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Wang J, Luo Y, Katiyar H, Liang C, Liu Q. The Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins and Virus Evasion Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:734. [PMID: 38793616 PMCID: PMC11125860 DOI: 10.3390/v16050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that defend against viral infections by inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) 1, 2, and 3 are crucial ISG products and members of the CD225 protein family. Compelling evidence shows that IFITMs restrict the infection of many unrelated viruses by inhibiting the virus-cell membrane fusion at the virus entry step via the modulation of lipid composition and membrane properties. Meanwhile, viruses can evade IFITMs' restrictions by either directly interacting with IFITMs via viral glycoproteins or by altering the native entry pathway. At the same time, cumulative evidence suggests context-dependent and multifaceted roles of IFITMs in modulating virus infections and cell signaling. Here, we review the diverse antiviral mechanisms of IFITMs, the viral antagonizing strategies, and the regulation of IFITM activity in host cells. The mechanisms behind the antiviral activity of IFITMs could aid the development of broad-spectrum antivirals and enhance preparedness for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Harshita Katiyar
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
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Elessawy SM, Shehab A, Soliman DA, Eldeeb MA, Taha SI. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-3 Rs12252-G Variant Increases COVID-19 Mortality Potential in Egyptian Population. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:186-193. [PMID: 38717821 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2024.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represented an international health risk. Variants of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) gene can increase the risk of developing severe viral infections. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between IFITM3 rs12252A>G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and COVID-19 severity and mortality in 100 Egyptian patients. All participants were subjected to serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) determination by ELISA and IFITM3 rs12252 genotyping by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of all participants, 85.0% had the IFITM3 rs12252 homozygous AA genotype, whereas 15.0% had the heterozygous AG genotype. None of our participants had the homozygous GG genotype. The IFITM3 rs12252A allele was found in 92.5% and the G allele in only 7.5%. There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between the IFITM3 rs12252 SNP and COVID-19 severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or IL-6 serum levels. The heterozygous AG genotype frequency showed a significant increase among participants who died (32.0%) compared with those who had been cured (9.3%). The mutant G allele was associated with patients' death. Its frequency among cured participants was 8.5%, whereas in those who died was 24.2% (p = 0.024) with 3.429 odds ratio [95% confidence interval: 1.1-10.4]. In conclusion, this study revealed a significant association between the G allele variant of IFITM3 rs12252 and COVID-19 mortality. However, results were unable to establish a significant link between rs12252 polymorphism, disease severity, ICU admission, or serum IL-6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Elessawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Shehab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina A Soliman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Eldeeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara I Taha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Yau E, Yang L, Chen Y, Umstead TM, Stanley AE, Halstead ES, Gandhi CK, Yewdell JW, Chroneos ZC. SP-R210 isoforms of Myosin18A modulate endosomal sorting and recognition of influenza A virus infection in macrophages. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105280. [PMID: 38135024 PMCID: PMC10948314 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes acute and often lethal inflammation in the lung. The role of macrophages in this adverse inflammation is partially understood. The surfactant protein A receptor 210 (SP-R210) consists of two isoforms, a long (L) SP-R210L and a short (S) SP-R210S isoform encoded by alternative splicing of the myosin 18A gene. We reported that disruption of SP-R210L enhances cytosolic and endosomal antiviral response pathways. Here, we report that SP-R210L antagonizes type I interferon β (IFNβ), as depletion of SP-R210L potentiates IFNβ secretion. SP-R210 antibodies enhance and attenuate IFNβ secretion in SP-R210L replete and deficient macrophages, respectively, indicating that SP-R210 isoform stoichiometry alters macrophage function intrinsically. This reciprocal response is coupled to unopposed and restricted expression of viral genes in control and SP-R210L-deficient macrophages, respectively. Human monocytic cells with sub-stoichiometric expression of SP-R210L resist IAV infection, whereas alveolar macrophages with increased abundance of SP-R210L permit viral gene expression similar to murine macrophages. Uptake and membrane binding studies show that lack of SP-R210 isoforms does not impair IAV binding and internalization. Lack of SP-R210L, however, results in macropinocytic retention of the virus that depends on both SP-R210S and interferon-inducible transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3). Mass spectrometry and Western blot analyses indicate that SP-R210 isoforms modulate differential recruitment of the Rho-family GTPase RAC1 and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Our study suggests that SP-R210 isoforms modulate RAC-dependent macropinosomal sorting of IAV to discrete endosomal and lysosomal compartments that either permit or prevent endolysosomal escape and inflammatory sensing of viral genomes in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Anne E Stanley
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - E Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Chintan K Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Liu X, Zhang W, Han Y, Cheng H, Liu Q, Ke S, Zhu F, Lu Y, Dai X, Wang C, Huang G, Su B, Zou Q, Li H, Zhao W, Xiao L, Lu L, Tong X, Pan F, Li H, Li B. FOXP3 + regulatory T cell perturbation mediated by the IFNγ-STAT1-IFITM3 feedback loop is essential for anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:122. [PMID: 38167862 PMCID: PMC10761945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) is an efficient way to evoke an anti-tumor immune response. However, how Tregs maintain their fragility and stability remains largely unknown. IFITM3 and STAT1 are interferon-induced genes that play a positive role in the progression of tumors. Here, we showed that IFITM3-deficient Tregs blunted tumor growth by strengthening the tumor-killing response and displayed the Th1-like Treg phenotype with higher secretion of IFNγ. Mechanistically, depletion of IFITM3 enhances the translation and phosphorylation of STAT1. On the contrary, the decreased IFITM3 expression in STAT1-deficient Tregs indicates that STAT1 conversely regulates the expression of IFITM3 to form a feedback loop. Blocking the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ or directly depleting STAT1-IFITM3 axis phenocopies the restored suppressive function of tumor-infiltrating Tregs in the tumor model. Overall, our study demonstrates that the perturbation of tumor-infiltrating Tregs through the IFNγ-IFITM3-STAT1 feedback loop is essential for anti-tumor immunity and constitutes a targetable vulnerability of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnan Liu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Center for Cancer Immunology Research, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyu Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gonghua Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Su
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Pan
- Center for Cancer Immunology Research, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Makled AF, Ali SAM, Eldahdouh SS, Sleem AS, Eldahshan MM, Elsaadawy Y, Salman SS, Mohammed Elbrolosy A. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 ( ACE-2) with Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-3 ( IFITM-3) Genetic Variants and Interleukin-6 as Severity and Risk Predictors among COVID-19 Egyptian Population. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:6384208. [PMID: 38155729 PMCID: PMC10754637 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6384208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The host genetic background is a crucial factor that underlies the interindividual variability of COVID-19 fatality and outcomes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM-3) have a key role in viral cell entrance and priming. The evoked immune response will also provide a predictive prognosis for COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to explore the association between ACE-2 and IFITM-3 genotypes and their corresponding allele frequencies with disease severity indices in the Egyptian COVID-19 population. The serum level of interleukin-6, as a biomarker of hyperinflammatory response, and cytokine storm, was correlated with disease progression, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the selected receptors, and treatment response. Methodology. We enrolled 900 COVID-19-confirmed cases and 100 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 subjects (160 patients selected based on clinical and laboratory data and 40 healthy controls). The ACE-2 rs2285666 and IFITM-3 rs12252 SNPs were genotyped using the TaqMan probe allelic discrimination assay, and the serum IL-6 level was determined by ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the association between ACE-2 and IFITM-3 genetic variants, IL-6 profile, and COVID-19 severity. Results The identified genotypes and their alleles were significantly correlated with COVID-19 clinical deterioration as follows: ACE2 rs2285666 CT + TT, odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 12.136 (2.784-52.896) and IFITM-3 rs12252 AG + GG: 17.276 (3.673-81.249), both p < 0.001. Compared to the controls, the heterozygous and mutant genotypes for both SNPs were considerable risk factors for increased susceptibility to COVID-19. IL-6 levels were significantly correlated with disease progression (p < 0.001). Conclusion ACE-2 and IFITM-3 genetic variants are potential predictors of COVID-19 severity, critical outcomes, and post-COVID-19 complications. Together, these SNPs and serum IL-6 levels explain a large proportion of the variability in the severity of COVID-19 infection and its consequences among Egyptian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F. Makled
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
| | - Sahar A. M. Ali
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
| | - S. S. Eldahdouh
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S. Sleem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
| | - Maha M. Eldahshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
| | - Yara Elsaadawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S. Salman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Mohammed Elbrolosy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin al Kom, Egypt
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Li H, Yu S, Liu H, Chen L, Liu H, Liu X, Shen C. Immunologic barriers in liver transplantation: a single-cell analysis of the role of mesenchymal stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274982. [PMID: 38143768 PMCID: PMC10748593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the biomarkers that may reliably indicate rejection or tolerance and the mechanism that underlie the induction and maintenance of liver transplantation (LT) tolerance related to immunosuppressant or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods LT models of Lewis-Lewis and F344-Lewis rats were established. Lewis-Lewis rats model served as a control (Syn). F344-Lewis rats were treated with immunosuppressant alone (Allo+IS) or in combination with MSCs (Allo+IS+MSCs). Intrahepatic cell composition particularly immune cells was compared between the groups by single-cell sequencing. Analysis of subclusters, KEGG pathway analysis, and pseudotime trajectory analysis were performed to explore the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms of immunosuppressant alone or combined with MSCs. Results Immunosuppressants alone or combined with MSCs increases the liver tolerance, to a certain extent. Single-cell sequencing identified intrahepatic cell composition signature, including cell subpopulations of B cells, cholangiocytes, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunosuppressant particularly its combination with MSCs altered the landscape of intrahepatic cells in transplanted livers, as well as gene expression patterns in immune cells. MSCs may be included in the differentiation of T cells, classical monocytes, and non-classical monocytes. Conclusion These findings provided novel insights for better understanding the heterogeneity and biological functions of intrahepatic immune cells after LT treated by IS alone or in combination with MSCs. The identified markers of immune cells may serve as the immunotherapeutic targets for MSC treatment of liver transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Saihua Yu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Liu
- Department of Nursing, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Conglong Shen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Xie Q, Liao X, Huang B, Wang L, Liao G, Luo C, Wen S, Fang S, Luo H, Shu Y. The truncated IFITM3 facilitates the humoral immune response in inactivated influenza vaccine-vaccinated mice via interaction with CD81. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2246599. [PMID: 37556756 PMCID: PMC10484049 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2246599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12252-C of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), resulting in a truncated IFITM3 protein lacking 21 N-terminus amino acids, is associated with severe influenza infection in the Chinese population. However, the effect of IFITM3 rs12252-C on influenza vaccination and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we constructed a mouse model with a deletion of 21 amino acids at the N-terminus (NΔ21) of IFITM3 and then compared the antibody response between Quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) immunized wild-type (WT) mice and NΔ21 mice. Significantly higher levels of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre, neutralizing antibodies (NAb), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) to H1N1, H3N2, B/Victory, and B/Yamagata viruses were observed in NΔ21 mice compared to WT mice. Correspondingly, the numbers of splenic germinal centre (GC) B cells, plasma cells, memory B cells, QIV-specific IgG+ antibody-secreting cells (ASC), and T follicular helper cells (TFH) in NΔ21 mice were higher compared with WT mice. Moreover, the 21-amino-acid deletion caused IFITM3 translocation from the endocytosis compartment to the periphery of cells, which also prevented the degradation of a co-stimulatory molecule of B cell receptor (BCR) CD81 on the cell surface. More importantly, a more interaction was observed between NΔ21 protein and CD81 compared to the interaction between IFITM3 and CD81. Overall, our study revealed a potential mechanism of NΔ21 protein enhancing humoral immune response by relocation to prevent the degradation of CD81, providing insight into SNP affecting influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bi Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guancheng Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuming Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simin Wen
- Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shisong Fang
- Pathogenic Microorganism Testing Institute, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Das T, Hang HC. Discovery and Characterization of IFITM S-Palmitoylation. Viruses 2023; 15:2329. [PMID: 38140570 PMCID: PMC10747768 DOI: 10.3390/v15122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2 and 3) are important host antiviral defense factors. They are active against viruses like the influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In this review, we focus on IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification, and describe its role in modulating IFITM3 antiviral activity. Our laboratory discovered S-palmitoylation of IFITMs using chemical proteomics and demonstrated the importance of highly conserved fatty acid-modified Cys residues in IFITM3 antiviral activity. Further studies showed that site-specific S-palmitoylation at Cys72 is important for IFITM3 trafficking to restricted viruses (IAV and EBOV) and membrane-sterol interactions. Thus, site-specific lipid modification of IFITM3 directly regulates its antiviral activity, cellular trafficking, and membrane-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology and Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Marziali F, Song Y, Nguyen XN, Belmudes L, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Roingeard P, Couté Y, Cimarelli A. A Proteomics-Based Approach Identifies the NEDD4 Adaptor NDFIP2 as an Important Regulator of Ifitm3 Levels. Viruses 2023; 15:1993. [PMID: 37896772 PMCID: PMC10611234 DOI: 10.3390/v15101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IFITMs are a family of highly related interferon-induced transmembrane proteins that interfere with the processes of fusion between viral and cellular membranes and are thus endowed with broad antiviral properties. A number of studies have shown how the antiviral potency of IFITMs is highly dependent on their steady-state levels, their intracellular distribution and a complex pattern of post-translational modifications, parameters that are overall tributary of a number of cellular partners. In an effort to identify additional protein partners involved in the biology of IFITMs, we devised a proteomics-based approach based on the piggyback incorporation of IFITM3 partners into extracellular vesicles. MS analysis of the proteome of vesicles bearing or not bearing IFITM3 identified the NDFIP2 protein adaptor protein as an important regulator of IFITM3 levels. NDFIP2 is a membrane-anchored adaptor protein of the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the NEDD4 family that have already been found to be involved in IFITM3 regulation. We show here that NDFIP2 acts as a recruitment factor for both IFITM3 and NEDD4 and mediates their distribution in lysosomal vesicles. The genetic inactivation and overexpression of NDFIP2 drive, respectively, lower and higher levels of IFITM3 accumulation in the cell, overall suggesting that NDFIP2 locally competes with IFITM3 for NEDD4 binding. Given that NDFIP2 is itself tightly regulated and highly responsive to external cues, our study sheds light on a novel and likely dynamic layer of regulation of IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
| | - Yuxin Song
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France; (L.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.-G.); (P.R.)
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.-G.); (P.R.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France; (L.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
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11
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Ma J, Tu Z, Du S, Zhang X, Wang J, Guo J, Feng Y, He H, Wang H, Li C, Tu C, Liu Y. IFITM3 restricts RABV infection through inhibiting viral entry and mTORC1- dependent autophagy. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109823. [PMID: 37392666 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, which caused by rabies virus (RABV), is a zoonotic and life-threatening disease with 100% mortality, and there is no effective treatment thus far due to the unclear pathogenesis and less of treatment targets. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) has recently been identified as an important anti-viral host effector induced by type I interferon. However, the role of IFITM3 in RABV infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that IFITM3 is a crucial restriction factor for RABV, the viral-induced IFITM3 significantly inhibited RABV replication, while knockdown of IFITM3 had the opposite effect. We then identified that IFNβ induces the upregulation of IFITM3 in the absence or presence of RABV infection, meanwhile, IFITM3 positively regulates RABV-triggered production of IFNβ in a feedback manner. In-depth research we found that IFITM3 not only inhibits the virus absorb and entry, but also inhibits viral replication through mTORC1-dependent autophagy. All these findings broaden our understanding of IFITM3 function and uncover a novel mechanism against RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ma
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of infectious diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jinlin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jianxiong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chang Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
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12
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Zhao Q, Zhang R, Qiao C, Miao Y, Yuan Y, Zheng H. Ubiquitination network in the type I IFN-induced antiviral signaling pathway. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350384. [PMID: 37194705 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-I) is the body's first line of defense against pathogen infection. IFN-I can induce cellular antiviral responses and therefore plays a key role in driving antiviral innate and adaptive immunity. Canonical IFN-I signaling activates the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, which induces the expression of IFN-stimulated genes and eventually establishes a complex antiviral state in the cells. Ubiquitin is a ubiquitous cellular molecule for protein modifications, and the ubiquitination modifications of protein have been recognized as one of the key modifications that regulate protein levels and/or signaling activation. Despite great advances in understanding the ubiquitination regulation of many signaling pathways, the mechanisms by which protein ubiquitination regulates IFN-I-induced antiviral signaling have not been explored until very recently. This review details the current understanding of the regulatory network of ubiquitination that critically controls the IFN-I-induced antiviral signaling pathway from three main levels, including IFN-I receptors, IFN-I-induced cascade signals, and effector IFN-stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Renxia Zhang
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caixia Qiao
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Prikryl D, Marin M, Desai TM, Du Y, Fu H, Melikyan GB. Cyclosporines Antagonize the Antiviral Activity of IFITMProteins by Redistributing Them toward the Golgi Apparatus. Biomolecules 2023; 13:937. [PMID: 37371517 PMCID: PMC10296495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) block the fusion of diverse enveloped viruses, likely through increasing the cell membrane's rigidity. Previous studies have reported that the antiviral activity of the IFITM family member, IFITM3, is antagonized by cell pretreatment with rapamycin derivatives and cyclosporines A and H (CsA and CsH) that promote the degradation of IFITM3. Here, we show that CsA and CsH potently enhance virus fusion with IFITM1- and IFITM3-expressing cells by inducing their rapid relocalization from the plasma membrane and endosomes, respectively, towards the Golgi. This relocalization is not associated with a significant degradation of IFITMs. Although prolonged exposure to CsA induces IFITM3 degradation in cells expressing low endogenous levels of this protein, its levels remain largely unchanged in interferon-treated cells or cells ectopically expressing IFITM3. Importantly, the CsA-mediated redistribution of IFITMs to the Golgi occurs on a much shorter time scale than degradation and thus likely represents the primary mechanism of enhancement of virus entry. We further show that rapamycin also induces IFITM relocalization toward the Golgi, albeit less efficiently than cyclosporines. Our findings highlight the importance of regulation of IFITM trafficking for its antiviral activity and reveal a novel mechanism of the cyclosporine-mediated modulation of cell susceptibility to enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Prikryl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tanay M. Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, White Plains, NY 10601, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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14
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Kenney AD, Zani A, Kawahara J, Eddy AC, Wang X, Mahesh KC, Lu M, Thomas J, Kohlmeier JE, Suthar MS, Hemann EA, Li J, Peeples ME, Hall‐Stoodley L, Forero A, Cai C, Ma J, Yount JS. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) limits lethality of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56660. [PMID: 36880581 PMCID: PMC10074051 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an antiviral protein that alters cell membranes to block fusion of viruses. Conflicting reports identified opposing effects of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells, and its impact on viral pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that IFITM3 knockout (KO) mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience extreme weight loss and lethality compared to mild infection in wild-type (WT) mice. KO mice have higher lung viral titers and increases in inflammatory cytokine levels, immune cell infiltration, and histopathology. Mechanistically, we observe disseminated viral antigen staining throughout the lung and pulmonary vasculature in KO mice, as well as increased heart infection, indicating that IFITM3 constrains dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Global transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs shows upregulation of gene signatures associated with interferons, inflammation, and angiogenesis in KO versus WT animals, highlighting changes in lung gene expression programs that precede severe lung pathology and fatality. Our results establish IFITM3 KO mice as a new animal model for studying severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and overall demonstrate that IFITM3 is protective in SARS-CoV-2 infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jeffrey Kawahara
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Adrian C Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - KC Mahesh
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Center for Vaccines and ImmunityAbigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOHUSA
| | - Mijia Lu
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jeronay Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Center for Vaccines and ImmunityAbigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOHUSA
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Luanne Hall‐Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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15
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Chantharath A, Demonti A, Maurel A. [Mammalian IFITM against HIV: For a better understanding of their antiviral mechanisms]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:397-399. [PMID: 37094277 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Chantharath
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Alicia Demonti
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Maurel
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, Master Biosciences, Lyon, France
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16
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Unali G, Crivicich G, Pagani I, Abou‐Alezz M, Folchini F, Valeri E, Matafora V, Reisz JA, Giordano AMS, Cuccovillo I, Butta GM, Donnici L, D'Alessandro A, De Francesco R, Manganaro L, Cittaro D, Merelli I, Petrillo C, Bachi A, Vicenzi E, Kajaste‐Rudnitski A. Interferon‐inducible phospholipids govern
IFITM3
‐dependent endosomal antiviral immunity. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112234. [PMID: 36970857 PMCID: PMC10183820 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM) are implicated in several biological processes, including antiviral defense, but their modes of action remain debated. Here, taking advantage of pseudotyped viral entry assays and replicating viruses, we uncover the requirement of host co-factors for endosomal antiviral inhibition through high-throughput proteomics and lipidomics in cellular models of IFITM restriction. Unlike plasma membrane (PM)-localized IFITM restriction that targets infectious SARS-CoV2 and other PM-fusing viral envelopes, inhibition of endosomal viral entry depends on lysines within the conserved IFITM intracellular loop. These residues recruit Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) that we show here to be required for endosomal IFITM activity. We identify PIP3 as an interferon-inducible phospholipid that acts as a rheostat for endosomal antiviral immunity. PIP3 levels correlated with the potency of endosomal IFITM restriction and exogenous PIP3 enhanced inhibition of endocytic viruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2 Omicron variant. Together, our results identify PIP3 as a critical regulator of endosomal IFITM restriction linking it to the Pi3K/Akt/mTORC pathway and elucidate cell-compartment-specific antiviral mechanisms with potential relevance for the development of broadly acting antiviral strategies.
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17
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Peng S, Fu Y. FYN: emerging biological roles and potential therapeutic targets in cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 36740671 PMCID: PMC9901160 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family protein kinases (SFKs) play a key role in cell adhesion, invasion, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and angiogenesis during tumor development. In humans, SFKs consists of eight family members with similar structure and function. There is a high level of overexpression or hyperactivity of SFKs in tumor, and they play an important role in multiple signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. FYN is a member of the SFKs that regulate normal cellular processes. Additionally, FYN is highly expressed in many cancers and promotes cancer growth and metastasis through diverse biological functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and motility migration, as well as the development of drug resistance in many tumors. Moreover, FYN is involved in the regulation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways, including interactions with ERK, COX-2, STAT5, MET and AKT. FYN is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for various tumor types, and suppressing FYN can improve the prognosis and prolong the life of patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of FYN's structure, expression, upstream regulators, downstream substrate molecules, and biological functions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- SanFei Peng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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18
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Leandro DB, Celerino da Silva R, Rodrigues JKF, Leite MCG, Arraes LC, Coelho AVC, Crovella S, Zupin L, Guimarães RL. Clinical-Epidemiological Characteristics and IFITM-3 (rs12252) Variant Involvement in HIV-1 Mother-to-Children Transmission Susceptibility in a Brazilian Population. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020397. [PMID: 36836754 PMCID: PMC9959554 DOI: 10.3390/life13020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-children transmission (MTCT) is the main infection route for HIV-1 in children, and may occur during pregnancy, delivery, and/or postpartum. It is a multifactorial phenomenon, where genetic variants play an important role. This study aims at analyzing the influence of clinical epidemiological characteristics and a variant (rs12252) in interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM-3), a gene encoding an important viral restriction factor, on the susceptibility to HIV-1 mother-to-children transmission (MTCT). A case-control study was performed on 209 HIV-1-infected mothers and their exposed infected (87) and uninfected (122) children from Pernambuco, Brazil. Clinical-epidemiological characteristics are significantly associated with MTCT susceptibility. Transmitter mothers have a significantly lower age at delivery, late diagnosis, deficiency in ART use (pregnancy and delivery), and detectable viral load in the third trimester of pregnancy compared with non-transmitter mothers. Infected children show late diagnosis, vaginal delivery frequency, and tend to breastfeed, differing significantly from uninfected children. The IFITM-3 rs12252-C allele and TC/CC genotypes (dominant model) are significantly more frequent among infected than uninfected children, but the statistical significance does not remain when adjusted for clinical factors. No significant differences are observed between transmitter and non-transmitter mothers in relation to the IFITM-3 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Bernardes Leandro
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Departament of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Jessyca Kalynne Farias Rodrigues
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Carollayne Gonçalves Leite
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Arraes
- Institute of Medicine Integral of Pernambuco Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP-PE), Rua dos Coelhos, 300, Boa Vista, Recife 50070-902, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
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19
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Confort MP, Duboeuf M, Thiesson A, Pons L, Marziali F, Desloire S, Ratinier M, Cimarelli A, Arnaud F. IFITMs from Naturally Infected Animal Species Exhibit Distinct Restriction Capacities against Toscana and Rift Valley Fever Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020306. [PMID: 36851520 PMCID: PMC9965546 DOI: 10.3390/v15020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses responsible for zoonotic infections in both humans and animals; as such, they represent a growing threat to public and veterinary health. Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are broad inhibitors of a large panel of viruses belonging to various families and genera. However, little is known on the interplay between RVFV, TOSV, and the IFITM proteins derived from their naturally infected host species. In this study, we investigated the ability of human, bovine, and camel IFITMs to restrict RVFV and TOSV infection. Our results indicated that TOSV was extremely sensitive to inhibition by all the animal IFITMs tested, while RVFV was inhibited by human IFITM-2 and IFITM-3, but not IFITM-1, and exhibited a more heterogeneous resistance phenotype towards the individual bovine and camel IFITMs tested. Overall, our findings shed some light on the complex and differential interplay between two zoonotic viruses and IFITMs from their naturally infected animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Confort
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maëva Duboeuf
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Adrien Thiesson
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Léa Pons
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Desloire
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-7272-8696 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7612 (F.A.); Fax: +33-(0)-4-7272-8137 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7605 (F.A.)
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-7272-8696 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7612 (F.A.); Fax: +33-(0)-4-7272-8137 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7605 (F.A.)
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20
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Jiménez-Munguía I, Beaven AH, Blank PS, Sodt AJ, Zimmerberg J. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and its antiviral activity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102467. [PMID: 36306674 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by enveloped viruses require fusion with cellular membranes for viral genome entry. Viral entry occurs following an interaction of viral and cellular membranes allowing the formation of fusion pores, by which the virus accesses the cytoplasm. Here, we focus on interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and its antiviral activity. IFITM3 is predicted to block or stall viral fusion at an intermediate state, causing viral propagation to fail. After introducing IFITM3, we describe the generalized lipid membrane fusion pathway and how it can be stalled, particularly with respect to IFITM3, and current questions regarding IFITM3's topology, with specific emphasis on IFITM3's amphipathic α-helix (AAH) 59V-68M, which is necessary for the antiviral activity. We report new hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment calculations for this peptide and a variety of active site peptides from known membrane-remodeling proteins. Finally, we discuss the effects of posttranslational modifications and localization, how IFITM3's AAH may block viral fusion, and possible ramifications of membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jiménez-Munguía
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - A H Beaven
- Unit on Membrane Chemical Physics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD, USA; Postdoctoral Research Associate Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - A J Sodt
- Unit on Membrane Chemical Physics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD, USA.
| | - J Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA.
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21
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Friedlová N, Zavadil Kokáš F, Hupp TR, Vojtěšek B, Nekulová M. IFITM protein regulation and functions: Far beyond the fight against viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042368. [PMID: 36466909 PMCID: PMC9716219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are important cytokines that regulate immune responses through the activation of hundreds of genes, including interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). This evolutionarily conserved protein family includes five functionally active homologs in humans. Despite the high sequence homology, IFITMs vary in expression, subcellular localization and function. The initially described adhesive and antiproliferative or pro-oncogenic functions of IFITM proteins were diluted by the discovery of their antiviral properties. The large set of viruses that is inhibited by these proteins is constantly expanding, as are the possible mechanisms of action. In addition to their beneficial antiviral effects, IFITM proteins are often upregulated in a broad spectrum of cancers. IFITM proteins have been linked to most hallmarks of cancer, including tumor cell proliferation, therapeutic resistance, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies have described the involvement of IFITM proteins in antitumor immunity. This review summarizes various levels of IFITM protein regulation and the physiological and pathological functions of these proteins, with an emphasis on tumorigenesis and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Friedlová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Zavadil Kokáš
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bořivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marta Nekulová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
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22
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Li H, Ni R, Wang K, Tian Y, Gong H, Yan W, Tang Y, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Chicken interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 promotes replication of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in a cell-specific manner. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109597. [PMCID: PMC9616511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad-spectrum antiviral proteins that inhibit numerous virus infections by impeding viral entry into target cells. However, increasing evidence suggests diverse functions of IFITMs in virus infection, especially with the coronavirus. We analyzed the effect of chicken interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (chIFITMs) on coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in vitro. We demonstrated that the antiviral effects of IFITMs are dependent on cell and virus types. The overexpression of chIFITM1 dramatically promoted the replication of IBV Beaudette strain in the chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, LMH. Mechanistically, chIFITMs share roughly the same subcellular localization in different host cells, and overexpressed of chIFITM1 have no effect of viral attachment and entry. Further studies revealed that mutations of amino acids at key positions (60KSRD63, 68KDFV71) in the intracellular loop domain (CIL) caused loss of the promoted function. Interaction with downstream proteins in co-response to viral infection could be the primary reason behind variable functions of chIFITM1 in different cells. In all, our study explored the functions of chIFITMs in viral infection from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ruiqi Ni
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kailu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yiming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huilin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yizhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China,Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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23
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Rahman K, Datta SA, Beaven AH, Jolley AA, Sodt AJ, Compton AA. Cholesterol Binds the Amphipathic Helix of IFITM3 and Regulates Antiviral Activity. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167759. [PMID: 35872070 PMCID: PMC9342930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins broadly inhibit the entry of diverse pathogenic viruses, including Influenza A virus (IAV), Zika virus, HIV-1, and SARS coronaviruses by inhibiting virus-cell membrane fusion. IFITM3 was previously shown to disrupt cholesterol trafficking, but the functional relationship between IFITM3 and cholesterol remains unclear. We previously showed that inhibition of IAV entry by IFITM3 is associated with its ability to promote cellular membrane rigidity, and these activities are functionally linked by a shared requirement for the amphipathic helix (AH) found in the intramembrane domain (IMD) of IFITM3. Furthermore, it has been shown that the AH of IFITM3 alters lipid membranes in vitro in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between IFITM3 and cholesterol in more detail. Using a fluorescence-based in vitro binding assay, we found that a peptide derived from the AH of IFITM3 directly interacted with the cholesterol analog, NBD-cholesterol, while other regions of the IFITM3 IMD did not, and native cholesterol competed with this interaction. In addition, recombinant full-length IFITM3 protein also exhibited NBD-cholesterol binding activity. Importantly, previously characterized mutations within the AH of IFITM3 that strongly inhibit antiviral function (F63Q and F67Q) disrupted AH structure in solution, inhibited cholesterol binding in vitro, and restricted bilayer insertion in silico. Our data suggest that direct interactions with cholesterol may contribute to the inhibition of membrane fusion pore formation by IFITM3. These findings may facilitate the design of therapeutic peptides for use in broad-spectrum antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rahman
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Siddhartha A.K. Datta
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Andrew H. Beaven
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States,National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Abigail A. Jolley
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Alexander J. Sodt
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Alex A. Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States,Corresponding author
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24
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Tiwari V, Viswanath S. Identification of potential modulators of IFITM3 by in-silico modeling and virtual screening. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15952. [PMID: 36153346 PMCID: PMC9509314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIFITM3 is a transmembrane protein that confers innate immunity. It has been established to restrict entry of multiple viruses. Overexpression of IFITM3 has been shown to be associated with multiple cancers, implying IFITM3 to be good therapeutic target. The regulation of IFITM3 activity is mediated by multiple post-translational modifications (PTM). In this study, we have modelled the structure of IFITM3, consistent with experimental predictions on its membrane topology. MD simulation in membrane-aqueous environment revealed the stability of the model. Ligand binding sites on the IFITM3 surface were predicted and it was observed that the best site includes important residues involved in PTM and has good druggable score. Molecular docking was performed using FDA approved ligands and natural ligands from Super Natural II database. The ligands were re-ranked by calculating binding free energy. Select docking complexes were simulated again to substantiate the binding between ligand and IFITM3. We observed that known drugs like Eluxadoline and natural products like SN00224572 and Parishin A have good binding affinity against IFITM3. These ligands form persistent interactions with key lysine residues (Lys83, Lys104) and hence can potentially alter the activity of IFITM3. The results of this computational study can provide a starting point for experimental investigations on IFITM3 modulators.
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25
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Das T, Yang X, Lee H, Garst EH, Valencia E, Chandran K, Im W, Hang HC. S-Palmitoylation and Sterol Interactions Mediate Antiviral Specificity of IFITMs. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2109-2120. [PMID: 35861660 PMCID: PMC10597057 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2, and 3) are important antiviral proteins that are active against many viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). IFITM proteins exhibit specificity in activity, but their distinct mechanisms of action and regulation are unclear. Since S-palmitoylation and cholesterol homeostasis are crucial for viral infections, we investigated IFITM interactions with cholesterol by photoaffinity cross-linking in mammalian cells along with molecular dynamic simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in vitro. These studies suggest that cholesterol can directly interact with S-palmitoylated IFITMs in cells and alter the conformation of IFITMs in membrane bilayers. Notably, we discovered that the S-palmitoylation levels regulate differential IFITM protein interactions with cholesterol in mammalian cells and specificity of antiviral activity toward IAV, SARS-CoV-2, and EBOV. Our studies suggest that modulation of IFITM S-palmitoylation levels and cholesterol interaction influence host susceptibility to different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Emma H. Garst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Estefania Valencia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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26
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Xu W, Wang Y, Li L, Qu X, Liu Q, Li T, Wu S, Liao M, Jin N, Du S, Li C. Transmembrane domain of IFITM3 is responsible for its interaction with influenza virus HA 2 subunit. Virol Sin 2022; 37:664-675. [PMID: 35809785 PMCID: PMC9583175 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits influenza virus infection by blocking viral membrane fusion, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated the function and key region of IFITM3 in blocking influenza virus entry mediated by hemagglutinin (HA). The restriction of IFITM3 on HA-mediated viral entry was confirmed by pseudovirus harboring HA protein from H5 and H7 influenza viruses. Subcellular co-localization and immunocoprecipitation analyses revealed that IFITM3 partially co-located with the full-length HA protein and could directly interact with HA2 subunit but not HA1 subunit of H5 and H7 virus. Truncated analyses showed that the transmembrane domain of the IFITM3 and HA2 subunit might play an important role in their interaction. Finally, this interaction of IFITM3 was also verified with HA2 subunits from other subtypes of influenza A virus and influenza B virus. Overall, our data demonstrate for the first time a direct interaction between IFITM3 and influenza HA protein via the transmembrane domain, providing a new perspective for further exploring the biological significance of IFITM3 restriction on influenza virus infection or HA-mediated antagonism or escape. IFITM3 interacts with HA2 subunit of hemagglutinin from multiple subtypes of influenza A and B virus. Interaction between IFITM3 and HA2 subunit is mediated by binding to the transmembrane domain of HA. Affinity of IFITM3 intramembrane domain or transmembrane domain to HA2 subunit of H5 and H7 subtype is different. Transmembrane domain of IFITM3 is responsible for its interaction with the HA2 subunit. There are differences in the binding ability of IFITM3 to HA2 from different serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
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27
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Wen S, Song Y, Li C, Jin N, Zhai J, Lu H. Positive Regulation of the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 by S-Palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919477. [PMID: 35769480 PMCID: PMC9236556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a small molecule transmembrane protein induced by interferon, is generally conserved in vertebrates, which can inhibit infection by a diverse range of pathogenic viruses such as influenza virus. However, the precise antiviral mechanisms of IFITM3 remain unclear. At least four post-translational modifications (PTMs) were found to modulate the antiviral effect of IFITM3. These include positive regulation provided by S-palmitoylation of cysteine and negative regulation provided by lysine ubiquitination, lysine methylation, and tyrosine phosphorylation. IFITM3 S-palmitoylation is an enzymatic addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid on the three cysteine residues within or adjacent to its two hydrophobic domains at positions 71, 72, and 105, that is essential for its proper targeting, stability, and function. As S-palmitoylation is the only PTM known to enhance the antiviral activity of IFITM3, enzymes that add this modification may play important roles in IFN-induced immune responses. This study mainly reviews the research progresses on the antiviral mechanism of IFITM3, the regulation mechanism of S-palmitoylation modification on its subcellular localization, stability, and function, and the enzymes that mediate the S-palmitoylation modification of IFITM3, which may help elucidate the mechanism by which this IFN effector restrict virus replication and thus aid in the design of therapeutics targeted at pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Chang Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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28
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Cheng Y, Medina A, Yao Z, Basu M, Natekar JP, Lang J, Sanchez E, Nkembo MB, Xu C, Qian X, Nguyen PTT, Wen Z, Song H, Ming GL, Kumar M, Brinton MA, Li MMH, Tang H. Intrinsic antiviral immunity of barrier cells revealed by an iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier cellular model. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110885. [PMID: 35649379 PMCID: PMC9230077 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological blood-tissue barriers play a critical role in separating the circulation from immune-privileged sites and denying access to blood-borne viruses. The mechanism of virus restriction by these barriers is poorly understood. We utilize induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) to study virus-blood-brain barrier (BBB) interactions. These iPSC-derived cells faithfully recapitulate a striking difference in in vivo neuroinvasion by two alphavirus isolates and are selectively permissive to neurotropic flaviviruses. A model of cocultured iBMECs and astrocytes exhibits high transendothelial electrical resistance and blocks non-neurotropic flaviviruses from getting across the barrier. We find that iBMECs constitutively express an interferon-induced gene, IFITM1, which preferentially restricts the replication of non-neurotropic flaviviruses. Barrier cells from blood-testis and blood-retinal barriers also constitutively express IFITMs that contribute to the viral resistance. Our application of a renewable human iPSC-based model for studying virus-BBB interactions reveals that intrinsic immunity at the barriers contributes to virus exclusion. Using a stem cell-derived cellular model and a panel of human pathogenic viruses, Cheng et al. show a mechanism by which some viruses can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and cause diseases in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Medina
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhenlan Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mausumi Basu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jianshe Lang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Egan Sanchez
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mezindia B Nkembo
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phuong T T Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melody M H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Cai S, Zheng Z, Cheng J, Zhong L, Shao R, Zheng F, Lai Z, Ou J, Xu L, Zhou P, Lu G, Zhang G. Swine Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Proteins Potently Inhibit African Swine Fever Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827709. [PMID: 35401540 PMCID: PMC8989734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes an acute, hemorrhagic, and highly contagious disease in domestic swine, leading to significant economic losses to the global porcine industry. Restriction factors of innate immunity play a critical in host antiviral action. However, function of swine restriction factors of innate immunity on ASFV has been seldomly investigated. In this study, we determined five homologues of swine interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (SwIFITM [named SwIFITM1a, -1b, -2, -3, and -5]), and we found that they all exhibit potent antiviral activity against ASFV. Expression profile analysis indicated that these SwIFITMs are constitutively expressed in most porcine tissues. Whether infected with ASFV or treated with swine interferon, the expression levels of SwIFITMs were induced in vitro. The subcellular localization of SwIFITMs was similar to that of their human homologues. SwIFITM1a and -1b localized to the plasma membrane, SwIFITM2 and -3 focused on the cytoplasm and the perinuclear region, while SwIFITM5 accumulated in the cell surface and cytoplasm. The overexpression of SwIFITM1a, -1b, -2, -3, or -5 could significantly inhibit ASFV replication in Vero cells, whereas knockdown of these genes could enhance ASFV replication in PAMs. We blocked the constitutive expression of endogenous IFITMs in Vero cells using a CRISPR-Cas9 system and then infected them with ASFV. The results indicated that the knockout of endogenous IFITMs could enhance ASFV replication. Finally, we expressed five SwIFITMs in knockout Vero cell lines and then challenged them with ASFV. The results showed that all of the SwIFITMs had a strong antiviral effect on ASFV. This research will further expand the understanding of the anti-ASFV activity of porcine IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiaoJiao Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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Zhong L, Song Y, Marziali F, Uzbekov R, Nguyen XN, Journo C, Roingeard P, Cimarelli A. A novel domain within the CIL regulates egress of IFITM3 from the Golgi and reveals a regulatory role of IFITM3 on the secretory pathway. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101174. [PMID: 35396335 PMCID: PMC8994042 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The InterFeron-Induced TransMembrane proteins (IFITMs) are members of the dispanin/CD225 family that act as broad viral inhibitors by preventing viral-to-cellular membrane fusion. In this study, we uncover egress from the Golgi as an important step in the biology of IFITM3 by identifying the domain that regulates this process and that similarly controls the egress of the dispanins IFITM1 and PRRT2, protein linked to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. In the case of IFITM3, high levels of expression of wild-type, or mutations in the Golgi egress domain, lead to accumulation of IFITM3 in the Golgi and drive generalized glycoprotein trafficking defects. These defects can be relieved upon incubation with Amphotericin B, compound known to relieve IFITM-driven membrane fusion defects, as well as by v-SNARE overexpression, suggesting that IFITM3 interferes with membrane fusion processes important for Golgi functionalities. The comparison of glycoprotein trafficking in WT versus IFITMs-KO cells indicates that the modulation of the secretory pathway is a novel feature of IFITM proteins. Overall, our study defines a novel domain that regulates the egress of several dispanin/CD225 members from the Golgi and identifies a novel modulatory function for IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuxin Song
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France,INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France,Correspondence:
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31
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Abstract
Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die' event that governs virus emergence in host populations. Most antiviral vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus entry into cells. However, while the prevention of virus invasion by humoral immunity is well appreciated, considerably less is known about the immune defences present within cells (known as intrinsic immunity) that interfere with virus entry. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, known for inhibiting fusion between viral and cellular membranes, were once the only factors known to restrict virus entry. However, the progressive development of genetic and pharmacological screening platforms and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have galvanized interest in how viruses infiltrate cells and how cells defend against it. Several host factors with antiviral potential are now implicated in the regulation of virus entry, including cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E), nuclear receptor co-activator protein 7 (NCOA7), interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), CD74 and ARFGAP with dual pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2). This Review summarizes what is known and what remains to be understood about the intrinsic factors that form the first line of defence against virus infection.
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32
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Das T, Yang X, Lee H, Garst E, Valencia E, Chandran K, Im W, Hang H. S-palmitoylation and sterol interactions mediate antiviral specificity of IFITM isoforms. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-1179000. [PMID: 34981045 PMCID: PMC8722608 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1179000/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2 and 3) are important antiviral proteins that are active against many viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). IFITMs exhibit isoform-specific activity, but their distinct mechanisms of action and regulation are unclear. Since S -palmitoylation and cholesterol homeostasis are crucial for viral infections, we investigated IFITM interactions with cholesterol by molecular dynamic stimulations, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in vitro and photoaffinity crosslinking in mammalian cells. These studies suggest that cholesterol can alter the conformation of IFITMs in membrane bilayers and directly interact with S -palmitoylated IFITMs in cells. Notably, we discovered that the S -palmitoylation levels regulate differential IFITM isoform interactions with cholesterol in mammalian cells and specificity of antiviral activity towards IAV, SARS-CoV-2 and EBOV. Our studies suggest that modulation of IFITM S -palmitoylation levels and cholesterol interaction may influence host susceptibility to different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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33
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Zani A, Kenney AD, Kawahara J, Eddy AC, Wang XL, Kc M, Lu M, Hemann EA, Li J, Peeples ME, Hall-Stoodley L, Forero A, Cai C, Ma J, Yount JS. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) limits lethality of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.22.473914. [PMID: 34981061 PMCID: PMC8722598 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.22.473914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a host antiviral protein that alters cell membranes to block fusion of viruses. Published reports have identified conflicting pro- and antiviral effects of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells, and its impact on viral pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that IFITM3 knockout (KO) mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 experienced extreme weight loss and lethality, while wild type (WT) mice lost minimal weight and recovered. KO mice had higher lung viral titers and increases in lung inflammatory cytokine levels, CD45-positive immune cell infiltration, and histopathology, compared to WT mice. Mechanistically, we observed disseminated viral antigen staining throughout the lung tissue and pulmonary vasculature in KO mice, while staining was observed in confined regions in WT lungs. Global transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs identified upregulation of gene signatures associated with interferons, inflammation, and angiogenesis in KO versus WT animals, highlighting changes in lung gene expression programs that precede severe lung pathology and fatality. Corroborating the protective effect of IFITM3 in vivo , K18-hACE2/IFITM3 KO mice infected with non-adapted SARS-CoV-2 showed enhanced, rapid weight loss and early death compared to control mice. Increased heart infection was observed in both mouse models in the absence of IFITM3, indicating that IFITM3 constrains extrapulmonary dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Our results establish IFITM3 KO mice as a new animal model for studying severe SARS-CoV-2 infection of the lung and cardiovascular system, and overall demonstrate that IFITM3 is protective in SARS-CoV-2 infections of mice.
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Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins Inhibit Infection by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and the Related Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus in a Cell-Specific Manner. mBio 2021; 12:e0211321. [PMID: 34933450 PMCID: PMC8689460 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02113-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad-spectrum antiviral proteins that inhibit the entry of enveloped viruses. We analyzed the effect of IFITMs on the gamma-2 herpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the closely related rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV). We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout to generate A549 cells, human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with combined IFITM1/2/3 knockout and identified IFITMs as cell-dependent inhibitors of KSHV and RRV infection in A549 cells and HFF but not HUVEC. IFITM overexpression revealed IFITM1 as the relevant IFITM that inhibits KSHV and RRV infection. Fluorescent KSHV particles did not pronouncedly colocalize with IFITM-positive compartments. However, we found that KSHV and RRV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion is enhanced upon IFITM1/2/3 knockout. Taken together, we identified IFITM1 as a cell-dependent restriction factor of KSHV and RRV that acts at the level of membrane fusion. Of note, our results indicate that recombinant IFITM overexpression may lead to results that are not representative for the situation at endogenous levels. Strikingly, we observed that the endotheliotropic KSHV circumvents IFITM-mediated restriction in HUVEC despite high IFITM expression, while influenza A virus (IAV) glycoprotein-driven entry into HUVEC is potently restricted by IFITMs even in the absence of interferon. Mechanistically, we found that KSHV colocalizes less with IFITM1 and IFITM2 in HUVEC than in A549 cells immediately after attachment, potentially contributing to the observed difference in restriction. IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins are the first line of defense against infection by many pathogens and may also have therapeutic importance, as they, among other effectors, mediate the antiviral effect of interferons. Neither their function against herpesviruses nor their mechanism of action is well understood. We report here that in some cells but not in, for example, primary umbilical vein endothelial cells, IFITM1 restricts KSHV and RRV and that, mechanistically, this is likely effected by reducing the fusogenicity of the cell membrane. Further, we demonstrate potent inhibition of IAV glycoprotein-driven infection of cells of extrapulmonary origin by high constitutive IFITM expression.
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Lu G, Ou J, Cai S, Lai Z, Zhong L, Yin X, Li S. Canine Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein Is a Host Restriction Factor That Potently Inhibits Replication of Emerging Canine Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710705. [PMID: 34721379 PMCID: PMC8551696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging virus that is associated with major hidden hazards to the canine population and public health. Until now, how canine uses its innate immunity to restrict CIV replication is seldomly investigated. Recently, studies on interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) of several major hosts of influenza virus (human, chicken, duck, pig) indicated it can potently restrict the viral replication. Here, the gene locus of five previously annotated canine IFITM (caIFITM) genes was determined on chromosome 18 using multiple bioinformatics strategies, provisionally designated as caIFITM1, caIFITM2a, caIFITM2b, caIFITM3, and caIFITM5. An analysis on protein sequences between caIFITM and its homologs indicated they shared the same conserved amino acids important for the antiviral activity. Expression profile analysis showed that caIFITM was constitutively expressed in tissues and MDCK cell line. After treatment with interferon or infection with influenza virus, the expression level of caIFITM increased with different degrees in vitro. An animal challenge study demonstrated CIV infection resulted in upregulation of caIFITM in beagles. caIFITMs had a similar subcellular localization to their human homologs. caIFITM1 was present at the cell surface and caIFITM3 was present perinuclearly and colocalized with LAMP1-containing compartments. Finally, we generated A549 cell lines stably expressing caIFITM and challenged them with influenza virus. The result demonstrated caIFITM1, caIFITM2a, caIFITM2b, and caIFITM3 had a potent antiviral activity against influenza virus. Our study will help better understand the evolutional pattern of IFITM and its role in the host’s defense against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112197. [PMID: 34835003 PMCID: PMC8618861 DOI: 10.3390/v13112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.
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37
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Vavougios GD, Breza M, Mavridis T, Krogfelt KA. FYN, SARS-CoV-2, and IFITM3 in the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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38
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Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of interferon-inducible proteins that inhibit a broad range of viruses by interfering with viral-to-cellular membrane fusion. The antiviral activity of IFITMs is highly regulated by several posttranslational modifications and by a number of protein domains that modulate steady-state protein levels, trafficking, and antiviral effectiveness. Taking advantage of the natural diversity existing among IFITMs of different animal species, we have compared 21 IFITMs for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 at two steps, during virus entry into cells (target cell protection) and during the production of novel virion particles (negative imprinting of virion particles' infectivity). We found a high functional heterogeneity among IFITM homologs with respect to both antiviral modalities, with IFITM members that exhibit enhanced viral inhibition, while others have no ability to block HIV-1. These differences could not be ascribed to known regulatory domains and could only be partially explained through differential protein stability, implying the existence of additional mechanisms. Through the use of chimeras between active and inactive IFITMs, we demonstrate that the cross talk between distinct domains of IFITMs is an important contributor of their antiviral potency. Finally, we identified murine IFITMs as natural variants competent for target cell protection, but not for negative imprinting of virion particles' infectivity, suggesting that the two properties may, at least in principle, be uncoupled. Overall, our results shed new light on the complex relationship between IFITMs and viral infection and point to the cross talk between IFITM domains as a novel layer of regulation of their activity. IMPORTANCE IFITMs are broad viral inhibitors capable of interfering with both early and late phases of the replicative cycle of many different viruses. By comparing 21 IFITM proteins issued from different animal species for their ability to inhibit HIV-1, we have identified several that exhibit either enhanced or impaired antiviral behavior. This functional diversity is not driven by differences in known domains and can only be partly explained through differential protein stability. Chimeras between active and inactive IFITMs point to the cross talk between individual IFITM domains as important for optimal antiviral activity. Finally, we show that murine IFITMs are not capable of decreasing the infectivity of newly produced HIV-1 virion particles, although they retain target cell protection abilities, suggesting that these properties may be, in principle, disconnected. Overall, our results shed new light on the complex layers of regulation of IFITM proteins and enrich our current understanding of these broad antiviral factors.
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39
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Franz S, Pott F, Zillinger T, Schüler C, Dapa S, Fischer C, Passos V, Stenzel S, Chen F, Döhner K, Hartmann G, Sodeik B, Pessler F, Simmons G, Drexler JF, Goffinet C. Human IFITM3 restricts chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus infection and is susceptible to virus-mediated counteraction. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000909. [PMID: 34078739 PMCID: PMC8200292 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restrict membrane fusion and virion internalization of several enveloped viruses. The role of IFITM proteins during alphaviral infection of human cells and viral counteraction strategies are insufficiently understood. Here, we characterized the impact of human IFITMs on the entry and spread of chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus and provide first evidence for a CHIKV-mediated antagonism of IFITMs. IFITM1, 2, and 3 restricted infection at the level of alphavirus glycoprotein-mediated entry, both in the context of direct infection and cell-to-cell transmission. Relocalization of normally endosomal IFITM3 to the plasma membrane resulted in loss of antiviral activity. rs12252-C, a naturally occurring variant of IFITM3 that may associate with severe influenza in humans, restricted CHIKV, MAYV, and influenza A virus infection as efficiently as wild-type IFITM3 Antivirally active IFITM variants displayed reduced cell surface levels in CHIKV-infected cells involving a posttranscriptional process mediated by one or several nonstructural protein(s) of CHIKV. Finally, IFITM3-imposed reduction of specific infectivity of nascent particles provides a rationale for the necessity of a virus-encoded counteraction strategy against this restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Franz
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Pott
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Schüler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Dapa
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlo Fischer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vânia Passos
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Stenzel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Alghamdi J, Alaamery M, Barhoumi T, Rashid M, Alajmi H, Aljasser N, Alhendi Y, Alkhalaf H, Alqahtani H, Algablan O, Alshaya AI, Tashkandi N, Massadeh S, Almuzzaini B, Ehaideb SN, Bosaeed M, Ayoub K, Yezli S, Khan A, Alaskar A, Bouchama A. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variant rs12252 is associated with COVID-19 mortality. Genomics 2021; 113:1733-1741. [PMID: 33838280 PMCID: PMC8025598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced membrane proteins (IFITM) 3 gene variants are known risk factor for severe viral diseases. We examined whether IFITM3 variant may underlie the heterogeneous clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced COVID-19 in large Arab population. We genotyped 880 Saudi patients; 93.8% were PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, encompassing most COVID-19 phenotypes. Mortality at 90 days was 9.1%. IFITM3-SNP, rs12252-G allele was associated with hospital admission (OR = 1.65 [95% CI; 1.01-2.70], P = 0.04]) and mortality (OR = 2.2 [95% CI; 1.16-4.20], P = 0.01). Patients less than 60 years old had a lower survival probability if they harbor this allele (log-rank test P = 0.002). Plasma levels of IFNγ were significantly lower in a subset of patients with AG/GG genotypes than patients with AA genotype (P = 0.00016). Early identification of these individuals at higher risk of death may inform precision public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahad Alghamdi
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
| | - Manal Alaamery
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard- Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Human Genome Project (SHGP), Satellite Lab at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- Core Facility and Research Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamoon Rashid
- Department of Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Alajmi
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Aljasser
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseen Alhendi
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alkhalaf
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi Alqahtani
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer Algablan
- Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraham I. Alshaya
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabiha Tashkandi
- Nursing Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salam Massadeh
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard- Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Human Genome Project (SHGP), Satellite Lab at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Almuzzaini
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salleh N. Ehaideb
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Bosaeed
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Ayoub
- King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saber Yezli
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Khan
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alaskar
- Oncology Department, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
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41
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Garst EH, Lee H, Das T, Bhattacharya S, Percher A, Wiewiora R, Witte IP, Li Y, Peng T, Im W, Hang HC. Site-Specific Lipidation Enhances IFITM3 Membrane Interactions and Antiviral Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:844-856. [PMID: 33887136 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are S-palmitoylated proteins in vertebrates that restrict a diverse range of viruses. S-palmitoylated IFITM3 in particular engages incoming virus particles, prevents their cytoplasmic entry, and accelerates their lysosomal clearance by host cells. However, how S-palmitoylation modulates the structure and biophysical characteristics of IFITM3 to promote its antiviral activity remains unclear. To investigate how site-specific S-palmitoylation controls IFITM3 antiviral activity, we employed computational, chemical, and biophysical approaches to demonstrate that site-specific lipidation of cysteine 72 enhances the antiviral activity of IFITM3 by modulating its conformation and interaction with lipid membranes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that site-specific S-palmitoylation of IFITM3 directly alters its biophysical properties and activity in cells to prevent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Garst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Avital Percher
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rafal Wiewiora
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Isaac P. Witte
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology and Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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42
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Winstone H, Lista MJ, Reid AC, Bouton C, Pickering S, Galao RP, Kerridge C, Doores KJ, Swanson CM, Neil SJD. The Polybasic Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Modulates Viral Sensitivity to Type I Interferon and IFITM2. J Virol 2021; 95:e02422-20. [PMID: 33563656 PMCID: PMC8104117 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02422-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronaviruses types 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV-1 and -2) requires sequential protease processing of the viral spike glycoprotein. The presence of a polybasic cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike at the S1/S2 boundary has been suggested to be a factor in the increased transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV-1 by facilitating maturation of the spike precursor by furin-like proteases in the producer cells rather than endosomal cathepsins in the target. We investigate the relevance of the polybasic cleavage site in the route of entry of SARS-CoV-2 and the consequences this has for sensitivity to interferons (IFNs) and, more specifically, the IFN-induced transmembrane (IFITM) protein family that inhibit entry of diverse enveloped viruses. We found that SARS-CoV-2 is restricted predominantly by IFITM2, rather than IFITM3, and the degree of this restriction is governed by route of viral entry. Importantly, removal of the cleavage site in the spike protein renders SARS-CoV-2 entry highly pH and cathepsin dependent in late endosomes, where, like SARS-CoV-1 spike, it is more sensitive to IFITM2 restriction. Furthermore, we found that potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by type I but not type II IFNs is alleviated by targeted depletion of IFITM2 expression. We propose that the polybasic cleavage site allows SARS-CoV-2 to mediate viral entry in a pH-independent manner, in part to mitigate against IFITM-mediated restriction and promote replication and transmission. This suggests that therapeutic strategies that target furin-mediated cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike may reduce viral replication through the activity of type I IFNs.IMPORTANCE The furin cleavage site in the spike protein is a distinguishing feature of SARS-CoV-2 and has been proposed to be a determinant for the higher transmissibility between individuals, compared to SARS-CoV-1. One explanation for this is that it permits more efficient activation of fusion at or near the cell surface rather than requiring processing in the endosome of the target cell. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 is inhibited by antiviral membrane protein IFITM2 and that the sensitivity is exacerbated by deletion of the furin cleavage site, which restricts viral entry to low pH compartments. Furthermore, we find that IFITM2 is a significant effector of the antiviral activity of type I interferons against SARS-CoV-2 replication. We suggest that one role of the furin cleavage site is to reduce SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity to innate immune restriction, and thus, it may represent a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19 treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alisha C Reid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Bouton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Kerridge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chad M Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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43
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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44
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Shi G, Kenney AD, Kudryashova E, Zani A, Zhang L, Lai KK, Hall‐Stoodley L, Robinson RT, Kudryashov DS, Compton AA, Yount JS. Opposing activities of IFITM proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106501. [PMID: 33270927 PMCID: PMC7744865 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. We show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by human and mouse IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 restriction occurred independently of IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, indicating a restrictive capacity distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting YxxФ motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into infection enhancers. In sum, we uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal SARS-CoV-2 restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Luanne Hall‐Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Dmitri S Kudryashov
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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45
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Lei N, Li Y, Sun Q, Lu J, Zhou J, Li Z, Liu L, Guo J, Qin K, Wang H, Zhao J, Li C, Sun L, Wang D, Zhao Z, Shu Y. IFITM3 affects the level of antibody response after influenza vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:976-987. [PMID: 32321380 PMCID: PMC7269036 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1756696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) as an antiviral factor can inhibit replication of several viruses including influenza virus. A single-nucleotide polymorphism rs12252-C of IFITM3 results in a truncated IFITM3 protein lacking its first 21 amino acids, which is much higher in the Han Chinese population and associated with severe illness in adults infected with pandemic influenza H1N1/09 virus. To investigate if IFITM3 or IFITM3 rs12252-C could affect the antibody response after influenza vaccination, we detected the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) of 171 healthy young adult volunteers (IFITM3 rs12252-C/C, C/T, T/T carriers) and in an IFITM3-deletion mouse model (Ifitm3-/-) after trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) immunization. Seroconversion rates for H1N1, H3N2 and B viruses in IFITM3 rs12252-C/C genotype carriers was lower compared with C/T and T/T donors. Significantly lower levels of specific antibodies to H1N1, H3N2 and B viruses and total IgG were observed in Ifitm3-/- mice. Correspondingly, the numbers of splenic germinal centre (GC) B cells, plasma cells, TIV-specific IgG+ antibody secreting cells and T follicular helper cells in Ifitm3-/- mice were lower compared with wild type mice. However, the number of memory B cells was higher in Ifitm3-/- mice at day 7 after booster. The HI level of Ifitm3-/- mice remained lower than WT mice after third vaccination. Moreover, the transcriptional network regulating GC B cell and plasma cell differentiation was abnormal in Ifitm3-/- mice. Our results indicate that IFITM3 deletion attenuated the antibody response. The mechanism of influenza-IFITM3 interactions affecting the antibody response requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqi Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Guo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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46
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Ren L, Du S, Xu W, Li T, Wu S, Jin N, Li C. Current Progress on Host Antiviral Factor IFITMs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:543444. [PMID: 33329509 PMCID: PMC7734444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.543444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host antiviral factor interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a kind of small-molecule transmembrane proteins induced by interferon. Their broad-spectrum antiviral activity and unique ability to inhibit viral invasion have made them a hot molecule in antiviral research in recent years. Since the first demonstration of their natural ability to resist viral infection in 1996, IFITMs have been reported to limit a variety of viral infections, including some major pathogens that seriously endanger human health and social stability, such as influenza A, Ebol, severe acute respiratory syndrome, AIDS, and Zika viruses, etc. Studies show that IFITMs mainly exert antiviral activity during virus entry, specifically interfering with the fusion of the envelope and the endosome membrane or forming fusion micropores to block the virus from entering the cytoplasm. However, their specific mechanism is still unclear. This article mainly reviews the research progress in the structure, evolution, function, and mechanism of IFITMs, which may provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of interaction between the molecules and viruses and the research and development of new antiviral drugs based on IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhu Ren
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
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47
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Lee J, Robinson ME, Ma N, Artadji D, Ahmed MA, Xiao G, Sadras T, Deb G, Winchester J, Cosgun KN, Geng H, Chan LN, Kume K, Miettinen TP, Zhang Y, Nix MA, Klemm L, Chen CW, Chen J, Khairnar V, Wiita AP, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Farzan M, Jung JU, Weinstock DM, Manalis SR, Diamond MS, Vaidehi N, Müschen M. IFITM3 functions as a PIP3 scaffold to amplify PI3K signalling in B cells. Nature 2020; 588:491-497. [PMID: 33149299 PMCID: PMC8087162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) has previously been identified as an endosomal protein that blocks viral infection1-3. Here we studied clinical cohorts of patients with B cell leukaemia and lymphoma, and identified IFITM3 as a strong predictor of poor outcome. In normal resting B cells, IFITM3 was minimally expressed and mainly localized in endosomes. However, engagement of the B cell receptor (BCR) induced both expression of IFITM3 and phosphorylation of this protein at Tyr20, which resulted in the accumulation of IFITM3 at the cell surface. In B cell leukaemia, oncogenic kinases phosphorylate IFITM3 at Tyr20, which causes constitutive localization of this protein at the plasma membrane. In a mouse model, Ifitm3-/- naive B cells developed in normal numbers; however, the formation of germinal centres and the production of antigen-specific antibodies were compromised. Oncogenes that induce the development of leukaemia and lymphoma did not transform Ifitm3-/- B cells. Conversely, the phosphomimetic IFITM3(Y20E) mutant induced oncogenic PI3K signalling and initiated the transformation of premalignant B cells. Mechanistic experiments revealed that IFITM3 functions as a PIP3 scaffold and central amplifier of PI3K signalling. The amplification of PI3K signals depends on IFITM3 using two lysine residues (Lys83 and Lys104) in its conserved intracellular loop as a scaffold for the accumulation of PIP3. In Ifitm3-/- B cells, lipid rafts were depleted of PIP3, which resulted in the defective expression of over 60 lipid-raft-associated surface receptors, and impaired BCR signalling and cellular adhesion. We conclude that the phosphorylation of IFITM3 that occurs after B cells encounter antigen induces a dynamic switch from antiviral effector functions in endosomes to a PI3K amplification loop at the cell surface. IFITM3-dependent amplification of PI3K signalling, which in part acts downstream of the BCR, is critical for the rapid expansion of B cells with high affinity to antigen. In addition, multiple oncogenes depend on IFITM3 to assemble PIP3-dependent signalling complexes and amplify PI3K signalling for malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lee
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark E Robinson
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dewan Artadji
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ahmed
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Sadras
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gauri Deb
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Janet Winchester
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kadriye Nehir Cosgun
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lai N Chan
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kohei Kume
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Teemu P Miettinen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ye Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew A Nix
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lars Klemm
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chun Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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48
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Rahman K, Coomer CA, Majdoul S, Ding SY, Padilla-Parra S, Compton AA. Homology-guided identification of a conserved motif linking the antiviral functions of IFITM3 to its oligomeric state. eLife 2020; 9:58537. [PMID: 33112230 PMCID: PMC7665892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins belong to the Dispanin/CD225 family and inhibit diverse virus infections. IFITM3 reduces membrane fusion between cells and virions through a poorly characterized mechanism. Mutation of proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2), a regulator of neurotransmitter release, at glycine-305 was previously linked to paroxysmal neurological disorders in humans. Here, we show that glycine-305 and the homologous site in IFITM3, glycine-95, drive protein oligomerization from within a GxxxG motif. Mutation of glycine-95 (and to a lesser extent, glycine-91) disrupted IFITM3 oligomerization and reduced its antiviral activity against Influenza A virus. An oligomerization-defective variant was used to reveal that IFITM3 promotes membrane rigidity in a glycine-95-dependent and amphipathic helix-dependent manner. Furthermore, a compound which counteracts virus inhibition by IFITM3, Amphotericin B, prevented the IFITM3-mediated rigidification of membranes. Overall, these data suggest that IFITM3 oligomers inhibit virus-cell fusion by promoting membrane rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rahman
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Charles A Coomer
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States.,Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saliha Majdoul
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Selena Y Ding
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
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49
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Yi L, Zheng C. The emerging roles of ZDHHCs-mediated protein palmitoylation in the antiviral innate immune responses. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:34-43. [PMID: 33100085 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1835821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a pivotal role in expanding functional protein diversity. During viral infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from viruses are recognized by pattern recognition receptors present in the membrane surface and the cytoplasm of infected cells, which subsequently induces the antiviral innate immunity to protect the host from the invading viruses. Fatty acylation modification is identified as a post-translation lipid modification process. Mounting evidence is presented that lipid modification functions as a novel regulatory mechanism of antiviral innate immunity. In mammalian cells, DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) domain is indispensable for most of the palmitoylation modification, which belongs to fatty acylation. ZDHHC family proteins are composed of 23 members in human cells. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of the regulatory mechanism of the palmitoylation in the process of host antiviral innate immunity against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Proulx J, Borgmann K, Park IW. Post-translational modifications inducing proteasomal degradation to counter HIV-1 infection. Virus Res 2020; 289:198142. [PMID: 32882242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are integral to regulating a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, such as regulation of protein stability, alteration of celluar location, protein activity modulation, and regulation of protein interactions. HIV-1, like other eukaryotic viruses, and its infected host exploit the proteasomal degradation system for their respective proliferation and survival, using various PTMs, including but not limited to ubiquitination, SUMOylation, NEDDylation, interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)ylation. Essentially all viral proteins within the virions -- and in the HIV-1-infected cells -- interact with their cellular counterparts for this degradation, utilizing ubiquitin (Ub), and the Ub-like (Ubl) modifiers less frequently, to eliminate the involved proteins throughout the virus life cycle, from the entry step to release of the assembled virus particles. Such interplay is pivotal for, on the one hand, the cell to restrict proliferation of the infecting virus, and on the other, for molecular counteraction by the virus to overcome this cellular protein-imposed restriction. Recent reports indicate that not only viral/cellular proteins but also viral/viral protein interactions play vital roles in regulating viral protein stability. We hence give an overview of the molecular processes of PTMs involved in proteasomal degradation of the viral and cellular proteins, and the viral/viral and viral/cellular protein interplay in restriction and competition for HIV-1 vs. host cell survival. Insights in this realm could open new avenues for developing therapeutics against HIV-1 via targeting specific steps of the proteasome degradation pathway during the HIV-1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Proulx
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - In-Woo Park
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States.
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