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Han X, Pan S, Liu J, Ding X, Lin X, Wang D, Xie Z, Zeng C, Liu F, He M, Zhou X, Liu T, Luo L, Liu Y. Novel loci for ocular axial length identified through extreme-phenotype genome-wide association study in Chinese populations. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:865-872. [PMID: 37524447 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate genetic loci associated with ocular axial length (AL) in the Chinese population. METHODS A genome-wide association study meta-analysis was conducted in totalling 2644 Chinese individuals from 3 cohorts: the Guangzhou cohort (GZ, 537 high myopes and 151 hyperopes), Wenzhou cohort (334 high myopes and 6 hyperopes) and Guangzhou Twin Eye Study (1051 participants with normally distributed AL). Functional mapping was performed to annotate the significant signals, possible tissues and cell types by integrating available multiomics data. Logistic regression models using AL-associated SNPs were constructed to predict three AL status in GZ. RESULTS Two novel loci (1q25.2 FAM163A and 7p22.2 SDK1) showed genome-wide significant associations with AL, together explaining 29.63% of AL variance in GZ. The two lead SNPs improved the prediction accuracy for AL status, especially for hyperopes. The frequencies of AL decreasing (less myopic) alleles of the two SNPs were lowest in East Asians as compared with other populations (rs17370084: f EAS=0.03, f EUR=0.24, f AFR=0.05; rs73046501: f EAS=0.06, f EUR=0.07, f AFR=0.20), which was in line with the global distribution of myopia. The cerebral cortex and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons showed possible functional involvement in myopia development, and the galactose metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. CONCLUSION Our study identified two population-specific novel loci for AL, expanding our understanding of the genetic basis of AL and providing evidence for a role of the nervous system and glucose metabolism in myopia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Decai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- Experimental Ophthalmology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- Eye Hospital and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Cervantes J, Kanter JE. Monocyte and macrophage foam cells in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1213177. [PMID: 37378396 PMCID: PMC10291141 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1213177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes results in an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This minireview will discuss whether monocyte and macrophage lipid loading contribute to this increased risk, as monocytes and macrophages are critically involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Both uptake and efflux pathways have been described as being altered by diabetes or conditions associated with diabetes, which may contribute to the increased accumulation of lipids seen in macrophages in diabetes. More recently, monocytes have also been described as lipid-laden in response to elevated lipids, including triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, the class of lipids often elevated in the setting of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny E. Kanter
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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3
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ACAT1/SOAT1 Blockade Suppresses LPS-Mediated Neuroinflammation by Modulating the Fate of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065616. [PMID: 36982689 PMCID: PMC10053317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is stored as cholesteryl esters by the enzymes acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases/sterol O:acyltransferases (ACATs/SOATs). ACAT1 blockade (A1B) ameliorates the pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cholesterol loading. However, the mediators involved in transmitting the effects of A1B in immune cells is unknown. Microglial Acat1/Soat1 expression is elevated in many neurodegenerative diseases and in acute neuroinflammation. We evaluated LPS-induced neuroinflammation experiments in control vs. myeloid-specific Acat1/Soat1 knockout mice. We also evaluated LPS-induced neuroinflammation in microglial N9 cells with and without pre-treatment with K-604, a selective ACAT1 inhibitor. Biochemical and microscopy assays were used to monitor the fate of Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), the receptor at the plasma membrane and the endosomal membrane that mediates pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. In the hippocampus and cortex, results revealed that Acat1/Soat1 inactivation in myeloid cell lineage markedly attenuated LPS-induced activation of pro-inflammatory response genes. Studies in microglial N9 cells showed that pre-incubation with K-604 significantly reduced the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Further studies showed that K-604 decreased the total TLR4 protein content by increasing TLR4 endocytosis, thus enhancing the trafficking of TLR4 to the lysosomes for degradation. We concluded that A1B alters the intracellular fate of TLR4 and suppresses its pro-inflammatory signaling cascade in response to LPS.
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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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5
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Free fatty acids stabilize integrin β 1via S-nitrosylation to promote monocyte-endothelial adhesion. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102765. [PMID: 36470423 PMCID: PMC9808002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia characterized by high blood levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) is important for the progression of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Integrin β1 is a transmembrane receptor that drives various cellular functions, including differentiation, migration, and phagocytosis. However, the underlying mechanisms modifying integrin β1 protein and activity in mediating monocyte/macrophage adhesion to endothelium remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that integrin β1 protein underwent S-nitrosylation in response to nitrosative stress in macrophages. To examine the effect of elevated levels of FFA on the modulation of integrin β1 expression, we treated the macrophages with a combination of oleic acid and palmitic acid (2:1) and found that FFA activated inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide and increased the integrin β1 protein level without altering the mRNA level. FFA promoted integrin β1 S-nitrosylation via inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide and prevented its degradation by decreasing binding to E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. Furthermore, we found that increased integrin α4β1 heterodimerization resulted in monocyte/macrophage adhesion to endothelium. In conclusion, these results provided novel evidence that FFA-stimulated N--O stabilizes integrin β1via S-nitrosylation, favoring integrin α4β1 ligation to promote vascular inflammation.
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Miyazaki T. Pinocytotic engulfment of lipoproteins by macrophages. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:957897. [PMID: 36105534 PMCID: PMC9464914 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.957897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Foam cell formation in macrophages is involved in controlling plaque stability and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, many studies have examined the processes of lipid incorporation, such as scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, in cells. In addition to receptor-mediated machinery, growing evidence has suggested that pinocytosis, which is a receptor-independent endocytic pathway, is associated with foam cell formation when a sufficient number of lipoproteins is accumulated around cells. Pinocytotic engulfment of nanoparticles is initiated by plasma membrane ruffling in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent manner. Subsequent to pinosome closure, the majority of pinosomes are internalized through endocytic processes, and they can be recycled into the plasma membrane. These pinocytotic processes are modulated by small GTPases and their cytoskeletal rearrangement. Moreover, pinocytotic abilities may vary between immunological subsets in cells. Accordingly, macrophages may show diverse pinocytotic abilities depending on the surrounding microenvironment. This review summarizes the current understanding of pinocytotic engulfment of lipoprotein in macrophages, and discusses how this endocytic process is governed under hypercholesterolemic conditions.
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7
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Control of Cholesterol Metabolism Using a Systems Approach. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030430. [PMID: 35336806 PMCID: PMC8945167 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cholesterol is the main sterol in mammals that is essential for healthy cell functionining. It plays a key role in metabolic regulation and signaling, it is a precursor molecule of bile acids, oxysterols, and all steroid hormones. It also contributes to the structural makeup of the membranes. Its homeostasis is tightly controlled since it can harm the body if it is allowed to reach abnormal blood concentrations. One of the diseases associated with elevated cholesterol levels being the major cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide, is atherosclerosis. In this study, we have developed a model of the cholesterol metabolism taking into account local inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim was to investigate the impact of the interplay of those processes and cholesterol metabolism disturbances on the atherosclerosis development and progression. We have also analyzed the effect of combining different classes of drugs targeting selected components of cholesterol metabolism. Abstract Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cells and is involved in many fundamental physiological processes; hence, its homeostasis in the body is tightly controlled, and any disturbance has serious consequences. Disruption of the cellular metabolism of cholesterol, accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress, promotes the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and, consequently, is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. Therefore, new drugs to regulate disturbed cholesterol metabolism are used and developed, which help to control cholesterol homeostasis but still do not entirely cure atherosclerosis. In this study, a Petri net-based model of human cholesterol metabolism affected by a local inflammation and oxidative stress, has been created and analyzed. The use of knockout of selected pathways allowed us to observe and study the effect of various combinations of commonly used drugs on atherosclerosis. The analysis results led to the conclusion that combination therapy, targeting multiple pathways, may be a fundamental concept in the development of more effective strategies for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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9
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Kong J, Liu L, Song L, Zhao R, Feng Y. MicroRNA miR-34a-5p inhibition restrains oxidative stress injury of macrophages by targeting MDM4. Vascular 2022; 31:608-618. [PMID: 35226569 DOI: 10.1177/17085381211069447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease associated with oxidative stress damage, which is caused by excessive oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The role of microRNA miR-34a-5p on oxidative stress in ox-LDL-treated macrophages was investigated in this study. METHODS Flow cytometry was prepared for assessing THP1-derived macrophage apoptosis. The protein and expression levels of miR-34a-5p and MDM4 were examined by Western blot and RT-qPCR, respectively. We also measured the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride to determine the lipid accumulation. Subsequently, the activities of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species revealed the level of oxidative stress injury after miR-34a-5p and MDM4 knockdown. RESULTS After ox-LDL treatment, cell apoptosis of macrophages increased in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. With the increase of ox-LDL treatment and the prolongation of treatment time, the expression level of miR-34a-5p was upregulated. Next, interfering with miR-34a-5p inhibited lipid accumulation and oxidative stress injury in ox-LDL-stimulated macrophages. MDM4 was a target gene of miR-34a-5p and was upregulated in ox-LDL-stimulated macrophages. With the increase of ox-LDL treatment and the prolongation of treatment time, the expression level of MDM4 was downregulated. Importantly, MDM4 knockdown partially counteracted the inhibitory effect of miR-34a-5p on oxidative stress injury. CONCLUSION MicroRNA miR-34a-5p knockdown suppressed oxidative stress injury via MDM4 in ox-LDL-treated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang 157000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical CollegeMudanjiang 157000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Laixin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College,, Mudanjiang 157000, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Mudanjiang Huimin Hospital, Mudanjiang157006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College,Mudanjiang 157000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang 157000, Heilongjiang, China
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10
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Hai Q, Smith JD. Acyl-Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT) in Cholesterol Metabolism: From Its Discovery to Clinical Trials and the Genomics Era. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080543. [PMID: 34436484 PMCID: PMC8398989 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification and cloning of the acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzymes and the sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) genes has opened new areas of interest in cholesterol metabolism given their profound effects on foam cell biology and intestinal lipid absorption. The generation of mouse models deficient in Soat1 or Soat2 confirmed the importance of their gene products on cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein physiology. Although these studies supported clinical trials which used non-selective ACAT inhibitors, these trials did not report benefits, and one showed an increased risk. Early genetic studies have implicated common variants in both genes with human traits, including lipoprotein levels, coronary artery disease, and Alzheimer’s disease; however, modern genome-wide association studies have not replicated these associations. In contrast, the common SOAT1 variants are most reproducibly associated with testosterone levels.
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11
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Gülcan HO, Orhan IE. General Perspectives for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201016154400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Atherosclerosis, a cardiovascular disease, is at the top of the list among the diseases leading
to death. Although the biochemical and pathophysiological cascades involved within the development
of atherosclerosis have been identified clearly, its nature is quite complex to be treated with
a single agent targeting a pathway. Therefore, many natural and synthetic compounds have been
suggested for the treatment of the disease. The majority of the drugs employed target one of the
single components of the pathological outcomes, resulting in many times less effective and longterm
treatments. In most cases, treatment options prevent further worsening of the symptoms rather
than a radical treatment. Consequently, the current review has been prepared to focus on the validated
and non-validated targets of atherosclerosis as well as the alternative treatment options such
as hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, acyl-CoA cholesterol
acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, lipoprotein lipase stimulants, bile acid sequestrants, and some
antioxidants. Related to the topic, both synthetic compounds designed employing medicinal chemistry
skills and natural molecules becoming more popular in drug development are scrutinized in this
mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10,Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara- 06300,Turkey
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12
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Duong MT, Nasrallah IM, Wolk DA, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, and APOE in Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID): Potential Mechanisms and Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:647990. [PMID: 33841127 PMCID: PMC8026881 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.647990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are a common cause of cognitive decline, yet limited therapies exist. This cerebrovascular disease results in neurodegeneration via acute, chronic, local, and systemic mechanisms. The etiology of VCID is complex, with a significant impact from atherosclerosis. Risk factors including hypercholesterolemia and hypertension promote intracranial atherosclerotic disease and carotid artery stenosis (CAS), which disrupt cerebral blood flow and trigger ischemic strokes and VCID. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a cholesterol and phospholipid carrier present in plasma and various tissues. APOE is implicated in dyslipidemia and Alzheimer disease (AD); however, its connection with VCID is less understood. Few experimental models for VCID exist, so much of the present information has been drawn from clinical studies. Here, we review the literature with a focus on the clinical aspects of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and build a working model for the pathogenesis of VCID. We describe potential intermediate steps in this model, linking cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and APOE with VCID. APOE4 is a minor isoform of APOE that promotes lipid dyshomeostasis in astrocytes and microglia, leading to chronic neuroinflammation. APOE4 disturbs lipid homeostasis in macrophages and smooth muscle cells, thus exacerbating systemic inflammation and promoting atherosclerotic plaque formation. Additionally, APOE4 may contribute to stromal activation of endothelial cells and pericytes that disturb the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These and other risk factors together lead to chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, VCID, and neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss potential cholesterol metabolism based approaches for future VCID treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tran Duong
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilya M Nasrallah
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A Wolk
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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13
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Luo M, Opoku E, Traughber CA, Hai Q, Robinet P, Berisha S, Smith JD. Soat1 mediates the mouse strain effects on cholesterol loading-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and CHOP expression in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158825. [PMID: 33031913 PMCID: PMC7686275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that AKR vs. DBA/2 mouse bone marrow derived macrophages have higher levels of free cholesterol and lower levels of esterified cholesterol after cholesterol loading, and that AKR, but not DBA/2, macrophages induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression after cholesterol loading. We earlier determined that the free and esterified cholesterol level effect is due to a truncation in the sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (Soat1) gene, encoding acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1). Here we examined the mechanism for the differential induction of CHOP by cholesterol loading. CHOP was induced in both strains after incubation with tunicamycin, indicating both strains have competent endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. CHOP was induced when DBA/2 macrophages were cholesterol loaded in the presence of an ACAT inhibitor, indicating that the difference in free cholesterol levels were responsible for this strain effect. This finding was confirmed in macrophages derived from DBA/2 embryonic stem cells. Cholesterol loading of Soat1 gene edited cells, mimicking the AKR allele, led to increased free cholesterol levels and restored CHOP induction. The upstream pathway of free cholesterol induced endoplasmic reticulum stress was investigated; and, RNA-dependent protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α protein kinase (IRE1α) pathways were required for maximal CHOP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emmanuel Opoku
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Alicia Traughber
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine -Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Qimin Hai
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peggy Robinet
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stela Berisha
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine -Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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14
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Liu X, Ducasa GM, Mallela SK, Kim JJ, Molina J, Mitrofanova A, Wilbon SS, Ge M, Fontanella A, Pedigo C, Santos JV, Nelson RG, Drexler Y, Contreras G, Al-Ali H, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 has a role in kidney disease associated with diabetes and Alport syndrome. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1275-1285. [PMID: 32739420 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Defective cholesterol metabolism primarily linked to reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression is closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome. However, whether the accumulation of free or esterified cholesterol contributes to progression in kidney disease remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 (SOAT1), the enzyme at the endoplasmic reticulum that converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters, which are then stored in lipid droplets, effectively reduced cholesterol ester and lipid droplet formation in human podocytes. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of SOAT1 in podocytes reduced lipotoxicity-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome in association with increased ABCA1 expression and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. In vivo, Soat1 deficient mice did not develop albuminuria or mesangial expansion at 10-12 months of age. However, Soat1 deficiency/inhibition in experimental models of diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome reduced cholesterol ester content in kidney cortices and protected from disease progression. Thus, targeting SOAT1-mediated cholesterol metabolism may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat kidney disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome, like that suggested for Alzheimer's disease and cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gloria Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shamroop Kumar Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sydney Symone Wilbon
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Fontanella
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Pedigo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yelena Drexler
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriel Contreras
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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15
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Xu J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Lv C, Liu X, Wang Y. Involvement of ABC-transporters and acyltransferase 1 in intracellular cholesterol-mediated autophagy in bovine alveolar macrophages in response to the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:26. [PMID: 32397995 PMCID: PMC7216371 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding pathogenic mechanisms is imperative for developing novel treatment to the tuberculosis, an important public health burden worldwide. Recent studies demonstrated that host cholesterol levels have implications in the establishment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, Mtb) infection in host cells, in which the intracellular cholesterol-mediated ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporters) and cholesterol acyltransferase1 (ACAT1) exhibited abilities to regulate macrophage autophagy induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Results The results showed that a down-regulated expression of the ABC-transporters and ACAT1 in primary bovine alveolar macrophages (AMs) and murine RAW264.7 cells in response to a BCG infection. The inhibited expression of ABC-transporters and ACAT1 was associated with the reduction of intracellular free cholesterol, which in turn induced autophagy in macrophages upon to the Mycobacterial infection. These results strongly suggest an involvement of ABC-transporters and ACAT1 in intracellular cholesterol-mediated autophagy in AMs in response to BCG infection. Conclusion This study thus provides an insight into into a mechanism by which the cholesterol metabolism regulated the autophagy in macrophages in response to mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Cuiping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China.
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16
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the incidence and complications of atherosclerosis, there are relatively limited data in the clinical and preclinical literature to rigorously address mechanisms underlying sex as a biological variable in atherosclerosis. In multiple histological and imaging studies, overall plaque burden and markers of inflammation appear to be greater in men than women and are predictive of cardiovascular events. However, while younger women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease, by the seventh decade, the incidence of myocardial infarction in women ultimately surpasses that of men, suggesting an interaction between sex and age. Most preclinical studies in animal atherosclerosis models do not examine both sexes, and even in those that do, well-powered direct statistical comparisons for sex as an independent variable remain rare. This article reviews the available data. Overall, male animals appear to have more inflamed yet smaller plaques compared to female animals. Plaque inflammation is often used as a surrogate end point for plaque vulnerability in animals. The available data support the notion that rather than plaque size, plaque inflammation may be more relevant in assessing sex-specific mechanisms since the findings correlate with the sex difference in ischemic events and mortality and thus may be more reflective of the human condition. Overall, the number of preclinical studies directly comparing plaque inflammation between the sexes is extremely limited relative to the vast literature exploring atherosclerosis mechanisms. Failure to include both sexes and to address age in mechanistic atherosclerosis studies are missed opportunities to uncover underlying sex-specific mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms driving sex as a biological variable in atherosclerotic disease is critical to future precision medicine strategies to mitigate what is still the leading cause of death of men and women worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Man
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.J.M., I.Z.J.).,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.J.M.)
| | - Joshua A Beckman
- Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (J.A.B.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.J.M., I.Z.J.)
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17
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Eslava-Alcon S, Extremera-García MJ, González-Rovira A, Rosal-Vela A, Rojas-Torres M, Beltran-Camacho L, Sanchez-Gomar I, Jiménez-Palomares M, Alonso-Piñero JA, Conejero R, Doiz E, Olarte J, Foncubierta-Fernández A, Lozano E, García-Cozar FJ, Rodríguez-Piñero M, Alvarez-Llamas G, Duran-Ruiz MC. Molecular signatures of atherosclerotic plaques: An up-dated panel of protein related markers. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103757. [PMID: 32247173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of ischemic syndromes such as myocardial infarction or brain stroke, mainly promoted by plaque rupture and subsequent arterial blockade. Identification of vulnerable or high-risk plaques constitutes a major challenge, being necessary to identify patients at risk of occlusive events in order to provide them with appropriate therapies. Clinical imaging tools have allowed the identification of certain structural indicators of prone-rupture plaques, including a necrotic lipidic core, intimal and adventitial inflammation, extracellular matrix dysregulation, and smooth muscle cell depletion and micro-calcification. Additionally, alternative approaches focused on identifying molecular biomarkers of atherosclerosis have also been applied. Among them, proteomics has provided numerous protein markers currently investigated in clinical practice. In this regard, it is quite uncertain that a single molecule can describe plaque rupture, due to the complexity of the process itself. Therefore, it should be more accurate to consider a set of markers to define plaques at risk. Herein, we propose a selection of 76 proteins, from classical inflammatory to recently related markers, all of them identified in at least two proteomic studies analyzing unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Such panel could be used as a prognostic signature of plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eslava-Alcon
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M J Extremera-García
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - A González-Rovira
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - A Rosal-Vela
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M Rojas-Torres
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - L Beltran-Camacho
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | | | - M Jiménez-Palomares
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - J A Alonso-Piñero
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - R Conejero
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - E Doiz
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - J Olarte
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - A Foncubierta-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain; UGC Joaquín Pece, Distrito Sanitario Bahía de Cádiz-La Janda, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Lozano
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain; Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital de Jerez, Jerez, Spain
| | - F J García-Cozar
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Piñero
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - G Alvarez-Llamas
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Duran-Ruiz
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain.
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18
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Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
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19
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Melton EM, Li H, Benson J, Sohn P, Huang LH, Song BL, Li BL, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Myeloid Acat1/ Soat1 KO attenuates pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and protects against atherosclerosis in a model of advanced lesions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15836-15849. [PMID: 31495784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol esters are a key ingredient of foamy cells in atherosclerotic lesions; their formation is catalyzed by two enzymes: acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs; also called sterol O-acyltransferases, or SOATs) ACAT1 and ACAT2. ACAT1 is present in all body cells and is the major isoenzyme in macrophages. Whether blocking ACAT1 benefits atherosclerosis has been under debate for more than a decade. Previously, our laboratory developed a myeloid-specific Acat1 knockout (KO) mouse (Acat1 -M/-M), devoid of ACAT1 only in macrophages, microglia, and neutrophils. In previous work using the ApoE KO (ApoE -/-) mouse model for early lesions, Acat1 -M/-M significantly reduced lesion macrophage content and suppressed atherosclerosis progression. In advanced lesions, cholesterol crystals become a prominent feature. Here we evaluated the effects of Acat1 -M/-M in the ApoE KO mouse model for more advanced lesions and found that mice lacking myeloid Acat1 had significantly reduced lesion cholesterol crystal contents. Acat1 -M/-M also significantly reduced lesion size and macrophage content without increasing apoptotic cell death. Cell culture studies showed that inhibiting ACAT1 in macrophages caused cells to produce less proinflammatory responses upon cholesterol loading by acetyl low-density lipoprotein. In advanced lesions, Acat1 -M/-M reduced but did not eliminate foamy cells. In advanced plaques isolated from ApoE -/- mice, immunostainings showed that both ACAT1 and ACAT2 are present. In cell culture, both enzymes are present in macrophages and smooth muscle cells and contribute to cholesterol ester biosynthesis. Overall, our results support the notion that targeting ACAT1 or targeting both ACAT1 and ACAT2 in macrophages is a novel strategy to treat advanced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina M Melton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Paul Sohn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo-Liang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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20
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Wakabayashi T, Takahashi M, Yamamuro D, Karasawa T, Takei A, Takei S, Yamazaki H, Nagashima S, Ebihara K, Takahashi M, Ishibashi S. Inflammasome Activation Aggravates Cutaneous Xanthomatosis and Atherosclerosis in ACAT1 (Acyl-CoA Cholesterol Acyltransferase 1) Deficiency in Bone Marrow. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2576-2589. [PMID: 30354239 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective- ACAT1 (Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1) esterifies cellular free cholesterol, thereby converting macrophages to cholesteryl ester-laden foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions and cutaneous xanthoma. Paradoxically, however, loss of ACAT1 in bone marrow causes the aggravation of atherosclerosis and the development of severe cutaneous xanthoma in hyperlipidemic mice. Recently, it has been reported that cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR [leucine-rich repeats], and PYD [pyrin domain] domain-containing protein 3) inflammasomes, thereby contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to clarify the role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in the worsening of atherosclerosis and cutaneous xanthoma induced by ACAT1 deficiency. Approach and Results- Ldlr-null mice were transplanted with bone marrow from WT (wild type) mice and mice lacking ACAT1, NLRP3, or both. After the 4 types of mice were fed high-cholesterol diets, we compared their atherosclerosis and skin lesions. The mice transplanted with Acat1-null bone marrow developed severe cutaneous xanthoma, which was filled with numerous macrophages and cholesterol clefts and had markedly increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, and increased atherosclerosis. Loss of NLRP3 completely reversed the cutaneous xanthoma, whereas it improved the atherosclerosis only partially. Acat1-null peritoneal macrophages showed enhanced expression of CHOP (C/EBP [CCAAT/enhancer binding protein] homologous protein) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) but no evidence of inflammasome activation, after treatment with acetylated LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Conclusions- Elimination of ACAT1 in bone marrow-derived cells aggravates cutaneous xanthoma and atherosclerosis. The development of cutaneous xanthoma is induced mainly via the NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine (T.K., M.T.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Akihito Takei
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shoko Takei
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hisataka Yamazaki
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine (T.K., M.T.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (T.W., M.T., D.Y., A.T., S.T., H.Y., S.N., K.E., S.I.), Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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21
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Yamazaki H, Takahashi M, Wakabayashi T, Sakai K, Yamamuro D, Takei A, Takei S, Nagashima S, Yagyu H, Sekiya M, Ebihara K, Ishibashi S. Loss of ACAT1 Attenuates Atherosclerosis Aggravated by Loss of NCEH1 in Bone Marrow-Derived Cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:246-259. [PMID: 30282838 PMCID: PMC6402884 DOI: 10.5551/jat.44040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) esterifies free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters (CE), which are subsequently hydrolyzed by neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1). The elimination of ACAT1 in vitro reduces the amounts of CE accumulated in Nceh1-deficient macrophages. The present study aimed at examining whether the loss of ACAT1 attenuates atherosclerosis which is aggravated by the loss of NCEH1 in vivo. METHODS Low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient mice were transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type mice and mice lacking ACAT1, NCEH1, or both. The four types of mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet and, then, were examined for atherosclerosis. RESULTS The cross-sectional lesion size of the recipients of Nceh1-deficient bone marrow was 1.6-fold larger than that of the wild-type bone marrow. The lesions of the recipients of Nceh1-deficient bone marrow were enriched with MOMA2-positive macrophages compared with the lesions of the recipients of the wild-type bone marrow. The size and the macrophage content of the lesions of the recipients of bone marrow lacking both ACAT1 and NCEH1 were significantly smaller than the recipients of the Nceh1-deficient bone marrow, indicating that the loss of ACAT1 decreases the excess CE in the Nceh1-deficient lesions. The collagen-rich and/or mucin-rich areas and en face lesion size were enlarged in the recipients of the Acat1-/- bone marrow compared with those of the recipients of the WT bone marrow. CONCLUSION The loss of ACAT1 in bone marrow-derived cells attenuates atherosclerosis, which is aggravated by the loss of NCEH1, corroborating the in vitro functions of ACAT1 (formation of CE) and NCEH1 (hydrolysis of CE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Yamazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kent Sakai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Akihito Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shoko Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- The Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
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22
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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23
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Huang LH, Melton EM, Li H, Sohn P, Jung D, Tsai CY, Ma T, Sano H, Ha H, Friedline RH, Kim JK, Usherwood E, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Myeloid-specific Acat1 ablation attenuates inflammatory responses in macrophages, improves insulin sensitivity, and suppresses diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533741 PMCID: PMC6171008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytes that play important roles in health and diseases. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) converts cellular cholesterol to cholesteryl esters and is expressed in many cell types. Unlike global Acat1 knockout (KO), myeloid-specific Acat1 KO ( Acat1-) does not cause overt abnormalities in mice. Here, we performed analyses in age- and sex-matched Acat1-M/-M and wild-type mice on chow or Western diet and discovered that Acat1-M/-M mice exhibit resistance to Western diet-induced obesity. On both chow and Western diets, Acat1-M/-M mice display decreased adipocyte size and increased insulin sensitivity. When fed with Western diet, Acat1-M/-M mice contain fewer infiltrating macrophages in white adipose tissue (WAT), with significantly diminished inflammatory phenotype. Without Acat1, the Ly6Chi monocytes express reduced levels of integrin-β1, which plays a key role in the interaction between monocytes and the inflamed endothelium. Adoptive transfer experiment showed that the appearance of leukocytes from Acat1-M/-M mice to the inflamed WAT of wild-type mice is significantly diminished. Under Western diet, Acat1-M/-M causes suppression of multiple proinflammatory genes in WAT. Cell culture experiments show that in RAW 264.7 macrophages, inhibiting ACAT1 with a small-molecule ACAT1-specific inhibitor reduces inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that under Western diet, blocking ACAT1 in macrophages attenuates inflammation in WAT. Other results show that Acat1-M/-M does not compromise antiviral immune response. Our work reveals that blocking ACAT1 suppresses diet-induced obesity in part by slowing down monocyte infiltration to WAT as well as by reducing the inflammatory responses of adipose tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Elaina M Melton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Paul Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - DaeYoung Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - HyeKyung Ha
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
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24
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Wang Y, Ding WX, Li T. Cholesterol and bile acid-mediated regulation of autophagy in fatty liver diseases and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:726-733. [PMID: 29653253 PMCID: PMC6037329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is the major organ that regulates whole body cholesterol metabolism. Disrupted hepatic cholesterol homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Hepatic bile acid synthesis is the major catabolic mechanism for cholesterol elimination from the body. Furthermore, bile acids are signaling molecules that regulate liver metabolism and inflammation. Autophagy is a highly-conserved lysosomal degradation mechanism, which plays an essential role in maintaining cellular integrity and energy homeostasis. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence linking hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism to cellular autophagy activity in hepatocytes and macrophages, and how these interactions may be implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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25
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Qin S, Peng D, Lu J, Ke Z. MiR‐182‐5p inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis triggered by oxidized low‐density lipoprotein via targeting toll‐like receptor 4. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6630-6637. [PMID: 29226948 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song‐Bai Qin
- Jingzhou Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine The Third Clinical Medical College,Yangtze University Jingzhou, Hubei China
| | - Da‐Yan Peng
- Jingzhou Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine The Third Clinical Medical College,Yangtze University Jingzhou, Hubei China
| | - Jing‐Min Lu
- Department of Neurology Huai'an Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an, Jiangsu China
| | - Zun‐Ping Ke
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University Shanghai China
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26
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Zhu Y, Chen CY, Li J, Cheng JX, Jang M, Kim KH. In vitro exploration of ACAT contributions to lipid droplet formation during adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:820-829. [PMID: 29549095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As adipose tissue is the major cholesterol storage organ and most of the intracellular cholesterol is distributed to lipid droplets (LDs), cholesterol homeostasis may have a role in the regulation of adipocyte size and function. ACATs catalyze the formation of cholesteryl ester (CE) from free cholesterol to modulate the cholesterol balance. Despite the well-documented role of ACATs in hypercholesterolemia, their role in LD development during adipogenesis remains elusive. Here, we identify ACATs as regulators of de novo lipogenesis and LD formation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of ACAT activity suppressed intracellular cholesterol and CE levels, and reduced expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. ACAT inhibition resulted in decreased de novo lipogenesis, as demonstrated by reduced maturation of SREBP1 and SREBP1-downstream lipogenic gene expression. Consistent with this observation, knockdown of either ACAT isoform reduced total adipocyte lipid content by approximately 40%. These results demonstrate that ACATs are required for storage ability of lipids and cholesterol in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 .,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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27
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Yamauchi Y, Rogers MA. Sterol Metabolism and Transport in Atherosclerosis and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 30283400 PMCID: PMC6157400 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital lipid molecule for mammalian cells, regulating fluidity of biological membranes, and serving as an essential constituent of lipid rafts. Mammalian cells acquire cholesterol from extracellular lipoproteins and from de novo synthesis. Cholesterol biosynthesis generates various precursor sterols. Cholesterol undergoes metabolic conversion into oxygenated sterols (oxysterols), bile acids, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol intermediates and metabolites have diverse and important cellular functions. A network of molecular machineries including transcription factors, protein modifiers, sterol transporters/carriers, and sterol sensors regulate sterol homeostasis in mammalian cells and tissues. Dysfunction in metabolism and transport of cholesterol, sterol intermediates, and oxysterols occurs in various pathophysiological settings such as atherosclerosis, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the cholesterol, intermediate sterol, and oxysterol regulatory mechanisms and intracellular transport machineries, and discuss the roles of sterols and sterol metabolism in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamauchi
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshio Yamauchi
| | - Maximillian A. Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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28
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Chang TY, Yamauchi Y, Hasan MT, Chang C. Cellular cholesterol homeostasis and Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2239-2254. [PMID: 28298292 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults. Currently, there is no cure for AD. The hallmark of AD is the accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (especially Aβ1-42) and neurofibrillary tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated tau and accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation. Aβ peptides are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The oligomeric form of Aβ peptides is probably the most neurotoxic species; its accumulation eventually forms the insoluble and aggregated amyloid plaques. ApoE is the major apolipoprotein of the lipoprotein(s) present in the CNS. ApoE has three alleles, of which the Apoe4 allele constitutes the major risk factor for late-onset AD. Here we describe the complex relationship between ApoE4, oligomeric Aβ peptides, and cholesterol homeostasis. The review consists of four parts: 1) key elements involved in cellular cholesterol metabolism and regulation; 2) key elements involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking; 3) links between ApoE4, Aβ peptides, and disturbance of cholesterol homeostasis in the CNS; 4) potential lipid-based therapeutic targets to treat AD. At the end, we recommend several research topics that we believe would help in better understanding the connection between cholesterol and AD for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mazahir T Hasan
- Laboratory of Memory Circuits, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Catherine Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
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29
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Wang B, He PP, Zeng GF, Zhang T, Ou Yang XP. miR-467b regulates the cholesterol ester formation via targeting ACAT1 gene in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochimie 2017; 132:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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