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Suyanto E, Gorantla JN, Santi M, Fatchiyah F, Ketudat-Cairns M, Talabnin C, Ketudat Cairns JR. Enzymatic synthesis of phenolic acid glucosyl esters to test activities on cholangiocarcinoma cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:69. [PMID: 38183488 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
While glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) enzymes mostly catalyze hydrolysis reactions, rice Os9BGlu31 preferentially catalyzes transglycosylation to transfer a glucosyl moiety to another aglycone moiety to form a new glycosylated compound through a retaining mechanism. In this study, Os9BGlu31 was used to synthesize eight phenolic acid glucosyl esters, which were evaluated for activities in cholangiocarcinoma cells. The transglycosylation products of Os9BGlu31 wild type and its mutant variants were detected, produced on a milligram scale, and purified, and their structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The transglycosylation products were evaluated by antioxidant and anti-proliferative assays, followed by an anti-migration assay for the selected phenolic acid glucosyl ester. Os9BGlu31 mutants produced higher yield and activity than wild-type enzymes on phenolic acids to produce phenolic acid glucosyl esters. Among these, gallic acid glucosyl ester (β-glucogallin) had the highest antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity in cholangiocarcinoma cells. It also inhibited the migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Our study demonstrated that rice Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase is a promising enzyme for glycosylation of bioactive compounds in one-step reactions and provides evidence that β-glucogallin inhibits cell proliferation and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells. KEY POINTS: • Os9BGlu31 transglucosidases produced phenolic acid glucosyl esters for bioactivity testing. • Phenolic acid glucosyl esters were tested for cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma cells. • β-Glucogallin displayed the highest inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Suyanto
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Jaggaiah N Gorantla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Maniganda Santi
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Mariena Ketudat-Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chutima Talabnin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
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2
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Jo S, El-Demerdash A, Owen C, Srivastava V, Wu D, Kikuchi S, Reed J, Hodgson H, Harkess A, Shu S, Plott C, Jenkins J, Williams M, Boston LB, Lacchini E, Qu T, Goossens A, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Leebens-Mack J, Osbourn A. Unlocking saponin biosynthesis in soapwort. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01681-7. [PMID: 39043959 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is a flowering plant from the Caryophyllaceae family with a long history of human use as a traditional source of soap. Its detergent properties are because of the production of polar compounds (saponins), of which the oleanane-based triterpenoid saponins, saponariosides A and B, are the major components. Soapwort saponins have anticancer properties and are also of interest as endosomal escape enhancers for targeted tumor therapies. Intriguingly, these saponins share common structural features with the vaccine adjuvant QS-21 and, thus, represent a potential alternative supply of saponin adjuvant precursors. Here, we sequence the S. officinalis genome and, through genome mining and combinatorial expression, identify 14 enzymes that complete the biosynthetic pathway to saponarioside B. These enzymes include a noncanonical cytosolic GH1 (glycoside hydrolase family 1) transglycosidase required for the addition of D-quinovose. Our results open avenues for accessing and engineering natural and new-to-nature pharmaceuticals, drug delivery agents and potential immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Amr El-Demerdash
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Charlotte Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Dewei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shingo Kikuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - James Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Hannah Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Plott
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tongtong Qu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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3
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Kotik M, Kulik N, Valentová K. Flavonoids as Aglycones in Retaining Glycosidase-Catalyzed Reactions: Prospects for Green Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14890-14910. [PMID: 37800688 PMCID: PMC10591481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and their glycosides are abundant in many plant-based foods. The (de)glycosylation of flavonoids by retaining glycoside hydrolases has recently attracted much interest in basic and applied research, including the possibility of altering the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids. Research in this area is driven by significant differences in physicochemical, organoleptic, and bioactive properties between flavonoid aglycones and their glycosylated counterparts. While many flavonoid glycosides are present in nature at low levels, some occur in substantial quantities, making them readily available low-cost glycosyl donors for transglycosylations. Retaining glycosidases can be used to synthesize natural and novel glycosides, which serve as standards for bioactivity experiments and analyses, using flavonoid glycosides as glycosyl donors. Engineered glycosidases also prove valuable for the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides using chemically synthesized activated glycosyl donors. This review outlines the bioactivities of flavonoids and their glycosides and highlights the applications of retaining glycosidases in the context of flavonoid glycosides, acting as substrates, products, or glycosyl donors in deglycosylation or transglycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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4
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Gan L, Chen M, Zhang J, Fan J, Yan X. A Novel Beta-Glucosidase Gene for Plant Type Was Identified by Genome-Wide Association Study and Gene Co-Expression Analysis in Widespread Bermudagrass. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911432. [PMID: 36232734 PMCID: PMC9570203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is one of the most widely distributed warm-season grasses globally. The growth habits and plant type of bermudagrass are strongly associated with the applied purpose of the landscape, livestock, and eco-remediation. Therefore, persistent efforts are made to investigate the genetic basis of plant type and growth habits of bermudagrass. Here, we dissect the genetic diversity of 91 wild bermudagrass resources by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) combined with weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA). This work is based on the RNA-seq data and the genome of African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy). Sixteen reliable single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in transcribed regions were identified to be associated with the plant height and IAA content in diverse bermudagrass by GWAS. The integration of the results from WGCNA indicates that beta-glucosidase 31 (CdBGLU31) is a candidate gene underlying a G/A SNP signal. Furthermore, both qRT-PCR and correlation coefficient analyses indicate that CdBGLU31 might play a comprehensive role in plant height and IAA biosynthesis and signal. In addition, we observe lower plant height in Arabidopsis bglu11 mutants (homologs of CdBGLU31). It uncovers the breeding selection history of different plant types from diverse bermudagrass and provides new insights into the molecular function of CdBGLU31 both in plant types and in IAA biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Minghui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jibiao Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (X.Y.)
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5
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Shao Z, Liu N, Wang W, Zhu L. β-Glucosidases as dominant dose-dependent regulators of Oryza sativa L. in response to typical organic pollutant exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119709. [PMID: 35841992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolic defense and compensation to maintain homeostasis is crucial for assessing the potential health risk of organic pollutants in crops. Currently, limited understanding is available regarding the targeted metabolic pathways and response mechanism under contaminant stress. This study showed that ciprofloxacin (CIP) at the environmental concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50 mg/L) did not significantly inhibit growth or cause severe oxidative damage to rice (Oryza sativa L.). Instead, the increment in CIP concentration induced a series of sequential metabolic disorders, which were characterized predominantly by primary and secondary metabolic disturbances, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism. After CIP in vivo exceeded a certain threshold level (>0.29 mg/g dry weight), β-glucosidases (BGLUs) mediated the transition from the activation of the genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis to the inhibition of the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism in rice. In particular, starch and sucrose metabolism showed the most profound perturbation stressed by environmental concentrations of CIP (5 mg/L) and other tested organic pollutants (10 μg/L of tricyclazole, thiamethoxam, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls). Besides, the key genes encoding endoglucanase and BGLU were significantly downregulated (|log2FC| > 3.0) under 100 μg/L of other tested organic pollutants, supporting the transition from the activation of secondary defense metabolism to the disruption of primary energy metabolism. Thus, in addition to bioaccumulation, changes in BGLU activity and starch and sucrose metabolism can reflect the potential adverse effects of pollutants on rice. This study explained the stepwise metabolic and transcriptional responses of rice to organic pollutants, which provided a new reference for the comprehensive evaluation of their environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Shao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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6
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Wang J, Zhang C, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiles of 13 Key Structural Gene Families Involved in the Biosynthesis of Rice Flavonoid Scaffolds. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030410. [PMID: 35327963 PMCID: PMC8951560 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of key polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad functions in plants, including stress defense, growth, development and reproduction. Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a well-known model plant for monocots, with a wide range of flavonoids, but the key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and their molecular features in rice have not been comprehensively and systematically characterized. Here, we identified 85 key structural gene candidates associated with flavonoid biosynthesis in the rice genome. They belong to 13 families potentially encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), flavone synthase II (FNSII), flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Through structural features, motif analyses and phylogenetic relationships, these gene families were further grouped into five distinct lineages and were examined for conservation and divergence. Subsequently, 22 duplication events were identified out of a total of 85 genes, among which seven pairs were derived from segmental duplication events and 15 pairs were from tandem duplications, demonstrating that segmental and tandem duplication events play important roles in the expansion of key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in rice. Furthermore, these 85 genes showed spatial and temporal regulation in a tissue-specific manner and differentially responded to abiotic stress (including six hormones and cold and salt treatments). RNA-Seq, microarray analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that these genes might be involved in abiotic stress response, plant growth and development. Our results provide a valuable basis for further functional analysis of the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in rice.
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7
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Shim SH, Mahong B, Lee SK, Kongdin M, Lee C, Kim YJ, Qu G, Zhang D, Ketudat Cairns JR, Jeon JS. Rice β-glucosidase Os12BGlu38 is required for synthesis of intine cell wall and pollen fertility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:784-800. [PMID: 34570888 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family1 β-glucosidases play a variety of roles in plants, but their in planta functions are largely unknown in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, the biological function of Os12BGlu38, a rice β-glucosidase, expressed in bicellular to mature pollen, was examined. Genotype analysis of progeny of the self-fertilized heterozygous Os12BGlu38 T-DNA mutant, os12bglu38-1, found no homozygotes and a 1:1 ratio of wild type to heterozygotes. Reciprocal cross analysis demonstrated that Os12BGlu38 deficiency cannot be inherited through the male gamete. In cytological analysis, the mature mutant pollen appeared shrunken and empty. Histochemical staining and TEM showed that mutant pollen lacked intine cell wall, which was rescued by introduction of wild-type Os12BGlu38 genomic DNA. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that cutin monomers and waxes, the components of the pollen exine layer, were increased in anthers carrying pollen of os12bglu38-1 compared with wild type and complemented lines. Os12BGlu38 fused with green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane in rice and tobacco. Recombinant Os12BGlu38 exhibited β-glucosidase activity on the universal substrate p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucoside and some oligosaccharides and glycosides. These findings provide evidence that function of a plasma membrane-associated β-glucosidase is necessary for proper intine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeon Shim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Manatchanok Kongdin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Guorun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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8
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Lam PY, Lui ACW, Wang L, Liu H, Umezawa T, Tobimatsu Y, Lo C. Tricin Biosynthesis and Bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733198. [PMID: 34512707 PMCID: PMC8426635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tricin (3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) is a specialized metabolite which not only confers stress tolerance and involves in defense responses in plants but also represents a promising nutraceutical. Tricin-type metabolites are widely present as soluble tricin O-glycosides and tricin-oligolignols in all grass species examined, but only show patchy occurrences in unrelated lineages in dicots. More strikingly, tricin is a lignin monomer in grasses and several other angiosperm species, representing one of the "non-monolignol" lignin monomers identified in nature. The unique biological functions of tricin especially as a lignin monomer have driven the identification and characterization of tricin biosynthetic enzymes in the past decade. This review summarizes the current understanding of tricin biosynthetic pathway in grasses and tricin-accumulating dicots. The characterized and potential enzymes involved in tricin biosynthesis are highlighted along with discussion on the debatable and uncharacterized steps. Finally, current developments of bioengineering on manipulating tricin biosynthesis toward the generation of functional food as well as modifications of lignin for improving biorefinery applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andy C. W. Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Kongdin M, Mahong B, Lee SK, Shim SH, Jeon JS, Ketudat Cairns JR. Action of Multiple Rice β-Glucosidases on Abscisic Acid Glucose Ester. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7593. [PMID: 34299210 PMCID: PMC8303963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of phytohormones with glucose is a means of modulating their activities, which can be rapidly reversed by the action of β-glucosidases. Evaluation of previously characterized recombinant rice β-glucosidases found that nearly all could hydrolyze abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE). Os4BGlu12 and Os4BGlu13, which are known to act on other phytohormones, had the highest activity. We expressed Os4BGlu12, Os4BGlu13 and other members of a highly similar rice chromosome 4 gene cluster (Os4BGlu9, Os4BGlu10 and Os4BGlu11) in transgenic Arabidopsis. Extracts of transgenic lines expressing each of the five genes had higher β-glucosidase activities on ABA-GE and gibberellin A4 glucose ester (GA4-GE). The β-glucosidase expression lines exhibited longer root and shoot lengths than control plants in response to salt and drought stress. Fusions of each of these proteins with green fluorescent protein localized near the plasma membrane and in the apoplast in tobacco leaf epithelial cells. The action of these extracellular β-glucosidases on multiple phytohormones suggests they may modulate the interactions between these phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manatchanok Kongdin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Su-Hyeon Shim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
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10
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Zhao J, Tandrup T, Bissaro B, Barbe S, Poulsen JCN, André I, Dumon C, Lo Leggio L, O'Donohue MJ, Fauré R. Probing the determinants of the transglycosylation/hydrolysis partition in a retaining α-l-arabinofuranosidase. N Biotechnol 2021; 62:68-78. [PMID: 33524585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of retaining glycoside hydrolases as synthetic tools for glycochemistry is highly topical and the focus of considerable research. However, due to the incomplete identification of the molecular determinants of the transglycosylation/hydrolysis partition (t/h), rational engineering of retaining glycoside hydrolases to create transglycosylases remains challenging. Therefore, to understand better the factors that underpin transglycosylation in a GH51 retaining α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus, the investigation of this enzyme's active site was pursued. Specifically, the properties of two mutants, F26L and L352M, located in the vicinity of the active site are described, using kinetic and 3D structural analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal that the presence of L352M in the context of a triple mutant (also containing R69H and N216W) generates changes both in the donor and acceptor subsites, the latter being the result of a domino-like effect. Overall, the mutant R69H-N216W-L352M displays excellent transglycosylation activity (70 % yield, 78 % transfer rate and reduced secondary hydrolysis of the product). In the course of this study, the central role played by the conserved R69 residue was also reaffirmed. The mutation R69H affects both the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, including their flexibility, and has a determinant effect on the t/h partition. Finally, the results reveal that increased loop flexibility in the acceptor subsites creates new interactions with the acceptor, in particular with a hydrophobic binding platform composed of N216W, W248 and W302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhao
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Isabelle André
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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11
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Lu C, Li Y, Cui Y, Ren J, Qi F, Qu J, Huang H, Dai S. Isolation and Functional Analysis of Genes Involved in Polyacylated Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Blue Senecio cruentus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640746. [PMID: 33692819 PMCID: PMC7937962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyacylated anthocyanins with multiple glycosyl and aromatic acyl groups tend to make flowers display bright and stable blue colours. However, there are few studies on the isolation and functional characterization of genes involved in the polyacylated anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism, which limits the molecular breeding of truly blue flowers. Senecio cruentus is an important potted ornamental plant, and its blue flowers contain 3',7-polyacylated delphinidin-type anthocyanins that are not reported in any other plants, suggesting that it harbours abundant gene resources for the molecular breeding of blue flowers. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis of blue, carmine and white colours of cineraria cultivars "Venezia" (named VeB, VeC, and VeW, respectively), we found that 3',7-polyacylated anthocyanin, cinerarin, was the main pigment component that determined the blue colour of ray florets of cineraria. Based on the transcriptome sequencing and differential gene expression (DEG) analysis combined with RT- and qRT-PCR, we found two genes encoding uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase, named ScUGT1 and ScUGT4; two genes encoding acyl-glucoside-dependent glucosyltransferases which belong to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), named ScAGGT11 and ScAGGT12; one gene encoding serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase ScSCPL2; and two MYB transcriptional factor genes ScMYB2 and ScMYB4, that were specifically highly expressed in the ray florets of VeB, which indicated that these genes may be involved in cinerarin biosynthesis. The function of ScSCPL2 was analysed by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cineraria leaves combined with HPLC-MS/MS. ScSCPL2 mainly participated in the 3' and 7-position acylation of cinerarin. These results will provide new insight into the molecular basis of the polyacylated anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in higher plants and are of great significance for blue flower molecular breeding of ornamental plants.
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12
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Guo Z, Cai L, Chen Z, Wang R, Zhang L, Guan S, Zhang S, Ma W, Liu C, Pan G. Identification of candidate genes controlling chilling tolerance of rice in the cold region at the booting stage by BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201081. [PMID: 33391797 PMCID: PMC7735347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice is sensitive to low temperatures, specifically at the booting stage. Chilling tolerance of rice is a quantitative trait loci that is governed by multiple genes, and thus, its precise identification through the conventional methods is an arduous task. In this study, we investigated the candidate genes related to chilling tolerance at the booting stage of rice. The F2 population was derived from Longjing25 (chilling-tolerant) and Longjing11 (chilling-sensitive) cross. Two bulked segregant analysis pools were constructed. A 0.82 Mb region containing 98 annotated genes on chromosomes 6 and 9 was recognized as the candidate region associated with chilling tolerance of rice at the booting stage. Transcriptomic analysis of Longjing25 and Longjing11 revealed 50 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the candidate intervals. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed. Nine pathways were found to be enriched, which contained 10 DEGs. A total of four genes had different expression patterns or levels between Longjing25 and Longjing11. Four out of the 10 DEGs were considered as potential candidate genes for chilling tolerance. This study will assist in the cloning of the candidate genes responsible for chilling tolerance and molecular breeding of rice for the development of chilling-tolerant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Cai
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154007, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanming Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Guan
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendong Ma
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxue Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Pan
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154026, People's Republic of China
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13
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David B, Arnaud P, Tellier C, Sanejouand YH. Toward the design of efficient transglycosidases: the case of the GH1 of Thermus thermophilus. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:309-316. [PMID: 31603224 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the information available in the sequences of well-characterized transglycosidases found in plants, mutations were introduced in the glycoside hydrolase of the bacterium Thermus thermophilus, with the aim of turning it into an efficient transglycosidase. All mutants happen to have fair catalytic efficiencies, being at worst 25 times less efficient than the wild type. Noteworthy, W120F, one of our high transglycosylation yield (≈ 50%) mutants, is only two times less efficient than the wild type. Interestingly, while in the wild type the sidechain of the acid-base is only found able to sample a pair of equivalent conformations during 0.5-μs-long molecular dynamics simulations, its flexibility is much higher in the case of the high transglycosylation yield mutants. Our results thus suggest that engineering the flexibility of the acid-base of a retaining glycoside hydrolase could be a general way to turn it into an efficient transglycosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit David
- UFIP, UMR 6286 of CNRS, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France.,CPC, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- UFIP, UMR 6286 of CNRS, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Charles Tellier
- UFIP, UMR 6286 of CNRS, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
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14
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Kytidou K, Artola M, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Plant Glycosides and Glycosidases: A Treasure-Trove for Therapeutics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:357. [PMID: 32318081 PMCID: PMC7154165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain numerous glycoconjugates that are metabolized by specific glucosyltransferases and hydrolyzed by specific glycosidases, some also catalyzing synthetic transglycosylation reactions. The documented value of plant-derived glycoconjugates to beneficially modulate metabolism is first addressed. Next, focus is given to glycosidases, the central theme of the review. The therapeutic value of plant glycosidases is discussed as well as the present production in plant platforms of therapeutic human glycosidases used in enzyme replacement therapies. The increasing knowledge on glycosidases, including structure and catalytic mechanism, is described. The novel insights have allowed the design of functionalized highly specific suicide inhibitors of glycosidases. These so-called activity-based probes allow unprecedented visualization of glycosidases cross-species. Here, special attention is paid on the use of such probes in plant science that promote the discovery of novel enzymes and the identification of potential therapeutic inhibitors and chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiani Kytidou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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A noncanonical vacuolar sugar transferase required for biosynthesis of antimicrobial defense compounds in oat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:27105-27114. [PMID: 31806756 PMCID: PMC6936528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914652116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce an array of natural products with important ecological functions. These compounds are often decorated with oligosaccharide groups that influence bioactivity, but the biosynthesis of such sugar chains is not well understood. Triterpene glycosides (saponins) are a large family of plant natural products that determine important agronomic traits, as exemplified by avenacins, antimicrobial defense compounds produced by oats. Avenacins have a branched trisaccharide moiety consisting of l-arabinose linked to 2 d-glucose molecules that is critical for antifungal activity. Plant natural product glycosylation is usually performed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). We previously characterized the arabinosyltransferase that initiates the avenacin sugar chain; however, the enzymes that add the 2 remaining d-glucose molecules have remained elusive. Here we characterize the enzymes that catalyze these last 2 glucosylation steps. AsUGT91G16 is a classical cytosolic UGT that adds a 1,2-linked d-glucose molecule to l-arabinose. Unexpectedly, the enzyme that adds the final 1,4-linked d-glucose (AsTG1) is not a UGT, but rather a sugar transferase belonging to Glycosyl Hydrolase family 1 (GH1). Unlike classical UGTs, AsTG1 is vacuolar. Analysis of oat mutants reveals that AsTG1 corresponds to Sad3, a previously uncharacterized locus shown by mutation to be required for avenacin biosynthesis. AsTG1 and AsUGT91G16 form part of the avenacin biosynthetic gene cluster. Our demonstration that a vacuolar transglucosidase family member plays a critical role in triterpene biosynthesis highlights the importance of considering other classes of carbohydrate-active enzymes in addition to UGTs as candidates when elucidating pathways for the biosynthesis of glycosylated natural products in plants.
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16
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Louveau T, Osbourn A. The Sweet Side of Plant-Specialized Metabolism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034744. [PMID: 31235546 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a major role in the structural diversification of plant natural products. It influences the properties of molecules by modifying the reactivity and solubility of the corresponding aglycones, so influencing cellular localization and bioactivity. Glycosylation of plant natural products is usually carried out by uridine diphosphate(UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) belonging to the carbohydrate-active enzyme glycosyltransferase 1 (GT1) family. These enzymes transfer sugars from UDP-activated sugar moieties to small hydrophobic acceptor molecules. Plant GT1s generally show high specificity for their sugar donors and recognize a single UDP sugar as their substrate. In contrast, they are generally promiscuous with regard to acceptors, making them attractive biotechnological tools for small molecule glycodiversification. Although microbial hosts have traditionally been used for heterologous engineering of plant-derived glycosides, transient plant expression technology offers a potentially disruptive platform for rapid characterization of new plant glycosyltransferases and biosynthesis of complex glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Louveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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17
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Zhang H, Cheng G, Yang Z, Wang T, Xu J. Identification of Sugarcane Host Factors Interacting with the 6K2 Protein of the Sugarcane Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163867. [PMID: 31398864 PMCID: PMC6719097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6K2 protein of potyviruses plays a key role in the viral infection in plants. In the present study, the coding sequence of 6K2 was cloned from Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strain FZ1 into pBT3-STE to generate the plasmid pBT3-STE-6K2, which was used as bait to screen a cDNA library prepared from sugarcane plants infected with SCMV based on the DUALmembrane system. One hundred and fifty-seven positive colonies were screened and sequenced, and the corresponding full-length genes were cloned from sugarcane cultivar ROC22. Then, 24 genes with annotations were obtained, and the deduced proteins were classified into three groups, in which eight proteins were involved in the stress response, 12 proteins were involved in transport, and four proteins were involved in photosynthesis based on their biological functions. Of the 24 proteins, 20 proteins were verified to interact with SCMV-6K2 by yeast two-hybrid assays. The possible roles of these proteins in SCMV infection on sugarcane are analyzed and discussed. This is the first report on the interaction of SCMV-6K2 with host factors from sugarcane, and will improve knowledge on the mechanism of SCMV infection in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guangyuan Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zongtao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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18
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Creydt M, Hudzik D, Rurik M, Kohlbacher O, Fischer M. Food Authentication: Small-Molecule Profiling as a Tool for the Geographic Discrimination of German White Asparagus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13328-13339. [PMID: 30472843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a non-targeted metabolomics approach by means of ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry was chosen for the discrimination of geographical origins of white asparagus samples ( Asparagus officinalis). Over a period of four harvesting periods (4 years), approximately 400 asparagus samples were measured. Initially, four different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were used to detect as many metabolites as possible and to assess which method is most suitable. The most relevant marker compounds were linked to the influence of different plant stress parameters and climate effects. Some of the samples were also analyzed by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is the current gold standard for the discrimination of the geographical origin of asparagus. In summary, the analysis of the metabolome was proven to be quite suitable to determine the geographical origin of asparagus and seems to provide better interpretable results than IRMS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Creydt
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Daria Hudzik
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Marc Rurik
- Applied Bioinformatics , Center for Bioinformatics , Sand 14 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- Applied Bioinformatics , Center for Bioinformatics , Sand 14 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
- Quantitative Biology Center and Department of Computer Science , University of Tübingen , Sand 14 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
- Biomolecular Interactions , Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology , Max-Planck-Ring 5 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
- Translational Bioinformatics , University Medical Center Tübingen , Sand 14 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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19
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Baiya S, Mahong B, Lee SK, Jeon JS, Ketudat Cairns JR. Demonstration of monolignol β-glucosidase activity of rice Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 in Arabidopsis thaliana bglu45 mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:223-230. [PMID: 29614441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 1 members Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 were proposed to be rice monolignol β-glucosidases. In vitro studies demonstrated that the Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 hydrolyze the monolignol glucosides coniferin and syringin with high efficiency compared to other substrates. The replacement of the conserved catalytic acid/base glutamate residue by a nonionizable glutamine residue in Os4BGlu14 suggested that it may be inactive as a β-glucosidase. Here, we investigated the activities of Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 in planta by recombinant expression of their genes in the Arabidopsis bglu45-2 (monolignol β-glucosidase) mutant and analysis of monolignol glucosides by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS). The bglu45-2 line exhibits elevated monolignol glucoside levels, but lower amounts of coniferin, syringin, and p-coumaryl alcohol glucoside were seen in Arabidopsis bglu45-2 rescued lines complemented by the Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 genes. These data suggest that the bglu45-2 mutant has a broader effect on monolignols than previously reported and that the Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 proteins act as monolignol β-glucosidases to complement the defect. An OsBGlu16-GFP fusion protein localized to the cell wall. This apoplastic localization and the effect of these enzymes on monolignol glucoside levels suggest monolignol glucosides from the vacuole may meet the monolignol β-glucosidases, despite their different localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Baiya
- Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha Campus, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand; Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
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20
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Peng M, Shahzad R, Gul A, Subthain H, Shen S, Lei L, Zheng Z, Zhou J, Lu D, Wang S, Nishawy E, Liu X, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Luo J. Differentially evolved glucosyltransferases determine natural variation of rice flavone accumulation and UV-tolerance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1975. [PMID: 29213047 PMCID: PMC5719032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decoration of phytochemicals contributes to the majority of metabolic diversity in nature, whereas how this process alters the biological functions of their precursor molecules remains to be investigated. Flavones, an important yet overlooked subclass of flavonoids, are most commonly conjugated with sugar moieties by UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Here, we report that the natural variation of rice flavones is mainly determined by OsUGT706D1 (flavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase) and OsUGT707A2 (flavone 5-O-glucosyltransferase). UV-B exposure and transgenic evaluation demonstrate that their allelic variation contributes to UV-B tolerance in nature. Biochemical characterization of over 40 flavonoid UGTs reveals their differential evolution in angiosperms. These combined data provide biochemical insight and genetic regulation into flavone biosynthesis and additionally suggest that adoption of the positive alleles of these genes into breeding programs will likely represent a potential strategy aimed at producing stress-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Raheel Shahzad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ambreen Gul
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hizar Subthain
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangqian Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhigang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Elsayed Nishawy
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Desert Research Center, Genetics Resource Department, Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, Cairo, 11735, Egypt
| | - Xianqing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 572208, China.
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Cao YY, Yang JF, Liu TY, Su ZF, Zhu FY, Chen MX, Fan T, Ye NH, Feng Z, Wang LJ, Hao GF, Zhang J, Liu YG. A Phylogenetically Informed Comparison of GH1 Hydrolases between Arabidopsis and Rice Response to Stressors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:350. [PMID: 28392792 PMCID: PMC5364172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases Family 1 (GH1) comprises enzymes that can hydrolyze β-O-glycosidic bond from a carbohydrate moiety. The plant GH1 hydrolases participate in a number of developmental processes and stress responses, including cell wall modification, plant hormone activation or deactivation and herbivore resistance. A large number of members has been observed in this family, suggesting their potential redundant functions in various biological processes. In this study, we have used 304 sequences of plant GH1 hydrolases to study the evolution of this gene family in plant lineage. Gene duplication was found to be a common phenomenon in this gene family. Although many members of GH1 hydrolases showed a high degree of similarity in Arabidopsis and rice, they showed substantial tissue specificity and differential responses to various stress treatments. This differential regulation implies each enzyme may play a distinct role in plants. Furthermore, some of salt-responsive Arabidopsis GH1 hydrolases were selected to test their genetic involvement in salt responses. The knockout mutants of AtBGLU1 and AtBGLU19 were observed to be less-sensitive during NaCl treatment in comparison to the wild type seedlings, indicating their participation in salt stress response. In summary, Arabidopsis and rice GH1 glycoside hydrolases showed distinct features in their evolutionary path, transcriptional regulation and genetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Tie-Yuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Tao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Jiangsu Entry-exit Inspection And Quarantine BureauNanjing, China
| | - Ling-Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhang
| | - Ying-Gao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Ying-Gao Liu
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Lundemo P, Karlsson EN, Adlercreutz P. Eliminating hydrolytic activity without affecting the transglycosylation of a GH1 β-glucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1121-1131. [PMID: 27678115 PMCID: PMC5247548 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unveiling the determinants for transferase and hydrolase activity in glycoside hydrolases would allow using their vast diversity for creating novel transglycosylases, thereby unlocking an extensive toolbox for carbohydrate chemists. Three different amino acid substitutions at position 220 of a GH1 β-glucosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana caused an increase of the ratio of transglycosylation to hydrolysis (rs/rh) from 0.33 to 1.45–2.71. Further increase in rs/rh was achieved by modulation of pH of the reaction medium. The wild-type enzyme had a pH optimum for both hydrolysis and transglycosylation around 6 and reduced activity at higher pH. Interestingly, the mutants had constant transglycosylation activity over a broad pH range (5–10), while the hydrolytic activity was largely eliminated at pH 10. The results demonstrate that a combination of protein engineering and medium engineering can be used to eliminate the hydrolytic activity without affecting the transglycosylation activity of a glycoside hydrolase. The underlying factors for this success are pursued, and perturbations of the catalytic acid/base in combination with flexibility are shown to be important factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Lundemo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Adlercreutz
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Le Roy J, Huss B, Creach A, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Glycosylation Is a Major Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Availability and Biological Activity in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:735. [PMID: 27303427 PMCID: PMC4880792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants is responsible for the biosynthesis of a huge amount of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Both flavonoids and lignins are synthesized at the end of this very diverse metabolic pathway, as well as many intermediate molecules whose precise biological functions remain largely unknown. The diversity of these molecules can be further increased under the action of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) leading to the production of glycosylated hydroxycinnamates and related aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Glycosylation can change phenylpropanoid solubility, stability and toxic potential, as well as influencing compartmentalization and biological activity. (De)-glycosylation therefore represents an extremely important regulation point in phenylpropanoid homeostasis. In this article we review recent knowledge on the enzymes involved in regulating phenylpropanoid glycosylation status and availability in different subcellular compartments. We also examine the potential link between monolignol glycosylation and lignification by exploring co-expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and phenolic (de)glycosylation genes. Of the different biological roles linked with their particular chemical properties, phenylpropanoids are often correlated with the plant's stress management strategies that are also regulated by glycosylation. UGTs can for instance influence the resistance of plants during infection by microorganisms and be involved in the mechanisms related to environmental changes. The impact of flavonoid glycosylation on the color of flowers, leaves, seeds and fruits will also be discussed. Altogether this paper underlies the fact that glycosylation and deglycosylation are powerful mechanisms allowing plants to regulate phenylpropanoid localisation, availability and biological activity.
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24
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Ketudat Cairns JR, Mahong B, Baiya S, Jeon JS. β-Glucosidases: Multitasking, moonlighting or simply misunderstood? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:246-59. [PMID: 26706075 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases have a wide range of functions in plants, including roles in recycling of cell-wall oligosaccharides, defense, phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and scent release, among others. It is not always clear which one is responsible for a specific function, as plants contain a large set of β-glucosidases. However, progress has been made in recent years in elucidating these functions. To help understand what is known and what remains ambiguous, we review the general approaches to investigating plant β-glucosidase functions. We consider information that has been gained regarding glycoside hydrolase family 1 enzyme functions utilizing these approaches in the past decade. In several cases, one enzyme has been assigned different biological functions by different research groups. We suggest that, at least in some cases, the ambiguity of an enzyme's function may come from having multiple functions that may help coordinate the response to injury or other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Supaporn Baiya
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
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25
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Komvongsa J, Mahong B, Phasai K, Hua Y, Jeon JS, Ketudat Cairns JR. Identification of Fatty Acid Glucose Esters as Os9BGlu31 Transglucosidase Substrates in Rice Flag Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9764-9. [PMID: 26477245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rice Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase transfers glucosyl moieties between various carboxylic acids and alcohols, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, in vitro. The role of Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase in rice plant metabolism has only been suggested to date. Methanolic extracts of rice bran and leaves were found to contain oleic acid and linoleic acid to which Os9BGlu31 could transfer glucose from the 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside (4NPGlc) donor to form 1-O-acyl glucose esters. Os9BGlu31 showed higher activity with oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) than with stearic acid (18:0) and had both a higher kcat and a higher Km for linoleic than oleic acid in the presence of 8 mM 4NPGlc donor. Os9BGlu31 knockout mutant rice lines were found to have significantly larger amounts of fatty acid glucose esters than wild-type control lines. Because the transglucosylation reaction is reversible, these data suggest that fatty acid glucose esters act as glucosyl donor substrates for Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthamath Komvongsa
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Kannika Phasai
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Yanling Hua
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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26
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Shao Y, Bao J. Polyphenols in whole rice grain: Genetic diversity and health benefits. Food Chem 2015; 180:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Komvongsa J, Luang S, Marques JV, Phasai K, Davin LB, Lewis NG, Ketudat Cairns JR. Active site cleft mutants of Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase modify acceptor substrate specificity and allow production of multiple kaempferol glycosides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1405-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Glycosynthesis in a waterworld: new insight into the molecular basis of transglycosylation in retaining glycoside hydrolases. Biochem J 2015; 467:17-35. [PMID: 25793417 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in Nature and play vital roles in many biological systems. Therefore the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compounds is of considerable interest for both research and commercial purposes. However, carbohydrates are challenging, due to the large number of sugar subunits and the multiple ways in which these can be linked together. Therefore, to tackle the challenge of glycosynthesis, chemists are increasingly turning their attention towards enzymes, which are exquisitely adapted to the intricacy of these biomolecules. In Nature, glycosidic linkages are mainly synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, but can result from the action of non-Leloir transglycosylases or phosphorylases. Advantageously for chemists, non-Leloir transglycosylases are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that are readily available and exhibit a wide range of substrate specificities. Nevertheless, non-Leloir transglycosylases are unusual glycoside hydrolases in as much that they efficiently catalyse the formation of glycosidic bonds, whereas most glycoside hydrolases favour the mechanistically related hydrolysis reaction. Unfortunately, because non-Leloir transglycosylases are almost indistinguishable from their hydrolytic counterparts, it is unclear how these enzymes overcome the ubiquity of water, thus avoiding the hydrolytic reaction. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to rationally design non-Leloir transglycosylases using the vast diversity of glycoside hydrolases as protein templates. In this critical review, a careful analysis of literature data describing non-Leloir transglycosylases and their relationship to glycoside hydrolase counterparts is used to clarify the state of the art knowledge and to establish a new rational basis for the engineering of glycoside hydrolases.
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29
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Bashir K, Hanada K, Shimizu M, Seki M, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Transcriptomic analysis of rice in response to iron deficiency and excess. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 7:18. [PMID: 26224551 PMCID: PMC4884027 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron (Fe) is essential micronutrient for plants and its deficiency as well as toxicity is a serious agricultural problem. The mechanisms of Fe deficiency are reasonably understood, however our knowledge about plants response to excess Fe is limited. Moreover, the regulation of small open reading frames (sORFs) in response to abiotic stress has not been reported in rice. Understanding the regulation of rice transcriptome in response to Fe deficiency and excess could provide bases for developing strategies to breed plants tolerant to Fe deficiency as well as excess Fe. RESULTS We used a novel rice 110 K microarray harbouring ~48,620 sORFs to understand the transcriptomic changes that occur in response to Fe deficiency and excess. In roots, 36 genes were upregulated by excess Fe, of which three were sORFs. In contrast, 1509 genes were upregulated by Fe deficiency, of which 90 (6%) were sORFs. Co-expression analysis revealed that the expression of some sORFs was positively correlated with the genes upregulated by Fe deficiency. In shoots, 50 (19%) of the genes upregulated by Fe deficiency and 1076 out of 2480 (43%) genes upregulated by excess Fe were sORFs. These results suggest that excess Fe may significantly alter metabolism, particularly in shoots. CONCLUSION These data not only reveal the genes regulated by excess Fe, but also suggest that sORFs might play an important role in the response of plants to Fe deficiency and excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Bashir
- />Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- />Plant Genomics Network Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- />Gene Discovery Research Group, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
- />Frontier Research Academy for Young Researchers, Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyusyu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-8502 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Minami Shimizu
- />Frontier Research Academy for Young Researchers, Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyusyu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-8502 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- />Plant Genomics Network Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN Yokohama Campus, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
- />Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- />Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- />Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- />Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, 921-8836 Ishikawa, Japan
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30
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Sasaki N, Nishizaki Y, Ozeki Y, Miyahara T. The role of acyl-glucose in anthocyanin modifications. Molecules 2014; 19:18747-66. [PMID: 25405291 PMCID: PMC6271837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants can produce a wide variety of anthocyanin molecules through modification of the six common anthocyanin aglycons that they present. Thus, hydrophilic anthocyanin molecules can be formed and stabilized by glycosylation and acylation. Two types of glycosyltransferase (GT) and acyltransferase (AT) have been identified, namely cytoplasmic GT and AT and vacuolar GT and AT. Cytoplasmic GT and AT utilize UDP-sugar and acyl-CoA as donor molecules, respectively, whereas both vacuolar GT and AT use acyl-glucoses as donor molecules. In carnation plants, vacuolar GT uses aromatic acyl-glucoses as the glucose donor in vivo; independently, vacuolar AT uses malylglucose, an aliphatic acyl-glucose, as the acyl-donor. In delphinium and Arabidopsis, p-hydroxybenzoylglucose and sinapoylglucose are used in vivo as bi-functional donor molecules by vacuolar GT and AT, respectively. The evolution of these enzymes has allowed delphinium and Arabidopsis to utilize unique donor molecules for production of highly modified anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Yuzo Nishizaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Taira Miyahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Roston RL, Wang K, Kuhn LA, Benning C. Structural determinants allowing transferase activity in SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2, classified as a family I glycosyl hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26089-26106. [PMID: 25100720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2) is classified as a family I glycosyl hydrolase but has recently been shown to have galactosyltransferase activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Natural occurrences of apparent glycosyl hydrolases acting as transferases are interesting from a biocatalysis standpoint, and knowledge about the interconversion can assist in engineering SFR2 in crop plants to resist freezing. To understand how SFR2 evolved into a transferase, the relationship between its structure and function are investigated by activity assay, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis. SFR2 has no detectable hydrolase activity, although its catalytic site is highly conserved with that of family 1 glycosyl hydrolases. Three regions disparate from glycosyl hydrolases are identified as required for transferase activity as follows: a loop insertion, the C-terminal peptide, and a hydrophobic patch adjacent to the catalytic site. Rationales for the effects of these regions on the SFR2 mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Roston
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.
| | - Kun Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Christoph Benning
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Sasaki N, Nakayama T. Achievements and Perspectives in Biochemistry Concerning Anthocyanin Modification for Blue Flower Coloration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:28-40. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Galland M, Boutet-Mercey S, Lounifi I, Godin B, Balzergue S, Grandjean O, Morin H, Perreau F, Debeaujon I, Rajjou L. Compartmentation and Dynamics of Flavone Metabolism in Dry and Germinated Rice Seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1646-59. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Rouyi C, Baiya S, Lee SK, Mahong B, Jeon JS, Ketudat-Cairns JR, Ketudat-Cairns M. Recombinant Expression and Characterization of the Cytoplasmic Rice β-Glucosidase Os1BGlu4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96712. [PMID: 24802508 PMCID: PMC4011751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Os1BGlu4 β-glucosidase is the only glycoside hydrolase family 1 member in rice that is predicted to be localized in the cytoplasm. To characterize the biochemical function of rice Os1BGlu4, the Os1bglu4 cDNA was cloned and used to express a thioredoxin fusion protein in Escherichia coli. After removal of the tag, the purified recombinant Os1BGlu4 (rOs1BGlu4) exhibited an optimum pH of 6.5, which is consistent with Os1BGlu4's cytoplasmic localization. Fluorescence microscopy of maize protoplasts and tobacco leaf cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged Os1BGlu4 confirmed the cytoplasmic localization. Purified rOs1BGlu4 can hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-d-glucoside (pNPGlc) efficiently (kcat/Km = 17.9 mM−1·s−1), and hydrolyzes pNP-β-d-fucopyranoside with about 50% the efficiency of the pNPGlc. Among natural substrates tested, rOs1BGlu4 efficiently hydrolyzed β-(1,3)-linked oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization (DP) 2–3, and β-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharide of DP 3–4, and hydrolysis of salicin, esculin and p-coumaryl alcohol was also detected. Analysis of the hydrolysis of pNP-β-cellobioside showed that the initial hydrolysis was between the two glucose molecules, and suggested rOs1BGlu4 transglucosylates this substrate. At 10 mM pNPGlc concentration, rOs1BGlu4 can transfer the glucosyl group of pNPGlc to ethanol and pNPGlc. This transglycosylation activity suggests the potential use of Os1BGlu4 for pNP-oligosaccharide and alkyl glycosides synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Rouyi
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Guizhou Institute of Upland Food Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Supaporn Baiya
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - James R. Ketudat-Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Mariena Ketudat-Cairns
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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35
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A β-glucosidase from Novosphingobium sp. GX9 with high catalytic efficiency toward isoflavonoid glycoside hydrolysis and (+)-catechin transglycosylation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7069-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nishizaki Y, Yasunaga M, Okamoto E, Okamoto M, Hirose Y, Yamaguchi M, Ozeki Y, Sasaki N. p-Hydroxybenzoyl-glucose is a zwitter donor for the biosynthesis of 7-polyacylated anthocyanin in Delphinium. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4150-65. [PMID: 24179131 PMCID: PMC3877803 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The blue color of delphinium (Delphinium grandiflorum) flowers is produced by two 7-polyacylated anthocyanins, violdelphin and cyanodelphin. Violdelphin is derived from the chromophore delphinidin that has been modified at the 7-position by Glc and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) molecules. Modification of violdelphin by linear conjugation of Glc and pHBA molecules to a Glc moiety at the 7-position produces cyanodelphin. We recently showed that anthocyanin 7-O-glucosylation in delphinium is catalyzed by the acyl-Glc-dependent anthocyanin glucosyltransferase (AAGT). Here, we sought to answer the question of which enzyme activities are necessary for catalyzing the transfer of Glc and pHBA moieties to 7-glucosylated anthocyanin. We found that these transfers were catalyzed by enzymes that use p-hydroxybenzoyl-Glc (pHBG) as a bifunctional acyl and glucosyl donor. In addition, we determined that violdelphin is synthesized via step-by-step enzymatic reactions catalyzed by two enzymes that use pHBG as an acyl or glucosyl donor. We also isolated a cDNA encoding a protein that has the potential for p-hydroxybenzoylation activity and two AAGT cDNAs that encode a protein capable of adding Glc to delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-(6-O-[p-hydroxybenzoyl]-glucoside) to form violdelphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Nishizaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Motoki Yasunaga
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Emi Okamoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Okamoto
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, Ehime 799-2405, Japan
| | - Yukio Hirose
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, Ehime 799-2405, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Environmental Horticulture, Minami Kyushu University, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0035, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Hua Y, Sansenya S, Saetang C, Wakuta S, Ketudat Cairns JR. Enzymatic and structural characterization of hydrolysis of gibberellin A4 glucosyl ester by a rice β-D-glucosidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:39-48. [PMID: 23811195 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify a rice gibberellin ester β-D-glucosidase, gibberellin A4 β-D-glucosyl ester (GA4-GE) was synthesized and used to screen rice β-glucosidases. Os3BGlu6 was found to have the highest hydrolysis activity to GA4-GE among five recombinantly expressed rice glycoside hydrolase family GH1 enzymes from different phylogenic clusters. The kinetic parameters of Os3BGlu6 and its mutants E178Q, E178A, E394D, E394Q and M251N for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) and GA4-GE confirmed the roles of the catalytic acid/base and nucleophile for hydrolysis of both substrates and suggested M251 contributes to binding hydrophobic aglycones. The activities of the Os3BGlu6 E178Q and E178A acid/base mutants were rescued by azide, which they transglucosylate to produce β-D-glucopyranosyl azide, in a pH-dependent manner, while acetate also rescued Os3BGlu6 E178A at low pH. High concentrations of sodium azide (200-400 mM) inhibited Os3BGlu6 E178Q but not Os3BGlu6 E178A. The structures of Os3BGlu6 E178Q crystallized with either GA4-GE or pNPGlc had a native α-D-glucosyl moiety covalently linked to the catalytic nucleophile, E394, which showed the hydrogen bonding to the 2-hydroxyl in the covalent intermediate. These data suggest that a GH1 β-glucosidase uses the same retaining catalytic mechanism to hydrolyze 1-O-acyl glucose ester and glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Hua
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Sharma R, Cao P, Jung KH, Sharma MK, Ronald PC. Construction of a rice glycoside hydrolase phylogenomic database and identification of targets for biofuel research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:330. [PMID: 23986771 PMCID: PMC3752443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GH) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cell wall polymers and can have major effects on cell wall architecture. Taking advantage of the massive datasets available in public databases, we have constructed a rice phylogenomic database of GHs (http://ricephylogenomics.ucdavis.edu/cellwalls/gh/). This database integrates multiple data types including the structural features, orthologous relationships, mutant availability, and gene expression patterns for each GH family in a phylogenomic context. The rice genome encodes 437 GH genes classified into 34 families. Based on pairwise comparison with eight dicot and four monocot genomes, we identified 138 GH genes that are highly diverged between monocots and dicots, 57 of which have diverged further in rice as compared with four monocot genomes scanned in this study. Chromosomal localization and expression analysis suggest a role for both whole-genome and localized gene duplications in expansion and diversification of GH families in rice. We examined the meta-profiles of expression patterns of GH genes in twenty different anatomical tissues of rice. Transcripts of 51 genes exhibit tissue or developmental stage-preferential expression, whereas, seventeen other genes preferentially accumulate in actively growing tissues. When queried in RiceNet, a probabilistic functional gene network that facilitates functional gene predictions, nine out of seventeen genes form a regulatory network with the well-characterized genes involved in biosynthesis of cell wall polymers including cellulose synthase and cellulose synthase-like genes of rice. Two-thirds of the GH genes in rice are up regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stress treatments indicating a role in stress adaptation. Our analyses identify potential GH targets for cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Divison, Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryville, CA, USA
| | - Peijian Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research InstituteZhengzhou, China
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Manoj K. Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Divison, Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryville, CA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Genome Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Divison, Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Pamela C. Ronald, Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail:
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