied, eventually leads to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and death. We demonstrate that the disruption of Ncu-g1 results in spontaneous liver fibrosis in mice as the predominant phenotype. Evidence for an increased rate of hepatic cell death, oxidative stress and active fibrogenesis were detected in Ncu-g1gt/gt liver. In addition to collagen deposition, microscopic examination of liver sections revealed accumulation of autofluorescent lipofuscin and iron in Ncu-g1gt/gt Kupffer cells. Because only a few transgenic mouse models have been identified with chronic liver injury and spontaneous liver fibrosis development, we propose that the Ncu-g1gt/gt mouse could be a valuable new tool in the development of novel treatments for the attenuation of fibrosis due to chronic liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Y Kong
- Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Estiu G, Khatri N, Wiest O. Computational Studies of the Cholesterol Transport between NPC2 and the N-Terminal Domain of NPC1 (NPC1(NTD)). Biochemistry 2013; 52:6879-91. [DOI: 10.1021/bi4005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Estiu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Rare and Neglected
Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Nazir Khatri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Rare and Neglected
Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana 46131, United States
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Rare and Neglected
Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- The
Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
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38
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Chen H, Wang J, Xiang MX, Lin Y, He A, Jin CN, Guan J, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Wang JA, Shi GP. Cathepsin S-mediated fibroblast trans-differentiation contributes to left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:84-94. [PMID: 23771947 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover plays an important role in left ventricular (LV) remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI). Cysteinyl cathepsins contribute to ECM catabolism in arterial diseases, suggesting their participation in post-MI remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Left anterior descending artery ligation-induced MI in mice showed increased expression and activity of cathepsin S (CatS). Administration of a non-selective cathepsin inhibitor, E64d, aggravated LV dysfunction at 7 and 28 days post-MI. Mechanistic studies showed that E64d increased post-MI inflammatory cell accumulation and cytokine expression, but did not affect apoptosis or angiogenesis in infarcted myocardium. Furthermore, E64d suppressed TGF-β1-induced Smad2 and Smad3 activation and expression of fibronectin extra domain A (ED-A), an alternatively spliced fibronectin variant, and subsequently prevented cardiac fibroblast trans-differentiation into myofibroblast, which contributed to post-MI collagen and fibronectin synthesis and deposition. Consistently, selective inhibition or genetically determined deficiency of CatS also reduced myocardial Smad2 and Smad3 activation and ED-A fibronectin expression, thus suppressing fibroblast trans-differentiation and resulting in adverse collagen turnover and impaired cardiac function-recapitulating the findings in mice treated with E64d. CONCLUSION Along with its established activities in ECM degradation, CatS plays novel roles in TGF-β1 signalling, myofibroblast trans-differentiation, and ECM protein synthesis, thereby regulating scar formation in the infarcted myocardium and preserving LV function after experimental MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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39
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Di Michele M, Goubau C, Waelkens E, Thys C, De Vos R, Overbergh L, Schyns T, Buyse G, Casaer P, Van Geet C, Freson K. Functional studies and proteomics in platelets and fibroblasts reveal a lysosomal defect with increased cathepsin-dependent apoptosis in ATP1A3 defective alternating hemiplegia of childhood. J Proteomics 2013; 86:53-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Jbeily N, Suckert I, Gonnert FA, Acht B, Bockmeyer CL, Grossmann SD, Blaess MF, Lueth A, Deigner HP, Bauer M, Claus RA. Hyperresponsiveness of mice deficient in plasma-secreted sphingomyelinase reveals its pivotal role in early phase of host response. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:410-24. [PMID: 23230083 PMCID: PMC3541704 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma secretion of acid sphingomyelinase is a hallmark of cellular stress
response resulting in the formation of membrane embedded ceramide-enriched lipid
rafts and the reorganization of receptor complexes. Consistently,
decompartmentalization of ceramide formation from inert sphingomyelin has been
associated with signaling events and regulation of the cellular phenotype.
Herein, we addressed the question of whether the secretion of acid
sphingomyelinase is involved in host response during sepsis. We found an
exaggerated clinical course in mice genetically deficient in acid
sphingomyelinase characterized by an increased bacterial burden, an increased
phagocytotic activity, and a more pronounced cytokine storm. Moreover, on a
functional level, leukocyte-endothelial interaction was found diminished in
sphingomyelinase-deficient animals corresponding to a distinct leukocytes’
phenotype with respect to rolling and sticking as well as expression of cellular
surface proteins. We conclude that hydrolysis of membrane-embedded
sphingomyelin, triggered by circulating sphingomyelinase, plays a pivotal role
in the first line of defense against invading microorganisms. This function
might be essential during the early phase of infection leading to an adaptive
response of remote cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla Jbeily
- Center of Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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41
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Hochrath K, Krawczyk M, Goebel R, Langhirt M, Rathkolb B, Micklich K, Rozman J, Horsch M, Beckers J, Klingenspor M, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Wolf E, Acalovschi M, Volmer DA, Hrabě de Angelis M, Lammert F. The hepatic phosphatidylcholine transporter ABCB4 as modulator of glucose homeostasis. FASEB J 2012; 26:5081-91. [PMID: 22982378 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-209379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) transporter ATP-binding cassette (ABC) B4 flops PC from hepatocytes into bile, and its dysfunction causes chronic cholestasis and fibrosis. Because a nuclear receptor-dependent PC pathway has been determined to exert antidiabetic effects, we now analyzed the role of ABCB4 in glucose metabolism. We bred congenic Abcb4-knockout (Abcb4(-/-)) mice on the fibrosis-susceptible BALB/cJ background. Knockout mice and wild-type controls were phenotyped by measuring plasma glucose concentrations, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, hepatic RNA expression profiles, and liver histology. In addition, 4 procholestatic ABCB4 gene variants were correlated with blood glucose levels in 682 individuals from 2 independent European cohorts. Systemic glucose levels differ significantly between Abcb4(-/-) mice and wild-type controls, and knockout mice display improved glucose tolerance with significantly lower area under the curve values on intraperitoneal glucose challenge. Of note, hepatic expression of the antidiabetic nuclear receptor 5A2 (LRH-1) is induced consistently in Abcb4(-/-) mice, and its specific rare PC ligands are detected in liver by mass spectrometry imaging. In humans, serum glucose levels are associated significantly with the common ABCB4 variant c.711A>T. In summary, ABCB4 might play a critical role in glucose homeostasis in mice and humans. We speculate that the effects could be mediated via LRH-1-dependent PC pathways.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Gallstones/blood
- Gallstones/genetics
- Gallstones/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Young Adult
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hochrath
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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42
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Colletti GA, Miedel MT, Quinn J, Andharia N, Weisz OA, Kiselyov K. Loss of lysosomal ion channel transient receptor potential channel mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) leads to cathepsin B-dependent apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8082-91. [PMID: 22262857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene MCOLN1, which codes for the transient receptor potential family ion channel TRPML1. MLIV has an early onset and is characterized by developmental delays, motor and cognitive deficiencies, gastric abnormalities, retinal degeneration, and corneal cloudiness. The degenerative aspects of MLIV have been attributed to cell death, whose mechanisms remain to be delineated in MLIV and in most other storage diseases. Here we report that an acute siRNA-mediated loss of TRPML1 specifically causes a leak of lysosomal protease cathepsin B (CatB) into the cytoplasm. CatB leak is associated with apoptosis, which can be prevented by CatB inhibition. Inhibition of the proapoptotic protein Bax prevents TRPML1 KD-mediated apoptosis but does not prevent cytosolic release of CatB. This is the first evidence of a mechanistic link between acute TRPML1 loss and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Colletti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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