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Rabelink TJ, Wang G, van der Vlag J, van den Berg BM. The roles of hyaluronan in kidney development, physiology and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024:10.1038/s41581-024-00883-5. [PMID: 39191935 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA) matrix in the tissue microenvironment is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by regulating inflammatory signalling, endothelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration. During development, covalent modifications and osmotic swelling of HA create mechanical forces that initiate midgut rotation, vascular patterning and branching morphogenesis. Together with its main cell surface receptor, CD44, HA establishes a physicochemical scaffold at the cell surface that facilitates the interaction and clustering of growth factors and receptors that is required for normal physiology. High-molecular-weight HA, tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6, pentraxin 3 and CD44 form a stable pericellular matrix that promotes tissue regeneration and reduces inflammation. By contrast, breakdown of high-molecular-weight HA into depolymerized fragments by hyaluronidases triggers inflammatory signalling, leukocyte migration and angiogenesis, contributing to tissue damage and fibrosis in kidney disease. Targeting HA metabolism is challenging owing to its dynamic regulation and tissue-specific functions. Nonetheless, modulating HA matrix functions by targeting its binding partners holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for restoring tissue homeostasis and mitigating pathological processes. Further research in this area is warranted to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches for kidney and other diseases characterized by dysregulated HA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) & Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gangqi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) & Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) & Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Vitale DL, Parnigoni A, Viola M, Karousou E, Sevic I, Moretto P, Passi A, Alaniz L, Vigetti D. Deciphering Drug Resistance: Investigating the Emerging Role of Hyaluronan Metabolism and Signaling and Tumor Extracellular Matrix in Cancer Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7607. [PMID: 39062846 PMCID: PMC11276752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has gained significant attention in cancer research for its role in modulating chemoresistance. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which HA contributes to chemoresistance, focusing on its interactions within the tumor microenvironment. HA is abundantly present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and binds to cell-surface receptors such as CD44 and RHAMM. These interactions activate various signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB, which are implicated in cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. HA also influences the physical properties of the tumor stroma, enhancing its density and reducing drug penetration. Additionally, HA-mediated signaling contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process associated with increased metastatic potential and resistance to apoptosis. Emerging therapeutic strategies aim to counteract HA-induced chemoresistance by targeting HA synthesis, degradation, metabolism, or its binding to CD44. This review underscores the complexity of HA's role in chemoresistance and highlights the potential for HA-targeted therapies to improve the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana L. Vitale
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junín B6000, Argentina; (D.L.V.); (I.S.); (L.A.)
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), UNNOBA-UNSAdA-CONICET, Junín 6000, Argentina
| | - Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Manuela Viola
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.V.); (E.K.); (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.V.); (E.K.); (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Ina Sevic
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junín B6000, Argentina; (D.L.V.); (I.S.); (L.A.)
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), UNNOBA-UNSAdA-CONICET, Junín 6000, Argentina
| | - Paola Moretto
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.V.); (E.K.); (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Passi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.V.); (E.K.); (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Laura Alaniz
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junín B6000, Argentina; (D.L.V.); (I.S.); (L.A.)
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), UNNOBA-UNSAdA-CONICET, Junín 6000, Argentina
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.V.); (E.K.); (P.M.); (A.P.)
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3
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Shen-Gunther J, Easley A. HPV, HBV, and HIV-1 Viral Integration Site Mapping: A Streamlined Workflow from NGS to Genomic Insights of Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:975. [PMID: 38932267 PMCID: PMC11209625 DOI: 10.3390/v16060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral integration within the host genome plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Various disruptive mechanisms are involved, leading to genomic instability, mutations, and DNA damage. With next-generation sequencing (NGS), we can now precisely identify viral and host genomic breakpoints and chimeric sequences, which are useful for integration site analysis. In this study, we evaluated a commercial hybrid capture NGS panel specifically designed for detecting three key viruses: HPV, HBV, and HIV-1. We also tested workflows for Viral Hybrid Capture (VHC) and Viral Integration Site (VIS) analysis, leveraging customized viral databases in CLC Microbial Genomics. By analyzing sequenced data from virally infected cancer cell lines (including SiHa, HeLa, CaSki, C-33A, DoTc2, 2A3, SCC154 for HPV; 3B2, SNU-182 for HBV; and ACH-2 for HIV-1), we precisely pinpointed viral integration sites. The workflow also highlighted disrupted and neighboring human genes that may play a crucial role in tumor development. Our results included informative virus-host read mappings, genomic breakpoints, and integration circular plots. These visual representations enhance our understanding of the integration process. In conclusion, our seamless end-to-end workflow bridges the gap in understanding viral contributions to cancer development, paving the way for improved diagnostics and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shen-Gunther
- Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Acarizia Easley
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
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4
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Murray M, Davidson L, Ferenbach AT, Lefeber D, van Aalten DMF. Neuroectoderm phenotypes in a human stem cell model of O-GlcNAc transferase associated with intellectual disability. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108492. [PMID: 38759397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the O-GlcNAc transferase gene (OGT) have been associated with a congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG), presenting with intellectual disability which may be of neuroectodermal origin. To test the hypothesis that pathology is linked to defects in differentiation during early embryogenesis, we developed an OGT-CDG induced pluripotent stem cell line together with isogenic control generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing. Although the OGT-CDG variant leads to a significant decrease in OGT and O-GlcNAcase protein levels, there were no changes in differentiation potential or stemness. However, differentiation into ectoderm resulted in significant differences in O-GlcNAc homeostasis. Further differentiation to neuronal stem cells revealed differences in morphology between patient and control lines, accompanied by disruption of the O-GlcNAc pathway. This suggests a critical role for O-GlcNAcylation in early neuroectoderm architecture, with robust compensatory mechanisms in the earliest stages of stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murray
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lindsay Davidson
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
| | - Dirk Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Department of Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, NL, the Netherlands
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK, Denmark.
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5
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You A, Gu J, Wang J, Li J, Zhang Y, Rao G, Ge X, Zhang K, Gao X, Wang D. Value of long non-coding RNA HAS2-AS1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of glioma. Neurologia 2024; 39:353-360. [PMID: 38616063 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma presents high incidence and poor prognosis, and therefore more effective treatments are needed. Studies have confirmed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) basically regulate various human diseases including glioma. It has been theorized that HAS2-AS1 serves as an lncRNA to exert an oncogenic role in varying cancers. This study aimed to assess the value of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for glioma. METHODS The miRNA expression data and clinical data of glioma were downloaded from the TCGA database for differential analysis and survival analysis. In addition, pathological specimens and specimens of adjacent normal tissue from 80 patients with glioma were used to observe the expression of HAS2-AS1. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic ability and prognostic value of HAS2-AS1 in glioma. Meanwhile, a Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted to evaluate the survival of glioma patients with different HAS2-AS1 expression levels. RESULTS HAS2-AS1 was significantly upregulated in glioma tissues compared with normal tissue. The survival curves showed that overexpression of HAS2-AS1 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Several clinicopathological factors of glioma patients, including tumor size and WHO grade, were significantly correlated with HAS2-AS1 expression in tissues. The ROC curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.863, indicating that HAS2-AS1 had good diagnostic value. The ROC curve for the predicted OS showed an AUC of 0.906, while the ROC curve for predicted PFS showed an AUC of 0.88. Both suggested that overexpression of HAS2-AS1 was associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Normal tissues could be clearly distinguished from glioma tissues based on HAS2-AS1 expression. Moreover, overexpression of HAS2-AS1 indicated poor prognosis in glioma patients. Therefore, HAS2-AS1 could be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A You
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - J Gu
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - J Wang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - J Li
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - G Rao
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - X Ge
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - K Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - X Gao
- Operating Theatre, Tangshan Central Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - D Wang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, 063000 Tangshan, China.
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Wang S, Tan P, Wang H, Wang J, Zhang C, Lu H, Zhao B. Swainsonine inhibits autophagic degradation and causes cytotoxicity by reducing CTSD O-GlcNAcylation. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110629. [PMID: 37442287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine (SW) is the primary toxin in locoweed, a poisonous plant. SW can cause animal poisoning, affect the quality and safety of meat products and threaten human health, but the mechanism of its toxicity is little defined. Here, we identified 159 differentially expressed proteins, many of which are involved in autophagy and glycosylation modification processes, using proteomics sequencing analysis. O-linked-N-acetylglucosamylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a glycosylation modification widely involved in various biological processes. Our results show that SW toxicity is related to O-GlcNAcylation. In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation with the O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitor TMG promoted autophagy, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation with the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor OSMI inhibited autophagy. Further analysis by Immunoprecipitation (IP) showed that SW could change the O-GlcNAcylation of Cathepsin D (CTSD), reducing the expression of mature CTSD (m-CTSD). In summary, these findings suggest that SW inhibits the O-GlcNAcylation of CTSD, affecting its maturation and leading to the impairment of lysosome function. Consequently, it inhibits autophagy degradation, and causes cytotoxicity, providing a new theoretical basis for SW toxicological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Ave, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Panpan Tan
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Ave, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jicang Wang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Ave, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Ave, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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7
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Parnigoni A, Moretto P, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. Effects of Hyaluronan on Breast Cancer Aggressiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3813. [PMID: 37568628 PMCID: PMC10417239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer cells is critical for determining tumor aggressiveness and targeting therapies. The presence of such receptors allows for the use of antagonists that effectively reduce breast cancer growth and dissemination. However, the absence of such receptors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) reduces the possibility of targeted therapy, making these tumors very aggressive with a poor outcome. Cancers are not solely composed of tumor cells, but also include several types of infiltrating cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and other immune cells that have critical functions in regulating cancer cell behaviors. In addition to these cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has become an important player in many aspects of breast cancer biology, including cell growth, motility, metabolism, and chemoresistance. Hyaluronan (HA) is a key ECM component that promotes cell proliferation and migration in several malignancies. Notably, HA accumulation in the tumor stroma is a negative prognostic factor in breast cancer. HA metabolism depends on the fine balance between HA synthesis by HA synthases and degradation yielded by hyaluronidases. All the different cell types present in the tumor can release HA in the ECM, and in this review, we will describe the role of HA and HA metabolism in different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (P.M.); (M.V.); (E.K.); (A.P.)
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Zhang L, Li J, Chen J, Lei J, Yuan Z, Zhang J, Liu Z, Yu C, Ma L. Oscillatory shear stress-mediated aberrant O-GlcNAc SIRT3 accelerates glycocalyx inflammatory injury via LKB1/p47 phox/Hyal2 signaling. Cell Signal 2023:110790. [PMID: 37392860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycocalyx coating on endothelial surface layer helps to sense shear forces and maintain endothelial function. However, the underlying mechanism of endothelial glycocalyx degradation upon disordered shear stress stimulation is not fully understood. SIRT3, a major NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases, is required for protein stability during vascular homeostasis and partly involved in atherosclerotic process. While few studies showed that SIRT3 is responsible for endothelial glycocalyx homeostasis under shear stress, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induces glycocalyx injury by activating LKB1/p47phox/Hyal2 axis both in vivo and in vitro. And O-GlcNAc modification served to prolong SIRT3 deacetylase activity and stabilized p47/Hyal2 complex. OSS could decrease SIRT3 O-GlcNAcylation to activate LKB1, further accelerated endothelial glycocalyx injury in inflammatory microenvironment. SIRT3Ser329 mutation or inhibition of SIRT3 O-GlcNAcylation strongly promoted glycocalyx degradation. On the contrary, overexpression of SIRT3 reverse glycocalyx damage upon OSS treatment. Together, our findings indicated that targeting O-GlcNAcylation of SIRT3 could prevent and/or treat diseases whereby glycocalyx injured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Hechuan District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Lei
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaohong Liu
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Limei Ma
- Chongqing Key Research Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Karousou E, Parnigoni A, Moretto P, Passi A, Viola M, Vigetti D. Hyaluronan in the Cancer Cells Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030798. [PMID: 36765756 PMCID: PMC9913668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix of tissues is the result of the cooperative synthesis of several resident cells, that is, macrophages and tumor and stromal cells. Any change in hyaluronan concentration or dimension leads to a modification in stiffness and cellular response through receptors on the plasma membrane. Hyaluronan has an effect on all cancer cell behaviors, such as evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and metastasis. It is noteworthy that hyaluronan metabolism can be dramatically altered by growth factors and matrikines during inflammation, as well as by the metabolic homeostasis of cells. The regulation of HA deposition and its dimensions are pivotal for tumor progression and cancer patient prognosis. Nevertheless, because of all the factors involved, modulating hyaluronan metabolism could be tough. Several commercial drugs have already been described as potential or effective modulators; however, deeper investigations are needed to study their possible side effects. Moreover, other matrix molecules could be identified and targeted as upstream regulators of synthetic or degrading enzymes. Finally, co-cultures of cancer, fibroblasts, and immune cells could reveal potential new targets among secreted factors.
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10
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Fasolo F, Paloschi V, Maegdefessel L. Long non-coding RNAs at the crossroad of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation in atherosclerosis and neointimal formation. Atherosclerosis 2022:S0021-9150(22)01542-8. [PMID: 36513554 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite extraordinary advances in the comprehension of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and the employment of very effective treatments, cardiovascular diseases are still a major cause of mortality and represent a large share of health expenditure worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting the medium and large arteries, which consists of a progressive accumulation of fatty substances, cellular waste products and fibrous elements, which culminates in the buildup of a plaque obstructing the blood flow. Endothelial dysfunction represents an early pathological event, favoring immune cells recruitment and triggering local inflammation. The release of inflammatory cytokines and other signaling molecules stimulates phenotypic modifications in the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells, which, in physiological conditions, are responsible for the maintenance of vessels architecture while regulating vascular tone. Vascular smooth muscle cells are highly plastic and may respond to disease stimuli by de-differentiating and losing their contractility, while increasing their synthetic, proliferative, and migratory capacity. This phenotypic switching is considered a pathological hallmark of atherogenesis and is ruled by the activation of selective gene programs. The advent of genomics and the improvement of sequencing technologies deepened our knowledge of the complex gene expression regulatory networks mediated by non-coding RNAs, and favored the rise of innovative therapeutic approaches targeting the non-coding transcriptome. In the context of atherosclerosis, long non-coding RNAs have received increasing attention as potential translational targets, due to their contribution to the molecular dynamics modulating the expression of vascular smooth muscle cells contractile/synthetic gene programs. In this review, we will focus on the most well-characterized long non-coding RNAs contributing to atherosclerosis by controlling expression of the contractile apparatus and genes activated in perturbed vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fasolo
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Valentina Paloschi
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Berlin, Germany; Molecular Vascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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The Upregulation of HAS2-AS1 Relates to the Granulosa Cell Dysfunction by Repressing TGF-β Signaling and Upregulating HAS2. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0010722. [PMID: 35938797 PMCID: PMC9476914 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00107-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HAS2 antisense RNA 1 (HAS2-AS1) is a long noncoding RNA that has increased expression in mature granulosa cells (GCs) and contributes to cumulus expansion by regulating HAS2 expression. However, the roles of HAS2-AS1 during the pathological process of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are still unclear. This study investigated the roles of HAS2-AS1 in patients with PCOS. Here, a significant upregulation of HAS2-AS1 was found in the primary GCs from patients with PCOS, which was positively correlated with the level of the protein HAS2. The knockdown of HAS2 restored the upregulation of HAS2-AS1 in promoting migration but could not restore the effects of HAS2-AS1 overexpression in promoting proliferation and repressing apoptosis. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) upregulated HAS2-AS1 levels, while HAS2-AS1 functioned as a feedback inhibition factor repressing TGF-β signaling by inhibiting TGF-β receptor type 2 (TGFBR2) expression. HAS2-AS1 bonded with EZH2 and guided the polycomb complex 2 to the TGFBR2 promoter region. HAS2-AS1 overexpression induced H3K27 hypermethylation in the TGFBR2 promoter region and then repressed TGFBR2 transcription in KGN cells and primary GCs. In conclusion, we identified for the first time that HAS2-AS1 is upregulated in patients with PCOS and represses TGF-β signaling via inducing TGFBR2 promoter region hypermethylation, which allowed us to explore the pathological processes of PCOS.
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12
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CD44 Depletion in Glioblastoma Cells Suppresses Growth and Stemness and Induces Senescence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153747. [PMID: 35954411 PMCID: PMC9367353 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor, characterized by enhanced proliferation and invasion, as well as increased vascularization and chemoresistance. The expression of the hyaluronan receptor CD44 has been shown to correlate with GBM progression and poor prognosis. Here, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which CD44 promotes GBM progression by knocking out (KO) CD44, employing CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in U251MG cells. CD44-depleted cells exhibited an impaired proliferation rate, as shown by the decreased cell numbers, decreased Ki67-positive cell nuclei, diminished phosphorylation of CREB, and increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p16 compared to control cells. Furthermore, the CD44 KO cells showed decreased stemness and increased senescence, which was manifested upon serum deprivation. In stem cell-like enriched spheres, RNA-sequencing analysis of U251MG cells revealed a CD44 dependence for gene signatures related to hypoxia, the glycolytic pathway, and G2 to M phase transition. Partially similar results were obtained when cells were treated with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, which inhibits CD44 cleavage and therefore inhibits the release of the intracellular domain (ICD) of CD44, suggesting that certain transcriptional responses are dependent on CD44-ICD. Interestingly, the expression of molecules involved in hyaluronan synthesis, degradation, and interacting matrix proteins, as well as of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and PDGF receptors, were also deregulated in CD44 KO cells. These results were confirmed by the knockdown of CD44 in another GBM cell line, U2990. Notably, downregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) impaired the hypoxia-related genes and decreased the CD44 protein levels, suggesting a CD44/hyaluronan feedback circuit contributing to GBM progression.
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Parnigoni A, Viola M, Karousou E, Rovera S, Giaroni C, Passi A, Vigetti D. ROLE OF HYALURONAN IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VASCULAR1 ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C505-C519. [PMID: 35759431 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00061.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the blood vessel is hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA). It is a ubiquitous polysaccharide belonging to the family of glycosaminoglycans, but, differently from other proteoglycan-associated glycosaminoglycans, it is synthesized on the plasma membrane by a family of three HA synthases (HAS). HA can be released as a free polymer in the extracellular space or remain associated with the membrane in the pericellular space via HAS or via binding proteins. In fact, several cell surface proteins can interact with HA working as HA receptors like CD44, RHAMM, and LYVE-1. In physiological conditions, HA is localized in the glycocalyx and in the adventitia and is responsible for the loose and hydrated vascular structure favoring flexibility and allowing the stretching of vessels in response to mechanical forces. During atherogenesis, ECM undergoes dramatic alterations which have a crucial role in lipoprotein retention and in triggering multiple signaling cascades that wake up cells from their quiescent status. HA becomes highly present in the media and neointima favoring smooth muscle cells dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation that strongly contribute to vessel wall thickening. Further, HA is able to modulate immune cell recruitment both within the vessel wall and on the endothelial cell layer. This review is focused on the effects of HA on vascular cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Rovera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Liang S, Xv W, Li C, Huang Y, Qian G, Yan Y, Zou H, Li Y. Os LncRNAs Estão Envolvidos no Processo de Aterosclerose em Diversos Níveis. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 118:1134-1140. [PMID: 35703653 PMCID: PMC9345145 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A aterosclerose é a causa mais comum de doença cardiovascular em todo o mundo, ela está associada a uma alta incidência de eventos clínicos. O acúmulo de evidências elucidou que os RNAs longos não codificantes (LncRNAs) são uma nova classe de transcritos com papéis críticos nos processos fisiopatológicos da aterosclerose. Nesta revisão, resumimos o progresso recente dos LncRNAs no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Descrevemos principalmente os diversos mecanismos regulatórios dos LncRNAs nos níveis transcricionais e pós-transcricionais. Este estudo pode fornecer informações úteis sobre os LncRNAs como alvos terapêuticos ou biomarcadores para o tratamento da aterosclerose.
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15
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Karalis T, Skandalis SS. Hyaluronan network: a driving force in cancer progression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C145-C158. [PMID: 35649255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is one of the most abundant macromolecules of the extracellular matrix and regulates several physiological cell and tissue properties. However, hyaluronan has been shown to accumulate together with its receptors in various cancers. In tumors, accumulation of hyaluronan system components (hyaluronan synthesizing/degrading enzymes and interacting proteins) associates with poor outcomes of the patients. In this article, we review the main roles of hyaluronan in normal physiology and cancer, and further discuss the targeting of hyaluronan system as an applicable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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16
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Parnigoni A, Caon I, Teo WX, Hua SH, Moretto P, Bartolini B, Viola M, Karousou E, Yip GW, Götte M, Heldin P, Passi A, Vigetti D. The natural antisense transcript HAS2-AS1 regulates breast cancer cells aggressiveness independently from hyaluronan metabolism. Matrix Biol 2022; 109:140-161. [PMID: 35395387 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix component playing a crucial role in the regulation of cell behaviors, including cancer. Aggressive breast cancer cells tend to proliferate, migrate and metastatize. Notably, triple-negative breast cancer cells lacking the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) as well as progesterone receptor and HER2 are more aggressive than ER-positive ones. As currently no targeted therapy is available for triple-negative breast cancer, the identification of novel therapeutic targets has a high clinical priority. In ER-negative cells, tumoral behavior can be reduced by inhibiting HA synthesis or silencing the enzymes involved in its metabolism, such as HA synthase 2 (HAS2). HAS2-AS1 is a long non-coding RNA belonging to the natural antisense transcript family which is known to favor HAS2 gene expression and HA synthesis, thus bolstering malignant progression in brain, ovary, and lung tumors. As the role of HAS2-AS1 has not yet been investigated in breast cancer, in this work we report that ER-positive breast cancers had lower HAS2-AS1 expression compared to ER-negative tumors. Moreover, the survival of patients with ER-negative tumors was higher when the expression of HAS2-AS1 was elevated. Experiments with ER-negative cell lines as MDA-MB-231 and Hs 578T revealed that the overexpression of either the full-length HAS2-AS1 or its exon 2 long or short isoforms alone, strongly reduced cell viability, migration, and invasion, whereas HAS2-AS1 silencing increased cell aggressiveness. Unexpectedly, in these ER-negative cell lines, HAS2-AS1 is involved neither in the regulation of HAS2 nor in HA deposition. Finally, transcriptome analysis revealed that HAS2-AS1 modulation affected several pathways, including apoptosis, proliferation, motility, adhesion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and signaling, describing this long non-coding RNA as an important regulator of breast cancer cells aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Parnigoni
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Wei Xuan Teo
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 4 Medical Drive, Block MD10, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - San Hue Hua
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 4 Medical Drive, Block MD10, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Paola Moretto
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - George W Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 4 Medical Drive, Block MD10, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Paraskevi Heldin
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto Passi
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Insubria - via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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17
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Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Moretto P, Moro E, Crema F, Maggi F, Karousou E, Viola M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Giaroni C, Baj A. Hyaluronan: A Neuroimmune Modulator in the Microbiota-Gut Axis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010126. [PMID: 35011688 PMCID: PMC8750446 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining host gut homeostasis by controlling several metabolic, neuronal and immune functions. Conversely, changes in the gut microenvironment may alter the saprophytic microbial community and function, hampering the positive relationship with the host. In this bidirectional interplay between the gut microbiota and the host, hyaluronan (HA), an unbranched glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix, has a multifaceted role. HA is fundamental for bacterial metabolism and influences bacterial adhesiveness to the mucosal layer and diffusion across the epithelial barrier. In the host, HA may be produced and distributed in different cellular components within the gut microenvironment, playing a role in the modulation of immune and neuronal responses. This review covers the more recent studies highlighting the relevance of HA as a putative modulator of the communication between luminal bacteria and the host gut neuro-immune axis both in health and disease conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
- Centre of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0332-217412; Fax: +39-0332-217111
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.B.); (P.M.); (F.M.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (A.P.); (D.V.); (A.B.)
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18
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You A, Gu J, Wang J, Li J, Zhang Y, Rao G, Ge X, Zhang K, Gao X, Wang D. Value of long non-coding RNA HAS2-AS1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of glioma. Neurologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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19
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Parnigoni A, Caon I, Moretto P, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. The role of the multifaceted long non-coding RNAs: A nuclear-cytosolic interplay to regulate hyaluronan metabolism. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100060. [PMID: 34435179 PMCID: PMC8377009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the extracellular matrix (ECM), the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA) has different physiological roles favouring hydration, elasticity and cell survival. Three different isoforms of HA synthases (HAS1, 2, and 3) are responsible for the production of HA. In several pathologies the upregulation of HAS enzymes leads to an abnormal HA accumulation causing cell dedifferentiation, proliferation and migration thus favouring cancer progression, fibrosis and vascular wall thickening. An intriguing new player in HAS2 gene expression regulation and HA production is the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) hyaluronan synthase 2 antisense 1 (HAS2-AS1). A significant part of mammalian genomes corresponds to genes that transcribe lncRNAs; they can regulate gene expression through several mechanisms, being involved not only in maintaining the normal homeostasis of cells and tissues, but also in the onset and progression of different diseases, as demonstrated by the increasing number of studies published through the last decades. HAS2-AS1 is no exception: it can be localized both in the nucleus and in the cytosol, regulating cancer cells as well as vascular smooth muscle cells behaviour. Hyaluronan is a component of the extracellular matrix and is synthetised by three isoenzymes named HAS1, 2, and 3. In several pathologies an upregulation of HAS2 leads to an abnormal accumulation of HA. The long non-coding RNA is a new specific epigenetic regulator of HAS2. In the nucleus HAS2-AS1 modulates chromatin structure around HAS2 promoter increasing transcription. In the cytosol, HAS2-AS1 can interact with several miRNAs altering the expression of several genes as well as can stabilise HAS2 mRNA forming RNA: RNA duplex.
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Key Words
- 4-MU, 4-methylubelliferone
- 4-MUG, 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide
- Atherosclerosis
- Cancer
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- Epigenetics
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycans
- Glycosaminoglycans
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1
- HAS2–AS1, hyaluronan synthase 2 natural antisense 1
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κ–light-chain enhancer of activated B cell
- PG, proteoglycan
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Proteoglycans
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
- UDP-GlcUA, UDP-glucuronic acid
- ceRNA, competitive endogenous RNA
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- miRNA, micro-RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
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20
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Marozzi M, Parnigoni A, Negri A, Viola M, Vigetti D, Passi A, Karousou E, Rizzi F. Inflammation, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, and Proteostasis in Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158102. [PMID: 34360868 PMCID: PMC8346982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted and complex pathology characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Most cancers are recognized by an inflammatory environment rich in a myriad of factors produced by immune infiltrate cells that induce host cells to differentiate and to produce a matrix that is more favorable to tumor cells’ survival and metastasis. As a result, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is changed in terms of macromolecules content, degrading enzymes, and proteins. Altered ECM components, derived from remodeling processes, interact with a variety of surface receptors triggering intracellular signaling that, in turn, cancer cells exploit to their own benefit. This review aims to present the role of different aspects of ECM components in the tumor microenvironment. Particularly, we highlight the effect of pro- and inflammatory factors on ECM degrading enzymes, such as metalloproteases, and in a more detailed manner on hyaluronan metabolism and the signaling pathways triggered by the binding of hyaluronan with its receptors. In addition, we sought to explore the role of extracellular chaperones, especially of clusterin which is one of the most prominent in the extracellular space, in proteostasis and signaling transduction in the tumor microenvironment. Although the described tumor microenvironment components have different biological roles, they may engage common signaling pathways that favor tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (A.N.); (F.R.)
| | - Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (M.V.); (D.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Aide Negri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (A.N.); (F.R.)
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (M.V.); (D.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (M.V.); (D.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (M.V.); (D.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.P.); (M.V.); (D.V.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (A.N.); (F.R.)
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Rey F, Urrata V, Gilardini L, Bertoli S, Calcaterra V, Zuccotti GV, Cancello R, Carelli S. Role of long non-coding RNAs in adipogenesis: State of the art and implications in obesity and obesity-associated diseases. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13203. [PMID: 33443301 PMCID: PMC8244036 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an evolutionary, chronic, and relapsing disease that consists of a pathological accumulation of adipose tissue able to increase morbidity for high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea in adults, children, and adolescents. Despite intense research over the last 20 years, obesity remains today a disease with a complex and multifactorial etiology. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as interesting new regulators as different lncRNAs have been found to play a role in early and late phases of adipogenesis and to be implicated in obesity-associated complications onset. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of lncRNAs in adipocyte biology and in obesity-associated complications. Indeed, more and more researchers are focusing on investigating the underlying roles that these molecular modulators could play. Even if a significant number of evidence is correlation-based, with lncRNAs being differentially expressed in a specific disease, recent works are now focused on deeply analyzing how lncRNAs can effectively modulate the disease pathogenesis onset and progression. LncRNAs possibly represent new molecular markers useful in the future for both the early diagnosis and a prompt clinical management of patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Urrata
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Gilardini
- Obesity Unit-Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Obesity Unit-Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital "V. Buzzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital "V. Buzzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cancello
- Obesity Unit-Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Lei CS, Kung HJ, Shih JW. Long Non-Coding RNAs as Functional Codes for Oral Cancer: Translational Potential, Progress and Promises. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4903. [PMID: 34063159 PMCID: PMC8124393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the leading malignant tumors worldwide. Despite the advent of multidisciplinary approaches, the overall prognosis of patients with oral cancer is poor, mainly due to late diagnosis. There is an urgent need to develop valid biomarkers for early detection and effective therapies. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recognized as key elements of gene regulation, with pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Over the past few years, an exponentially growing number of lncRNAs have been identified and linked to tumorigenesis and prognosis outcomes in oral cancer, illustrating their emerging roles in oral cancer progression and the associated signaling pathways. Herein, we aim to summarize the most recent advances made concerning oral cancer-associated lncRNA, and their expression, involvement, and potential clinical impact, reported to date, with a specific focus on the lncRNA-mediated molecular regulation in oncogenic signaling cascades and oral malignant progression, while exploring their potential, and challenges, for clinical applications as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cing-Syuan Lei
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Wen Shih
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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The transcription factor USF1 promotes glioma cell invasion and migration by activating lncRNA HAS2-AS1. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226032. [PMID: 32776110 PMCID: PMC7442972 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The role of lncRNAs in tumor has been widely concerned. The present study took HAS2-AS1 (the antisense RNA 1 of HAS2) as a starting point to explore its expression in glioma and its role in the process of migration and invasion, providing a strong theoretical basis for mining potential therapeutic targets of glioma. Methods: Clinical data of glioma were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed by edgeR. The hTFtarget database was used to predict the upstream transcription factors of HAS2-AS1 and the JASPAR website was used to predict the binding sites of human upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) and HAS2-AS1. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of HAS2-AS1 and USF1 in glioma tissues and cell lines. The effects of silencing HAS2-AS1 on the migration and invasion of cancer cells were verified by wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were applied to demonstrate the binding of USF1 and HAS2-AS1 promoter region. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. Results: HAS2-AS1 was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cells, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Silencing HAS2-AS1 expression inhibited glioma cell migration, invasion and EMT. USF1 was highly expressed in glioma and positively correlated with HAS2-AS1. The transcription of HAS2-AS1 was activated by USF1 via binding to HAS2-AS1 promoter region, consequently potentiating the invasion and migration abilities of glioma cells. Conclusion: These results suggested that the transcription factor USF1 induced up-regulation of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 and promoted glioma cell invasion and migration.
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Yang J, Feng E, Ren Y, Qiu S, Zhao L, Li X. Long non-coding (lnc)RNA profiling and the role of a key regulator lnc-PNRC2-1 in the transforming growth factor- β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of CNE1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521996515. [PMID: 33752469 PMCID: PMC7995461 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521996515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify key long non-coding (lnc)RNAs responsible for the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CNE1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and to investigate possible regulatory mechanisms in EMT. Methods CNE1 cells were divided into transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT and control groups. The mRNA and protein expression of EMT markers was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were identified by RNA sequencing analysis, and DEG functions were analyzed by gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. EMT marker expression was re-evaluated by western blotting after knockdown of a selected lncRNA. Results TGF-β1-induced EMT was characterized by decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin, N-cadherin, and Twist expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Sixty lncRNA genes were clustered in a heatmap, and mRNA expression of 14 dysregulated lncRNAs was consistent with RNA sequencing. Knockdown of lnc-PNRC2-1 increased expression of its antisense gene MYOM3 and reduced expression of EMT markers, resembling treatment with the TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor LY2109761. Conclusion Various lncRNAs participated indirectly in the TGF-β1-induced EMT of CNE1 cells. Lnc-PNRC2-1 may be a key regulator of this and is a potential target to alleviate CNE1 cell EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Head and Neck Tumor Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province & Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Enzi Feng
- Head and Neck Tumor Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province & Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanxin Ren
- Head and Neck Tumor Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province & Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shun Qiu
- Head and Neck Tumor Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province & Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liufang Zhao
- Head and Neck Tumor Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province & Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- Head and Neck Tumor Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province & Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
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The Secreted Protein C10orf118 Is a New Regulator of Hyaluronan Synthesis Involved in Tumour-Stroma Cross-Talk. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051105. [PMID: 33807583 PMCID: PMC7961460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hyaluronan is a main glycosaminoglycan in extracellular matrix with an important role in breast cancer progression. Alterations in its synthesis and size may affect tu-mour growth and metastasis. Communication between stromal and breast cancer cells consists of the secretion of factors that provoke a series of cell signalling that influence cell fate and tis-sue microenvironment, by favouring tumour cell survival and motility. Here, we present the c10orf118 protein expressed in high amounts by breast tumour cells as a new regulator in hya-luronan synthesis. This protein is found both in Golgi and secreted in the extracellular matrix, whereas its role is still unknown. The secreted c10orf118 is found to induce hyaluronan synthase 2 in normal fibroblasts. Importantly, high expression of c10orf118 is positively correlated to pa-tient’s survival and to a low metastasis. Abstract Interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment is central in defining the fate of cancer development. Tumour cells secrete signals (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) that modify the surrounding area, while the niche supplies structures and activities necessary for tumour maintenance and growth. Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan that constitute cancer cell niche and is known to influence tumour functions such as proliferation, migration and neoangiogenesis. The knowledge of the factors regulating HA synthesis and size is crucial in understanding the mechanisms sustaining tumour development. Here we show that a yet uncharacterized protein secreted by breast tumour cell lines, named c10orf118 (accession number NM_018017 in NCBI/BLAST, and Q7z3E2 according to the Uniprot identifier), with a predicted length of 898 amino acids, can induce the secretion of HA by stromal fibroblasts through the up-regulation of the hyaluronan synthase 2 gene (HAS2). Intracellularly, this protein is localized in the Golgi apparatus with a possible role in vesicle maturation and transport. The expression of c10orf118 was verified in breast cancer patient specimens and was found to be associated with the presence of estrogen receptor that characterizes a good patient survival. We suggest c10orf118 as a new player that influences the HA amount in breast cancer microenvironment and is associated with low aggressiveness of cancer.
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Tavianatou AG, Piperigkou Z, Koutsakis C, Barbera C, Beninatto R, Franchi M, Karamanos NK. The action of hyaluronan in functional properties, morphology and expression of matrix effectors in mammary cancer cells depends on its molecular size. FEBS J 2021; 288:4291-4310. [PMID: 33512780 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer constitutes a heterogeneous disease. The expression profiles of estrogen receptors (ERs), as well as the expression patterns of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, determine its development and progression. Hyaluronan (HA) is an ECM molecule that regulates breast cancer cells' properties in a molecular size-dependent way. Previous studies have shown that 200-kDa HA fragments modulate the functional properties, morphology, and expression of several matrix mediators of the highly metastatic ERα- /ERβ+ MDA-MB-231 cells. In order to evaluate the effects of HA fragments (< 10, 30 and 200-kDa) in ERβ-suppressed breast cancer cells, the shERβ MDA-MB-231 cells were used. These cells are less aggressive when compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. To this end, the functional properties, the morphology, and the expression of the molecules associated with breast cancer cells metastatic potential were studied. Notably, both cell proliferation and invasion were significantly reduced after treatment with 200-kDa HA. Moreover, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy, 200-kDa HA affected cellular morphology, and as assessed by qPCR, upregulated the epithelial marker Ε-cadherin. The expression profiles of ECM mediators, such as HAS2, CD44, and MMP7, were also altered. On the other hand, cellular migration and the expression levels of syndecan-4 (SDC-4) were not significantly affected in contrast to our observations regarding MDA-MB-231 cells. These novel data demonstrate that the molecular size of the HA determines its effects on ERβ-suppressed breast cancer cells and that 200-kDa HA exhibits antiproliferative effects on these cells. A deeper understanding of this mechanism may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia-Gerasimoula Tavianatou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Koutsakis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
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Qiang A, Slawson C, Fields PE. The Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Immune Cell Activation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:596617. [PMID: 33986724 PMCID: PMC8112354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.596617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic post-translational modification where the sugar, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is added to or removed from various cytoplasmic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins. This modification is regulated by only two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which adds O-GlcNAc, and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which removes the sugar from proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is integral to maintaining normal cellular function, especially in processes such as nutrient sensing, metabolism, transcription, and growth and development of the cell. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been associated with a number of pathological conditions, including, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in immune cell growth/proliferation, or other immune responses, is currently incompletely understood. In this review, we highlight the effects of O-GlcNAcylation on certain cells of the immune system, especially those involved in pro-inflammatory responses associated with diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Qiang
- Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Chad Slawson
- Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Patrick E. Fields
- Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick E. Fields,
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Caon I, Parnigoni A, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. Cell Energy Metabolism and Hyaluronan Synthesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:35-47. [PMID: 32623953 PMCID: PMC7780193 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420929772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesized by three hyaluronan synthases (HASes) at the plasma membrane using uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as substrates. The production of HA is mainly regulated by hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), that can be controlled at different levels, from epigenetics to transcriptional and post-translational modifications. HA biosynthesis is an energy-consuming process and, along with HA catabolism, is strongly connected to the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. The cytoplasmic pool of UDP-sugars is critical for HA synthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an important nutrient sensor and serves as donor substrate for the O-GlcNAcylation of many cytosolic proteins, including HAS2. This post-translational modification stabilizes HAS2 in the membrane and increases HA production. Conversely, HAS2 can be phosphorylated by AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master metabolic regulator activated by low ATP/AMP ratios, which inhibits HA secretion. Similarly, HAS2 expression and the deposition of HA within the pericellular coat are inhibited by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), another important energetic sensor, confirming the tight connection between nutrients availability and HA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Pibuel MA, Poodts D, Díaz M, Hajos SE, Lompardía SL. The scrambled story between hyaluronan and glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100549. [PMID: 33744285 PMCID: PMC8050860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer biology are revealing the importance of the cancer cell microenvironment on tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Hyaluronan (HA), the main glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix, has been associated with the progression of glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and lethal primary tumor in the central nervous system, for several decades. However, the mechanisms by which HA impacts GBM properties and processes have been difficult to elucidate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on HA's effects on GBM biology, introducing its primary receptors CD44 and RHAMM and the plethora of relevant downstream signaling pathways that can scramble efforts to directly link HA activity to biological outcomes. We consider the complexities of studying an extracellular polymer and the different strategies used to try to capture its function, including 2D and 3D in vitro studies, patient samples, and in vivo models. Given that HA affects not only migration and invasion, but also cell proliferation, adherence, and chemoresistance, we highlight the potential role of HA as a therapeutic target. Finally, we review the different existing approaches to diminish its protumor effects, such as the use of 4-methylumbelliferone, HA oligomers, and hyaluronidases and encourage further research along these lines in order to improve the survival and quality of life of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Arturo Pibuel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Poodts
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Mariángeles Díaz
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Silvia Elvira Hajos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Silvina Laura Lompardía
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.
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Gebe JA, Gooden MD, Workman G, Nagy N, Bollyky PL, Wight TN, Vernon RB. Modulation of hyaluronan synthases and involvement of T cell-derived hyaluronan in autoimmune responses to transplanted islets. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 9:100052. [PMID: 33718858 PMCID: PMC7930869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) accumulates in human and mouse islets during the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). HA plays a critical role in T1D pathogenesis, as spontaneous disease is blocked in mice fed the HA synthesis inhibitor 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU). The present study demonstrates the involvement of HA in T cell-mediated autoimmune responses to transplanted islets and in in vivo and in vitro T cell activation. Scaffolded islet implants (SIs) loaded with RIP-mOVA mouse islets expressing chicken ovalbumin (OVA) on their β cells were grafted into T and B cell-deficient RIP-mOVA mice, which subsequently received CD4+ T cells from DO11.10 transgenic mice bearing OVA peptide-specific T cell receptors (TcRs), followed by injection of OVA peptide to induce an immune response to the OVA-expressing islets. By affinity histochemistry (AHC), HA was greatly increased in grafted islets with T cell infiltrates (compared to islets grafted into mice lacking T cells) and a portion of this HA co-localized with the infiltrating T cells. Transferred T cells underwent HA synthase (HAS) isoform switching – T cells isolated from the SI grafts strongly upregulated HAS1 and HAS2 mRNAs and downregulated HAS3 mRNA, in contrast to T cells from graft-draining mesenteric lymph nodes, which expressed HAS3 mRNA only. Expression of HAS1 and HAS2 proteins by T cells in SI infiltrates was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). DO11.10 mice fed 4MU had suppressed in vivo T cell immune priming (measured as a reduced recall response to OVA peptide) compared to T cells from control mice fed a normal diet. In co-cultures of naïve DO11.10 T cells and OVA peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APCs), pre-exposure of the T cells (but not pre-exposure of APCs) to 4MU inhibited early T cell activation (CD69 expression). In addition, T cells exposed to 4MU during activation in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies had inhibited phosphorylation of the CD3ζ subunit of the TcR, a very early event in TcR signaling. Collectively, our results demonstrate that T cell-derived HA plays a significant role in T cell immune responses, and that expression of T cell HAS isoforms changes in a locale-specific manner during in vivo priming and functional phases of the T cell response. T cell infiltration of transplanted islets resulted in increased HA in the islets. Some of the HA in T cell-infiltrated islets was directly associated with T cells. T cells from SIs vs. MLNs differentially expressed mRNA for HAS isoforms 1–3. 4MU suppressed T cell activation and increased the proportion of Tregs in vivo. Exposure of T cells to 4MU inhibited their activation by APCs or mAbs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Gebe
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michel D. Gooden
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail Workman
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B. Vernon
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Chen CG, Iozzo RV. Angiostatic cues from the matrix: Endothelial cell autophagy meets hyaluronan biology. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16797-16812. [PMID: 33020183 PMCID: PMC7864073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix encompasses a reservoir of bioactive macromolecules that modulates a cornucopia of biological functions. A prominent body of work posits matrix constituents as master regulators of autophagy and angiogenesis and provides molecular insight into how these two processes are coordinated. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hyaluronan and HAS2 regulation and the role of soluble proteoglycan in affecting autophagy and angiogenesis. Specifically, we assess the role of proteoglycan-evoked autophagy in regulating angiogenesis via the HAS2-hyaluronan axis and ATG9A, a novel HAS2 binding partner. We discuss extracellular hyaluronan biology and the post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that regulate its main synthesizer, HAS2. We highlight the emerging group of proteoglycans that utilize outside-in signaling to modulate autophagy and angiogenesis in cancer microenvironments and thoroughly review the most up-to-date understanding of endorepellin signaling in vascular endothelia, providing insight into the temporal complexities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Chen
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Wen Y, Chen H, Luo F, Zhou H, Li Z. Roles of long noncoding RNAs in bacterial infection. Life Sci 2020; 263:118579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Kobayashi T, Chanmee T, Itano N. Hyaluronan: Metabolism and Function. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1525. [PMID: 33171800 PMCID: PMC7695009 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major polysaccharide component of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan plays essential roles in the organization of tissue architecture and the regulation of cellular functions, such as cell proliferation and migration, through interactions with cell-surface receptors and binding molecules. Metabolic pathways for biosynthesis and degradation tightly control the turnover rate, concentration, and molecular size of hyaluronan in tissues. Despite the relatively simple chemical composition of this polysaccharide, its wide range of molecular weights mediate diverse functions that depend on molecular size and tissue concentration. Genetic engineering and pharmacological approaches have demonstrated close associations between hyaluronan metabolism and functions in many physiological and pathological events, including morphogenesis, wound healing, and inflammation. Moreover, emerging evidence has suggested that the accumulation of hyaluronan extracellular matrix and fragments due to the altered expression of hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronidases potentiates cancer development and progression by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. In addition to the well-known functions exerted by extracellular hyaluronan, recent metabolomic approaches have also revealed that its synthesis can regulate cellular functions via the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. This review highlights the current advances in knowledge on the biosynthesis and catabolism of hyaluronan and describes the diverse functions associated with hyaluronan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan;
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Naoki Itano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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Wang J, Zhang Y, You A, Li J, Gu J, Rao G, Ge X, Zhang K, Fu H, Liu X, Li J, Wang Q, Wu X, Cheng L, Zhu M, Wang D. HAS2-AS1 Acts as a Molecular Sponge for miR-137 and Promotes the Invasion and Migration of Glioma Cells by Targeting EZH2. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2826-2835. [PMID: 33064966 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1826237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism by which HAS2-AS1 acts as a ceRNA to promote the invasion and migration of glioma cells, which will provide a novel potential target for the targeted therapy of glioma. Gene expression profiles and corresponding clinical data were accessed from the TCGA_LGG and TCGA_GBM databases and then differential analysis was conducted using the "edgeR" package. miRDB, miRTarBase and TargetScan databases were employed to predict target genes and sequentially a ceRNA network was constructed. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect gene expression in glioma cells. Transwell assay was operated to assess cell migratory and invasive abilities. Western blot was conducted to evaluate the protein expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation experiment were performed to validate the targeting relationship between genes. HAS2-AS1 was markedly upregulated in glioma, and the overall survival time of patients with high HAS2-AS1 expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with low one. Silencing HAS2-AS1 inhibited the migration and invasion of glioma cells, while overexpressing HAS2-AS1 produced opposite results. miR-137 was validated as a direct target of and negatively regulated by HAS2-AS1. Further exploration of the downstream target gene indicated that EZH2 competed with HAS2-AS1 to interact with miR-137. Suppressing miR-137 or up-regulating EZH2 reversed the impact of HAS2-AS1 knockdown on glioma cell invasion and migration. HAS2-AS1 regulates EZH2 by sponging miR-137 for the migratory and invasive abilities of glioma cells, which provides a new idea for exploring metastasis mechanism of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Aiwu You
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Jingshun Gu
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Guomin Rao
- The Fourth Department of Neurology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Xuehua Ge
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Haoyu Fu
- The Department of Radiology, Tangshan People's Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- The Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangshan People's Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- The Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangshan People's Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Qianchao Wang
- The Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangshan People's Hospital , Tangshan, China
| | - Xiaotang Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation , Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation , Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation , Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchun Wang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan, China
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Chatham JC, Zhang J, Wende AR. Role of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Protein Modification in Cellular (Patho)Physiology. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:427-493. [PMID: 32730113 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1980s, the identification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins modified by a N-acetylglucosamine moiety (O-GlcNAc) via an O-linkage overturned the widely held assumption that glycosylation only occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory pathways. In contrast to traditional glycosylation, the O-GlcNAc modification does not lead to complex, branched glycan structures and is rapidly cycled on and off proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Since its discovery, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to contribute to numerous cellular functions, including signaling, protein localization and stability, transcription, chromatin remodeling, mitochondrial function, and cell survival. Dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases, such as diabetes, diabetic complications, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will outline our current understanding of the processes involved in regulating O-GlcNAc turnover, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cellular physiology, and how dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling contributes to pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Narvaez CJ, LaPorta E, Robilotto S, Liang J, Welsh J. Inhibition of HAS2 and hyaluronic acid production by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2889-2905. [PMID: 32774770 PMCID: PMC7392624 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) induces growth arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro, however the exact mechanisms are unclear. Although the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand dependent transcription factor, is required for growth regulation by vitamin D, the specific target genes that trigger these effects are unknown. Genomic profiling of murine mammary tumor cells with differential VDR expression identified 35 transcripts that were altered by the 1,25D3-VDR complex including Hyaluronan Synthase-2 (Has2). Here we confirmed that 1,25D3 reduces both HAS2 gene expression and hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis in multiple models of breast cancer. Furthermore, we show that the growth inhibitory effects of 1,25D3 are partially reversed in the presence of high molecular weight HA. HAS2 expression and HA production are elevated in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells induced to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through stable expression of TGFβ, SNAIL or TWIST and in those expressing oncogenic H-RASV12, indicating that deregulation of HA production may be an early and frequent event in breast tumorigenesis. 1,25D3 also reduces HA secretion and acts additively with an HA synthesis inhibitor to slow growth of cells expressing TGFβ, SNAIL and TWIST. Analysis of mammary gland and tumors from Vdr knockout mice suggest that loss of VDR is associated with enhanced HAS2 expression and HA production in vivo. These data define a novel role for 1,25D3 and the VDR in control of HA synthesis in epithelial tissues that likely contributes to its anti-cancer actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Narvaez
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Joint first authors
| | - Erika LaPorta
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Joint first authors
| | | | - Jennifer Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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Pierce JB, Feinberg MW. Long Noncoding RNAs in Atherosclerosis and Vascular Injury: Pathobiology, Biomarkers, and Targets for Therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2002-2017. [PMID: 32698685 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis and its risk factors, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a major clinical and financial burden on individuals and health systems worldwide. In addition, neointima formation and proliferation due to mechanical trauma to the vessel wall during percutaneous coronary interventions can lead to vascular restenosis and limit the longevity and effectiveness of coronary revascularization. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of epigenetic regulators with critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis following vascular injury. Here, we provide an in-depth review of lncRNAs that regulate the development of atherosclerosis or contribute to the pathogenesis of restenosis following mechanical vascular injury. We describe the diverse array of intracellular mechanisms by which lncRNAs exert their regulatory effects. We highlight the utility and challenges of lncRNAs as biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the immense translational potential of lncRNAs and strategies for targeting them therapeutically using oligonucleotide-based therapeutics and novel gene therapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Pierce
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.P., M.W.F.).,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (J.B.P.)
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.P., M.W.F.)
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38
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Iozzo RV, Theocharis AD, Neill T, Karamanos NK. Complexity of matrix phenotypes. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100038. [PMID: 33543032 PMCID: PMC7852209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is engaged in an ever-evolving and elegant ballet of dynamic reciprocity that directly and bi-directionally regulates cell behavior. Homeostatic and pathophysiological changes in cell-matrix signaling cascades manifest as complex matrix phenotypes. Indeed, the extracellular matrix can be implicated in virtually every known human disease, thus, making it the most critical and dynamic "organ" in the human body. The overall goal of this Special Issue is to provide an accurate and inclusive functional definition that addresses the inherent complexity of matrix phenotypes. This goal is summarily achieved via a corpus of expertly written articles, reviews and original research, focused at answering this question empirically and fundamentally via state-of-the-art methods and research strategies.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- Angiogenesis
- Cancer
- Collagen
- DDR1, discoidin domain receptor 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMILIN1, elastin microfibril interfacer 1
- EMILIN2, elastin microfibril interfacer 2
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERα, estrogen receptor α
- ERβ, estrogen receptor β
- GBM, glioblastoma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1, HAS2 antisense 1
- HB-EGF, heparin binding EGF
- HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-Hook 2
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer
- IGF-IR, insulin growth factor I receptor
- IR-A, insulin receptor A
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- LOX, lysyl oxidases
- LTBP, latent TGFβ-binding proteins
- MAGP, microfibril-associated glycoproteins
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- Methodologies
- OB, osteoblast
- OI, osteogenesis imperfecta
- PARs, protease activated receptors
- PG, proteoglycans
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Proteoglycans
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SLRP, small leucine rich proteoglycans
- SSR, solar-simulated radiation
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNT, tunneling nanotubes
- UVR, ultraviolet radiation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- miR, microRNA
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Wang G, Tiemeier GL, van den Berg BM, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial Glycocalyx Hyaluronan: Regulation and Role in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:781-790. [PMID: 32035886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is critically involved in vascular integrity and homeostasis, by regulating vascular permeability, regulating mechanotransduction, and reducing inflammation and coagulation. The turnover of the glycocalyx is dynamic to fine-tune these processes. This is in particular true for its main structural component, hyaluronan (HA). Degradation and shedding of the glycocalyx by enzymes, such as hyaluronidase 1 and hyaluronidase 2, are responsible for regulation of the glycocalyx thickness and hence access of circulating cells and factors to the endothelial cell membrane and its receptors. This degradation process will at the same time also allow for resynthesis and adaptive chemical modification of the glycocalyx. The (re)synthesis of HA is dependent on the availability of its sugar substrates, thus linking glycocalyx biology directly to cellular glucose metabolism. It is therefore of particular interest to consider the consequences of dysregulated cellular glucose in diabetes for glycocalyx biology and its implications for endothelial function. This review summarizes the metabolic regulation of endothelial glycocalyx HA and its potential as a therapeutic target in diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqi Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gesa L Tiemeier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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40
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Caon I, Bartolini B, Moretto P, Parnigoni A, Caravà E, Vitale DL, Alaniz L, Viola M, Karousou E, De Luca G, Hascall VC, Passi A, Vigetti D. Sirtuin 1 reduces hyaluronan synthase 2 expression by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB and expression of the long-noncoding RNA HAS2-AS1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3485-3496. [PMID: 31932306 PMCID: PMC7076221 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is one of the most prevalent glycosaminoglycans of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM). Abnormal HA accumulation within blood vessel walls is associated with tissue inflammation and is prominent in most vascular pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) is the main hyaluronan synthase enzyme involved in HA synthesis and uses cytosolic UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-GlcNAc as substrates. The synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid can alter the NAD+/NADH ratio via the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, which oxidizes the alcohol group at C6 to the COO- group. Here, we show that HAS2 expression can be modulated by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), the master metabolic sensor of the cell, belonging to the class of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Our results revealed the following. 1) Treatments of human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) with SIRT1 activators (SRT1720 and resveratrol) inhibit both HAS2 expression and accumulation of pericellular HA coats. 2) Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) induced HA-mediated monocyte adhesion and AoSMC migration, whereas SIRT1 activation prevented immune cell recruitment and cell motility by reducing the expression levels of the receptor for HA-mediated motility, RHAMM, and the HA-binding protein TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG6). 3) SIRT1 activation prevented nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65), which, in turn, reduced the levels of HAS2-AS1, a long-noncoding RNA that epigenetically controls HAS2 mRNA expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that both HAS2 expression and HA accumulation by AoSMCs are down-regulated by the metabolic sensor SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Caravà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daiana L Vitale
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As., Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. (CIT NOBA UNNOBA-CONICET), B6000, Junín, Argentina
| | - Laura Alaniz
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As., Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. (CIT NOBA UNNOBA-CONICET), B6000, Junín, Argentina
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giancarlo De Luca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Lerner Research Institute, ND20, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Piperigkou Z, Karamanos NK. Dynamic Interplay between miRNAs and the Extracellular Matrix Influences the Tumor Microenvironment. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:1076-1088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chokchaitaweesuk C, Kobayashi T, Izumikawa T, Itano N. Enhanced hexosamine metabolism drives metabolic and signaling networks involving hyaluronan production and O-GlcNAcylation to exacerbate breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:803. [PMID: 31645543 PMCID: PMC6811536 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) metabolically regulates dynamic cellular events by linking nutrient availability to numerous signaling networks. Significant alterations in the HBP are often associated with cancer pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the molecular events underlying cancer pathogenesis associated with enhanced HBP flux. Multidimensional analysis of microarray datasets demonstrated up-regulation of genes encoding HBP enzymes in clinical breast cancers and revealed that co-expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), a rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP, was strongly correlated with a poor prognosis in advanced cancer patients. Consistently with the clinical data, comparative analyses of distinct breast cancer mouse models demonstrated enhancement of the HBP gene expression in primary carcinoma cells, with elevation of Has2 expression and hyaluronan production in aggressive breast cancer cells. The silencing of GFAT reduced CD44high/CD24low cancer stem cell (CSC)-like subpopulations, aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cell populations, and mammosphere size, which were further diminished by gene targeting of Has2. Has2 gene disruption reduced the in vivo growth of aggressive cancer cells and attenuated pro-tumorigenic Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling and cisplatin resistance. Overall protein O-GlcNAcylation was also elevated in association with HBP enhancement in aggressive cancer cells, and the modification exhibited overlapping but distinct roles from the hyaluronan signal in the regulation of CSC-like features. The current data therefore demonstrate that enhanced hexosamine metabolism drives pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways involving hyaluronan and O-GlcNAcylation in aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Itano
- Division of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University Graduate School, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan.
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43
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Khegay II. Noncanonical effects of vasopressin in angiogenesis. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular action of vasopressin depends on the localization of hormonal receptors. The basic physiological effects of vasopressin are manifested in the blood vasculature, renal inner medulla and brain. To date, new information concerning the tissue-specific spreading of vasopressin receptors has been accumulated, and it needs to be summarized. Platelets and endotheliocytes expressing V1a and V2 receptor types, respectively, are related to less investigated targets of the hormone. Vasopressin induces the initial reversible stage of platelet activation, required for interaction with intercellular matrix proteins. Platelet adhesion on endothelium activates cellular secretion of growth factors and enzymes for intercellular matrix glucosamine metabolism. Platelet hyaluronidase HYAL2 hydrolyses high-molecular hyaluronic acid to shorter fragments. Unlike intact hyaluronic acid with a molecular weight of several megadaltons, generally showing distinctive antiangiogenic properties, intermediate fractions of hyaluronan hydrolysis in a range from 2.5 to 200 kilodaltons have a stimulating effect on angiogenesis. Intercellular contacts between platelets and endotheliocytes are stabilized due to adhesive transmembrane glycoprotein PECAM-1 interaction. Resulting PECAM-1 heterodimers acquire conformation with high affinity to integrins αvβ3. Integrin activation forms contact links between endothelium and fibrillar proteins. Activated endotheliocytes secrete von Willebrand factor and P-selectin. These proteins are accumulated in Weibel–Palade bodies. Vasopressin stimulates cAMP-dependent ACAP-regulated exocytosis of Weibel–Palade bodies. von Willebrand factor possesses adhesive properties and additionally accelerates interaction of cells with the intercellular matrix. Adhesion on fibrillar collagen and membrane glycoproteins in cooperation with effects of PECAM-1–αvβ3 integrin complexes fixes cell aggregates in the surrounding interstitium and promotes proliferating endotheliocyte migration in according to the direction of local growth factor gradients during angiogenesis. Neurohormonal regulation of platelet and endotheliocyte secretory activity functionally link proliferation and migration of endotheliocytes during angiogenesis and integrate it according to the adaptive capacity of the entire organism.
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44
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Hyaluronan-CD44 axis orchestrates cancer stem cell functions. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109377. [PMID: 31362044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of CD44 in tumor cell signaling together with its establishment as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker for various tumor entities imply a key role for CD44 in CSC functional properties. Hyaluronan, the main ligand of CD44, is a major constituent of CSC niche and, therefore, the hyaluronan-CD44 signaling axis is of functional importance in this special microenvironment. This review aims to provide recent advances in the importance of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions in the acquisition and maintenance of a CSC phenotype. Hyaluronan-CD44 axis has a substantial impact on stemness properties of CSCs and drug resistance through induction of EMT program, oxidative stress resistance, secretion of extracellular vesicles/exosomes and epigenetic control. Potential therapeutic approaches targeting CSCs based on the hyaluronan-CD44 axis are also presented.
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45
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Leeper NJ, Maegdefessel L. Non-coding RNAs: key regulators of smooth muscle cell fate in vascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:611-621. [PMID: 29300828 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) is one of the most plastic cells in the body. Understanding how non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate SMC cell-fate decision making in the vasculature has significantly enhanced our understanding of disease development, and opened up exciting new avenues for potential therapeutic applications. Recent studies on SMC physiology have in addition challenged our traditional view on their role and contribution to vascular disease, mainly in the setting of atherosclerosis as well as aneurysm disease, and restenosis after angioplasties. The impact of SMC behaviour on vascular disease is now recognized to be context dependent; SMC proliferation and migration can be harmful or beneficial, whereas their apoptosis, senescence, and switching into a more macrophage-like phenotype can promote inflammation and disease progression. This is in particular true for atherosclerosis-related diseases, where proliferation of SMCs was believed to promote lesion formation, but may also prevent plaque rupture by stabilizing the fibrous cap. Based on newer findings of genetic lineage tracing studies, it was revealed that SMC phenotypic switching can result in less-differentiated forms that lack classical SMC markers while exhibiting functions more related to macrophage-like cells. This switching can directly promote atherogenesis. The aim of this current review is to summarize and discuss how ncRNAs (mainly microRNAs and long ncRNAs) are involved in SMC plasticity, and how they directly affect vascular disease development and progression. Finally, we want to critically assess where potential future therapies could be useful to influence the burden of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, and German Center for Cardiovascular Research Center (DZHK) Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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Revisiting the hallmarks of cancer: The role of hyaluronan. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:9-19. [PMID: 31319162 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of macromolecules such as proteoglycans (PGs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fibrous proteins present within all tissues and organs. The main role of ECM is not only to provide an essential mechanical scaffold for the cells but also to mediate crucial biochemical cues that are required for tissue homeostasis. Dysregulations in ECM deposition alter cell microenvironment, triggering the onset or the rapid progression of several diseases, including cancer. Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous component of ECM considered as one of the main players of cancer initiation and progression. This review discusses how HA participate in and regulate several aspects of tumorigenesis, with particular attention to the hallmarks of cancer proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg such as sustaining of the proliferative signaling, evasion of apoptosis, angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastases, reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of immune response.
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Has2 natural antisense RNA and Hmga2 promote Has2 expression during TGFβ-induced EMT in breast cancer. Matrix Biol 2019; 80:29-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhao Z, Liang T, Feng S. Silencing of HAS2-AS1 mediates PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11510-11516. [PMID: 30790335 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2)-AS1 (natural antisense transcript of HAS2) functions as oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma. The role of HAS2-AS1 in glioma remains unknown. In our research, HAS2-AS1 expression was elevated in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues. Moreover, high levels of HAS2-AS1 expression was observed in patients with glioma with high WHO grade (III-IV) or large tumor size ( > 4 cm). The survival analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas showed glioma cases with high HAS2-AS1 expression that had shorter disease-free survival time and overall survival time than those with low HAS2-AS1 expression. In vitro studies suggested that knocking down HAS2-AS1 expression inhibited glioma cell viability, migration, and invasion through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. In conclusion, HAS2-AS1 may be considered as a predictor for clinical outcome and a potential therapeutic target in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiansong Liang
- Department of Radiotherpy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shijun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Attached to Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Gao Z, Zhou H, Wang Y, Chen J, Ou Y. Regulatory effects of lncRNA ATB targeting miR-200c on proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:332-343. [PMID: 31222825 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was intended to elucidate whether long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-activated by transforming growth factor-β (ATB) interacting with miR-200c could mediate colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, offering potential strategies for diagnosing and treating CRC. Here totally 315 patients with CRC were recruited, and their CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were gathered. Concurrently, four colon cancer cell lines (ie, SW620, Lovo, HCT116, and SW480) and the human colon mucosal epithelial cell line (NCM460) were also purchased. Moreover, si-ATB, si-NC, miR-200c mimic, miR-200c inhibitor, and miR-NC were prepared for transfection into the CRC cells, and their effects on CRC cell lines were evaluated based on the conduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry assay. Eventually, the Luciferase reporter gene assay was carried out to judge if there existed a targeted relationship between ATB and miR-200c. The results of Cox regression analyses suggested that overexpressed lncRNA ATB, underexpressed miR-200c, poor tumor differentiation, lymph-vascular invasion, and perineural invasion were symbolic of shortened survival of the patients with CRC (all P < .05). Besides, transfection of pcDNA3.1-ATB and miR-200c inhibitor could boost the viability and proliferation of Lovo and SW620 cell lines (all P < .05). Meanwhile, the expressions of p53 and p21 were also reduced under treatments of pcDNA3.1-ATB and miR-200c inhibitor (P < .05). In addition, CDK2 seemed to reverse the contribution of miR-200c to intensifying viability and proliferation of Lovo and SW420 cell lines (P < .05). Furthermore, ATB might downregulate miR-200c expression by targeting it (P < .05), and CDK2 was subjected to dual regulation of both ATB and miR-200c (P < .05). In conclusion, the lncRNA ATB/miR-200c/CDK2 signaling was responsible for intensified proliferation and prohibited apoptosis of CRC cells, which might provide effective approaches for diagnosing and treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hairong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yimei Ou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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Kim A, Saikia P, Nagy LE. miRNAs Involved in M1/M2 Hyperpolarization Are Clustered and Coordinately Expressed in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1295. [PMID: 31231396 PMCID: PMC6568035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system, including monocytes/macrophages, is critical to the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In response to chronic ethanol, Kupffer cells, the resident macrophage of livers, and peripheral monocytes become sensitized to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), express more pro-inflammatory cytokines and exhibit macrophage M1/M2 hyperpolarization. Since miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of M1/M2 polarization, we hypothesized that miRNAs regulating macrophage polarization would be dysregulated after chronic ethanol consumption. miRNA sequencing data from Kupffer cells isolated from rats fed an ethanol diet vs. control diet and qPCR data from PBMCs isolated from alcoholic hepatitis (AH) patients and healthy controls were used to assess the role of miRNAs in macrophage hyperpolarization in ALD. Differential expression analyses revealed 40 misregulated miRNAs in Kupffer cells from the chronic ethanol-fed rats compared to pair-fed controls. Nine of these miRNAs are known to be associated with macrophage polarization and consist of a mixture of M1- and M2-associated miRNAs, indicative of hyperpolarization. Twenty-three of the 40 differentially expressed miRNAs were localized to miRNA clusters throughout the genome. Correlation analyses revealed that miRNAs in three of these clusters were co-regulated and located within antisense non-coding RNAs. Similar to Kupffer cells from ethanol-fed rats, M1 and M2 polarization markers, as well as sensitivity to LPS, were elevated in PBMCs from AH patients compared to healthy controls. These increases were associated with an up-regulation of polarization-associated miRNAs, including miR-125a-5p, a miRNA associated with hyperpolarization. miR-125a-5p is clustered in the genome with other miRNAs inside a host gene, Spaca6, which was also upregulated in PBMCs, as well as isolated monocytes, from AH patients. Finally, correlation analyses revealed co-regulation of human polarization-associated miRNA clusters. While expression of polarization-associated miRNAs in clusters was upregulated in AH compared to healthy controls, co-regulation of the miRNAs within a cluster was independent of disease state. Together, these results reveal that global changes in miRNA regulation are associated with polarization phenotypes in Kupffer cells from rat after chronic ethanol as well as in PBMCs from patients with AH. Importantly, polarization-associated miRNAs were localized to coordinately regulated clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paramananda Saikia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
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