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Moriguchi Watanabe L, Sousa L, Couto FM, Noronha NY, de Souza Pinhel MA, da Silva Carvalho GF, da Silva Rodrigues G, Bueno Júnior CR, Kulikowski LD, Barbosa Júnior F, Nonino CB. Genome-Wide Admixture and Association Study of Serum Selenium Deficiency to Identify Genetic Variants Indirectly Linked to Selenium Regulation in Brazilian Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:1627. [PMID: 38892560 PMCID: PMC11175099 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood selenium (Se) concentrations differ substantially by population and could be influenced by genetic variants, increasing Se deficiency-related diseases. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum Se deficiency in 382 adults with admixed ancestry. Genotyping arrays were combined to yield 90,937 SNPs. R packages were applied to quality control and imputation. We also performed the ancestral proportion analysis. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes was used to interrogate known protein-protein interaction networks (PPIs). Our ancestral proportion analysis estimated 71% of the genome was from Caucasians, 22% was from Africans, and 8% was from East Asians. We identified the SNP rs1561573 in the TraB domain containing 2B (TRABD2B), rs425664 in MAF bZIP transcription factor (MAF), rs10444656 in spermatogenesis-associated 13 (SPATA13), and rs6592284 in heat shock protein nuclear import factor (HIKESHI) genes. The PPI analysis showed functional associations of Se deficiency, thyroid hormone metabolism, NRF2-ARE and the Wnt pathway, and heat stress. Our findings show evidence of a genetic association between Se deficiency and metabolic pathways indirectly linked to Se regulation, reinforcing the complex relationship between Se intake and the endogenous factors affecting the Se requirements for optimal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Moriguchi Watanabe
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—FMRP/USP, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil;
- Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional (DEIO) e Centro de Estatística e Aplicações (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Lisete Sousa
- Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional (DEIO) e Centro de Estatística e Aplicações (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Francisco M. Couto
- LASIGE, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Natália Yumi Noronha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—FMRP/USP, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (N.Y.N.); (M.A.d.S.P.)
| | - Marcela Augusta de Souza Pinhel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—FMRP/USP, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (N.Y.N.); (M.A.d.S.P.)
| | | | - Guilherme da Silva Rodrigues
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil; (G.d.S.R.); (C.R.B.J.)
| | - Carlos Roberto Bueno Júnior
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil; (G.d.S.R.); (C.R.B.J.)
| | - Leslie Domenici Kulikowski
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo—FMUSP, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.C.); (L.D.K.)
| | - Fernando Barbosa Júnior
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo—FCFRP/USP, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil;
| | - Carla Barbosa Nonino
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—FMRP/USP, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo—FMRP/USP, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (N.Y.N.); (M.A.d.S.P.)
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Nikulin MV, Drobot VV, Shurubor YI, Švedas VK, Krasnikov BF. Preparative Biocatalytic Synthesis of α-Ketomethylselenobutyrate-A Putative Agent for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:6178. [PMID: 37687007 PMCID: PMC10489025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical studies of the role of organic selenium compounds indicate that the amino acid derivative of L-selenomethionine, α-ketomethylselenobutyrate (KMSB), can be considered a potential anticancer therapeutic agent. It was noted that, in addition to a direct effect on redox signaling molecules, α-ketoacid metabolites of organoselenium compounds are able to change the status of histone acetylation and suppress the activity of histone deacetylases in cancer cells. However, the wide use of KMSB in biomedical research is hindered not only by its commercial unavailability, but also by the fact that there is no detailed information in the literature on possible methods for the synthesis of this compound. This paper describes in detail the procedure for obtaining a high-purity KMSB preparation (purity ≥ 99.3%) with a yield of the target product of more than 67%. L-amino acid oxidase obtained from C. adamanteus was used as a catalyst for the conversion of L-selenomethionine to KMSB. If necessary, this method can be used as a basis both for scaling up the synthesis of KMSB and for developing cost-effective biocatalytic technologies for obtaining other highly purified drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V. Nikulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, Bldg. 40, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.N.); (V.V.D.)
| | - Viktor V. Drobot
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, Bldg. 40, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.N.); (V.V.D.)
| | - Yevgeniya I. Shurubor
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of the Russian Federation, Pogodinskaya St., Bldg. 10, Moscow 119121, Russia;
| | - Vytas K. Švedas
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, Bldg. 73, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boris F. Krasnikov
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of the Russian Federation, Pogodinskaya St., Bldg. 10, Moscow 119121, Russia;
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Cooper AJL, Dorai T, Pinto JT, Denton TT. Metabolic Heterogeneity, Plasticity, and Adaptation to "Glutamine Addiction" in Cancer Cells: The Role of Glutaminase and the GTωA [Glutamine Transaminase-ω-Amidase (Glutaminase II)] Pathway. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1131. [PMID: 37627015 PMCID: PMC10452834 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers utilize l-glutamine as a major energy source. Often cited in the literature as "l-glutamine addiction", this well-characterized pathway involves hydrolysis of l-glutamine by a glutaminase to l-glutamate, followed by oxidative deamination, or transamination, to α-ketoglutarate, which enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, mammalian tissues/cancers possess a rarely mentioned, alternative pathway (the glutaminase II pathway): l-glutamine is transaminated to α-ketoglutaramate (KGM), followed by ω-amidase (ωA)-catalyzed hydrolysis of KGM to α-ketoglutarate. The name glutaminase II may be confused with the glutaminase 2 (GLS2) isozyme. Thus, we recently renamed the glutaminase II pathway the "glutamine transaminase-ω-amidase (GTωA)" pathway. Herein, we summarize the metabolic importance of the GTωA pathway, including its role in closing the methionine salvage pathway, and as a source of anaplerotic α-ketoglutarate. An advantage of the GTωA pathway is that there is no net change in redox status, permitting α-ketoglutarate production during hypoxia, diminishing cellular energy demands. We suggest that the ability to coordinate control of both pathways bestows a metabolic advantage to cancer cells. Finally, we discuss possible benefits of GTωA pathway inhibitors, not only as aids to studying the normal biological roles of the pathway but also as possible useful anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. L. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Thambi Dorai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - John T. Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Travis T. Denton
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99164, USA
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99164, USA
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4
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de Raad M, Koper K, Deng K, Bowen BP, Maeda HA, Northen TR. Mass spectrometry imaging-based assays for aminotransferase activity reveal a broad substrate spectrum for a previously uncharacterized enzyme. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102939. [PMID: 36702250 PMCID: PMC9957770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases (ATs) catalyze pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent transamination reactions between amino donor and keto acceptor substrates and play central roles in nitrogen metabolism of all organisms. ATs are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids and also carry out a wide variety of functions in photorespiration, detoxification, and secondary metabolism. Despite the importance of ATs, their functionality is poorly understood as only a small fraction of putative ATs, predicted from DNA sequences, are associated with experimental data. Even for characterized ATs, the full spectrum of substrate specificity, among many potential substrates, has not been explored in most cases. This is largely due to the lack of suitable high-throughput assays that can screen for AT activity and specificity at scale. Here we present a new high-throughput platform for screening AT activity using bioconjugate chemistry and mass spectrometry imaging-based analysis. Detection of AT reaction products is achieved by forming an oxime linkage between the ketone groups of transaminated amino donors and a probe molecule that facilitates mass spectrometry-based analysis using nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry or MALDI-mass spectrometry. As a proof-of-principle, we applied the newly established method and found that a previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis thaliana tryptophan AT-related protein 1 is a highly promiscuous enzyme that can utilize 13 amino acid donors and three keto acid acceptors. These results demonstrate that this oxime-mass spectrometry imaging AT assay enables high-throughput discovery and comprehensive characterization of AT enzymes, leading to an accurate understanding of the nitrogen metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus de Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kai Deng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California, USA; Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Transcriptomic-based evaluation of trichloroethylene glutathione and cysteine conjugates demonstrate phenotype-dependent stress responses in a panel of human in vitro models. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:523-545. [PMID: 36576512 PMCID: PMC9859926 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental or occupational exposure of humans to trichloroethylene (TCE) has been associated with different extrahepatic toxic effects, including nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Bioactivation of TCE via the glutathione (GSH) conjugation pathway has been proposed as underlying mechanism, although only few mechanistic studies have used cell models of human origin. In this study, six human derived cell models were evaluated as in vitro models representing potential target tissues of TCE-conjugates: RPTEC/TERT1 (kidney), HepaRG (liver), HUVEC/TERT2 (vascular endothelial), LUHMES (neuronal, dopaminergic), human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived peripheral neurons (UKN5) and hiPSC-derived differentiated brain cortical cultures containing all subtypes of neurons and astrocytes (BCC42). A high throughput transcriptomic screening, utilizing mRNA templated oligo-sequencing (TempO-Seq), was used to study transcriptomic effects after exposure to TCE-conjugates. Cells were exposed to a wide range of concentrations of S-(1,2-trans-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (1,2-DCVG), S-(1,2-trans-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (1,2-DCVC), S-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (2,2-DCVG), and S-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (2,2-DCVC). 1,2-DCVC caused stress responses belonging to the Nrf2 pathway and Unfolded protein response in all the tested models but to different extents. The renal model was the most sensitive model to both 1,2-DCVC and 1,2-DCVG, with an early Nrf2-response at 3 µM and hundreds of differentially expressed genes at higher concentrations. Exposure to 2,2-DCVG and 2,2-DCVC also resulted in the upregulation of Nrf2 pathway genes in RPTEC/TERT1 although at higher concentrations. Of the three neuronal models, both the LUHMES and BCC42 showed significant Nrf2-responses and at higher concentration UPR-responses, supporting recent hypotheses that 1,2-DCVC may be involved in neurotoxic effects of TCE. The cell models with the highest expression of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzymes, showed cellular responses to both 1,2-DCVG and 1,2-DCVC. Little to no effects were found in the neuronal models from 1,2-DCVG exposure due to their low GGT-expression. This study expands our knowledge on tissue specificity of TCE S-conjugates and emphasizes the value of human cell models together with transcriptomics for such mechanistic studies.
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Ehudin MA, Golla U, Trivedi D, Potlakayala SD, Rudrabhatla SV, Desai D, Dovat S, Claxton D, Sharma A. Therapeutic Benefits of Selenium in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147972. [PMID: 35887320 PMCID: PMC9323677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing chemotherapy and radiotherapy with selenium has been shown to have benefits against various cancers. This approach has also been shown to alleviate the side effects associated with standard cancer therapies and improve the quality of life in patients. In addition, selenium levels in patients have been correlated with various cancers and have served as a diagnostic marker to track the efficiency of treatments or to determine whether these selenium levels cause or are a result of the disease. This concise review presents a survey of the selenium-based literature, with a focus on hematological malignancies, to demonstrate the significant impact of selenium in different cancers. The anti-cancer mechanisms and signaling pathways regulated by selenium, which impart its efficacious properties, are discussed. An outlook into the relationship between selenium and cancer is highlighted to guide future cancer therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Ehudin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.A.E.); (S.D.)
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (U.G.); (D.C.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Devnah Trivedi
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Shobha D. Potlakayala
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057, USA; (S.D.P.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Sairam V. Rudrabhatla
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057, USA; (S.D.P.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (M.A.E.); (S.D.)
| | - David Claxton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (U.G.); (D.C.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Arati Sharma
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (U.G.); (D.C.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence:
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Meng X, Wang L, He M, Yang Z, Jiao Y, Hu Y, Wang K. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase 2 (CCBL2) expression as a prognostic marker of survival in breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269998. [PMID: 35771747 PMCID: PMC9246202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase 2 (CCBL2), also known as kynurenine aminotransferase 3 (KAT3) or glutamine transaminase L (GTL), plays an essential role in transamination and cytochrome P450. Its correlation with some other cancers has been explored, but breast cancer (BC) not yet. Methods The mRNA and protein expression of CCBL2 in BC cell lines and patient samples were detected by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). BC patients’ clinical information and RNA-Seq expression were acquired via The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Patients were categorized into high/low CCBL2 expression groups based on the optimal cutoff value (8.973) determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We investigated CCBL2 and clinicopathological characteristics’ relationship using Chi-square tests, estimated diagnostic capacity using ROC curves and drew survival curves using Kaplan–Meier estimate. We compared survival differences using Cox regression and externally validated using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We evaluated enriched signaling pathways using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), explored CCBL2 and relevant genes’ relationship using tumor immunoassay resource (TIMER) databases and used the human protein atlas (HPA) for pan-cancer analysis and IHC. Results CCBL2 was overexpressed in normal human cell lines and tissues. CCBL2 expression was lower in BC tissues (n = 1104) than in normal tissues (n = 114), validated by GEO database. Several clinicopathologic features were related to CCBL2, especially estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and clinical stages. The low expression group exhibited poor survival. CCBL2’s area under curve (AUC) analysis showed finite diagnostic capacity. Multivariate cox-regression analysis indicated CCBL2 independently predicted BC survival. GSEA showed enriched pathways: early estrogen response, MYC and so on. CCBL2 positively correlated with estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors. CCBL2 was downregulated in most cancers and was associated with their survival, including renal and ovarian cancers. Conclusions Low CCBL2 expression is a promising poor BC survival independent prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Meng
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubo Hu
- Department of Anesthesia, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (KW)
| | - Keren Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (KW)
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Koper K, Han SW, Pastor DC, Yoshikuni Y, Maeda HA. Evolutionary Origin and Functional Diversification of Aminotransferases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102122. [PMID: 35697072 PMCID: PMC9309667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases (ATs) are pyridoxal 5′-phosphate–dependent enzymes that catalyze the transamination reactions between amino acid donor and keto acid acceptor substrates. Modern AT enzymes constitute ∼2% of all classified enzymatic activities, play central roles in nitrogen metabolism, and generate multitude of primary and secondary metabolites. ATs likely diverged into four distinct AT classes before the appearance of the last universal common ancestor and further expanded to a large and diverse enzyme family. Although the AT family underwent an extensive functional specialization, many AT enzymes retained considerable substrate promiscuity and multifunctionality because of their inherent mechanistic, structural, and functional constraints. This review summarizes the evolutionary history, diverse metabolic roles, reaction mechanisms, and structure–function relationships of the AT family enzymes, with a special emphasis on their substrate promiscuity and multifunctionality. Comprehensive characterization of AT substrate specificity is still needed to reveal their true metabolic functions in interconnecting various branches of the nitrogen metabolic network in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Han
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Global Center for Food, Land, and Water Resources, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Selvam AK, Jawad R, Gramignoli R, Achour A, Salter H, Björnstedt M. A Novel mRNA-Mediated and MicroRNA-Guided Approach to Specifically Eradicate Drug-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines by Se-Methylselenocysteine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1094. [PMID: 34356326 PMCID: PMC8301172 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in the treatment of non-visceral malignancies, the prognosis remains poor for malignancies of visceral organs and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required. We evaluated a novel therapeutic regimen based on treatment with Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC) and concomitant tumor-specific induction of Kynurenine aminotransferase 1 (KYAT1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, using either vector-based and/or lipid nanoparticle-mediated delivery of mRNA. Supplementation of MSC in KYAT1 overexpressed cells resulted in significantly increased cytotoxicity, due to ROS formation, as compared to MSC alone. Furthermore, microRNA antisense-targeted sites for miR122, known to be widely expressed in normal hepatocytes while downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, were added to specifically limit cytotoxicity in HCC cells, thereby limiting the off-target effects. KYAT1 expression was significantly reduced in cells with high levels of miR122 supporting the concept of miR-guided induction of tumor-specific cytotoxicity. The addition of alpha-ketoacid favored the production of methylselenol, enhancing the cytotoxic efficacy of MSC in HCC cells, with no effects on primary human hepatocytes. Altogether, the proposed regimen offers great potential to safely and specifically target hepatic tumors that are currently untreatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Selvam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.K.S.); (R.J.); (R.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Rim Jawad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.K.S.); (R.J.); (R.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.K.S.); (R.J.); (R.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, & Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Hugh Salter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.K.S.); (R.J.); (R.G.); (H.S.)
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mikael Björnstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.K.S.); (R.J.); (R.G.); (H.S.)
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Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Zengin G, Bumbu AG, Andronie-Cioara FL, Nechifor AC, Gitea D, Bungau AF, Toma MM, Bungau SG. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurodegeneration: Janus-Faced Role in Parkinson's Disorder and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6737. [PMID: 34201647 PMCID: PMC8268239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of neurons and aggravation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta results in the loss of dopamine in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Numerous therapies, exhibiting transient efficacy have been developed; however, they are mostly accompanied by side effects and limited reliability, therefore instigating the need to develop novel optimistic treatment targets. Significant therapeutic targets have been identified, namely: chaperones, protein Abelson, glucocerebrosidase-1, calcium, neuromelanin, ubiquitin-proteasome system, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the kynurenine pathway (KP). The role of KP and its metabolites and enzymes in PD, namely quinolinic acid (QUIN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid (3-HAA), kunurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), etc. has been reported. The neurotoxic QUIN, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, and neuroprotective KYNA-which antagonizes QUIN actions-primarily justify the Janus-faced role of KP in PD. Moreover, KP has been reported to play a biomarker role in PD detection. Therefore, the authors detail the neurotoxic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory neuroactive components, alongside the upstream and downstream metabolic pathways of KP, forming a basis for a therapeutic paradigm of the disease while recognizing KP as a potential biomarker in PD, thus facilitating the development of a suitable target in PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (I.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana 122412, India;
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616 Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 611, Oman;
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616 Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 611, Oman;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | - Adrian Gheorghe Bumbu
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Gitea
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (D.G.); (M.M.T.)
| | | | - Mirela Marioara Toma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (D.G.); (M.M.T.)
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (D.G.); (M.M.T.)
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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11
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Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry of kynurenine pathway metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462294. [PMID: 34098249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Few articles are reported for the simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites. This work describes a capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry (CEC-MS) method using acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) functionalized stationary phase. The AMPS column was prepared by first performing silanization of bare silica with gamma-maps, followed by polymerization with AMPS. The CEC-MS/MS methods were established for six upstream and three downstream KP metabolites. The simultaneous separation of all nine KP metabolites is achieved without derivatization for the first time in the open literature. Numerous parameters such as pH and the concentration of background electrolyte, the concentration of the polymerizable AMPS monomer, column length, field strength, and internal pressure were all tested to optimize the separation of multiple KP metabolites. A baseline separation of six upstream metabolites, namely tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (HKYN), kynurenic acid (KA), anthranilic acid (AA), and xanthurenic acid (XA), was possible at pH 9.25 within 26 min. Separation of six downstream and related metabolites, namely: tryptamine (TRPM), hydroxy‑tryptophan (HTRP), hydroxyindole-3 acetic acid (HIAA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), picolinic acid (PA), and quinolinic acid (QA), was achieved at pH 9.75 in 30 min. However, the challenging simultaneous separation of all nine KP metabolites was only accomplished by increasing the column length and simultaneous application of internal pressure and voltage in 114 min. Quantitation of KP metabolites in commercial human plasma was carried out, and endogenous concentration of five KP metabolites was validated. The experimental limit of quantitation ranges from 100 to 10,000 nM (S/N = 8-832, respectively), whereas the experimental limit of detection ranges from 31 to 1000 nM (S/N = 2-16, respectively). Levels of five major KP metabolites, namely TRP, KYN, KA, AA, and QA, and their ratios in patient plasma samples previously screened for inflammatory biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] was measured. Pairs of the level of metabolites with significant positive correlation were statistically evaluated.
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12
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Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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13
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The metabolic importance of the glutaminase II pathway in normal and cancerous cells. Anal Biochem 2020; 644:114083. [PMID: 33352190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In rapidly dividing cells, including many cancer cells, l-glutamine is a major energy source. Utilization of glutamine is usually depicted as: l-glutamine → l-glutamate (catalyzed by glutaminase isozymes; GLS1 and GLS2), followed by l-glutamate → α-ketoglutarate [catalyzed by glutamate-linked aminotransferases or by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)]. α-Ketoglutarate is a major anaplerotic component of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, the glutaminase II pathway also converts l-glutamine to α-ketoglutarate. This pathway consists of a glutamine transaminase coupled to ω-amidase [Net reaction: l-Glutamine + α-keto acid + H2O → α-ketoglutarate + l-amino acid + NH4+]. This review focuses on the biological importance of the glutaminase II pathway, especially in relation to metabolism of cancer cells. Our studies suggest a component enzyme of the glutaminase II pathway, ω-amidase, is utilized by tumor cells to provide anaplerotic carbon. Inhibitors of GLS1 are currently in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents. However, this treatment will not prevent the glutaminase II pathway from providing anaplerotic carbon derived from glutamine. Specific inhibitors of ω-amidase, perhaps in combination with a GLS1 inhibitor, may provide greater therapeutic efficacy.
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14
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Watanabe LM, Hashimoto AC, Torres DJ, Berry MJ, Seale LA. Effects of selenium supplementation on diet-induced obesity in mice with a disruption of the selenocysteine lyase gene. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126596. [PMID: 32683228 PMCID: PMC7655518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) is an integral part of selenoproteins, a class of proteins mostly involved in strong redox reactions. The enzyme Sec lyase (SCLY) decomposes Sec into selenide allowing for the recycling of the selenium (Se) atom via the selenoprotein synthesis machinery. We previously demonstrated that disruption of the Scly gene (Scly KO) in mice leads to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome, with effects on glucose homeostasis, worsened by Se deficiency or a high-fat diet, and exacerbated in male mice. Our objective was to determine whether Se supplementation could ameliorate obesity and restore glucose homeostasis in the Scly KO mice. METHODS Three-weeks old male and female Scly KO mice were fed in separate experiments a diet containing 45 % kcal fat and either sodium selenite or a mixture of sodium selenite and selenomethionine (selenite/SeMet) at moderate (0.25 ppm) or high (0.5-1 ppm) levels for 9 weeks, and assessed for metabolic parameters, oxidative stress and expression of selenoproteins. RESULTS Se supplementation was unable to prevent obesity and elevated epididymal white adipose tissue weights in male Scly KO mice. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity in Scly KO mice was unchanged regardless of sex or dietary Se intake; however, supplementation with a mixture of selenite/SeMet improved oxidative stress biomarkers in the male Scly KO mice. CONCLUSION These results unveil sex- and selenocompound-specific regulation of energy metabolism after the loss of Scly, pointing to a role of this enzyme in the control of whole-body energy metabolism regardless of Se levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia M Watanabe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Ann C Hashimoto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel J Torres
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Marla J Berry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Lucia A Seale
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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15
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Evans SO, Jacobson GM, Goodman HJB, Bird S, Jameson MB. Comparison of three oral selenium compounds in cancer patients: Evaluation of differential pharmacodynamic effects in normal and malignant cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 58:126446. [PMID: 31838377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) compounds have demonstrated therapeutic synergism in combination with anticancer treatments whilst reducing normal tissue toxicities in a range of experimental models. While reduction in some toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation has been confirmed in randomised clinical trials, they have not been powered to evaluate improved anticancer efficacy. A lack of data on the clinical potencies of the main nutritionally-relevant forms of Se and the relationship between their pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects in cancer patients has hampered progress to date. The primary objective of this study was to determine the dose and form of Se that can be most safely and effectively used in clinical trials in combination with anti-cancer therapies. STUDY METHODS In a phase I randomised double-blinded study, the PD profile of sodium selenite (SS), Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC) and seleno-l-methionine (SLM) were compared in two cohorts of 12 patients, one cohort with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and the other with solid malignancies. All 24 patients were randomised to receive 400 μg of elemental Se as either SS, MSC or SLM, taken orally daily for 8 weeks. PD parameters were assessed before, during and 4 weeks after Se compound exposure in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS No significant sustained changes were observed in plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF-α), expression of proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (the unfolded protein response) or in intracellular total glutathione in PBMCs, in either disease cohort or when grouped by Se compound. CONCLUSIONS At the 400 μg dose level no substantial changes in PD parameters were noted. Extrapolating from pre-clinical data, the dose examined in this cohort was too low to achieve the Se plasma concentration (≥ 5 μM) expected to elicit significant PD effects. Recruitment of a subsequent cohort at higher doses to exceed this PK threshold is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Gregory M Jacobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | | | - Steve Bird
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Michael B Jameson
- Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand; Oncology Department, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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16
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Bowsher RR, Henry DP. Purification, characterization and identification of rat brain cytosolic tyrosine transaminase as glutamine Transaminase-K. Neurochem Int 2019; 133:104653. [PMID: 31874188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate the spectrum of tyrosine transaminases enzymes in a cytosolic fraction of rat brain and to specifically purify and characterize a previously identified cytosolic brain enzyme possessing tyrosine/glyoxylate transaminase activity. Based upon extensive biochemical and immunochemical characterization of purified brain tyrosine/glyoxylate transaminase, we concluded the purified enzyme is glutamine transaminase-K (EC 2.6.1.64). This conclusion was based on: 1.) a concurrent enrichment in the tyrosine/glyoxylate and glutamine/phenylpyruvate transaminase activities during purification, 2.) demonstration of a co-substrate specificity for amino acids and α-keto acids that was highly consistent with published information for glutamine transaminase-K, 3.) results from detailed kinetic analysis, 4.) glutamine was a potent inhibitor of in vitro tyrosine/glyoxylate transamination, 5.) biochemical characterization, including pH optimum of 8.5 and spectrophotometric analysis and 6.) immunoanalytical analysis using a specific antiserum to rat renal glutamine transaminase-k. In addition, immunochemical characterization of a crude soluble extract of whole brain suggests that the in vitro tyrosine transaminase activity for several different α-keto acid co-substrates likely reflect the activity of glutamine transaminase-K. In conclusion, this investigation confirmed the presence of multiple tyrosine transaminase enzymes in a cytosolic extract of rat brain. Moreover, we concluded glutamine transaminase-K represents a predominant cytosolic enzyme in rat brain that's capable of catalyzing in vitro transamination of p-tyrosine and other aromatic amino acids, including the neurotransmitter precursors L-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan. The purified transaminase possesses a broad co-substrate specificity with preferential reactivity with α-keto acids derived from neutral aliphatic and aromatic amino acids. Lastly, we identified a heterogeneous regional distribution of tyrosine/glyoxylate transaminase (glutamine transaminase-K) in rat brain with a significantly higher level of in vitro activity in cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Bowsher
- B2S Life Sciences llc and the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - David P Henry
- Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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17
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Dorai T, Dorai B, Pinto JT, Grasso M, Cooper AJL. High Levels of Glutaminase II Pathway Enzymes in Normal and Cancerous Prostate Suggest a Role in 'Glutamine Addiction'. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010002. [PMID: 31861280 PMCID: PMC7022959 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Many tumors readily convert l-glutamine to α-ketoglutarate. This conversion is almost invariably described as involving deamidation of l-glutamine to l-glutamate followed by a transaminase (or dehydrogenase) reaction. However, mammalian tissues possess another pathway for conversion of l-glutamine to α-ketoglutarate, namely the glutaminase II pathway: l-Glutamine is transaminated to α-ketoglutaramate, which is then deamidated to α-ketoglutarate by ω-amidase. Here we show that glutamine transaminase and ω-amidase specific activities are high in normal rat prostate. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that glutamine transaminase K (GTK) and ω-amidase are present in normal and cancerous human prostate and that expression of these enzymes increases in parallel with aggressiveness of the cancer cells. Our findings suggest that the glutaminase II pathway is important in providing anaplerotic carbon to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, closing the methionine salvage pathway, and in the provision of citrate carbon in normal and cancerous prostate. Finally, our data also suggest that selective inhibitors of GTK and/or ω-amidase may be clinically important for treatment of prostate cancer. In conclusion, the demonstration of a prominent glutaminase II pathway in prostate cancer cells and increased expression of the pathway with increasing aggressiveness of tumor cells provides a new perspective on 'glutamine addiction' in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thambi Dorai
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (M.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
| | - Bhuvaneswari Dorai
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore-Nyack Hospital, Nyack, NY 10960, USA;
| | - John T. Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
| | - Michael Grasso
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Arthur J. L. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3330; Fax: +1-914-594-4058
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18
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Udupa S, Nguyen S, Hoang G, Nguyen T, Quinones A, Pham K, Asaka R, Nguyen K, Zhang C, Elgogary A, Jung JG, Xu Q, Fu J, Thomas AG, Tsukamoto T, Hanes J, Slusher BS, Cooper AJL, Le A. Upregulation of the Glutaminase II Pathway Contributes to Glutamate Production upon Glutaminase 1 Inhibition in Pancreatic Cancer. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800451. [PMID: 31231915 PMCID: PMC6851409 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The targeting of glutamine metabolism specifically via pharmacological inhibition of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) has been translated into clinical trials as a novel therapy for several cancers. The results, though encouraging, show room for improvement in terms of tumor reduction. In this study, the glutaminase II pathway is found to be upregulated for glutamate production upon GLS1 inhibition in pancreatic tumors. Moreover, genetic suppression of glutamine transaminase K (GTK), a key enzyme of the glutaminase II pathway, leads to the complete inhibition of pancreatic tumorigenesis in vivo unveiling GTK as a new metabolic target for cancer therapy. These results suggest that current trials using GLS1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach targeting glutamine metabolism in cancer should take into account the upregulation of other metabolic pathways that can lead to glutamate production; one such pathway is the glutaminase II pathway via GTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunag Udupa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Stephanie Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Giang Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tu Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Addison Quinones
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Khoa Pham
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ryoichi Asaka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kiet Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amira Elgogary
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jin G Jung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qingguo Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Wilmer Eye Institute Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Wilmer Eye Institute Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Wilmer Eye Institute Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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19
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Han Q, Yang C, Lu J, Zhang Y, Li J. Metabolism of Oxalate in Humans: A Potential Role Kynurenine Aminotransferase/Glutamine Transaminase/Cysteine Conjugate Beta-lyase Plays in Hyperoxaluria. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4944-4963. [PMID: 30907303 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190325095223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxaluria, excessive urinary oxalate excretion, is a significant health problem worldwide. Disrupted oxalate metabolism has been implicated in hyperoxaluria and accordingly, an enzymatic disturbance in oxalate biosynthesis can result in the primary hyperoxaluria. Alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase-1 and glyoxylate reductase, the enzymes involving glyoxylate (precursor for oxalate) metabolism, have been related to primary hyperoxalurias. Some studies suggest that other enzymes such as glycolate oxidase and alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase-2 might be associated with primary hyperoxaluria as well, but evidence of a definitive link is not strong between the clinical cases and gene mutations. There are still some idiopathic hyperoxalurias, which require a further study for the etiologies. Some aminotransferases, particularly kynurenine aminotransferases, can convert glyoxylate to glycine. Based on biochemical and structural characteristics, expression level, subcellular localization of some aminotransferases, a number of them appear able to catalyze the transamination of glyoxylate to glycine more efficiently than alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase-1. The aim of this minireview is to explore other undermining causes of primary hyperoxaluria and stimulate research toward achieving a comprehensive understanding of underlying mechanisms leading to the disease. Herein, we reviewed all aminotransferases in the liver for their functions in glyoxylate metabolism. Particularly, kynurenine aminotransferase-I and III were carefully discussed regarding their biochemical and structural characteristics, cellular localization, and enzyme inhibition. Kynurenine aminotransferase-III is, so far, the most efficient putative mitochondrial enzyme to transaminate glyoxylate to glycine in mammalian livers, might be an interesting enzyme to look over in hyperoxaluria etiology of primary hyperoxaluria and should be carefully investigated for its involvement in oxalate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228. China
| | - Cihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208. China
| | - Yinai Zhang
- Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208. China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. United States
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophilic xenobiotics and some endogenous compounds are detoxified by conversion to the corresponding glutathione S-conjugate, which is metabolized to the N-acetylcysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate) and excreted. Some mercapturate pathway components, however, are toxic. Bioactivation (toxification) may occur when the glutathione S-conjugate (or mercapturate) is converted to a cysteine S-conjugate that undergoes a β-lyase reaction. If the sulfhydryl-containing fragment produced in this reaction is reactive, toxicity may ensue. Some drugs and halogenated workplace/environmental contaminants are bioactivated by this mechanism. On the other hand, cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases occur in nature as a means of generating some biologically useful sulfhydryl-containing compounds.
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Tararina M, Wu HQ, Neale SA, Weisz F, Salt TE, Schwarcz R. Xanthurenic Acid Formation from 3-Hydroxykynurenine in the Mammalian Brain: Neurochemical Characterization and Physiological Effects. Neuroscience 2017; 367:85-97. [PMID: 29031603 PMCID: PMC5819007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthurenic acid (XA), formed from 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, may modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the vesicular glutamate transporter and/or activating Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Here we examined the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which 3-HK controls the neosynthesis of XA in rat, mouse and human brain, and compared the physiological actions of 3-HK and XA in the rat brain. In tissue homogenates, XA formation from 3-HK was observed in all three species and traced to a major role of kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II). Transamination of 3-HK to XA was also demonstrated using human recombinant KAT II. Neosynthesis of XA was significantly increased in the quinolinate-lesioned rat striatum, indicating a non-neuronal localization of the process. Studies using rat cortical slices revealed that newly produced XA is rapidly released into the extracellular compartment, and that XA biosynthesis can be manipulated experimentally in the same way as the production of kynurenic acid from kynurenine (omission of Na+ or glucose, depolarizing conditions, or addition of 2-oxoacids). The synthesis of XA from 3-HK was confirmed in vivo by striatal microdialysis. In slices from the rat hippocampus, both 3-HK and XA reduced the slopes of dentate gyrus field EPSPs. The effect of 3-HK was reduced in the presence of the KAT inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, both 3-HK and XA reduced the power of gamma-oscillatory activity recorded from the hippocampal CA3 region. Endogenous XA, newly formed from 3-HK, may therefore play a physiological role in attentional and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - M Tararina
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - H-Q Wu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - S A Neale
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Neurexpert Ltd., London, UK
| | - F Weisz
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - T E Salt
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Neurexpert Ltd., London, UK
| | - R Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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22
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Silva AT, Ligterink W, Hilhorst HWM. Metabolite profiling and associated gene expression reveal two metabolic shifts during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:481-496. [PMID: 29046998 PMCID: PMC5688192 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and transcriptomic correlation analysis identified two distinctive profiles involved in the metabolic preparation for seed germination and seedling establishment, respectively. Transcripts were identified that may control metabolic fluxes. The transition from a quiescent metabolic state (dry seed) to the active state of a vigorous seedling is crucial in the plant's life cycle. We analysed this complex physiological trait by measuring the changes in primary metabolism that occur during the transition in order to determine which metabolic networks are operational. The transition involves several developmental stages from seed germination to seedling establishment, i.e. between imbibition of the mature dry seed and opening of the cotyledons, the final stage of seedling establishment. We hypothesized that the advancement of growth is associated with certain signature metabolite profiles. Metabolite-metabolite correlation analysis underlined two specific profiles which appear to be involved in the metabolic preparation for seed germination and efficient seedling establishment, respectively. Metabolite profiles were also compared to transcript profiles and although transcriptional changes did not always equate to a proportional metabolic response, in depth correlation analysis identified several transcripts that may directly influence the flux through metabolic pathways during the seed-to-seedling transition. This correlation analysis also pinpointed metabolic pathways which are significant for the seed-to-seedling transition, and metabolite contents that appeared to be controlled directly by transcript abundance. This global view of the transcriptional and metabolic changes during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis opens up new perspectives for understanding the complex regulatory mechanism underlying this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Tadeu Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Jeitner TM, Kristoferson E, Azcona JA, Pinto JT, Stalnecker C, Erickson JW, Kung HF, Li J, Ploessl K, Cooper AJL. Fluorination at the 4 position alters the substrate behavior of L-glutamine and L-glutamate: Implications for positron emission tomography of neoplasias. J Fluor Chem 2017; 192:58-67. [PMID: 28546645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two 4-fluoro-L-glutamine diastereoisomers [(2S,4R)-4-FGln, (2S,4S)-4-FGln] were previously developed for positron emission tomography. Label uptake into two tumor cell types was greater with [18F](2S,4R)-4-FGln than with [18F](2S,4S)-4-FGln. In the present work we investigated the enzymology of two diastereoisomers of 4-FGln, two diastereoisomers of 4-fluoroglutamate (4-FGlu) (potential metabolites of the 4-FGln diastereoisomers) and another fluoro-derivative of L-glutamine [(2S,4S)-4-(3-fluoropropyl)glutamine (FP-Gln)]. The two 4-FGlu diastereoisomers were found to be moderate-to-good substrates relative to L-glutamate of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Additionally, alanine aminotransferase was shown to catalyze an unusual γ-elimination reaction with both 4-FGlu diastereoisomers. Both 4-FGlu diastereoisomers were shown to be poor substrates, but strong inhibitors of glutamine synthetase. Both 4-FGln diastereoisomers were shown to be poor substrates compared to L-glutamine of glutamine transaminase L and α-aminoadipate aminotransferase. However, (2S,4R)-4-FGln was found to be a poor substrate of glutamine transaminase K, whereas (2S,4S)-4-FGln was shown to be an excellent substrate. By contrast, FP-Gln was found to be a poor substrate of all enzymes examined. Evidently, substitution of H in position 4 by F in L-glutamine/L-glutamate has moderate-to-profound effects on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The present results: 1) show that 4-FGln and 4-FGlu diastereoisomers may be useful for studying active site topology of glutamate- and glutamine-utilizing enzymes; 2) provide a framework for understanding possible metabolic transformations in tumors of 18F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-FGln, (2S,4S)-4-FGln, (2S,4R)-4-FGlu or (2S,4S)-4-FGlu; and 3) show that [18F]FP-Gln is likely to be much less metabolically active in vivo than are the [18F]4-FGln diastereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Eva Kristoferson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Juan A Azcona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - John T Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Clint Stalnecker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jon W Erickson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Marshall JR, Burk RF, Ondracek RP, Hill KE, Perloff M, Davis W, Pili R, George S, Bergan R. Selenomethionine and methyl selenocysteine: multiple-dose pharmacokinetics in selenium-replete men. Oncotarget 2017; 8:26312-26322. [PMID: 28412747 PMCID: PMC5432259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer (NPC) trial, a selenized yeast supplement containing selenium, 200 mcg/day, decreased the incidence of total cancer, cancers of the prostate, colon and lung, and cancer mortality. The active agent in the selenized yeast supplement was assumed to be selenomethionine (SEMET), although the supplement had not been well speciated. The SELECT study, largely motivated by the NPC trial, enrolling nearly 40 times as many subjects, showed unequivocally that selenium 200 mcg/day, with selenium in the form of SEMET, does not protect selenium-replete men against prostate or other major cancer. The agent tested by SELECT, pure SEMET, could have been different from the selenized yeast tested in NPC. One of the selenium forms suspected of having chemopreventive effects, and which may have been present in the NPC agent, is methyl selenocysteine (MSC). This study, with 29 selenium-replete patients enrolled in a randomized, double-blind trial, compared the multiple-dose toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MSC and SEMET. Patients were on trial for 84 days. No toxicity was observed. Although SEMET supplementation increased blood selenium concentration more than MSC did, neither form had a more than minimal impact on the two major selenoproteins: selenoprotein P(SEPP1) and glutathione peroxidase(GPX).
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Marshall
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Raymond F. Burk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, C2104 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Kristina E. Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, C2104 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Warren Davis
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Roberto Pili
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, R3 C516, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Saby George
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Raymond Bergan
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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25
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Yang C, Zhang L, Han Q, Liao C, Lan J, Ding H, Zhou H, Diao X, Li J. Kynurenine aminotransferase 3/glutamine transaminase L/cysteine conjugate beta-lyase 2 is a major glutamine transaminase in the mouse kidney. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:234-241. [PMID: 28955961 PMCID: PMC5613967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kynurenine aminotransferase 3 (KAT3) catalyzes the transamination of Kynurenine to kynurenic acid, and is identical to cysteine conjugate beta-lyase 2 (CCBL2) and glutamine transaminase L (GTL). GTL was previously purified from the rat liver and considered as a liver type glutamine transaminase. However, because of the substrate overlap and high sequence similarity of KAT3 and KAT1, it was difficult to assay the specific activity of each KAT and to study the enzyme localization in animals. Methods KAT3 transcript and protein levels as well as enzyme activity in the liver and kidney were analyzed by regular reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real time RT-PCR, biochemical activity assays combined with a specific inhibition assay, and western blotting using a purified and a highly specific antibody, respectively. Results This study concerns the comparative biochemical characterization and localization of KAT 3 in the mouse. The results showed that KAT3 was present in both liver and kidney of the mouse, but was much more abundant in the kidney than in the liver. The mouse KAT3 is more efficient in transamination of glutamine with indo-3-pyruvate or oxaloacetate as amino group acceptor than the mouse KAT1. Conclusions Mouse KAT3 is a major glutamine transaminase in the kidney although it was named a liver type transaminase. General significance Our data highlights KAT3 as a key enzyme for studying the nephrotoxic mechanism of some xenobiotics and the formation of chemopreventive compounds in the mouse kidney. This suggests tissue localizations of KAT3/GTL/CCBL2 in other animals may be carefully checked. Mouse kynurenine aminotransferase 3 (KAT3) was specifically inhibited by methionine. Mouse KAT3 is more abundant in the kidney than in the liver. Mouse KAT3 is a major glutamine transaminase in the kidney although it was named a liver transaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Chenghong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jianqiang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Haizhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hailong Zhou
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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LC–MS/MS-based quantification of kynurenine metabolites, tryptophan, monoamines and neopterin in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1903-17. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is implicated in diseases such as cancer, psychiatric, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Measurement of KYN metabolite levels will help elucidating the involvement of the KYN pathway in the disease pathology and inform drug development. Methodology: Samples of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue were spiked with deuterated internal standards, processed and analyzed by LC–MS/MS; analytes were chromatographically separated by gradient elution on a C18 reversed phase analytical column without derivatization. Conclusion: We established an LC–MS/MS method to measure 11 molecules, namely tryptophan, KYN, 3-OH-KYN, 3-OH-anthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, serotonin, dopamine and neopterin within 5.5 min, with sufficient sensitivity to quantify these molecules in small sample volumes of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue.
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27
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Ueland PM, McCann A, Midttun Ø, Ulvik A. Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 53:10-27. [PMID: 27593095 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), serves as a co-factor in more than 150 enzymatic reactions. Plasma PLP has consistently been shown to be low in inflammatory conditions; there is a parallel reduction in liver PLP, but minor changes in erythrocyte and muscle PLP and in functional vitamin B6 biomarkers. Plasma PLP also predicts the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and some cancers, and is inversely associated with numerous inflammatory markers in clinical and population-based studies. Vitamin B6 intake and supplementation improve some immune functions in vitamin B6-deficient humans and experimental animals. A possible mechanism involved is mobilization of vitamin B6 to the sites of inflammation where it may serve as a co-factor in pathways producing metabolites with immunomodulating effects. Relevant vitamin B6-dependent inflammatory pathways include vitamin B6 catabolism, the kynurenine pathway, sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism, the transsulfuration pathway, and serine and glycine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Arve Ulvik
- Bevital A/S, Laboratoriebygget, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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28
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Characterization of aromatic aminotransferases from Ephedra sinica Stapf. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1209-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Matsukawa T, Hasegawa H, Goto H, Shinohara Y, Shinohara A, Omori Y, Ichida K, Yokoyama K. Evaluation of the metabolic chiral inversion of d-selenomethionine in rats by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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ω-Amidase: an underappreciated, but important enzyme in l-glutamine and l-asparagine metabolism; relevance to sulfur and nitrogen metabolism, tumor biology and hyperammonemic diseases. Amino Acids 2015; 48:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hensley K, Denton TT. Alternative functions of the brain transsulfuration pathway represent an underappreciated aspect of brain redox biochemistry with significant potential for therapeutic engagement. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:123-34. [PMID: 25463282 PMCID: PMC4280296 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scientific appreciation for the subtlety of brain sulfur chemistry has lagged, despite understanding that the brain must maintain high glutathione (GSH) to protect against oxidative stress in tissue that has both a high rate of oxidative respiration and a high content of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acids. In fact, the brain was long thought to lack a complete transsulfuration pathway (TSP) for cysteine synthesis. It is now clear that not only does the brain possess a functional TSP, but brain TSP enzymes catalyze a rich array of alternative reactions that generate novel species including the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the atypical amino acid lanthionine (Lan). Moreover, TSP intermediates can be converted to unusual cyclic ketimines via transamination. Cell-penetrating derivatives of one such compound, lanthionine ketimine (LK), have potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and antineuroinflammatory actions and mitigate diverse neurodegenerative conditions in preclinical rodent models. This review will explore the source and function of alternative TSP products, and lanthionine-derived metabolites in particular. The known biological origins of lanthionine and its ketimine metabolite will be described in detail and placed in context with recent discoveries of a GSH- and LK-binding brain protein called LanCL1 that is proving essential for neuronal antioxidant defense; and a related LanCL2 homolog now implicated in immune sensing and cell fate determinations. The review will explore possible endogenous functions of lanthionine metabolites and will discuss the therapeutic potential of lanthionine ketimine derivatives for mitigating diverse neurological conditions including Alzheimer׳s disease, stroke, motor neuron disease, and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99201, USA.
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