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Mladenović B, Mladenović N, Brzački V, Petrović N, Kamenov A, Golubović M, Ničković V, Stojanović NM, Sokolović DT. Exogenous putrescine affects polyamine and arginine metabolism in rat liver following bile ductus ligation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1232-1237. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rat bile duct ligation (BDL) represents a useful method that mimics obstructive extrahepatic cholestasis, which is known to be a frequent disorder in humans. Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are one of the key molecules regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. This work aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial properties of putrescine in rat BDL model by studying several biochemical parameters reflecting liver function and polyamine metabolism. Rats that were subjected to BDL were injected with putrescine (150 mg/kg) for 9 days, while in parallel another group with BDL remained untreated. Two control groups were included as well, sham-opened and putrescine-treated group. The following plasma parameters: ALT, AST, γ-GT, ALP, bilirubin, bile acids, as well as liver malondialdehyde and polyamine concentration and the activity of enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism were studied. After BDL, significant alterations in plasma biochemical parameters occurred, where a 9-day putrescine treatment significantly alleviated liver function deterioration. Putrescine also increased liver polyamines’ concentrations and polyamine and diamine oxidase activities in rats submitted to BDL. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that putrescine plays an important role in preserving liver tissue function in rats with experimentally induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Mladenović
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Nikola Mladenović
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Sremska Kamenica, Put doktora Goldmana 4, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Vesna Brzački
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Petrović
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Sremska Kamenica, Put doktora Goldmana 4, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Kamenov
- Clinic for Cardiovascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Mladjan Golubović
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Department for Cardiosurgery, Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | | | | | - Dušan T. Sokolović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Lisakovska O, Shymanskyy I, Mazanova A, Khomenko A, Veliky M. Vitamin D3 protects against prednisolone-induced liver injury associated with the impairment of the hepatic NF-κB/iNOS/NO pathway. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:213-222. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out to define whether prednisolone-induced damage to hepatic cells is accompanied by excessive nitric oxide (NO) levels associated with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activation and evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with vitamin D3. Histopathological examination, activities of liver transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), and cell death assays consistently showed that prednisolone (5 mg/kg body weight, 30 days) induces chronic liver injury in female Wistar rats. Specifically, increased hepatocellular necrosis and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis were observed. Prednisolone enhanced iNOS protein expression, NO generation, and tyrosine nitration in liver cells. Despite unchanged hepatic level of the NF-κB/p65 protein, prednisolone increased inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) degradation, nuclear translocation, and phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65 at Ser311, indicating that NF-κB activation can be involved in the induction of iNOS/NO. All changes were associated with a 2.9-fold decrease in the serum content of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and significant reduction of hepatic vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) expression that points reliably to vitamin D3 deficiency and failures in VDR signaling. Vitamin D3 co-administration (100 IU/rat, 30 days) prevented glucocorticoid-evoked abnormalities in hepatic tissue. In conclusion, prednisolone-induced liver disturbances were associated with the impairment of NF-κB/iNOS/NO responses that can be ameliorated by vitamin D3 treatment through VDR-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Lisakovska
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Shymanskyy
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Mazanova
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Khomenko
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Veliky
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
- O.V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601, Leontovich str., 9, Kyiv, Ukraine
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The Comparative Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Platelet Extract on CCl4-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.36818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hesami Z, Jamshidzadeh A, Ayatollahi M, Gramizadeh B, Vahdati A. The Comparative Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Platelet Extract on CCl4-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-36818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Cho Y, Yoon JH, Yoo JJ, Lee M, Lee DH, Cho EJ, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, Kim CY. Fucoidan protects hepatocytes from apoptosis and inhibits invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma by up-regulating p42/44 MAPK-dependent NDRG-1/CAP43. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:544-53. [PMID: 26713269 PMCID: PMC4675821 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a traditional Chinese medicine suggested to possess anti-tumor effects. In this study the anti-metastatic effects of fucoidan were investigated in vitro in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (Huh-7 and SNU-761) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and in vivo using a distant liver metastasis model involving injection of MH134 cells into spleen via the portal vein. Its ability to protect hepatocytes against bile acid (BA)-induced apoptosis was investigated in primary hepatocytes. Fucoidan was found to suppress the invasion of HCC cells through up-regulation of p42/44 MAPK-dependent NDRG-1/CAP43 and partly, under normoxic conditions, through up-regulation of p42/44 MAPK-dependent VMP-1 expression. It also significantly decreased liver metastasis in vivo. As regards its hepatoprotective effect, fucoidan decreased BA-induced hepatocyte apoptosis as shown by the attenuation of caspase-8, and -7 cleavages and suppression of the mobilization of caspase-8 and Fas associated death domain (FADD) into the death-inducing signaling complex. In summary, fucoidan displays inhibitory effects on proliferation of HCC cells and protective effects on hepatocytes. The results suggest fucoidan is a potent suppressor of tumor invasion with hepatoprotective effects.
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Key Words
- BA, bile acid
- CXCL, chemokine ligand
- Cultured hepatocyte
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DMEM, Dulbecco׳s modified Eagle׳s medium
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FADD, Fas associated death domain
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- Fucoidan
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GP, glypican
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatoprotective
- Hypoxia
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Invasion
- JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MTS, 3,4-(5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt
- NDRG, N-myc downstream-regulated gene
- NDRG-1/CAP43
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- VMP, vacuole membrane protein
- VMP-1
- WME, William's medium E
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 2072 2228; fax: +82 2 743 6701.
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Jang ES, Yoon JH, Lee SH, Lee SM, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, Lee HS, Kim CY. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide mediates dual actions of deoxycholic acid in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: enhanced apoptosis versus growth stimulation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 140:133-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mandal S, Nelson VK, Mukhopadhyay S, Bandhopadhyay S, Maganti L, Ghoshal N, Sen G, Biswas T. 14-Deoxyandrographolide targets adenylate cyclase and prevents ethanol-induced liver injury through constitutive NOS dependent reduced redox signaling in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:236-48. [PMID: 23764359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcoholism is one of the most common causes of liver diseases worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to have potential for clinical application against chronic hepatocellular injuries. However, mechanisms underlying hepatoprotective functions of NO in ethanol-induced apoptosis are largely unknown. Sprauge-Dawley rats were exposed to ethanol for 8 weeks. Half of the ethanol-fed animals received 14-deoxyandrographolide (14-DAG) treatment for the last 4 weeks of study. Preventive effect of 14-DAG against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity involved constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activation followed by up-regulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity and reduced oxidative stress. Enhanced interaction of cNOS with caveolin-1 caused down-regulation of enzyme activity and led to depletion of NO in the hepatocytes of ethanol-fed animals. 14-DAG acted as activator of adenylate cyclase and modulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) mediated expression of caveolin-1 and calmodulin. This eventually favored activation of cNOS through inhibition of cNOS-caveolin-1 interaction. Our results suggest that, protective effect of 14-DAG against ethanol-induced hepatic injury is based on its ability to reduce oxidative stress through cNOS dependent improvement of redox status. 14-DAG mediated activation of adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling leading to up-regulation of cNOS may provide a promising approach in the prevention of liver diseases during chronic alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mandal
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Ye YC, Wang HJ, Xu L, Liu WW, Liu BB, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Oridonin induces apoptosis and autophagy in murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells partly via NO-ERK-p53 positive-feedback loop signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1055-61. [PMID: 22842735 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Intracellular NO level, SubG(1) cell ratio and autophagy cell ratios were analyzed with flow cytometry after diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA), propidium iodide (PI) and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, respectively. Protein expression was examined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Exposure of L929 cells to oridonin (50 μmol/L) for 24 h led to intracellular NO production. Pretreatment with NOS inhibitor 1400w or L-NAME inhibited oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in L929 cells. The pretreatment decreased the apoptosis-related protein Bax translocation and cytochrome c release, increased Bcl-2 level, reversed the autophagy-associated protein Beclin 1 increase and conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II. Furthermore, pretreatment with NO scavenger DTT completely inhibited oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in L929 cells. In addition, oridonin (50 μmol/L) activated ERK and p53 in L929 cells, and the interruption of ERK and p53 activation by PD 98059, pifithrin-α, or ERK siRNA decreased oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy. The inhibition of NO production reduced oridonin-induced ERK and p53 activation, and NO production was down-regulated by blocking ERK and p53 activation. CONCLUSION NO played a pivotal role in oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in L929 cells. Taken together with our previous finding that ERK contributes to p53 activation, it appears that NO, ERK, and p53 form a positive feedback loop. Consequently, we suggest that oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy are modulated by the NO-ERK-p53 molecular signaling mechanism in L929 cells.
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Itoh M, Nishibori N, Sagara T, Horie Y, Motojima A, Morita K. Extract of Fermented Brown Rice Induces Apoptosis of Human Colorectal Tumor Cells by Activating Mitochondrial Pathway. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1661-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Itoh
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Nursing; Shikoku University School of Health Sciences; Ohjin Tokushima 771-1192 Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Nishibori
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Toxicology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Shikoku Junior College; Ohjin Tokushima 771-1192 Japan
| | - Takefumi Sagara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Toxicology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Shikoku Junior College; Ohjin Tokushima 771-1192 Japan
| | - Yukiko Horie
- Research and Development Division, Kohken Co. Inc.; Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0012 Japan
| | - Aya Motojima
- Research and Development Division, Kohken Co. Inc.; Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0012 Japan
| | - Kyoji Morita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Nursing; Shikoku University School of Health Sciences; Ohjin Tokushima 771-1192 Japan
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Wang K, Brems JJ, Gamelli RL, Holterman AX. iNOS/NO signaling regulates apoptosis induced by glycochenodeoxycholate in hepatocytes. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1677-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goldman A, Chen H, Khan MR, Roesly H, Hill KA, Shahidullah M, Mandal A, Delamere NA, Dvorak K. The Na+/H+ exchanger controls deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis by a H+-activated, Na+-dependent ionic shift in esophageal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23835. [PMID: 21887327 PMCID: PMC3161789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis resistance is a hallmark of cancer cells. Typically, bile acids induce apoptosis. However during gastrointestinal (GI) tumorigenesis the cancer cells develop resistance to bile acid-induced cell death. To understand how bile acids induce apoptosis resistance we first need to identify the molecular pathways that initiate apoptosis in response to bile acid exposure. In this study we examined the mechanism of deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptosis, specifically the role of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and Na+ influx in esophageal cells. In vitro studies revealed that the exposure of esophageal cells (JH-EsoAd1, CP-A) to DCA (0.2 mM -0.5 mM) caused lysosomal membrane perturbation and transient cytoplasmic acidification. Fluorescence microscopy in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophotometry demonstrated that this effect on lysosomes correlated with influx of Na+, subsequent loss of intracellular K+, an increase of Ca2+ and apoptosis. However, ethylisopropyl-amiloride (EIPA), a selective inhibitor of NHE, prevented Na+, K+ and Ca2+ changes and caspase 3/7 activation induced by DCA. Ouabain and amphotericin B, two drugs that increase intracellular Na+ levels, induced similar changes as DCA (ion imbalance, caspase3/7 activation). On the contrary, DCA-induced cell death was inhibited by medium with low a Na+ concentrations. In the same experiments, we exposed rat ileum ex-vivo to DCA with or without EIPA. Severe tissue damage and caspase-3 activation was observed after DCA treatment, but EIPA almost fully prevented this response. In summary, NHE-mediated Na+ influx is a critical step leading to DCA-induced apoptosis. Cells tolerate acidification but evade DCA-induced apoptosis if NHE is inhibited. Our data suggests that suppression of NHE by endogenous or exogenous inhibitors may lead to apoptosis resistance during GI tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Goldman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - HwuDauRw Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mohammad R. Khan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Heather Roesly
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Hill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Shahidullah
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amritlal Mandal
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Delamere
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Katerina Dvorak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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González R, Cruz A, Ferrín G, López-Cillero P, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Briceño J, Gómez MA, Rufián S, Mata MDL, Martínez-Ruiz A, Marin JJG, Muntané J. Nitric oxide mimics transcriptional and post-translational regulation during α-tocopherol cytoprotection against glycochenodeoxycholate-induced cell death in hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2011; 55:133-44. [PMID: 21145864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) exert a relevant role during bile acid-induced hepatotoxicity. Whether α-Tocopherol regulates oxidative and nitrosative stress, bile acid transporter expression and their NO-dependent post-translational modifications, and cell death were assessed in vitro and in vivo. METHODS α-Tocopherol and/or NO donors (DETA-NONOate or CSNO, and V-PYRRO/NO) were administered to glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-treated cultured human hepatocytes or to bile duct obstructed rats. Cell injury, superoxide anion (O⁻₂) production, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), cytochrome P4507A1 (CYP7A1), heme oxygenase-1, (HO-1) and bile acid transporter expression were determined. Cysteine S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration of Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), as well as taurocholic acid (TC) uptake were also evaluated. RESULTS GCDCA-induced cell death was associated with increased (O⁻₂) production, NTCP and HO-1 expression, and with a reduction of CYP7A1 and NOS-2 expression. α-Tocopherol reduced cell death, (O⁻₂) production, CYP7A1, NTCP, and HO-1 expression, as well as increased NOS-2 expression and NO production in GCDCA-treated hepatocytes. α-Tocopherol and NO donors increased NTCP cysteine S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration, and reduced TC uptake in hepatocytes. α-Tocopherol and V-PYRRO/NO reduced liver injury and NTCP expression in obstructed rats. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of CYP7A1, NTCP, and HO-1 expression may be relevant for the cytoprotective properties of α-Tocopherol and NO against mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cell death in GCDCA-treated hepatocytes. The regulation of NO-dependent post-translational modifications of NTCP by α-Tocopherol and NO donors reduces the uptake of toxic bile acids by hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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Gonzalez A, Hung CY, Cole GT. Coccidioides releases a soluble factor that suppresses nitric oxide production by murine primary macrophages. Microb Pathog 2010; 50:100-8. [PMID: 21129481 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of the presence of Coccidioides on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by primary macrophages previously activated by IFN-γ and LPS. The fungal cells were isolated from cultures of arthroconidia that had been incubated for 24 h in a medium that supported parasitic phase growth and were co-cultured with the macrophages. These live, first-generation parasitic cells of Coccidioides, referred to as spherule initials, suppressed NO production as well as iNOS mRNA expression by activated macrophages. Phagocytosis was not required for suppression of NO. We also showed that the culture supernatant of the spherule initials was capable of suppressing NO production, and that this activity was mediated by an as yet unidentified, secreted fungal factor(s). Heat-, paraformaldehyde- or X-ray-treated spherule initials did not show this inhibitory effect. To our surprise, macrophages obtained from iNOS-deficient mice revealed phagocytic activity and killing efficiency which were comparable to that of macrophages isolated from wild type C57BL/6 mice. Although the cultured fungal pathogen can suppress NO production, this oxidative product is apparently not essential for in vitro killing of Coccidioides by activated macrophages. Our results suggest that other unidentified fungicidal mechanisms exist against Coccidioides which are apparently independent of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gonzalez
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Roy DN, Mandal S, Sen G, Mukhopadhyay S, Biswas T. 14-Deoxyandrographolide desensitizes hepatocytes to tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis through calcium-dependent tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A release via the NO/cGMP pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1823-43. [PMID: 20649583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been found to display hepatoprotective effect, although the mechanism of action of the active compounds of AP in this context still remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the hepatoprotective efficacy of 14-deoxyandrographolide (14-DAG), a bioactive compound of AP, particularly its role in desensitization of hepatocytes to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced signalling of apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TNF-alpha-mediated ligand receptor interaction in hepatocytes in the presence of 14-DAG was studied in vitro in primary hepatocyte cultures, with the help of co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy and FACS analysis. Events associated with 14-DAG-induced TNFRSF1A release from hepatocytes were determined using immunoblotting, biochemical assay and fluorimetric studies. Pulse-chase experiments with radiolabelled TNF-alpha and detection of apoptotic nuclei by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling were performed under in vivo conditions. KEY RESULTS 14-DAG down-regulated the formation of death-inducing signalling complex, resulting in desensitization of hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with 14-DAG accentuated microsomal Ca-ATPase activity through induction of NO/cGMP pathway. This resulted in enhanced calcium influx into microsomal lumen with the formation of TNFRSF1A-ARTS-1-NUCB2 complex in cellular vesicles. It was followed by the release of full-length 55 kDa TNFRSF1A and a reduction in the number of cell surface TNFRSF1A, which eventually caused diminution of TNF-alpha signal in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Taken together, the results demonstrate for the first time that 14-DAG desensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis through the release of TNFRSF1A. This can be used as a strategy against cytokine-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis in liver dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Roy
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, A Unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
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Abdel Baky NA, Zaidi ZF, Fatani AJ, Sayed-Ahmed MM, Yaqub H. Nitric oxide pros and cons: The role of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, and idebenone, a coenzyme-Q analogue in ameliorating cerebral hypoxia in rat. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:49-56. [PMID: 20637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists that nitric oxide (NO) may mediate both protective and pathological responses during brain hypoxia (HP). Reactive oxygen species have also been implicated in the pathophysiological response of the brain tissues to HP. Therefore, this study investigated whether a NO precursor, l-arginine (l-arg), a free radical scavenger, idebenone (ID), and their combination would reduce neurological injury resulting from hemic hypoxia (HP) in rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were injected with sodium nitrite (60 mg/kg, s.c.) to establish hemic hypoxia. ID (100 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and/or l-arg (100 mg kg(-1), i.p.) were administrated 24 and 1h prior to sodium nitrite intoxication, respectively. Hypoxia significantly decreased hemoglobin concentration, while significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), total nitrate/nitrite, sialic, and uric acids concentrations. Moreover, brain lipid peroxides were significantly enhanced, while reduced glutathione, l-ascorbic acids, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents, and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, were significantly reduced in the brain tissue. Pretreatment with either ID or l-arg altered the majority of the above-mentioned biochemical changes in hypoxic rats. Additionally, the combination of these two agents significantly reduced injury marker enzyme activities as well as serum sialic, and uric acids level (P>0.05 vs. control). Moreover, this combination exerted a synergistic antioxidant effect by blocking the induction of lipid peroxidation, preserving brain energy (ATP) content, and greatly reducing the hypoxic alterations in brain enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Histopathological examination of the brain tissue supported these biochemical findings. This study showed that ID and l-arg were capable of reducing neurological injury following HP in rat, and support the idea of the usefulness of l-arg and ID as prophylaxis from hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayira A Abdel Baky
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Bao XQ, Liu GT. Involvement of HSP70 in the protection of bicyclol on apoptosis of HepG2 cells intoxicated by d-galactosamine. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2010; 12:313-323. [PMID: 20419542 DOI: 10.1080/10286021003769924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), the best known endogenous factors, play important roles in the cytoprotection and repair of cells and tissues against the harmful effects of stress and insults. In this study, RNAi technology was used to identify whether HSP70 was involved in the protection of bicyclol against d-galactosamine (d-GaIN)-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. As a result, bicyclol induced HSP70 in a time- and dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. Bicyclol markedly alleviated apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in HepG2 cells intoxicated by d-GaIN. The degradation of inhibitory kappa B, phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B kinase, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) nuclear translocation, and DNA-binding activity were all inhibited by bicyclol in HepG2 cells intoxicated by d-GaIN. In addition, bicyclol decreased the nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The inhibitory effects of bicyclol on all the above biomarkers were attenuated when the HSP70 gene was silenced accordingly. Our data also showed that MG132 (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) and NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (inhibitor of iNOS) inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis induced by d-GaIN. These in vitro results suggested that HSP70 partially contributed to the hepatoprotection of bicyclol through suppressing the NF-kappaB-iNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qi Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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González-Rubio S, Hidalgo AB, Ferrín G, Bello RI, González R, Gahete MD, Ranchal I, Rodríguez BA, Barrera P, Aguilar-Melero P, Linares CI, Castaño JP, Victor VM, De la Mata M, Muntané J. Mitochondrial-driven ubiquinone enhances extracellular calcium-dependent nitric oxide production and reduces glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1984-91. [PMID: 20020783 DOI: 10.1021/tx900327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) mobilization, nitric oxide (NO), and oxidative stress have been involved in cell death induced by hydrophobic bile acid in hepatocytes. The aim of the study was the elucidation of the effect of the antioxidant mitochondrial-driven ubiquinone (Mito Q) on the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, NO production, and cell death in glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-treated HepG2 cells. The role of the regulation of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration by Ca(2+) chelators (EGTA or BAPTA-AM), agonist of Ca(2+) entrance (A23187) or NO (L-NAME or NO donor), was assessed during Mito Q cytoprotection in GCDCA-treated HepG2 cells. Cell death, NO synthase (NOS)-1, -2, and -3 expression, Ca(2+) mobilization, and NO production were evaluated. GCDCA reduced the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and NOS-3 expression and enhanced cell death in HepG2. NO donor prevented and L-NAME enhanced GCDCA-induced cell death. The reduction of Ca(2+) entry by EGTA, but not its release from intracellular stores by BAPTA-AM, reduced the expression of NOS-3 and enhanced cell death in control and GCDCA-treated cells. Mito Q prevented the reduction of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, NOS-3 expression, NO production, and cell death in GCDCA-treated HepG2 cells. The conclusion is that the recovery of Ca(2+)-dependent NOS-3 expression by Mito Q may be considered an additional cytoprotective property of an antioxidant.
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18
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Jolly AJ, Wild CP, Hardie LJ. Sodium deoxycholate causes nitric oxide mediated DNA damage in oesophageal cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:234-40. [PMID: 19156554 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802684211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease experience the reflux of acid and bile into the distal oesophagus. The secondary bile salt sodium deoxycholate (NDC) is implicated in the induction of mucosal injury during reflux episodes. This study hypothesized that NDC damages DNA in oesophageal cells by an oxidative mechanism. In the oesophageal cell line HET1-A, increased production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured in NDC-treated cells. Protection from DNA strand breaks induced by NDC (10 microm) was observed in cells coincubated with the nitric oxide scavenger C-PTIO (p<0.012) or pre-incubated with the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (p<0.009) or the NFkappaB inhibitor, TPCK (p<0.036). Collectively these data implicate the involvement of NFkappaB and nitric oxide synthase in the DNA damage induced by NDC in oesophageal cells. In conclusion, NDC-driven NO production may play an important role in inducing DNA damage during episodes of gastro-oesophageal reflux and thereby contribute to reflux-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Jolly
- Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
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19
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Novo E, Parola M. Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2008; 1:5. [PMID: 19014652 PMCID: PMC2584013 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within cells or, more generally, in a tissue environment, may easily turn into a source of cell and tissue injury. Aerobic organisms have developed evolutionarily conserved mechanisms and strategies to carefully control the generation of ROS and other oxidative stress-related radical or non-radical reactive intermediates (that is, to maintain redox homeostasis), as well as to 'make use' of these molecules under physiological conditions as tools to modulate signal transduction, gene expression and cellular functional responses (that is, redox signalling). However, a derangement in redox homeostasis, resulting in sustained levels of oxidative stress and related mediators, can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of major human diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, chronic activation of wound healing and tissue fibrogenesis. This review has been designed to first offer a critical introduction to current knowledge in the field of redox research in order to introduce readers to the complexity of redox signalling and redox homeostasis. This will include ready-to-use key information and concepts on ROS, free radicals and oxidative stress-related reactive intermediates and reactions, sources of ROS in mammalian cells and tissues, antioxidant defences, redox sensors and, more generally, the major principles of redox signalling and redox-dependent transcriptional regulation of mammalian cells. This information will serve as a basis of knowledge to introduce the role of ROS and other oxidative stress-related intermediates in contributing to essential events, such as the induction of cell death, the perpetuation of chronic inflammatory responses, fibrogenesis and much more, with a major focus on hepatic chronic wound healing and liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Novo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale and Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiopatologia Epatica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
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20
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Ghoneim AI. Effects of curcumin on ethanol-induced hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis: implication of lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 379:47-60. [PMID: 18716759 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis are valid in vitro models to investigate the modulatory effects of hepatoprotective/toxic agents such as curcumin. In this study, suspension and monolayer cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes were used. Levels of trypan blue uptake, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation were quantified. Chromatin condensation, caspase-3 activity, and cytochrome c extramitochondrial translocation were also evaluated. Results revealed that curcumin did not protect against either ethanol-induced necrosis or glutathione depletion. Neither did curcumin reduce caspase-3 activation nor chromatin condensation. In contrast, curcumin induced glutathione depletion, caspase-3 activation, necrosis, and apoptosis. Fortunately, all tested curcumin concentrations (1 microM-10 mM) diminished the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation. In addition, 1 microM curcumin decreased cytochrome c translocation in hepatocyte monolayers. In conclusion, low concentrations of curcumin may protect hepatocytes by reducing lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c release. Conversely, higher concentrations provoke glutathione depletion, caspase-3 activation, and hepatocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asser I Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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21
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Abstract
Mitochondria have multiple functions in eukaryotic cells and are organized into dynamic tubular networks that continuously undergo changes through coordinated fusion and fission and migration through the cytosol. Mitochondria integrate cell-signaling networks, especially those involving the intracellular messenger Ca(2+), into the regulation of metabolic pathways. Recently, it has become clear that mitochondria are central to the three main cell death pathways, namely necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. This article discusses the role of mitochondria in drug-induced cholestatic injury to the liver. The role of mitochondria in the cellular adaptation against the toxic effects of bile acids is discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E N Kass
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Guo M, Song LP, Jiang Y, Liu W, Yu Y, Chen GQ. Hypoxia-mimetic agents desferrioxamine and cobalt chloride induce leukemic cell apoptosis through different hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha independent mechanisms. Apoptosis 2007; 11:67-77. [PMID: 16374551 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-3085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia presents pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic biphasic effects that appear to be dependent upon cell types and conditions around cells. The substantial reports demonstrated that commonly used hypoxia-mimetic agents cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) and desferrioxamine (DFO) could also induce apoptosis in many different kinds of cells, but the mechanism was poorly understood. In this work, we compare the apoptosis-inducing effects of these two hypoxia-mimetic agents with acute myeloid leukemic cell lines NB4 and U937 as in vitro models. The results show that both of them induce these leukemic cells to undergo apoptosis with a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (DeltaPsi m), the activation of caspase-3/8 and the cleavage of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, together with the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein, a critical regulator for the cellular response to hypoxia. Metavanadate and sodium nitroprusside significantly abrogate DFO rather than CoCl(2)-induced mitochondrial Delta Psi m collapse, caspase-3/8 activation, Mcl-1 cleavage and apoptosis, but they fail to influence DFO and CoCl(2)-induced HIF-1alpha protein accumulation. Moreover, inducible expression of HIF-1alpha gene dose not alter DFO and CoCl(2)-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. In conclusion, these results propose that although both DFO and CoCl(2)-induced leukemic cell apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway-dependent and HIF-1alpha-independent mechanisms, DFO and CoCl(2)-induced apoptosis involves different initiating signal pathways that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guo
- Health Science Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Canová NK, Kmonícková E, Martínek J, Zídek Z, Farghali H. Thapsigargin, a selective inhibitor of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPases, modulates nitric oxide production and cell death of primary rat hepatocytes in culture. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 23:337-54. [PMID: 17447015 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-0185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO) are suggested to be associated with apoptosis that is a main feature of many liver diseases and is characterized by biochemical and morphological features. We sought to investigate the events of increase in [Ca2+]i and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium depletion by thapsigargin (TG), a selective inhibitor of sarco-ER-Ca2+ -ATPases, in relation to NO production and apoptotic and necrotic markers of cell death in primary rat hepatocyte culture. Cultured hepatocytes were treated with TG (1 and 5 micromol/L) for 0-24 or 24-48 h. NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression were determined as nitrite levels and by iNOS-specific antibody, respectively. Hepatocyte apoptosis was estimated by caspase-3 activity, cytosolic cytochrome c content and DNA fragmentation, and morphologically using Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. Hepatocyte viability and mitochondrial activity were evaluated by ALT leakage and MTT test. Increasing basal [Ca2+]i by TG, NO production and apoptotic/necrotic parameters were altered in different ways, depending on TG concentration and incubation time. During 0-24 h, TG dose-dependently decreased iNOS-mediated spontaneous NO production and simultaneously enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, TG 5 micromol/L produced secondary necrosis. During 24-48 h, TG dose-dependently enhanced basal NO production and rate of necrosis. TG 5 micromol/L further promoted mitochondrial damage as demonstrated by cytochrome c release. A selective iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine, suppressed TG-stimulated NO production and ALT leakage from hepatocytes after 24-48 h. Our data suggest that the extent of the [Ca2+]i increase and the modulation of NO production due to TG treatment contribute to hepatocyte apoptotic and/or necrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kutinová Canová
- Institute of Pharmacology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Ebrahimi F, Tavakoli S, Hajrasouliha AR, Sadeghipour H, Dehghani M, Ahmadi SH, Dehpour AR. Involvement of endogenous opioid peptides and nitric oxide in the blunted chronotropic and inotropic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation in cirrhotic rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007; 20:461-71. [PMID: 16968416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that chronotropic and inotropic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are impaired in cirrhosis, but the exact reason is not clear. Considering the inhibitory effect of endogenous opioid peptides and nitric oxide (NO) on beta-adrenergic pathway, we examined their roles in hyporesponsiveness of isolated atria and papillary muscles to isoproterenol stimulation in cirrhotic rats. Cirrhosis was induced by chronic bile duct ligation. Four weeks after ligation or sham operation, the responses of the isolated atria and papillary muscles to isoproterenol stimulation were evaluated in the absence and presence of naltrexone HCl (10(-6) m), N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) m), and naltrexone plus L-NAME in the organ bath. Considering the role of inducible NOS (iNOS) in hemodynamic abnormalities of cirrhotic rats, the chronotropic and inotropic responses of cirrhotic rats to isoproterenol stimulation were also assessed in the presence of aminoguanidine (a selective inhibitor of iNOS, 3 x 10(-4) m). Sham operation had no significant effect on basal atrial beating rate, contractile force, and maximal time derivatives for the development and the dissipation of papillary muscle tension. The basal atrial beating rate of cirrhotic rats did not show any significant difference compared with the sham-operated ones; however, the basal contractile parameters were significantly decreased in cirrhosis. Although the maximum effects of isoproterenol on chronotropic and inotropic responses were significantly reduced in cirrhotic rats, there was no difference in half-maximal effective concentrations of isoproterenol in these concentration-response curves. The basal abnormalities and the attenuated chronotropic and inotropic responses to isoproterenol were completely corrected by the administration of naltrexone, L-NAME and aminoguanidine. Concurrent administration of naltrexone and L-NAME also restored to normal the basal abnormalities and the blunted responses to isoproterenol in cirrhotic rats, and did not show any antagonistic effect. Based on these findings, both the endogenous opioid peptides and NO may be involved in the attenuated chronotropic and inotropic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation in cirrhosis. It seems that the iNOS activity results in NO-induced hyporesponsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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Bucher BT, Feng X, Jeyabalan G, Zhang B, Shao L, Guo Z, Geller DA. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) inhibits cytokine induced iNOS expression in rat hepatocytes. J Surg Res 2006; 138:15-21. [PMID: 17174337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the accumulation of hydrophobic bile acid (e.g., glycine conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid, GCDC) is considered to be an important factor contributing to cholestatic liver dysfunction, its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the bile salt GCDC on the regulation of iNOS expression, a key immune modulator during liver inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS GCDC significantly decreased cytokine-stimulated iNOS promoter activity, and both iNOS mRNA and protein expression. GCDC decreased iNOS promoter activity by preventing IkappaB degradation and inhibiting NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. To explore the role of iNOS in bile salt induced apoptosis, we also examined the effect of NO on caspase-3 activity. RESULTS GCDC strongly induced caspase-3 activity, and this increase was abrogated by both exogenous NO exposure and endogenous NO synthesis. Furthermore, adenoviral iNOS (AdiNOS) pre-treatment decreased acute cholestatic-induced liver injury in a rat bile duct ligation model. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a novel signaling pathway where potentially toxic bile salts down-regulate hepatic iNOS expression. This blockade of the iNOS mediated antiapoptotic phenotype may have important implications in certain liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Bucher
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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26
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Kim JS, Lemasters JJ. Opioid receptor-independent protection of ischemic rat hepatocytes by morphine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:958-64. [PMID: 17097606 PMCID: PMC1783610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of morphine in anoxia/reoxygenation injury to hepatocytes. Overnight cultured rat hepatocytes were incubated in anoxic buffer at pH 6.2 for 4h and reoxygenated at pH 7.4 for 2h to simulate anoxia/reoxygenation. Some hepatocytes were preincubated with 50 microM morphine for 10 min prior to onset of anoxia/reoxygenation. To study the effect of morphine on nitric oxide (NO), hepatocytes were loaded with 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM). Changes in NO concentration were assessed with a multi-well fluorescence reader and confocal microscopy. Morphine substantially improved cell viability after reoxygenation and increased NO generation, which was blocked by ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers. Confocal images revealed that the increase in NO occurred mainly at the cytosol. However, treatment with opioid receptor antagonists did not reverse cytoprotection by morphine. These results indicate that morphine prevents anoxia/reoxygenation injury to hepatocytes. Protective mechanisms are associated with the potassium channels and NO, but are independent of opioid receptor-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Correspondence: Jae-Sung Kim, Ph.D,. Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, RG-232C ARB, Gainesville, FL 32610, Phone: (352) 392-7461, FAX: (352) 392-0080, E-mail:
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Kucera T, Canova NK, Farghali H, Martinek J. The morphological and immunocytochemical evaluation of primary rat hepatocytes undergoing spontaneous cell death: modulation by the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 150:75-82. [PMID: 16936904 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2006.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the smallest molecules synthesised in the human body. It is produced by three distinct nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes (NOS) and plays a number of physiological functions in many organs and tissues. Among its numerous properties is the ability to influence programmed cell death. NO can either inhibit or induce apoptosis depending on the context of its production. In the liver, NO is produced in greater amounts especially during inflammation. The effect of NO in liver physiology and pathophysiology can be both beneficial and detrimental. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine NO effect on cell viability and cell death in primary rat hepatocyte culture. By using NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), the potential of exogenously delivered NO to influence spontaneous cell death in culture was examined. The morphological approach was used in order to discriminate between apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The nitrite level, urea production and alanine aminotransferase leakage were determined in the culture medium. The immunocytochemical detection of three apoptotic markers: cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and lamin A, was performed. Immunocytochemical analysis of hepatocyte apoptosis revealed different labelling pattern for each method, while the detection of cleaved caspase-3 best correlated with defined phenotypical criteria. Our data showed that under present conditions NO improved the viability of primary rat hepatocytes compared to untreated cells. This was manifested by the increase of viable hepatocytes in contrast to the decrease of necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes as assessed by the morphological examination of cell culture. The NO effect was dose-dependent in the range of SNAP concentration between 200-800 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kucera
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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28
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Ranchal I, González R, López-Sánchez LM, Barrera P, López-Cillero P, Serrano J, Bernardos A, De la Mata M, Rodríguez-Ariza A, Muntané J. The differential effect of PGE(1) on d-galactosamine-induced nitrosative stress and cell death in primary culture of human hepatocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 79:245-59. [PMID: 16647638 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pre-administration of PGE(1) reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) expression and cell death induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in cultured rat hepatocytes. The present study evaluated the role of nitric oxide (NO) during PGE(1) treatment in fully established d-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in cultured human hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes were isolated from liver resections by classic collagenase perfusion. PGE(1) (1 microM) was administered at 2 h before d-GalN (40 mM), or 2 or 10 h after d-GalN in cultured hepatocytes. The production of NO was inhibited by N-omega-nitroso-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (0.5 mM). Various parameters related to oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression and cell death were evaluated in hepatocytes. NO mediated mitochondrial disturbances, nitrosative stress and cell death in d-GalN-treated hepatocytes. The administration of PGE(1) 10 h after d-GalN enhanced NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression and nitrosative stress. Although PGE(1) administered at 2 h before or 2h after d-GalN reduced apoptosis and necrosis, its administration 10 h after d-GalN had no beneficial effect on cell death. In conclusion, the administration of PGE(1) during advanced d-GalN cytotoxicity induced nitrosative stress and lost its cytoprotective properties in cultured human hepatocytes.
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Liu J, He YY, Chignell CF, Clark J, Myers P, Saavedra JE, Waalkes MP. Limited protective role of V-PYRRO/NO against cholestasis produced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Kobak GE, Dahl R, Devereaux MW, Gumpricht E, Traber M, Doctor RB, Sokol RJ. Increased susceptibility of fat-laden Zucker-rat hepatocytes to bile acid-induced oncotic necrosis: an in vitro model of steatocholestasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 145:247-62. [PMID: 15902097 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metabolic liver disorders cause chronic liver disease and liver failure in childhood. Many of these disorders share the histologic features of steatosis and cholestasis, or steatocholestasis. In this study we sought to (1) develop an in vitro model of steatocholestasis, (2) determine the mechanisms of cell death in this model, and (3) determine the role of mitochondrial disturbances in this model. METHODS Hepatocytes were isolated from 8-week-old obese (fa/fa) and lean Zucker rats. Cell suspensions were treated with glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), after which reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oncotic necrosis, apoptosis, and ATP content were assessed. Isolated liver mitochondria were exposed to GCDC and analyzed for ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane-permeability transition (MPT), and cytochrome c release. Oncotic necrosis was significantly increased and apoptosis reduced in fa/fa hepatocytes exposed to GCDC compared with that in lean hepatocytes. Necrosis occurred by way of an ROS- and MPT-dependent pathway. Basal and dynamic ATP content did not differ between fa/fa and lean hepatocytes. GCDC stimulated ROS generation, MPT, and cytochrome c release to a similar extent in purified mitochondria from both fa/fa and lean rats. These findings suggest that fat-laden hepatocytes favor a necrotic rather than an apoptotic cell death when exposed to low concentrations of bile acids. The protective effects of antioxidants and MPT blockers suggest novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of steatocholestatic metabolic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Kobak
- Pediatric Liver Center and Liver Transplantation Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA
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Gumpricht E, Dahl R, Devereaux MW, Sokol RJ. Licorice compounds glycyrrhizin and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid are potent modulators of bile acid-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10556-63. [PMID: 15642733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411673200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids results in cholestatic liver injury by increasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of cell signaling pathways. Licorice root and its constituents have been utilized as antihepatotoxic agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential modulation by a primary component of licorice root, glycyrrhizin (GL), and its metabolite, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), in a hepatocyte model of cholestatic liver injury. Preincubation of fresh rat hepatocyte suspensions with GL or GA reduced glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC)-dependent reactive oxygen species generation, with GA more potent than GL. Interestingly, GL and GA had opposing effects toward GCDC-induced cytotoxicity; GA prevented both necrosis and apoptosis, whereas GL enhanced apoptosis. GCDC promoted activation of caspase 10, caspase 3, and PARP; all were inhibited by GA but not GL. Induction of apoptosis by GCDC was also associated with activation of JNK, which was prevented by GA. Activation of caspase 9 and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential were prevented by GA but not GL. In liver mitochondrial studies, GL and GA were both potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytochrome c release at submicromolar concentrations. Results from this study suggest that GL exhibits pro-apoptotic properties, whereas GA is a potent inhibitor of bile acid-induced apoptosis and necrosis in a manner consistent with its antioxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gumpricht
- Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Siendones E, Fouad D, Díaz-Guerra MJM, de la Mata M, Boscá L, Muntané J. PGE1-induced NO reduces apoptosis by D-galactosamine through attenuation of NF-kappaB and NOS-2 expression in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 2004; 40:1295-303. [PMID: 15565661 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) reduces cell death in experimental and clinical liver dysfunction. We have previously shown that PGE1 preadministration protects against NO-dependent cell death induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) through a rapid increase of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, inducible NO synthase (NOS-2) expression, and NO production. The present study investigates whether PGE1-induced NO was able to abolish NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression, and apoptosis elicited by D-GalN. Rat hepatocytes were isolated following the classical method of collagenase perfusion of liver. PGE1 (1 micromol/L) was administered 2 hours before D-GalN (5 mmol/L) in primary culture rat hepatocytes. PGE1 reduced inhibitor kappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression, and apoptosis induced by D-GalN. The administration of an inhibitor of NOS-2 abolished the inhibitory effect of PGE1 on NF-kappaB activation and NOS-2 expression in D-GalN-treated hepatocytes. Transfection studies using different plasmids corresponding to the NOS-2 promoter region showed that D-GalN and PGE1 regulate NOS-2 expression through NF-kappaB during the initial stage of hepatocyte treatment. PGE1 was able to reduce the promoter activity induced by D-GalN. In addition, a NO donor reduced NOS-2 promoter activity in transfected hepatocytes. In conclusion, administration of PGE1 to hepatocytes produces low levels of NO, which inhibits its own formation during D-GalN-induced cell death through the attenuation of NF-kappaB-dependent NOS-2 expression. Therefore, a dual role for NO in PGE1-treated D-GalN-induced toxicity in hepatocytes is characterized by a rapid NO release that attenuates the late and proapoptotic NOS-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Siendones
- Unidad de Investigación, Unidad Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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Chuang JH, Chang NK, Huang CC, Lo SK, Wang HC, Chen CM, Wu CL, Chou MH, Lin TK. Biliary intervention augments chemotactic reaction and aggravates cholestatic liver injury in rats. J Surg Res 2004; 120:210-8. [PMID: 15234215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervention of the biliary system is frequently done in patients with obstructive jaundice and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL) for 2 weeks was established in which biliary intervention was feasible by injection of normal saline through an indwelling catheter in the bile ducts. Plasma levels of C-C chemokine MCP-1 and C-X-C chemokine MIP-2 were measured by using ELISA. Blood monocytes, Kupffer cells, and neutrophils in the liver were characterized with antibodies to ED1, ED2, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Lipid peroxidation was measured by malondialdehyde contents and apoptosis by TUNEL stain of the liver. RESULTS Biliary intervention resulted in an increase of plasma MCP-1 and MIP-2 proteins by 1 h, which declined to normal level by 3 h in both sham and BDL rats. The levels in BDL rats were significantly higher than in sham at most points. There was a transient increase of ED1- and ED2-positive cells and MPO-staining cells in sham rat liver by 1 h after intervention. ED2-positive cells increased significantly by 1 h, while ED1- and MPO-positive cells decreased, yet insignificantly after intervention in BDL rats. The cell counts in BDL were constantly higher than in sham. Malondialdehyde increased precipitously in BDL by 3 h and was significantly higher than in sham throughout the study period. Parenchymal liver injury, manifested by elevated ALT, as well as apoptosis and necrosis of liver cells, was significantly increased in BDL rats, but not in sham rats. CONCLUSION Biliary intervention augments chemokine expression, precipitates lipid peroxidation, and aggravates liver injury in cholestatic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, and Chang Gung memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan.
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Kučera T. The double-edged role of nitric oxide in apoptosis signalling: focused on liver. J Appl Biomed 2004. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2004.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Fouad D, Siendones E, Costán G, Muntané J. Role of NF-kappaB activation and nitric oxide expression during PGE protection against d-galactosamine-induced cell death in cultured rat hepatocytes. Liver Int 2004; 24:227-36. [PMID: 15189274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) reduces cell death in experimental and clinical liver dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO) mediates PGE1 protection against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced cell death. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) plays a protective role in different experimental models of cell death. We investigated if NF-kappaB was responsible for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cytoprotection induced by PGE1 against D-GalN cell death in cultured hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes were isolated following the classical method of collagenase perfusion of liver. A kinetic study of cell death, NF-kappaB activation, mRNA and protein iNOS expression, and NO production was carried in hepatocytes treated with D-GalN (5 mM) in the presence or absence of PGE1 (1 microM) administered 2 h before the hepatotoxin. A proteasome inhibitor was used to evaluate the role of NF-kappaB activation in our experimental conditions. PGE1 protection against D-GalN-induced cell death was associated with its capacity to rapidly enhance NF-kappaB activation, mRNA and protein iNOS expression, and NO production in D-GalN-treated hepatocytes. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation abolished iNOS expression and cell protection by PGE1 in hepatocytes treated with the hepatotoxin. The present study shows that the cytoprotection by PGE1 against D-GalN-induced apoptosis was related to NF-kappaB-dependent iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Fouad
- Unidad Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
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Kim JS, Ohshima S, Pediaditakis P, Lemasters JJ. Nitric oxide protects rat hepatocytes against reperfusion injury mediated by the mitochondrial permeability transition. Hepatology 2004; 39:1533-43. [PMID: 15185294 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on hepatocellular killing after simulated ischemia/reperfusion and characterized signaling factors triggering cytoprotection by NO. Cultured rat hepatocytes were incubated in anoxic Krebs-Ringer-HEPES buffer at pH 6.2 for 4 hours and reoxygenated at pH 7.4 for 2 hours. During reoxygenation, some hepatocytes were exposed to combinations of NO donors (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine [SNAP] and others), a cGMP analogue (8-bromoguanosine-3,5-cGMP [8-Br-cGMP]), and a cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (KT5823). Cell viability was determined by way of propidium iodide fluorometry. Inner membrane permeabilization and mitochondrial depolarization were monitored by confocal microscopy. SNAP, but not oxidized SNAP, increased cGMP during reperfusion and decreased cell killing. Other NO donors and 8-Br-cGMP also prevented cell killing. Both guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent kinase inhibition blocked the cytoprotection of NO. However, 5-hydroxydecanoate and diazoxide- mitochondrial K(ATP) channel modulators-did not affect NO-dependent cytoprotection or reperfusion injury. During reoxygenation, confocal microscopy showed mitochondrial repolarization, followed by depolarization, inner membrane permeabilization, and cell death. In the presence of either SNAP or 8-Br-cGMP, mitochondrial repolarization was sustained after reperfusion preventing inner membrane permeabilization and cell death. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, a cGMP analogue in the presence of a cytosolic extract and adenosine triphosphate blocked the Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), an effect that was reversed by KT5823. In conclusion, NO prevents MPT-dependent necrotic killing of ischemic hepatocytes after reperfusion through a guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent kinase signaling pathway, events that may represent the target of NO cytoprotection in preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gumpricht E, Dahl R, Devereaux MW, Sokol RJ. Beta-carotene prevents bile acid-induced cytotoxicity in the rat hepatocyte: Evidence for an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic role of beta-carotene in vitro. Pediatr Res 2004; 55:814-21. [PMID: 14764912 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000117845.23762.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic bile acids are implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disorders through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Antioxidants ameliorate bile acid-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatocyte suspensions. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the potential protective role of beta-carotene (betaC), a putative fat-soluble antioxidant that is reduced in patients with cholestasis, against bile acid-induced hepatotoxicity. In freshly isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions that were exposed to the toxic hydrophobic bile acid glycochenodeoxycholic acid (100 or 500 microM), betaC (100 microM) decreased generation of reactive oxygen species by >50%, similar to the inhibition afforded by alpha-tocopherol. Commensurate with this antioxidant effect, 100 microM betaC also protected hepatocytes against both glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced cellular necrosis and apoptosis, which was associated with reduction in caspase 3 activation, inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release in rat hepatocytes, and prevention of the mitochondrial permeability transition in both liver mitochondria and rat hepatocytes. A lower concentration of betaC (50 microM) produced similar antioxidant and anti-apoptotic protection but with less inhibition against cell necrosis, suggesting that the higher concentration of betaC may have conferred additional cytoprotection not directly related to its antioxidant function. These results demonstrate that the antioxidant effects of betaC may provide hepatoprotection against cholestatic liver injury by preventing bile acid-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gumpricht
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Higuchi H, Grambihler A, Canbay A, Bronk SF, Gores GJ. Bile acids up-regulate death receptor 5/TRAIL-receptor 2 expression via a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent pathway involving Sp1. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:51-60. [PMID: 14561739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309476200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids up-regulate death receptor 5 (DR5)/TRAIL-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) expression thereby sensitizing hepatocytes to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. However, the precise mechanism by which bile acids enhance DR5/TRAIL-R2 expression is unknown. Although several bile acids enhanced DR5/TRAIL-R2 expression, deoxycholic acid (DCA) was the most potent. DCA stimulated JNK activation and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 blocked DCA-induced DR5/TRAIL-R2 mRNA and protein expression. Reporter gene analysis identified a 5'-flanking region containing two Sp1 binding sites within the DR5/TRAIL-R2 promoter as bile acid responsive. Sp1 binding to one of the two sites was enhanced by DCA treatment as evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies. JNK inhibition with SP600125 also blocked binding of Sp1 to the DR5/TRAIL-R2 promoter. Finally, point mutations of the Sp1 binding site attenuated promoter activity. In conclusion, Sp1 is a bile acid-responsive transcription factor that mediates DR5/TRAIL-R2 gene expression downstream of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Grambihler A, Higuchi H, Bronk SF, Gores GJ. cFLIP-L inhibits p38 MAPK activation: an additional anti-apoptotic mechanism in bile acid-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26831-7. [PMID: 12746452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303229200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cholestasis, toxic bile acids accumulate within the liver inducing hepatocyte apoptosis, which exacerbates liver injury. Although bile acids activate both death receptors and mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathways, the mechanistic link between death receptor signaling and MAPK activation in bile acid apoptosis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to ascertain if MAPKs contribute to bile acid cytotoxicity. Although deoxycholate induced apoptosis and activated all three classic mediators of the MAPK pathways including JNK 1/2, p38, and p42/44, only p38 MAPK inhibition attenuated apoptosis. Suppressing FADD expression with siRNA or employing a caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, did not block p38 MAPK activation suggesting its activation was not death receptor-dependent. Unexpectedly, expression of cFLIP-L in a stably transfected cell line blocked apoptosis and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Based on these data we postulated a direct effect of cFLIP on p38 MAPK activation. The nonphosphorylated but not the phosphorylated/active form of p38 MAPK co-immunoprecipitated with cFLIP-L. In reverse immunoprecipitation experiments, cFLIP-L long but not cFLIP-S co-immunoprecipitate with p38 MAPK. In conclusion, these data suggest that cFLIP-L exerts its anti-apoptotic activity, in part, by inhibiting p38 MAPK activation, an additional anti-apoptotic effect for this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Grambihler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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