1
|
Hu T, Liu CH, Zheng Y, Ji J, Zheng Y, He SK, Wu D, Jiang W, Zeng Q, Zhang N, Tang H. miRNAs in patients with alcoholic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38937981 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2024.2374470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions, including liver steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis (AH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). microRNAs (miRNAs) have garnered significant interest as potential biomarkers for ALD. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) systemically from inception to June 2024. All extracted data was stratified according to the stages of ALD. The vote-counting strategy performed a meta-analysis on miRNA expression profiles. RESULTS We included 40 studies. In serum of individuals with alcohol-use vs. no alcohol-use, miRNA-122 and miRNA-155 were upregulated, and miRNA-146a was downregulated. In patients with ALD vs. healthy controls, miRNA-122 and miRNA-155 were also upregulated, and miRNA-146a was downregulated. However, in patients with AH vs. healthy individuals, only the serum miRNA-122 level was upregulated. Due to insufficient data on diagnostic accuracy, we failed to conclude the ability of miRNAs to distinguish between different stages of ALD-related liver fibrosis. The results for ALD-related HCC were also insufficient and controversial. CONCLUSIONS Circulating miRNA-122 was the most promising biomarker to manage individuals with ALD. More studies were needed for the diagnostic accuracy of miRNAs in ALD. REGISTRATION This protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) with registration number CRD42023391931.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Hu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Institution of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Hai Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Institution of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yurong Zheng
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialin Ji
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yantong Zheng
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Ke He
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Institution of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Institution of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingmin Zeng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Institution of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Institution of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng Z, Yang L, Chu H. The role of gut microbiota, exosomes, and their interaction in the pathogenesis of ALD. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00268-6. [PMID: 38969094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver disorders caused by alcohol abuse are termed alcoholic-related liver disease (ALD), including alcoholic steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis, posing a significant threat to human health. Currently, ALD pathogenesis has not been completely clarified, which is likely to be related to the direct damage caused by alcohol and its metabolic products, oxidative stress, gut dysbiosis, and exosomes. AIMS The existing studies suggest that both the gut microbiota and exosomes contribute to the development of ALD. Moreover, there exists an interaction between the gut microbiota and exosomes. We discuss whether this interaction plays a role in the pathogenesis of ALD and whether it can be a potential therapeutic target for ALD treatment. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Chronic alcohol intake alters the diversity and composition of gut microbiota, which greatly contributes to ALD's progression. Some approaches targeting the gut microbiota, including probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and phage therapy, have been confirmed to effectively ameliorate ALD in many animal experiments and/or several clinical trials. In ALD, the levels of exosomes and the expression profile of microRNA have also changed, which affects the pathogenesis of ALD. Moreover, there is an interplay between exosomes and the gut microbiota, which also putatively acts as a pathogenic factor of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phillips D, Noble D. Bubbling beyond the barrier: exosomal RNA as a vehicle for soma-germline communication. J Physiol 2024; 602:2547-2563. [PMID: 37936475 DOI: 10.1113/jp284420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
'Weismann's barrier' has restricted theories of heredity to the transmission of genomic variation for the better part of a century. However, the discovery and elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation such as DNA methylation and histone modifications has renewed interest in studies on the inheritance of acquired traits and given them mechanistic plausibility. Although it is now clear that these mechanisms allow many environmentally acquired traits to be transmitted to the offspring, how phenotypic information is communicated from the body to its gametes has remained a mystery. Here, we discuss recent evidence that such communication is mediated by somatic RNAs that travel inside extracellular vesicles to the gametes where they reprogram the offspring epigenome and phenotype. How gametes learn about bodily changes has implications not only for the clinic, but also for evolutionary theory by bringing together intra- and intergenerational mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Phillips
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Denis Noble
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roychowdhury S, Pant B, Cross E, Scheraga R, Vachharajani V. Effect of ethanol exposure on innate immune response in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1029-1041. [PMID: 38066660 PMCID: PMC11136611 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder, reported by 1 in 8 critically ill patients, is a risk factor for death in sepsis patients. Sepsis, the leading cause of death, kills over 270,000 patients in the United States alone and remains without targeted therapy. Immune response in sepsis transitions from an early hyperinflammation to persistent inflammation and immunosuppression and multiple organ dysfunction during late sepsis. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogen invasion. Ethanol exposure is known to impair innate and adaptive immune response and bacterial clearance in sepsis patients. Specifically, ethanol exposure is known to modulate every aspect of innate immune response with and without sepsis. Multiple molecular mechanisms are implicated in causing dysregulated immune response in ethanol exposure with sepsis, but targeted treatments have remained elusive. In this article, we outline the effects of ethanol exposure on various innate immune cell types in general and during sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Bishnu Pant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Emily Cross
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Rachel Scheraga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital-Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44195, United States
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital-Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Zhuang L, Jiang T, Sun L. Exosomal miR-223 promotes ARDS by targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor: A cell communication study. Exp Lung Res 2024; 50:42-52. [PMID: 38425288 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2024.2318561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory failure syndrome characterized by hypoxemia and changes in the respiratory system. ARDS is the most common cause of death in COVID-19 deaths was ARDS. In this study, we explored the role of miR-223 in exosomes in ARDS. METHODS Exosomes were purified from the supernatants of macrophages. qPCR was used to detect relative mRNA levels. A luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the miRNA target genes. Western blotting was used to detect the activation of inflammatory pathways. Flow cytometry was performed to assess apoptosis. An LPS-induced ARDS mouse model was used to assess the function of miR-223 in ARDS. RESULTS Exosomes secreted by macrophages promoted apoptosis in A549 cells. Macrophages and exosomes contain high levels of miR-223. Exogenous miR-223 can decrease the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in A549 and promote the apoptosis of A549.Transfection of anti-miR223 antisense nucleotides effectively reduced the level of miR-223 in macrophages and exosomes and eliminated the pro-apoptotic effect of A549. In vivo, LPS stimulation increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of mice, whereas knockdown of miR-223 in mice resulted in significantly reduced eosinophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages can secrete exosomes containing miR-223 and promote apoptosis by targeting the IGF-1R/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in A549 cells and mouse models, suggesting that miR-223 is a potential target for treating COVID-19 induced ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lilei Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, The Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Yiwu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tavabie OD, Salehi S, Aluvihare VR. The challenges and potential of microRNA-based therapy for patients with liver failure syndromes and hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:179-191. [PMID: 38487923 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2331598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morbidity and mortality from liver disease continues to rise worldwide. There are currently limited curative treatments for patients with liver failure syndromes, encompassing acute liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis states, outside of transplantation. Whilst there have been improvements in therapeutic options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there remain challenges necessitating novel therapeutic agents. microRNA have long been seen as potential therapeutic targets but there has been limited clinical translation. AREAS COVERED We will discuss the limitations of conventional non-transplant management of patients with liver failure syndromes and HCC. We will provide an overview of microRNA and the challenges in developing and delivering microRNA-based therapeutic agents. We will finally provide an overview of microRNA-based therapeutic agents which have progressed to clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION microRNA have great potential to be developed into therapeutic agents due to their association with critical biological processes which govern health and disease. Utilizing microRNA sponges to target multiple microRNA associated with specific biological processes may improve their therapeutic efficacy. However, there needs to be significant improvements in delivery systems to ensure the safe delivery of microRNA to target sites and minimize systemic distribution. This currently significantly impacts the clinical translation of microRNA-based therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siamak Salehi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tharmalingam J, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC. Impact of Alcohol on Inflammation, Immunity, Infections, and Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis. Cureus 2024; 16:e56923. [PMID: 38665743 PMCID: PMC11043057 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a widespread social activity with a complex and multifaceted impact on human health. Although moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with certain potential health benefits, excessive or chronic alcohol use can disrupt the body's immune balance, promote inflammation, and increase susceptibility to infections. The deleterious effects associated with alcohol toxicity include the loss of cell integrity. When cells lose their integrity, they also lose the capacity to communicate with other systems. One of the systems disturbed by alcohol toxicity is extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication. EVs are critical mediators of cell-to-cell communication. They play a significant role in alcohol-induced pathogenesis, facilitating communication and molecular exchange between cells, thereby potentially contributing to alcohol-related health issues. Investigating their involvement in this context is fundamental to resolving the intricate mechanisms behind the health consequences of alcohol use and may pave the way for innovative approaches for mitigating the adverse effects of alcohol on immune health. Understanding the role of EVs in the context of alcohol-induced pathogenesis is essential for comprehending the mechanisms behind alcohol-related health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK (Brain Korea) 21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
| | | | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, KOR
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK (Brain Korea) 21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yousafzai NA, El Khalki L, Wang W, Szpendyk J, Sossey-Alaoui K. Advances in 3D Culture Models to Study Exosomes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:883. [PMID: 38473244 PMCID: PMC10931050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, exhibits distinct subtypes with varying pathological, genetic, and clinical characteristics. Despite advancements in breast cancer treatments, its histological and molecular heterogeneity pose a significant clinical challenge. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype lacking targeted therapeutics, adds to the complexity of breast cancer treatment. Recent years have witnessed the development of advanced 3D culture technologies, such as organoids and spheroids, providing more representative models of healthy human tissue and various malignancies. These structures, resembling organs in structure and function, are generated from stem cells or organ-specific progenitor cells via self-organizing processes. Notably, 3D culture systems bridge the gap between 2D cultures and in vivo studies, offering a more accurate representation of in vivo tumors' characteristics. Exosomes, small nano-sized molecules secreted by breast cancer and stromal/cancer-associated fibroblast cells, have garnered significant attention. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, influencing tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. The 3D culture environment enhances exosome efficiency compared to traditional 2D cultures, impacting the transfer of specific cargoes and therapeutic effects. Furthermore, 3D exosomes have shown promise in improving therapeutic outcomes, acting as potential vehicles for cancer treatment administration. Studies have demonstrated their role in pro-angiogenesis and their innate therapeutic potential in mimicking cellular therapies without side effects. The 3D exosome model holds potential for addressing challenges associated with drug resistance, offering insights into the mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance and serving as a platform for drug screening. This review seeks to emphasize the crucial role of 3D culture systems in studying breast cancer, especially in understanding the involvement of exosomes in cancer pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelum Aziz Yousafzai
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4909, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Lamyae El Khalki
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4909, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Justin Szpendyk
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4909, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar A, Nader MA, Deep G. Emergence of Extracellular Vesicles as "Liquid Biopsy" for Neurological Disorders: Boom or Bust. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:199-227. [PMID: 38351075 PMCID: PMC10877757 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple diseases and disorders. The feasibility of enriching specific subpopulations of EVs from biofluids based on their unique surface markers has opened novel opportunities to gain molecular insight from various tissues and organs, including the brain. Over the past decade, EVs in bodily fluids have been extensively studied for biomarkers associated with various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders, substance use disorders, human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cancer/treatment-induced neurodegeneration. These studies have focused on the isolation and cargo characterization of either total EVs or brain cells, such as neuron-, astrocyte-, microglia-, oligodendrocyte-, pericyte-, and endothelial-derived EVs from biofluids to achieve early diagnosis and molecular characterization and to predict the treatment and intervention outcomes. The findings of these studies have demonstrated that EVs could serve as a repetitive and less invasive source of valuable molecular information for these neurological disorders, supplementing existing costly neuroimaging techniques and relatively invasive measures, like lumbar puncture. However, the initial excitement surrounding blood-based biomarkers for brain-related diseases has been tempered by challenges, such as lack of central nervous system specificity in EV markers, lengthy protocols, and the absence of standardized procedures for biological sample collection, EV isolation, and characterization. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in the EV field, supported by improved isolation methods and sensitive assays for cargo characterization, brain cell-derived EVs continue to offer unparallel opportunities with significant translational implications for various neurological disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extracellular vesicles present a less invasive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neurological disorders. Characterizing these vesicles in biofluids holds the potential to yield valuable molecular information, thereby significantly impacting the development of novel biomarkers for various neurological disorders. This paper has reviewed the methodology employed to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from various brain cells in biofluids, their utility in enhancing the molecular understanding of neurodegeneration, and the potential challenges in this research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Gagan Deep
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vishnyakova P, Gantsova E, Kiseleva V, Lazarev D, Knyazev E, Poltavets A, Iskusnykh M, Muminova K, Potapova A, Khodzhaeva Z, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Sukhikh G. MicroRNA miR-27a as a possible regulator of anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in preeclamptic placenta. Placenta 2024; 145:151-161. [PMID: 38141416 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of the TGFβ signaling pathway, an important cascade responsible for the anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages, in the development of both early- and late-onset preeclampsia (eoPE and loPE), remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the components of the TGFβ signaling cascade and macrophage markers within placental tissue in normal pregnancy and in PE. METHODS Patients with eoPE, loPE, and normal pregnancy were enrolled in the study (n = 10 in each group). Following techniques were used for the investigation: immunohistochemistry analysis, western blotting, qRT-PCR, isolation of monocytes by magnetic sorting, transfection, microRNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in the anti-inflammatory macrophage marker CD206 in the loPE group, alongside with a significant down-regulation of CD206 protein production in both eoPE and loPE groups. The level of CD68-positive cells and relative levels of CD163 and MARCO production were comparable across the groups. However, we identified a significant decrease in the TGFβ receptor 2 production and its gene expression in the PE group. Further analysis revealed a link between TGFBR2 and MRC1 (CD206) genes through a single miRNA, hsa-miR-27a-3p. Transfecting CD14-derived macrophages with the hsa-miR-27a-3p mimic significantly changed TGFBR2 production, indicating the potential role of this miRNA in regulating the TGFβ signaling pathway. We also revealed the up-regulation of hsa-miR-27a-5p and hsa-miR-27a-3p in the trophoblast BeWo b30 cell line under the severe hypoxia condition and the fact that TGFBR2 3' UTR could serve as a potential target for these miRNAs. DISCUSSION Our findings uncover a novel potential therapeutic target for managing patients with PE, significantly contributing to a deeper comprehension of the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of this pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena Gantsova
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Lazarev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Knyazev
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Microfluidic Technologies for Biomedicine, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Poltavets
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Iskusnykh
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamilla Muminova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena Potapova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zulfiya Khodzhaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russia; Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tavabie OD, Salehi S, Aluvihare VR. The challenges and potential in developing microRNA associated with regeneration as biomarkers to improve prognostication for liver failure syndromes and hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:5-22. [PMID: 38059597 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2292642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determining the need for liver transplantation remains critical in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure syndromes (including acute liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis states). Conventional prognostic models utilize biomarkers of liver and non-liver failure and have limitations in their application. Novel biomarkers which predict regeneration may fulfil this niche. microRNA are implicated in health and disease and are present in abundance in the circulation. Despite this, they have not translated into mainstream clinical biomarkers. AREAS COVERED We will discuss current challenges in the prognostication of patients with liver failure syndromes as well as for patients with HCC. We will discuss biomarkers implicated with liver regeneration. We then provide an overview of the challenges in developing microRNA into clinically tractable biomarkers. Finally, we will provide a scoping review of microRNA which may have potential as prognostic biomarkers in liver failure syndromes and HCC. EXPERT OPINION Novel biomarkers are needed to improve prognostic models in liver failure syndromes and HCC. Biomarkers associated with liver regeneration are currently lacking and may fulfil this niche. microRNA have the potential to be developed into clinically tractable biomarkers but a consensus on standardizing methodology and reporting is required prior to large-scale studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siamak Salehi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Liu ZX, Morgan TR, Norden-Krichmar TM. Single-cell transcriptomics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicates impaired immune and inflammatory responses in alcohol-associated hepatitis. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110735. [PMID: 38040543 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and severe AH usually carries poor prognosis and high short-term mortality. In addition, it is challenging to understand the molecular mechanisms of immune dysregulation and inflammation in AH due to the cellular complexity and heterogeneity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, previous studies found that AH causes dysfunctional innate immune response in monocytes, involving activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokine signaling pathways. To better understand the coordinated systemic immune response in AH patients, we performed combined single-cell transcriptome, cell-surface protein, and lymphocyte antigen receptor analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples. Our results showed inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were highly expressed in AH, including IL-2, IL-32, CXC3R1 and CXCL16 in monocytes and NK cells, whereas HLA-DR genes were reduced in monocytes. In addition, we also found altered differentiation of T-helper cells (TH1 and TH17), which could further lead to neutrophil recruitment and macrophage activation. Lastly, our results also suggest impaired NK-cell activation and differentiation in AH with reduced gene expression of KLRC2 and increased gene expression of KLRG1. Our findings indicate different mechanisms may be involved in impaired immune and inflammatory responses for the cellular subtypes of the PBMCs in AH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhang-Xu Liu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Medicine and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsoneva DK, Ivanov MN, Vinciguerra M. Liquid Liver Biopsy for Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1520-1541. [PMID: 38161500 PMCID: PMC10752811 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are a major burden worldwide, the scope of which is expected to further grow in the upcoming years. Clinically relevant liver dysfunction-related blood markers such as alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase have limited accuracy. Nowadays, liver biopsy remains the gold standard for several liver-related pathologies, posing a risk of complication due to its invasive nature. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach, which has shown substantial potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of liver diseases by detecting disease-associated particles such as proteins and RNA molecules in biological fluids. Histones are the core components of the nucleosomes, regulating essential cellular processes, including gene expression and DNA repair. Following cell death or activation of immune cells, histones are released in the extracellular space and can be detected in circulation. Histones are stable in circulation, have a long half-life, and retain their post-translational modifications. Here, we provide an overview of the current research on histone-mediated liquid biopsy methods for liver diseases, with a focus on the most common detection methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desislava K. Tsoneva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Martin N. Ivanov
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiang SY, Deng KL, Yang DX, Yang P, Zhou YP. Function of macrophage-derived exosomes in chronic liver disease: From pathogenesis to treatment. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1196-1209. [DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i11.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) imposes a heavy burden on millions of people worldwide. Despite substantial research on the pathogenesis of CLD disorders, no optimal treatment is currently available for some diseases, such as liver cancer. Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles, are composed of various cellular components. Exosomes have unique functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating cell communication, which are associated with the occurrence of disease. Furthermore, they have application potential in diagnosis and treatment by carrying diverse curative payloads. Hepatic macrophages, which are key innate immune cells, show extraordinary heterogeneity and polarization. Hence, macrophage-derived exosomes may play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of various liver diseases. This review focuses on the effects of macrophage-derived exosomes on liver disease etiology and their therapeutic potential, which will provide new insights into alleviating the global pressure of CLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Xiang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai-Li Deng
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong-Xue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ningbo Key Laboratory, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jouve M, Carpentier R, Kraiem S, Legrand N, Sobolewski C. MiRNAs in Alcohol-Related Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Step toward New Therapeutic Approaches? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5557. [PMID: 38067261 PMCID: PMC10705678 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related Liver Disease (ALD) is the primary cause of chronic liver disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in developed countries and thus represents a major public health concern. Unfortunately, few therapeutic options are available for ALD and HCC, except liver transplantation or tumor resection for HCC. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these diseases is therefore of major importance to identify early biomarkers and to design efficient therapeutic options. Increasing evidence indicate that epigenetic alterations play a central role in the development of ALD and HCC. Among them, microRNA importantly contribute to the development of this disease by controlling the expression of several genes involved in hepatic metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis at the post-transcriptional level. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about miRNAs' functions in the different stages of ALD and their role in the progression toward carcinogenesis. We highlight that each stage of ALD is associated with deregulated miRNAs involved in hepatic carcinogenesis, and thus represent HCC-priming miRNAs. By using in silico approaches, we have uncovered new miRNAs potentially involved in HCC. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs for the treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Jouve
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rodolphe Carpentier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sarra Kraiem
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Noémie Legrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Srinivas AN, Suresh D, Kaur S, Kumar DP. The promise of small particles: extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in liver pathology. J Physiol 2023; 601:4953-4971. [PMID: 35708653 DOI: 10.1113/jp283074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscopic packages that are heterogeneous and bona fide players in hepatic physiology and pathology as they are involved in intercellular communication. EVs carrying bioactive cargoes rich in lipids, proteins or nucleic acids are implicated in the onset and progression of liver diseases. Liver pathology using liver biopsy has been assessed for several intricate conditions such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic malignancies and drug-induced liver injury. The lacunae, however, lie in early diagnosis and timely treatment of the above conditions, underscoring the need for non-invasive, accurate diagnostic tools that could replace the gold standard method of tissue biopsy. In this regard, EVs have emerged as promising candidates that could serve as potential biomarkers. In the last two decades, EVs, owing to their multifaceted charm in bringing out cell-free therapeutic responses and the ability of their cargoes to be applied to novel biomarkers, have drawn the great attention of researchers with the advancement and clinical application of liquid biopsy. In this review, we recapitulate the role of EVs and provide insights into the promising role of these small packages as biomarkers in liver pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha N Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Diwakar Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Y, Liu T, Zhang F, Gao Y. Unraveling the Complex Interplay between Epigenetics and Immunity in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4811-4830. [PMID: 37781509 PMCID: PMC10539712 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of immune dysfunction in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) have garnered growing research interest in recent times. Alcohol-mediated immune dysfunction has been implicated as a potential cause of ALD-associated microbial infection and inflammatory response. The immune microenvironment of an organism is essentially a complex network of interactions between immune cells, cytokines, extracellular matrix, and other immune-related molecules. This microenvironment is highly adaptive and responsive to environmental cues. Epigenetic reprogramming of the immune microenvironment has recently emerged as a key driver of ALD progression, particularly in the context of endotoxin tolerance and immune disorders. Although epigenetic modifications are known to play an important role in the regulation of the immune microenvironment in ALD, the specific mechanisms and molecular processes by which this regulation is achieved are yet to be fully understood. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of alcohol consumption on epigenetics, with special focus on summarizing the data on the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved in the effects of alcohol consumption on the immune microenvironment. In addition, this paper aims to present a review of the epigenetic modifications involved in different forms of ALD. This review is expected to offer new perspectives for the diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and prognostic assessment of ALD from an epigenetic perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Costa MHG, Costa MS, Painho B, Sousa CD, Carrondo I, Oltra E, Pelacho B, Prosper F, Isidro IA, Alves P, Serra M. Enhanced bioprocess control to advance the manufacture of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in stirred-tank bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2725-2741. [PMID: 36919232 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) act as signaling mediators of cellular responses. However, despite representing a promising alternative to cell-based therapies, clinical translation of EVs is currently limited by their lack of scalability and standardized bioprocessing. Herein, we integrated scalable downstream processing protocols with standardized expansion of large numbers of viable cells in stirred-tank bioreactors to improve EV production. Higher EV yields were linked to EV isolation by tangential flow filtration followed by size exclusion chromatography, rendering 5 times higher number of EVs comparatively to density gradient ultracentrifugation protocols. Additionally, when compared to static culture, EV manufacture in bioreactors resulted in 2.2 higher yields. Highlighting the role of operating under optimal cell culture conditions to maximize the number of EVs secreted per cell, MSCs cultured at lower glucose concentration favored EV secretion. While offline measurements of metabolites concentration can be performed, in this work, Raman spectroscopy was also applied to continuously track glucose levels in stirred-tank bioreactors, contributing to streamline the selection of optimal EV collection timepoints. Importantly, MSC-derived EVs retained their quality attributes and were able to stimulate angiogenesis in vitro, therefore highlighting their promising therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta H G Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida S Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Painho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carolina D Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Enrique Oltra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inês A Isidro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pincela Lins PM, Pirlet E, Szymonik M, Bronckaers A, Nelissen I. Manufacture of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:965-981. [PMID: 36750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for various diseases ranging from ischemic stroke to wound healing and cancer. Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by secretome-derived paracrine factors, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) proven to play a key role. This has led to promising research on the potential of MSC-EVs as regenerative, off-the-shelf therapeutic agents. However, the translation of MSC-EVs into the clinic is hampered by the poor scalability of their production. Recently, new advanced methods have been developed to upscale MSC cultivation and EV production yields, ranging from new cell culture devices to priming procedures. This review gives an overview of these innovative strategies for manufacturing MSC-EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Pincela Lins
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Elke Pirlet
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Szymonik
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bourgeois BL, Levitt DE, Molina PE, Simon L. Differential expression of adipocyte and myotube extracellular vesicle miRNA cargo in chronic binge alcohol-administered SIV-infected male macaques. Alcohol 2023; 108:1-9. [PMID: 36351490 PMCID: PMC10033305 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our studies in chronic binge alcohol (CBA) -treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques and in people living with HIV (PLWH) show significant alterations in metabolic homeostasis. CBA promotes a profibrotic phenotype in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (SKM) and decreases adipose-derived stem cell and myoblast differentiation, making adipose and SKM potential drivers in metabolic dysregulation. Furthermore, we have shown that the differential expression of microRNAs (miRs) in SKM contributes to impaired myoblast differentiation potential. Beyond modulation of intracellular responses, miRs can be transported in extracellular vesicles (EVs) to mediate numerous cellular responses through intercellular and interorgan communication. This study tested the hypothesis that CBA alters concentration and miR cargo of EVs derived from adipocytes and myotubes isolated from SIV-infected male macaques. Fourteen male rhesus macaques received either CBA (2.5 g/kg/day) or sucrose (VEH) for 14.5 months. Three months following the initiation of CBA/VEH, all animals were infected with SIVmac251 and 2.5 months later were initiated on antiretroviral therapy. SKM and adipose tissue samples were collected at the study endpoint (blood alcohol concentration = 0 mM). EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation of myotube and adipocyte cell culture supernatant. Nanoparticle tracking revealed no differences in concentration or size of particles between VEH and CBA groups. Adipocyte-derived EVs from CBA animals showed decreased miR-let-7a expression (p = 0.03). Myotube-derived EVs from CBA animals had decreased miR-16 (p = 0.04) and increased miR-133a and miR-133b (both p = 0.04) expression. These results indicate that CBA administration differentially regulates EV miR content but does not alter the number of EVs from adipocytes or myotubes. Future studies are warranted to determine the functional relevance of CBA-altered EV miR cargo and their role in intercellular and interorgan communication and metabolic dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Bourgeois
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Danielle E Levitt
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Park SH, Lee EK, Yim J, Lee MH, Lee E, Lee YS, Seo W. Exosomes: Nomenclature, Isolation, and Biological Roles in Liver Diseases. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:253-263. [PMID: 37095734 PMCID: PMC10129856 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis and biological roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the progression of liver diseases have attracted considerable attention in recent years. EVs are membrane-bound nanosized vesicles found in different types of body fluids and contain various bioactive materials, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and mitochondrial DNA. Based on their origin and biogenesis, EVs can be classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes are the smallest EVs (30-150 nm in diameter), which play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, exosomal content analysis can reveal the functional state of the parental cell. Therefore, exosomes can be applied to various purposes, including disease diagnosis and treatment, drug delivery, cell-free vaccines, and regenerative medicine. However, exosome-related research faces two major limitations: isolation of exosomes with high yield and purity and distinction of exosomes from other EVs (especially microvesicles). No standardized exosome isolation method has been established to date; however, various exosome isolation strategies have been proposed to investigate their biological roles. Exosome-mediated intercellular communications are known to be involved in alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development. Damaged hepatocytes or nonparenchymal cells release large numbers of exosomes that promote the progression of inflammation and fibrogenesis through interactions with neighboring cells. Exosomes are expected to provide insight on the progression of liver disease. Here, we review the biogenesis of exosomes, exosome isolation techniques, and biological roles of exosomes in alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seol Hee Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Joowon Yim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Min Hoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eojin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tamasi V, Németh K, Csala M. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051117. [PMID: 37240762 DOI: 10.3390/life13051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures that are formed by budding from the plasma membrane or originate from the endosomal system. These microparticles (100 nm-100 µm) or nanoparticles (>100 nm) can transport complex cargos to other cells and, thus, provide communication and intercellular regulation. Various cells, such as hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), secrete and take up EVs in the healthy liver, and the amount, size and content of these vesicles are markedly altered under pathophysiological conditions. A comprehensive knowledge of the modified EV-related processes is very important, as they are of great value as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on hepatic EVs and the role they play in the homeostatic processes in the healthy liver. In addition, we discuss the characteristic changes of EVs and their potential exacerbating or ameliorating effects in certain liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), drug induced liver injury (DILI), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and viral hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Tamasi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chatterjee A, Singh R. Extracellular vesicles: an emerging player in retinal homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1059141. [PMID: 37181750 PMCID: PMC10166895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1059141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass secreted membrane vesicles of varied sizes, including exosomes (-30-200 nm) and microvesicles (MVs) that are ∼100-1,000 nm in size. EVs play an important role in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and are implicated in myriad human disorders including prominent retinal degenerative diseases, like age related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Studies of EVs in vitro using transformed cell lines, primary cultures, and more recently, induced pluripotent stem cell derived retinal cell type(s) (e.g., retinal pigment epithelium) have provided insights into the composition and function of EVs in the retina. Furthermore, consistent with a causal role of EVs in retinal degenerative diseases, altering EV composition has promoted pro-retinopathy cellular and molecular events in both in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of EVs in retinal (patho)physiology. Specifically, we will focus on disease-associated EV alterations in specific retinal diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential utility of EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for targeting retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chatterjee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ruchira Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- UR Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu YC, Kissner M, Momen-Heravi F. A comprehensive multiparameter flow cytometry panel for immune profiling and functional studies of frozen tissue, bone marrow, and spleen. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113444. [PMID: 36868498 PMCID: PMC10508641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FC) is a highly informative technology that can provide valuable information about immune phenotype monitoring and immune cell states. However, there is a paucity of comprehensive panels developed and validated for use on frozen samples. Here, we developed a 17-plex flow cytometry panel to detect subtypes, frequencies, and functions of different immune cells that can be leveraged to study the different cellular characteristics in different disease models, physiological, and pathological conditions. This panel identifies surface markers to characterize T cells (CD8+, CD4+), natural killer (NK) cells and their subtypes (immature, cytotoxic, exhausted, activated),natural killer T (NKT) cells, neutrophils, macrophages (M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory)), monocytes and their subtypes (classical and non-classical), dendritic cells (DC) and their subtypes (DC1, DC2), and eosinophils. The panel was designed to include only surface markers to avoid the necessity for fixation and permeabilization steps. This panel was optimized using cryopreserved cells. Immunophenotyping of spleen and bone marrow using the proposed panel was efficient in correctly differentiating the immune cell subtypes in inflammatory model of ligature-induced periodontitis, in which we found increased percentage of NKT cells, activated and mature/cytotoxic NK cells in the bone marrow of affected mice. This panel enables in-depth immunophenotyping of murine immune cells in bone marrow, spleen, tumors, and other non-immune tissues of mice. It could be a tool for systematic analysis of immune cell profiling in inflammatory conditions, systemic diseases, and tumor microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chu Wu
- Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, NY, New York, USA; Cancer Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Michael Kissner
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative Flow Cytometry Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, NY, New York, USA; Cancer Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang J, Ma Y, Wang J. miR-27a-5p inhibits acute rejection of liver transplantation in rats by inducing M2 polarization of Kupffer cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cytokine 2023; 165:156085. [PMID: 37003239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT), a major therapy for end-stage liver disease, is often associated with acute rejection (AR). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in AR-related gene regulation. In this experiment, the mechanism of miR-27a-5p in AR of LT was studied. Allotransplantation model (LEW-BN) and syngeneic transplantation model (LEW-LEW) of rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) were established. miR-27a-5p was overexpressed in recipient rats 28 days before LT to detect its effects on LT pathology, liver function, and survival time. Kupffer cells (KCs) were isolated and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and miR-27a-5p overexpression. miR-27a-5p overexpression reduced lymphocyte numbers around portal areas and central veins after LT and mitigated degeneration of epithelial cells of the bile duct. Expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were increased while IL-12 was decreased. Liver function damage was alleviated and the survival time of rats with LT was prolonged. miR-27a-5p induced M2 polarization of rats with AR after LT and LPS-treated KCs in vitro and promoted activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in KCs. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway averted induction of miR-27a-5p on M2 polarization of KCs. Taken together, miR-27a-5p inhibited AR after LT in rats by inducing M2 polarization of KCs through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Physical Education Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Research Center for Health Promotion of Children and Adolescents, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, No. 31, Xinlan Road, Jiancaoping District, 030008 Taiyuan, China.
| | - Jinxian Wang
- Research Center for Health Promotion of Children and Adolescents, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, No. 31, Xinlan Road, Jiancaoping District, 030008 Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Eguchi A, Iwasa M, Nakagawa H. Extracellular vesicles in fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: Role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Liver Int 2023; 43:292-298. [PMID: 36462157 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are characterized by lipid deposition in hepatocytes in the absence or presence of excessive alcohol consumption, respectively, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and from mild fibrosis to cirrhosis. Fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis similarly occur in individuals who have both metabolic syndrome and excessive alcohol intake; therefore, the single overarching term metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed to better reflect these risk factors and the continuity of disease progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound endogenous nanoparticles released into the extracellular space by a majority of cell types. Liver disease-related EVs contain a variety of cellular cargo and are internalized into target cells resulting in the transfer of bioinformation reflecting the state of the donor cell to the recipient. Furthermore, EV composition can be used to identify the degree and type of liver disease, suggesting that EV composition may be a useful biomarker. With regard to MAFLD, the presence of metabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance, will be indicated by adipose tissue-derived EVs and with that comes the potential to use as a clinical monitor of overall metabolic status. However, the inhibition of specific EV composition may be difficult to implement as a real-world therapeutic approach. Current global evidence shows that mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) play an important role in regulating the immune response, which has spawned a clinical trial to treat liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Effect of Ethanol on Exosome Biogenesis: Possible Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020222. [PMID: 36830592 PMCID: PMC9953654 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells, including hepatocytes, secrete exosomes into the extracellular space, which are vesicles facilitating horizontal cell-to-cell communication of molecular signals and physiological cues. The molecular cues for cellular functions are carried by exosomes via specific mRNAs, microRNAs, and proteins. Exosomes released by liver cells are a vital part of biomolecular communication in liver diseases. Importantly, exosomes play a critical role in mediating alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and are potential biomarkers for ALD. Moreover, alcohol exposure itself promotes exosome biogenesis and release from the livers of humans and rodent models. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol promotes exosome biogenesis in hepatocytes are still unclear. Of note, alcohol exposure leads to liver injury by modulating various cellular processes, including autophagy, ER stress, oxidative stress, and epigenetics. Evidence suggests that there is a link between each of these processes with exosome biogenesis. The aim of this review article is to discuss the interplay between ethanol exposure and these altered cellular processes in promoting hepatocyte exosome biogenesis and release. Based on the available literature, we summarize and discuss the potential mechanisms by which ethanol induces exosome release from hepatocytes, which in turn leads to the progression of ALD.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lu X, Song M, Gao N. Extracellular Vesicles and Fatty Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:129-141. [PMID: 37603277 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is a complex pathological process caused by multiple etiologies. In recent years, the incidence of fatty liver has been increasing year by year, and it has developed into a common chronic disease that seriously affects people's health around the world. It is an important risk factor for liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and a variety of extrahepatic chronic diseases. Therefore, the early diagnosis and early therapy of fatty liver are important. Except for invasive liver biopsy, there is still a lack of reliable diagnosis and staging methods. Extracellular vesicles are small double-layer lipid membrane vesicles derived from most types of cells. They play an important role in intercellular communication and participate in the occurrence and development of many diseases. Since extracellular vesicles can carry a variety of biologically active substances after they are released by cells, they have received widespread attention. The occurrence and development of fatty liver are also closely related to extracellular vesicles. In addition, extracellular vesicles are expected to provide a new direction for the diagnosis of fatty liver. This article reviews the relationship between extracellular vesicles and fatty liver, laying a theoretical foundation for the development of new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of fatty liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Lu
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Meiyi Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao X, Xue X, Cui Z, Kwame Amevor F, Wan Y, Fu K, Wang C, Peng C, Li Y. microRNAs-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications in liver fibrosis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022:e1773. [PMID: 36585388 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a process of over-extracellular matrix (ECM) aggregation and angiogenesis, which develops into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With the increasing pressure of liver fibrosis, new therapeutics to cure this disease requires much attention. Exosome-cargoed microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging approaches in the precision of the liver fibrotic paradigm. In this review, we outlined the different types of hepatic cells derived miRNAs that drive intra-/extra-cellular interactive communication in liver fibrosis with different physiological and pathological processes. Specifically, we highlighted the possible mechanism of liver fibrosis pathogenesis associated with immune response and angiogenesis. In addition, potential clinical biomarkers and different stem cell transplant-derived miRNAs-based therapeutic strategies in liver fibrosis were summarized in this review. miRNAs-based approaches might help researchers devise new candidates for the cell-free treatment of liver fibrosis. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhifu Cui
- College Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Felix Kwame Amevor
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng Y, Xu P, Pan C, Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Chen C, Fu S, Xue K, Zhou Q, Liu K. Production and Biological Effects of Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Were Markedly Increased by Low-Intensity Ultrasound Stimulation for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 19:784-806. [PMID: 36562958 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic wound treatment has posed a significant challenge in clinical practice. As a kind of cell-derived nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles produced by adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC-EVs) have been reported to be potential agents for diabetic wound treatment. However, ADSC-EV yield is insufficient to meet the demands of clinical therapy. In this study, a novel method involving the use of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on ADSCs is developed to promote EV secretion for clinical use. A proper low-intensity ultrasound stimulation parameter which significantly increases ADSC-EV quantity has been found. In addition, EVs secreted by ADSCs following low-intensity ultrasound stimulation (US-EVs) are enriched in wound healing-related miRNAs. Moreover, US-EVs promote the biological functions of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells in vitro, and promote diabetic wound healing in db/db mice in vivo through re-epithelialization, collagen production, cell proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation and migration, and angiogenesis. This study proposes low-intensity ultrasound stimulation as a new method for promoting significant EV secretion by ADSCs and for improving the diabetic wound-healing potential of EVs, which will meet the clinical needs for these nanoparticles. The production of extracellular vesicles of adipose-derived stem cells is obviously promoted by a low-intensity ultrasound stimulation method, and the biological effects of promoting diabetic wound healing were markedly increased in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuqiao Pan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Yikai Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Zibo Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuhsin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimin Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Muñoz-Hernández R, Rojas Á, Gato S, Gallego J, Gil-Gómez A, Castro MJ, Ampuero J, Romero-Gómez M. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416217. [PMID: 36555854 PMCID: PMC9786586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived vesicles released by a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and immune cells in normal and pathological conditions. Depending on their biogenesis, there is a complex repertoire of EVs that differ in size and origin. EVs can carry lipids, proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, and mitochondrial DNA causing alterations to the recipient cells, functioning as intercellular mediators of cell-cell communication (auto-, para-, juxta-, or even endocrine). Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered in relation to the function of EVs under physiological and pathological conditions. The development and optimization of methods for EV isolation are crucial for characterizing their biological functions, as well as their potential as a treatment option in the clinic. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the results from different studies that investigated the role of hepatic EVs during liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In general, the identification of patients with early-stage liver disease leads to better therapeutic interventions and optimal management. Although more light needs to be shed on the mechanisms of EVs, their use for early diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis has come into the focus of research as a high-potential source of 'liquid biopsies', since they can be found in almost all biological fluids. The use of EVs as new targets or nanovectors in drug delivery systems for liver disease therapy is also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Muñoz-Hernández
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-H.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Ángela Rojas
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Gato
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gallego
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Castro
- Servicio de Citometría y Separación Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-H.); (M.R.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anand SK, Ahmad MH, Sahu MR, Subba R, Mondal AC. Detrimental Effects of Alcohol-Induced Inflammation on Brain Health: From Neurogenesis to Neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01308-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Three-Dimensional Bio-Printed Cardiac Patch for Sustained Delivery of Extracellular Vesicles from the Interface. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120769. [PMID: 36547293 PMCID: PMC9777613 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to treat infarcted cardiac tissues by replacing the injured region with an ex vivo fabricated functional cardiac patch. Nevertheless, integration of the transplanted patch with the host tissue is still a burden, limiting its clinical application. Here, a bi-functional, 3D bio-printed cardiac patch (CP) design is proposed, composed of a cell-laden compartment at its core and an extracellular vesicle (EV)-laden compartment at its shell for better integration of the CP with the host tissue. Alginate-based bioink solutions were developed for each compartment and characterized rheologically, examined for printability and their effect on residing cells or EVs. The resulting 3D bio-printed CP was examined for its mechanical stiffness, showing an elastic modulus between 4-5 kPa at day 1 post-printing, suitable for transplantation. Affinity binding of EVs to alginate sulfate (AlgS) was validated, exhibiting dissociation constant values similar to those of EVs with heparin. The incorporation of AlgS-EVs complexes within the shell bioink sustained EV release from the CP, with 88% cumulative release compared with 92% without AlgS by day 4. AlgS also prolonged the release profile by an additional 2 days, lasting 11 days overall. This CP design comprises great potential at promoting more efficient patch assimilation with the host.
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu G, Yin XM. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Pathogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1358-1367. [PMID: 35752228 PMCID: PMC9552020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells in the form of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They can be taken up by neighboring cells, and their contents can have functional impact on the cells that engulf them. As the mediators of intercellular communication, EVs can play important roles in both physiological and pathologic contexts. In addition, early detection of EVs in different body fluids may offer a sensitive diagnostic tool for certain diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, targeting specific EVs may also become a promising therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the latest findings of EVs in the field of liver research, with a focus on the different contents of the EVs and their impact on liver function and on the development of inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor in the liver. The goal of this review is to provide a succinct account of the various molecules that can mediate the function of EVs so the readers may apply this knowledge to their own research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee Y, Kim JH. The emerging roles of extracellular vesicles as intercellular messengers in liver physiology and pathology. Clin Mol Hepatol 2022; 28:706-724. [PMID: 35232008 PMCID: PMC9597227 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2021.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released from almost all cell types. EVs mediate intercellular communication by delivering their surface and luminal cargoes, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which reflect the pathophysiological conditions of their cellular origins. Hepatocytes and hepatic non-parenchymal cells utilize EVs to regulate a wide spectrum of biological events inside the liver and transfer them to distant organs through systemic circulation. The liver also receives EVs from multiple organs and integrates these extrahepatic signals that participate in pathophysiological processes. EVs have recently attracted growing attention for their crucial roles in maintaining and regulating hepatic homeostasis. This review summarizes the roles of EVs in intrahepatic and interorgan communications under different pathophysiological conditions of the liver, with a focus on chronic liver diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review also discusses recent progress for potential therapeutic applications of EVs by targeting or enhancing EV-mediated cellular communication for the treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author : Jong-Hoon Kim Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea Tel: +82-2-3290-3007, Fax: +82-2-3290-3040, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kaddour H, McDew-White M, Madeira MM, Tranquille MA, Tsirka SE, Mohan M, Okeoma CM. Chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment counteracts SIV-induced modulation of proinflammatory microRNA cargo in basal ganglia-derived extracellular vesicles. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:225. [PMID: 36096938 PMCID: PMC9469539 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Gray et al. in Brain Pathol 6:1-15, 1996; An et al. in Ann Neurol 40:611-6172, 1996), results in neuroinflammation, potentially through extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their micro RNAs (miRNA) cargoes (Sharma et al. in FASEB J 32:5174-5185, 2018; Hu et al. in Cell Death Dis 3:e381, 2012). Although the basal ganglia (BG) is a major target and reservoir of HIV in the CNS (Chaganti et al. in Aids 33:1843-1852, 2019; Mintzopoulos et al. in Magn Reson Med 81:2896-2904, 2019), whether BG produces EVs and the effect of HIV and/or the phytocannabinoid-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on BG-EVs and HIV neuropathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of HIV and THC treatment in rhesus macaques (Molina et al. in AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27:585-592, 2011) to demonstrate for the first time that BG contains EVs (BG-EVs), and that BG-EVs cargo and function are modulated by SIV and THC. We also used primary astrocytes from the brains of wild type (WT) and CX3CR1+/GFP mice to investigate the significance of BG-EVs in CNS cells. RESULTS Significant changes in BG-EV-associated miRNA specific to SIV infection and THC treatment were observed. BG-EVs from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (SIV EVs) contained 11 significantly downregulated miRNAs. Remarkably, intervention with THC led to significant upregulation of 37 miRNAs in BG-EVs (SIV-THC EVs). Most of these miRNAs are predicted to regulate pathways related to inflammation/immune regulation, TLR signaling, Neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling, and cell death/response. BG-EVs activated WT and CX3CR1+/GFP astrocytes and altered the expression of CD40, TNFα, MMP-2, and MMP-2 gene products in primary mouse astrocytes in an EV and CX3CR1 dependent manners. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a role for BG-EVs as a vehicle with potential to disseminate HIV- and THC-induced changes within the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
- Present Address: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302 USA
| | - Miguel M. Madeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Malik A. Tranquille
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302 USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524 USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ramos A, Joshi RS, Szabo G. Innate immune activation: Parallels in alcohol use disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:910298. [PMID: 36157070 PMCID: PMC9505690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.910298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is associated with systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction especially in the liver and the brain. For more than a decade, studies have highlighted alcohol abuse-mediated impairment of brain function and acceleration of neurodegeneration through inflammatory mechanisms that directly involve innate immune cells. Furthermore, recent studies indicate overlapping genetic risk factors between alcohol use and neurodegenerative disorders, specifically regarding the role of innate immunity in the pathomechanisms of both areas. Considering the pressing need for a better understanding of the relevance of alcohol abuse in dementia progression, here we summarize the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation observed in alcohol abuse and Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia. In addition, we highlight mechanisms that are already established in the field of Alzheimer’s disease that may be relevant to explore in alcoholism to better understand alcohol mediated neurodegeneration and dementia, including the relevance of the liver-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Radhika S. Joshi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gyongyi Szabo,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cheng J, Sun Y, Ma Y, Ao Y, Hu X, Meng Q. Engineering of MSC-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Cell-Free Therapy for Osteoarthritis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080739. [PMID: 36005656 PMCID: PMC9413347 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration with increasing prevalence and unsatisfactory treatment efficacy. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in alleviating OA by promoting cartilage regeneration, inhibiting synovial inflammation and mediating subchondral bone remodeling without the risk of immune rejection and tumorigenesis. However, low yield, weak activity, inefficient targeting ability and unpredictable side effects of natural exosomes have limited their clinical application. At present, various approaches have been applied in exosome engineering to regulate their production and function, such as pretreatment of parental cells, drug loading, genetic engineering and surface modification. Biomaterials have also been proved to facilitate efficient delivery of exosomes and enhance treatment effectiveness. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the biogenesis, isolation and characterization of natural exosomes, and focus on the large-scale production and preparation of engineered exosomes, as well as their therapeutic potential in OA, thus providing novel insights into exploring advanced MSC-derived exosome-based cell-free therapy for the treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yixin Sun
- Peking Unversity First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China;
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Q.M.); Tel.: +86-010-8226-5680 (Q.M.)
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Q.M.); Tel.: +86-010-8226-5680 (Q.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao G, Yu H, Ding L, Wang W, Wang H, Hu Y, Qin L, Deng G, Xie B, Li G, Qi L. microRNA-27a-3p delivered by extracellular vesicles from glioblastoma cells induces M2 macrophage polarization via the EZH1/KDM3A/CTGF axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:260. [PMID: 35568721 PMCID: PMC9107457 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been demonstrated to modulate tumor microenvironment. In the present study, we attempted to discuss the role of hsa-microRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a-3p) delivered by GBM-EVs in M2 macrophage polarization. The isolated GBM-EVs were co-cultured with macrophages. After co-culture under normoxia/hypoxia, the effect of EV-derived hsa-miR-27a-3p on GBM cell biological processes was analyzed. Additionally, the target genes of hsa-miR-27a-3p were predicted. Moreover, the binding of enhancer of zeste homologue 1 (EZH1) to lysine-specific demethylase 3A (KDM3A) promoter region and the interaction between KDM3A and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were analyzed. GBM mouse models were established to verify the functions of EV-derived hsa-miR-27a-3p in vivo. We found increased hsa-miR-27a-3p in GBM tissues as well as GBM-EVs, which induced M2 polarization, thus promoting proliferative, migrative and invasive potentials of GBM cells. hsa-miR-27a-3p targeted EZH1 and promoted KDM3A expression to elevate the CTGF expression. GBM-EV-delivered hsa-miR-27a-3p promoted the KDM3A-upregulated CTGF by downregulating EZH1, thereby promoting M2 macrophage polarization and development of GBM in vivo. We demonstrated that EV-derived hsa-miR-27a-3p may promote M2 macrophage polarization to induce GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.,Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- Department of Oncological Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lijuan Ding
- Department of Oncological Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Yao Hu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Lingsha Qin
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Guangce Deng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Buqing Xie
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Ling Qi
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zou J, Walter TJ, Barnett A, Rohlman A, Crews FT, Coleman LG. Ethanol Induces Secretion of Proinflammatory Extracellular Vesicles That Inhibit Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Through G9a/GLP-Epigenetic Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866073. [PMID: 35634322 PMCID: PMC9136051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is involved in learning and memory as well as regulation of mood. Binge ethanol reduces AHN, though the mechanism is unknown. Microglia in the neurogenic niche are important regulators of AHN, and ethanol promotes proinflammatory microglia activation. We recently reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate ethanol-induced inflammatory signaling in microglia. Therefore, we investigated the role of EVs in ethanol-induced loss of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. At rest, microglia promoted neurogenesis through the secretion of pro-neurogenic extracellular vesicles (pn-EVs). Depletion of microglia using colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSFR1) inhibition in vivo or using ex vivo organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs) caused a 30% and 56% loss of neurogenesis in the dentate, respectively, as measured by immunohistochemistry for doublecortin (DCX). Likewise, chemogenetic inhibition of microglia using a CD68.hM4di construct caused a 77% loss in OBSC, indicating a pro-neurogenic resting microglial phenotype. EVs from control OBSC were pro-neurogenic (pn-EVs), enhancing neurogenesis when transferred to other naive OBSC and restoring neurogenesis in microglia-depleted cultures. Ethanol inhibited neurogenesis and caused secretion of proinflammatory EVs (EtOH-EVs). EtOH-EVs reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in naïve OBSC by levels similar to ethanol. Neurogenesis involves complex regulation of chromatin structure that could involve EV signaling. Accordingly, EtOH-EVs were found to be enriched with mRNA for the euchromatin histone lysine methyltransferase (Ehm2t/G9a), an enzyme that reduces chromatin accessibility through histone-3 lysine-9 di-methylation (H3K9me2). EtOH-EVs induced G9a and H3K9me2 by 2-fold relative to pn-EVs in naïve OBSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of G9a with either BIX-01294 or UNC0642 prevented loss of neurogenesis caused by both EtOH and EtOH-EVs. Thus, this work finds that proinflammatory EtOH-EVs promote the loss of adult hippocampal neurogenesis through G9a-mediated epigenetic modification of chromatin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zou
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - T. Jordan Walter
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra Barnett
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Aaron Rohlman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhou ZW, Zheng W, Xiang Z, Ye CS, Yin QQ, Wang SH, Xu CA, Wu WH, Hui TC, Wu QQ, Zhao LY, Pan HY, Xu KY. Clinical implications of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs in liver. J Transl Med 2022; 102:464-473. [PMID: 35013531 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, one of three main types of extracellular vesicles, are ~30-100 nm in diameter and have a lipid bilayer membrane. They are widely distributed in almost all body fluids. Exosomes have the potential to regulate unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication, organ homeostasis, and diseases. They are critical signal carriers that transfer nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other substances into recipient cells, participating in cellular signal transduction and material exchange. ncRNAs are non-protein-coding genes that account for over 90% of the genome and include microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). ncRNAs are crucial for physiological and pathological activities in the liver by participating in gene transcription, posttranscriptional epigenetic regulation, and cellular processes through interacting with DNA, RNA, or proteins. Recent evidence from both clinical and preclinical studies indicates that exosome-derived noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are highly involved in the progression of acute and chronic liver diseases by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, innate immunity, viral infection, fibrosis, and cancer. Therefore, exosome-derived ncRNAs have promising potential and clinical implications for the early diagnosis, targeted therapy, and prognosis of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wen Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Cun Si Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiao Qiao Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shou Hao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng An Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Chen Hui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Qing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Yun Zhao
- Emergency Medicine Unit, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Ying Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China.
| | - Ke Yang Xu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pathological Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Their MicroRNAs to Progression of Chronic Liver Disease. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050637. [PMID: 35625364 PMCID: PMC9137620 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted from most types of cells. EVs encapsulate many diverse bioactive cargoes, such as proteins and nucleic acid, of parental cells and delivers them to recipient cells. Upon injury, the contents altered by cellular stress are delivered into target cells and affect their physiological properties, spreading the disease microenvironment to exacerbate disease progression. Therefore, EVs are emerging as good resources for studying the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases because they reflect the characteristics of donor cells and play a central role in intercellular communication. Chronic liver disease affects millions of people worldwide and has a high mortality rate. In chronic liver disease, the production and secretion of EVs are significantly elevated, and increased and altered cargoes are packed into EVs, enhancing inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Herein, we review EVs released under specific chronic liver disease and explain how EVs are involved in intercellular communication to aggravate liver disease. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound endogenous nanoparticles released by the majority of cells into the extracellular space. Because EVs carry various cargo (protein, lipid, and nucleic acids), they transfer bioinformation that reflects the state of donor cells to recipient cells both in healthy and pathologic conditions, such as liver disease. Chronic liver disease (CLD) affects numerous people worldwide and has a high mortality rate. EVs released from damaged hepatic cells are involved in CLD progression by impacting intercellular communication between EV-producing and EV-receiving cells, thereby inducing a disease-favorable microenvironment. In patients with CLD, as well as in the animal models of CLD, the levels of released EVs are elevated. Furthermore, these EVs contain high levels of factors that accelerate disease progression. Therefore, it is important to understand the diverse roles of EVs and their cargoes to treat CLD. Herein, we briefly explain the biogenesis and types of EVs and summarize current findings presenting the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of CLD. As the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) within EVs in liver disease is well documented, the effects of miRNAs detected in EVs on CLD are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic potential of EVs to treat CLD.
Collapse
|
44
|
Gierlikowski W, Gierlikowska B. MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091380. [PMID: 35563685 PMCID: PMC9106007 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and thus act as important regulators of cellular phenotype and function. As their expression may be dysregulated in numerous diseases, they are of interest as biomarkers. What is more, attempts of modulation of some microRNAs for therapeutic reasons have been undertaken. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the influence of microRNAs on phagocytosis, which may be exerted on different levels, such as through macrophages polarization, phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production and cytokines synthesis. This phenomenon plays an important role in numerous pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Habash NW, Sehrawat TS, Shah VH, Cao S. Epigenetics of alcohol-related liver diseases. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100466. [PMID: 35462859 PMCID: PMC9018389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is a primary cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. Despite advances in the diagnosis and management of ARLD, it remains a major public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality, emphasising the need to adopt novel approaches to the study of ARLD and its complications. Epigenetic changes are increasingly being recognised as contributing to the pathogenesis of multiple disease states. Harnessing the power of innovative technologies for the study of epigenetics (e.g., next-generation sequencing, DNA methylation assays, histone modification profiling and computational techniques like machine learning) has resulted in a seismic shift in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ARLD. Knowledge of these techniques and advances is of paramount importance for the practicing hepatologist and researchers alike. Accordingly, in this review article we will summarise the current knowledge about alcohol-induced epigenetic alterations in the context of ARLD, including but not limited to, DNA hyper/hypo methylation, histone modifications, changes in non-coding RNA, 3D chromatin architecture and enhancer-promoter interactions. Additionally, we will discuss the state-of-the-art techniques used in the study of ARLD (e.g. single-cell sequencing). We will also highlight the epigenetic regulation of chemokines and their proinflammatory role in the context of ARLD. Lastly, we will examine the clinical applications of epigenetics in the diagnosis and management of ARLD.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3C, chromosome conformation capture
- 4C, chromosome conformation capture-on-chip
- AH, alcohol-related hepatitis
- ARLD, alcohol-related liver disease
- ASH, alcohol-related steatohepatitis
- ATAC, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin
- Acetylation
- Alcohol liver disease
- BET, bromodomain and extraterminal motif
- BETi, BET inhibitor
- BRD, bromodomain
- CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
- Chromatin architecture
- Computational biology
- DNA methylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- E-P, enhancer-promoter
- Epidrugs
- Epigenetics
- FKBP5, FK506-binding protein 5
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HIF1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box protein 1
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hi-C, chromosome capture followed by high-throughput sequencing
- Histones
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MECP2, methyl-CpG binding protein 2
- NAFLD, non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease
- PPARG, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ
- SAA, salvianolic acid A
- SIRT, sirtuin
- SREBPs, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
- Single cell epigenome
- TAD, topologically associating domain
- TEAD, TEA domain transcription factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- YAP, Yes-associated protein
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay H. Shah
- Corresponding authors. Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Tel. 507-255-6028, fax: 507-255-6318.
| | - Sheng Cao
- Corresponding authors. Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Tel. 507-255-6028, fax: 507-255-6318.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Osna NA, Eguchi A, Feldstein AE, Tsukamoto H, Dagur RS, Ganesan M, New-Aaron M, Arumugam MK, Chava S, Ribeiro M, Szabo G, Mueller S, Wang S, Chen C, Weinman SA, Kharbanda KK. Cell-to-Cell Communications in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831004. [PMID: 35264978 PMCID: PMC8899290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers some important new aspects of the alcohol-induced communications between liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells leading to liver injury development. The information exchange between various cell types may promote end-stage liver disease progression and involves multiple mechanisms, such as direct cell-to-cell interactions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) or chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors contained in extracellular fluids/cell culture supernatants. Here, we highlighted the role of EVs derived from alcohol-exposed hepatocytes (HCs) in activation of non-parenchymal cells, liver macrophages (LM), and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). The review also concentrates on EV-mediated crosstalk between liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the settings of HIV- and alcohol co-exposure. In addition, we overviewed the literature on the crosstalk between cell death pathways and inflammasome activation in alcohol-activated HCs and macrophages. Furthermore, we covered highly clinically relevant studies on the role of non-inflammatory factors, sinusoidal pressure (SP), and hepatic arterialization in alcohol-induced hepatic fibrogenesis. We strongly believe that the review will disclose major mechanisms of cell-to-cell communications pertained to alcohol-induced liver injury progression and will identify therapeutically important targets, which can be used for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Greater Los Angeles VA HealthCare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Raghubendra S. Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Moses New-Aaron
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Srinivas Chava
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shijin Wang
- Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cheng Chen
- Salem Medical Center and Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Simon L, Souza-Smith FM, Molina PE. Alcohol-Associated Tissue Injury: Current Views on Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 2022; 84:87-112. [PMID: 35143331 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-014008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
At-risk alcohol use is a major contributor to the global health care burden and leads to preventable deaths and diseases including alcohol addiction, alcoholic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, traumatic injuries, gastrointestinal diseases, cancers, and fetal alcohol syndrome. Excessive and frequent alcohol consumption has increasingly been linked to alcohol-associated tissue injury and pathophysiology, which have significant adverse effects on multiple organ systems. Extensive research in animal and in vitro models has elucidated the salient mechanisms involved in alcohol-induced tissue and organ injury. In some cases, these pathophysiological mechanisms are shared across organ systems. The major alcohol- and alcohol metabolite-mediated mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation and immunometabolic dysregulation, gut leak and dysbiosis, cell death, extracellular matrix remodeling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenomic modifications. These mechanisms are complex and interrelated, and determining the interplay among them will make it possible to identify how they synergistically or additively interact to cause alcohol-mediated multiorgan injury. In this article, we review the current understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in alcohol-induced tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liz Simon
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Flavia M Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhou L, Shen M, Fan X, Liu Y, Yang L. Pathogenic and Potential Therapeutic Roles of Exosomes Derived From Immune Cells in Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810300. [PMID: 35185900 PMCID: PMC8854144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma place a heavy burden on many patients worldwide. However, the treatment of many liver diseases is currently insufficient, and the treatment may be associated with strong side effects. Therapies for liver diseases targeting the molecular and cellular levels that minimize adverse reactions and maximize therapeutic effects are in high demand. Immune cells are intimately involved in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of liver diseases. The immune response in the liver can be suppressed, leading to tolerance in homeostasis. When infection or tissue damage occurs, immunity in the liver is activated rapidly. As small membrane vesicles derived from diverse cells, exosomes carry multiple cargoes to exert their regulatory effects on recipient cells under physiological or pathological conditions. Exosomes from different immune cells exert different effects on liver diseases. This review describes the biology of exosomes and focuses on the effects of exosomes from different immune cells on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis and their therapeutic potential in liver diseases.
Collapse
|
49
|
Lewis SA, Doratt B, Sureshchandra S, Pan T, Gonzales SW, Shen W, Grant KA, Messaoudi I. Profiling of extracellular vesicle-bound miRNA to identify candidate biomarkers of chronic alcohol drinking in nonhuman primates. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:221-231. [PMID: 34910314 PMCID: PMC8858875 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term alcohol drinking is associated with numerous health complications including susceptibility to infection, cancer, and organ damage. However, due to the complex nature of human drinking behavior, it has been challenging to identify reliable biomarkers of alcohol drinking behavior prior to signs of overt organ damage. Recently, extracellular vesicle-bound microRNAs (EV-miRNAs) have been found to be consistent biomarkers of conditions that include cancer and liver disease. METHODS In this study, we profiled the plasma EV-miRNA content by miRNA-Seq from 80 nonhuman primates after 12 months of voluntary alcohol drinking. RESULTS We identified a list of up- and downregulated EV-miRNA candidate biomarkers of heavy drinking and those positively correlated with ethanol dose. We overexpressed these candidate miRNAs in control primary peripheral immune cells to assess their potential functional mechanisms. We found that overexpression of miR-155, miR-154, miR-34c, miR-450a, and miR-204 led to increased production of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα or IL-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation. CONCLUSION This exploratory study identified several EV-miRNAs that could serve as biomarkers of long-term alcohol drinking and provide a mechanism to explain alcohol-induced peripheral inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sloan A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA, USA,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Brianna Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA, USA,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA, USA,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Tianyu Pan
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Steven W. Gonzales
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Weining Shen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA, USA,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine CA, USA,Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Ilhem Messaoudi, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 2400 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, Phone: 949-824-3078,
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mead EA, Boulghassoul-Pietrzykowska N, Wang Y, Anees O, Kinstlinger NS, Lee M, Hamza S, Feng Y, Pietrzykowski AZ. Non-Invasive microRNA Profiling in Saliva can Serve as a Biomarker of Alcohol Exposure and Its Effects in Humans. Front Genet 2022; 12:804222. [PMID: 35126468 PMCID: PMC8812725 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.804222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. Considering the widespread occurrence of AUD, a reliable, cheap, non-invasive biomarker of alcohol consumption is desired by healthcare providers, clinicians, researchers, public health and criminal justice officials. microRNAs could serve as such biomarkers. They are easily detectable in saliva, which can be sampled from individuals in a non-invasive manner. Moreover, microRNAs expression is dynamically regulated by environmental factors, including alcohol. Since excessive alcohol consumption is a hallmark of alcohol abuse, we have profiled microRNA expression in the saliva of chronic, heavy alcohol abusers using microRNA microarrays. We observed significant changes in salivary microRNA expression caused by excessive alcohol consumption. These changes fell into three categories: downregulated microRNAs, upregulated microRNAs, and microRNAs upregulated de novo. Analysis of these combinatorial changes in microRNA expression suggests dysregulation of specific biological pathways leading to impairment of the immune system and development of several types of epithelial cancer. Moreover, some of the altered microRNAs are also modulators of inflammation, suggesting their contribution to pro-inflammatory mechanisms of alcohol actions. Establishment of the cellular source of microRNAs in saliva corroborated these results. We determined that most of the microRNAs in saliva come from two types of cells: leukocytes involved in immune responses and inflammation, and buccal cells, involved in development of epithelial, oral cancers. In summary, we propose that microRNA profiling in saliva can be a useful, non-invasive biomarker allowing the monitoring of alcohol abuse, as well as alcohol-related inflammation and early detection of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Mead
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward A. Mead,
| | - Nadia Boulghassoul-Pietrzykowska
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Mayo Clinic Health System, NWWI, Barron, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Capital Health, Trenton, NJ, United States
- Weight and Life MD, Hamilton, NJ, United States
| | - Yongping Wang
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Holmdel Township School, Holmdel, NJ, United States
| | - Onaiza Anees
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health, CMH Behavioral Health, South Hill, VA, United States
| | - Noah S. Kinstlinger
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maximillian Lee
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, MA, United States
| | - Shireen Hamza
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yaping Feng
- Waksman Genomics Core Facility, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Bioinformatics Department, Admera Health, South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Andrzej Z. Pietrzykowski
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Weight and Life MD, Hamilton, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|