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Hendrix S, Dartigue V, Hall H, Bawaria S, Kingma J, Bajaj B, Zelcer N, Kober DL. SPRING licenses S1P-mediated cleavage of SREBP2 by displacing an inhibitory pro-domain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5732. [PMID: 38977690 PMCID: PMC11231238 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Site-one protease (S1P) conducts the first of two cleavage events in the Golgi to activate Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and upregulate lipogenic transcription. S1P is also required for a wide array of additional signaling pathways. A zymogen serine protease, S1P matures through autoproteolysis of two pro-domains, with one cleavage event in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the other in the Golgi. We recently identified the SREBP regulating gene, (SPRING), which enhances S1P maturation and is necessary for SREBP signaling. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of S1P and S1P-SPRING at sub-2.5 Å resolution. SPRING activates S1P by dislodging its inhibitory pro-domain and stabilizing intra-domain contacts. Functionally, SPRING licenses S1P to cleave its cognate substrate, SREBP2. Our findings reveal an activation mechanism for S1P and provide insights into how spatial control of S1P activity underpins cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hendrix
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Dartigue
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hailee Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shrankhla Bawaria
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jenina Kingma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bilkish Bajaj
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Daniel L Kober
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Hendrix S, Tan JME, Ndoj K, Kingma J, Valiloo M, Zijlstra LF, Ottenhoff R, Seidah NG, Loregger A, Kober DL, Zelcer N. SPRING is a Dedicated Licensing Factor for SREBP-Specific Activation by S1P. Mol Cell Biol 2024; 44:123-137. [PMID: 38747374 PMCID: PMC11110692 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2348711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
SREBP transcription factors are central regulators of lipid metabolism. Their proteolytic activation requires ER to the Golgi translocation and subsequent cleavage by site-1-protease (S1P). Produced as a proprotein, S1P undergoes autocatalytic cleavage from its precursor S1PA to mature S1PC form. Here, we report that SPRING (previously C12ORF29) and S1P interact through their ectodomains, and that this facilitates the autocatalytic cleavage of S1PA into its mature S1PC form. Reciprocally, we identified a S1P recognition-motif in SPRING and demonstrate that S1P-mediated cleavage leads to secretion of the SPRING ectodomain in cells, and in liver-specific Spring knockout (LKO) mice transduced with AAV-mSpring. By reconstituting SPRING variants into SPRINGKO cells we show that the SPRING ectodomain supports proteolytic maturation of S1P and SREBP signaling, but that S1P-mediated SPRING cleavage is not essential for these processes. Absence of SPRING modestly diminishes proteolytic maturation of S1PA→C and trafficking of S1PC to the Golgi. However, despite reaching the Golgi in SPRINGKO cells, S1PC fails to rescue SREBP signaling. Remarkably, whereas SREBP signaling was severely attenuated in SPRINGKO cells and LKO mice, that of ATF6, another S1P substrate, was unaffected in these models. Collectively, our study positions SPRING as a dedicated licensing factor for SREBP-specific activation by S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hendrix
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine M. E. Tan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klevis Ndoj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenina Kingma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masoud Valiloo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lobke F. Zijlstra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anke Loregger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L. Kober
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Löw K, Möller R, Stegmann C, Becker M, Rehburg L, Obernolte H, Schaudien D, Oestereich L, Braun A, Kunz S, Gerold G. Luminescent reporter cells enable the identification of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29211. [PMID: 37975336 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The emerging viruses SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses cause severe respiratory and hemorrhagic diseases, respectively. The production of infectious particles of both viruses and virus spread in tissues requires cleavage of surface glycoproteins (GPs) by host proprotein convertases (PCs). SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses rely on GP cleavage by PCs furin and subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease (SKI-1/S1P), respectively. We report improved luciferase-based reporter cell lines, named luminescent inducible proprotein convertase reporter cells that we employ to monitor PC activity in its authentic subcellular compartment. Using these sensor lines we screened a small compound library in high-throughput manner. We identified 23 FDA-approved small molecules, among them monensin which displayed broad activity against furin and SKI-1/S1P. Monensin inhibited arenaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a strong reduction in infectious particle release upon monensin treatment with little effect on released genome copies. This was reflected by inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike processing suggesting the release of immature particles. In a proof of concept experiment using human precision cut lung slices, monensin potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidenced by reduced infectious particle release. We propose that our PC sensor pipeline is a suitable tool to identify broad-spectrum antivirals with therapeutic potential to combat current and future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löw
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Möller
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Becker
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Rehburg
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Sweden
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4
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Proprotein convertases regulate trafficking and maturation of key proteins within the secretory pathway. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:1-54. [PMID: 36707198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein Convertases (PCs) are serine endoproteases that regulate the homeostasis of protein substrates in the cell. The PCs family counts 9 members-PC1/3, PC2, PC4, PACE4, PC5/6, PC7, Furin, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9. The first seven PCs are known as Basic Proprotein Convertases due to their propensity to cleave after polybasic clusters. SKI-1/S1P requires the additional presence of hydrophobic residues for processing, whereas PCSK9 is catalytically dead after autoactivation and exerts its functions using mechanisms alternative to direct cleavage. All PCs traffic through the canonical secretory pathway, reaching different compartments where the various substrates reside. Despite PCs members do not share the same subcellular localization, most of the cellular organelles count one or more Proprotein Convertases, including ER, Golgi stack, endosomes, secretory granules, and plasma membranes. The widespread expression of these enzymes at the systemic level speaks for their importance in the homeostasis of a large number of biological functions. Among others, PCs cleave precursors of hormones and growth factors and activate receptors and transcription factors. Notably, dysregulation of the enzymatic activity of Proprotein Convertases is associated to major human pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, infections, inflammation, autoimmunity diseases, and Parkinson. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, Furin has further attracted the attention as a key player for conferring high pathogenicity to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review the Proprotein Convertases family and their most important substrates along the secretory pathway. Knowledge about the complex functions of PCs is important to identify potential drug strategies targeting this class of enzymes.
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Proteolytic processing of secretory pathway kinase Fam20C by site-1 protease promotes biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100133118. [PMID: 34349020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), the major protein kinase in the secretory pathway, generates the vast majority of the secreted phosphoproteome. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Fam20C transport, secretion, and function remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that Fam20C exists as a type II transmembrane protein within the secretory compartments, with its N-terminal signal peptide-like region serving as a membrane anchor for Golgi retention. The secretion and kinase activity of Fam20C are governed by site-1 protease (S1P), a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. We find that only mature Fam20C processed by S1P functions in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Together, our findings reveal a unique mechanism for Fam20C secretion and activation via proteolytic regulation, providing a molecular link between biomineralization and lipid metabolism.
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Seidah NG, Pasquato A, Andréo U. How Do Enveloped Viruses Exploit the Secretory Proprotein Convertases to Regulate Infectivity and Spread? Viruses 2021; 13:v13071229. [PMID: 34202098 PMCID: PMC8310232 DOI: 10.3390/v13071229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the binding of enveloped viruses surface glycoproteins to host cell receptor(s) is a major target of vaccines and constitutes an efficient strategy to block viral entry and infection of various host cells and tissues. Cellular entry usually requires the fusion of the viral envelope with host plasma membranes. Such entry mechanism is often preceded by “priming” and/or “activation” steps requiring limited proteolysis of the viral surface glycoprotein to expose a fusogenic domain for efficient membrane juxtapositions. The 9-membered family of Proprotein Convertases related to Subtilisin/Kexin (PCSK) serine proteases (PC1, PC2, Furin, PC4, PC5, PACE4, PC7, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9) participate in post-translational cleavages and/or regulation of multiple secretory proteins. The type-I membrane-bound Furin and SKI-1/S1P are the major convertases responsible for the processing of surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. Stefan Kunz has considerably contributed to define the role of SKI-1/S1P in the activation of arenaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever. Furin was recently implicated in the activation of the spike S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 and Furin-inhibitors are being tested as antivirals in COVID-19. Other members of the PCSK-family are also implicated in some viral infections, such as PCSK9 in Dengue. Herein, we summarize the various functions of the PCSKs and present arguments whereby their inhibition could represent a powerful arsenal to limit viral infections causing the present and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Montreal Clinical Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-987-5609
| | - Antonella Pasquato
- Antonella Pasquato, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Ursula Andréo
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Montreal Clinical Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada;
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7
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Xiao J, Xiong Y, Yang LT, Wang JQ, Zhou ZM, Dong LW, Shi XJ, Zhao X, Luo J, Song BL. POST1/C12ORF49 regulates the SREBP pathway by promoting site-1 protease maturation. Protein Cell 2020; 12:279-296. [PMID: 32666500 PMCID: PMC8019017 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are the key transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism. The activation of SREBP requires translocation of the SREBP precursor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, where it is sequentially cleaved by site-1 protease (S1P) and site-2 protease and releases a nuclear form to modulate gene expression. To search for new genes regulating cholesterol metabolism, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen and find that partner of site-1 protease (POST1), encoded by C12ORF49, is critically involved in the SREBP signaling. Ablation of POST1 decreases the generation of nuclear SREBP and reduces the expression of SREBP target genes. POST1 binds S1P, which is synthesized as an inactive protease (form A) and becomes fully mature via a two-step autocatalytic process involving forms B'/B and C'/C. POST1 promotes the generation of the functional S1P-C'/C from S1P-B'/B (canonical cleavage) and, notably, from S1P-A directly (non-canonical cleavage) as well. This POST1-mediated S1P activation is also essential for the cleavages of other S1P substrates including ATF6, CREB3 family members and the α/β-subunit precursor of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase. Together, we demonstrate that POST1 is a cofactor controlling S1P maturation and plays important roles in lipid homeostasis, unfolded protein response, lipoprotein metabolism and lysosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yanni Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Liu-Ting Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ju-Qiong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zi-Mu Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Le-Wei Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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8
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Löw K, Hardes K, Fedeli C, Seidah NG, Constam DB, Pasquato A, Steinmetzer T, Roulin A, Kunz S. A novel cell-based sensor detecting the activity of individual basic proprotein convertases. FEBS J 2019; 286:4597-4620. [PMID: 31276291 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The basic proprotein convertases (PCs) furin, PC1/3, PC2, PC5/6, PACE4, PC4, and PC7 are promising drug targets for human diseases. However, developing selective inhibitors remains challenging due to overlapping substrate recognition motifs and limited structural information. Classical drug screening approaches for basic PC inhibitors involve homogeneous biochemical assays using soluble recombinant enzymes combined with fluorogenic substrate peptides that may not accurately recapitulate the complex cellular context of the basic PC-substrate interaction. Herein we report basic PC sensor (BPCS), a novel cell-based molecular sensor that allows rapid screening of candidate inhibitors and their selectivity toward individual basic PCs within mammalian cells. BPCS consists of Gaussia luciferase linked to a sortilin-1 membrane anchor via a cleavage motif that allows efficient release of luciferase specifically if individual basic PCs are provided in the same membrane. Screening of selected candidate peptidomimetic inhibitors revealed that BPCS can readily distinguish between general and selective PC inhibitors in a high-throughput screening format. The robust and cost-effective assay format of BPCS makes it suitable to identify novel specific small-molecule inhibitors against basic PCs for therapeutic application. Its cell-based nature will allow screening for drug targets in addition to the catalytically active mature enzyme, including maturation, transport, and cellular factors that modulate the enzyme's activity. This broadened 'target range' will enhance the likelihood to identify novel small-molecule compounds that inhibit basic PCs in a direct or indirect manner and represents a conceptual advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löw
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Fedeli
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, (Affiliated to the University of Montreal), Canada
| | - Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Pasquato
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Schweitzer GG, Gan C, Bucelli RC, Wegner D, Schmidt RE, Shinawi M, Finck BN, Brookheart RT. A mutation in Site-1 Protease is associated with a complex phenotype that includes episodic hyperCKemia and focal myoedema. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00733. [PMID: 31070020 PMCID: PMC6625134 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Site‐1 Protease (S1P) is a Golgi‐resident protein required for the activation of regulatory proteins that drive key cellular functions, including, the unfolded protein response (UPR) and lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. While disruptions in S1P function have been widely characterized in animal models, to date, the implications of disrupted S1P function in human disease states are not completely known. Methods The patient and both parents underwent whole exome and mitochondrial DNA sequencing, and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutation. Western blotting and immunofluorescence studies were performed on either proband‐derived fibroblasts or on an established cell line to assess protein expression and cellular localization of the mutated S1P protein. Quantitative real‐time PCR and luciferase reporter assays were used to examine activation of S1P target pathways in the context of the S1P mutation. Results We describe a female patient with a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the transmembrane domain of S1P (p. Pro1003Ser). The patient presented to our neuromuscular clinic with episodic, activity‐induced, focal myoedema and myalgias with hyperCKemia. Her clinical phenotype was complex and included gastrointestinal hypomotility, ocular migraines, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Molecular analysis using proband‐derived fibroblasts and cell lines harboring the Pro1003Ser mutation demonstrated increased activation of UPR and lipid and cholesterol regulatory pathways and localization of S1P Pro1003Ser in the Golgi. Conclusion These findings suggest a critical function for S1P in several human organ systems and implicate an important role for S1P in various human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Schweitzer
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Connie Gan
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert C Bucelli
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Wegner
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian N Finck
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rita T Brookheart
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Characterization of Proprotein Convertases and Their Involvement in Virus Propagation. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Cleavage of the Glycoprotein of Arenaviruses. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses are a large family of emerging negative-stranded RNA viruses that include several severe human pathogens causing hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality. During the arenavirus life cycle, processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein precursor (GPC) by the cellular subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P) is crucial for productive infection. The ability of newly emerging arenaviruses to hijack human SKI-1/S1P is a key factor for zoonotic transmission and human disease potential. Apart from being an essential host factor for arenavirus infection, SKI-1/S1P is involved in the regulation of important physiological processes and linked to major human diseases. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms of arenavirus GPC processing by SKI-1/S1P including recent findings. We will highlight to what extent the molecular mechanisms of SKI-1/S1P cleavage of viral GPC differ from processing of SKI-1/S1P’s cellular substrates and discuss the implications for virus-host interaction and coevolution. Moreover, we will show how the use of the viral GPC as a “molecular probe” uncovered novel and unusual aspects of SKI-1/S1P biosynthesis and maturation. The crucial role of SKI-1/S1P in arenavirus infection and other major human diseases combined with its nature as an enzyme makes SKI-1/S1P further an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In the last part, we will therefore cover past and present efforts to identify specific SKI-1/S1P inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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