1
|
Cheng J, Ho WK, Wu BT, Liu HP, Lin WY. miRNA profiling as a complementary diagnostic tool for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13805. [PMID: 37612427 PMCID: PMC10447559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most prevalent motor neuron disease characterized by its complex genetic structure, lacks a single diagnostic test capable of providing a conclusive diagnosis. In order to demonstrate the potential for genetic diagnosis and shed light on the pathogenic role of miRNAs in ALS, we developed an ALS diagnostic rule by training the model using 80% of a miRNA profiling dataset consisting of 253 ALS samples and 103 control samples. Subsequently, we validated the diagnostic rule using the remaining 20% of unseen samples. The diagnostic rule we developed includes miR-205-5p, miR-206, miR-376a-5p, miR-412-5p, miR-3927-3p, miR-4701-3p, miR-6763-5p, and miR-6801-3p. Remarkably, the rule achieved an 82% true positive rate and a 73% true negative rate when predicting the unseen samples. Furthermore, the identified miRNAs target 21 genes in the PI3K-Akt pathway and 27 genes in the ALS pathway, including notable genes such as BCL2, NEFH, and OPTN. We propose that miRNA profiling may serve as a complementary diagnostic tool to supplement the clinical presentation and aid in the early recognition of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuang Ho
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Tsang Wu
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, 40343, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guan G, Cannon RD, Coates DE, Mei L. Effect of the Rho-Kinase/ROCK Signaling Pathway on Cytoskeleton Components. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:272. [PMID: 36833199 PMCID: PMC9957420 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells are important in tissue homeostasis and enable cell growth, division, migration and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mechanical properties are determined to a large extent by the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. These cellular structures confer both cell shape and mechanical properties. The architecture of the networks formed by the cytoskeleton is regulated by several pathways, a key one being the Rho-kinase/ROCK signaling pathway. This review describes the role of ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase) and how it mediates effects on the key components of the cytoskeleton that are critical for cell behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Guan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard D. Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Dawn E. Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Li Mei
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vohnoutka RB, Boumil EF, Liu Y, Uchida A, Pant HC, Shea TB. Influence of a GSK3β phosphorylation site within the proximal C-terminus of Neurofilament-H on neurofilament dynamics. Biol Open 2017; 6:1516-1527. [PMID: 28882840 PMCID: PMC5665472 DOI: 10.1242/bio.028522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of the heavy neurofilament subunit (NF-H) impacts neurofilament (NF) axonal transport and residence within axons by fostering NF-NF associations that compete with transport. We tested the role of phosphorylation of a GSK-3β consensus site (S493) located in the proximal portion of the NF-H tail in NF dynamics by transfection of NB2a/d1 cells with NF-H, where S493 was mutated to aspartic acid (S493D) or to alanine (S493A) to mimic constitutive phosphorylation and non-phosphorylation. S493D underwent increased transport into axonal neurites, while S493A displayed increased perikaryal NF aggregates that were decorated by anti-kinesin. Increased levels of S493A co-precipitated with anti-kinesin indicating that reduced transport of S493A was not due to reduced kinesin association but due to premature NF-NF interactions within perikarya. S493D displayed increased phospho-immunoreactivity within axonal neurites at downstream C-terminal sites attributable to mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 5. However, S493D was more prone to proteolysis following kinase inhibition, suggesting that S493 phosphorylation is an early event that alters sidearm configuration in a manner that promotes appropriate NF distribution. We propose a novel model for sidearm configuration. Summary: We demonstrate that phosphorylation of a critical site regulates neurofilament transport, proteolysis and interaction with other axonal cytoskeletal elements, and present evidence that it does so by altering protein conformation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper as part of the supplementary information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward F Boumil
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Yuguan Liu
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Atsuko Uchida
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Harish C Pant
- Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Shea
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang T, Gu J, Wu L, Li N, Sun Y, Yu P, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhang Z. Neuroprotective and axonal outgrowth-promoting effects of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats and primary hippocampal neurons exposed to hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Goto H, Tanaka H, Kasahara K, Inagaki M. Phospho-Specific Antibody Probes of Intermediate Filament Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2016; 568:85-111. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Angliker N, Burri M, Zaichuk M, Fritschy JM, Rüegg MA. mTORC1 and mTORC2 have largely distinct functions in Purkinje cells. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2595-612. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Angliker
- Biozentrum; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 70 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Michael Burri
- Biozentrum; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 70 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mariana Zaichuk
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Markus A. Rüegg
- Biozentrum; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 70 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee S, Shea TB. The high molecular weight neurofilament subunit plays an essential role in axonal outgrowth and stabilization. Biol Open 2014; 3:974-81. [PMID: 25260918 PMCID: PMC4197446 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are thought to provide structural support to mature axons via crosslinking of cytoskeletal elements mediated by the C-terminal region of the high molecular weight NF subunit (NF-H). Herein, we inhibited NF-H expression in differentiating mouse NB2a/d1 cells with shRNA directed against murine NF-H without affecting other NF subunits, microtubules or actin. shRNA-mediated NF-H knockdown not only in compromised of late-stage axonal neurite stabilization but also compromised early stages of axonal neurite elongation. Expression of exogenous rat NF-H was able to compensate for knockdown of endogenous NF-H and restored the development and stabilization of axonal neurites. This rescue was prevented by simultaneous treatment with shRNA that inhibited both rat and murine NF-H, or by expression of exogenous rat NF-H lacking the C-terminal sidearm during knockdown of endogenous NF-H. Demonstration of a role for NF-H in the early stages of axonal elaboration suggests that axonal stabilization is not delayed until synaptogenesis, but rather that the developing axon undergoes sequential NF-H-mediated stabilization along its length in a proximal–distal manner, which supports continued pathfinding in distal, unstabilized regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmook Lee
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Thomas B Shea
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee S, Pant HC, Shea TB. Divergent and convergent roles for kinases and phosphatases in neurofilament dynamics. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4064-77. [PMID: 25015294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal neurofilament phosphorylation mediates cation-dependent self-association leading to neurofilament incorporation into the stationary axonal cytoskeleton. Multiple kinases phosphorylate the C-terminal domains of the heavy neurofilament subunit (NF-H), including cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (CDK5), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), casein kinase 1 and 2 (CK1 and CK2) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). The respective contributions of these kinases have been confounded because they phosphorylate multiple substrates in addition to neurofilaments and display extensive interaction. Herein, differentiated NB2a/d1 cells were transfected with constructs expressing GFP-tagged NF-H, isolated NF-H sidearms and NF-H lacking the distal-most 187 amino acids. Cultures were treated with roscovitine, PD98059, Li(+), D4476, tetrabromobenzotriazole and calyculin, which are active against CDK5, MKK1 (also known as MAP2K1), GSK3β, CK1, CK2 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), respectively. Sequential phosphorylation by CDK5 and GSK3β mediated the neurofilament-neurofilament associations. The MAPK pathway (i.e. MKK1 to ERK1/2) was found to downregulate GSK3β, and CK1 activated PP1, both of which promoted axonal transport and restricted neurofilament-neurofilament associations to axonal neurites. The MAPK pathway and CDK5, but not CK1 and GSK3β, inhibited neurofilament proteolysis. These findings indicate that phosphorylation of neurofilaments by the proline-directed MAPK pathway and CDK5 counterbalance the impact of phosphorylation of neurofilaments by the non-proline-directed CK1 and GSK3β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmook Lee
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Harish C Pant
- Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, NIH, NINDS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Shea
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Holmgren A, Bouhy D, Timmerman V. Neurofilament phosphorylation and their proline-directed kinases in health and disease. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17:365-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
10
|
Lee WC, Kan D, Chen YY, Han SK, Lu KS, Chien CL. Suppression of extensive neurofilament phosphorylation rescues α-Internexin/peripherin-overexpressing PC12 cells from neuronal cell death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43883. [PMID: 22952800 PMCID: PMC3428284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) overproduction induces abnormal accumulation of neuronal IF, which is a pathological indicator of some neurodegenerative disorders. In our study, α-Internexin- and peripherin-overexpressing PC12 cells (pINT-EGFP and pEGFP-peripherin) were used as models to study neuropathological pathways responsible for neurodegenerative diseases. Microarray data revealed that Cdk5-related genes were downregulated and Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (GSK-3α and GSK-3β) were upregulated in pINT-EGFP cells. Increased expression of phosphorylated neurofilament and aberrant activation of Cdk5 and GSK-3β were detected in both pEGFP-peripherin and pINT-EGFP cells by Western blotting. In addition, pharmacological approaches to retaining viability of pINT-EGFP and pEGFP-peripherin cells were examined. Treatment with Cdk5 inhibitor and GSK-3β inhibitor significantly suppressed neuronal death. Dynamic changes of disaggregation of EGFP-peripherin and decrease in green fluorescence intensity were observed in pEGFP-peripherin and pINT-EGFP cells by confocal microscopy after GSK-3β inhibitor treatment. We conclude that inhibition of Cdk5 and GSK-3β suppresses neurofilament phosphorylation, slows down the accumulation of neuronal IF in the cytoplasm, and subsequently avoids damages to cell organelles. The results suggest that suppression of extensive neurofilament phosphorylation may be a potential strategy for ameliorating neuron death. The suppression of hyperphosphorylation of neuronal cytoskeletons with kinase inhibitors could be one of potential therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Daphne Kan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shan-Kuo Han
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ueno Y, Chopp M, Zhang L, Buller B, Liu Z, Lehman NL, Liu XS, Zhang Y, Roberts C, Zhang ZG. Axonal outgrowth and dendritic plasticity in the cortical peri-infarct area after experimental stroke. Stroke 2012; 43:2221-8. [PMID: 22618383 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.646224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Axonal remodeling is critical to brain repair after stroke. The present study investigated axonal outgrowth after stroke and the signaling pathways mediating axonal outgrowth in cortical neurons. METHODS Using a rodent model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, we examined high-molecular weight neurofilament (NFH) immunoreactive axons and myelin basic protein-positive oligodendrocytes in the peri-infarct area. In vitro, using cultured cortical neurons in a microfluidic chamber challenged by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), we investigated mechanisms selectively regulating axonal outgrowth after OGD. RESULTS NFH(+) axons and MBP(+) oligodendrocytes substantially increased in the peri-infarct area during stroke recovery, concomitantly with an increase in dendrites and spines identified by Golgi-Cox staining. In vitro, cortical neurons subjected to OGD exhibited significant increases in axonal outgrowth and in phosphorylated NFH protein levels, concurrently with downregulation of phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, activation of Akt, and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in regenerated axons. Blockage of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with pharmacological inhibitors suppressed Akt activation and attenuated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which resulted in suppression of phosphorylated NFH and axonal outgrowth after OGD; whereas GSK-3 inhibitors augmented axonal regeneration and elevated phosphorylated NFH levels after OGD. CONCLUSIONS Stroke induces axonal outgrowth and myelination in rodent ischemic brain during stroke recovery, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway mediates axonal regeneration of cortical neurons after OGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee WC, Chen YY, Kan D, Chien CL. A neuronal death model: overexpression of neuronal intermediate filament protein peripherin in PC12 cells. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:8. [PMID: 22252275 PMCID: PMC3282651 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal accumulation of neuronal intermediate filament (IF) is a pathological indicator of some neurodegenerative disorders. However, the underlying neuropathological mechanisms of neuronal IF accumulation remain unclear. A stable clone established from PC12 cells overexpressing a GFP-Peripherin fusion protein (pEGFP-Peripherin) was constructed for determining the pathway involved in neurodegeneration by biochemical, cell biology, and electronic microscopy approaches. In addition, pharmacological approaches to preventing neuronal death were also examined. RESULTS Results of this study showed that TUNEL positive reaction could be detected in pEGFP-Peripherin cells. Swollen mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were seen by electron microscopy in pEGFP-Peripherin cells on day 8 of nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. Peripherin overexpression not only led to the formation of neuronal IF aggregate but also causes aberrant neuronal IF phosphorylation and mislocation. Western blots showed that calpain, caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activity was upregulated. Furthermore, treatment with calpain inhibitor significantly inhibited cell death. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the cytoplasmic neuronal IF aggregate caused by peripherin overexpression may induce aberrant neuronal IF phosphorylation and mislocation subsequently trapped and indirectly damaged mitochondria and ER. We suggested that the activation of calpain, caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were correlated to the dysfunction of the ER and mitochondria in our pEGFP-Peripherin cell model. The present study suggested that pEGFP-Peripherin cell clones could be a neuronal death model for future studies in neuronal IFs aggregate associated neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Daphne Kan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Woodgett JR. GSK-3: Functional Insights from Cell Biology and Animal Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:40. [PMID: 22110425 PMCID: PMC3217193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded in mammals by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. GSK-3 is active in cells under resting conditions and is primarily regulated through inhibition or diversion of its activity. While GSK-3 is one of the few protein kinases that can be inactivated by phosphorylation, the mechanisms of GSK-3 regulation are more varied and not fully understood. Precise control appears to be achieved by a combination of phosphorylation, localization, and sequestration by a number of GSK-3-binding proteins. GSK-3 lies downstream of several major signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase pathway, the Wnt pathway, Hedgehog signaling and Notch. Specific pools of GSK-3, which differ in intracellular localization, binding partner affinity, and relative amount are differentially sensitized to several distinct signaling pathways and these sequestration mechanisms contribute to pathway insulation and signal specificity. Dysregulation of signaling pathways involving GSK-3 is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders and there are data suggesting GSK-3 isoform-selective roles in several of these. Here, we review the current knowledge of GSK-3 regulation and targets and discuss the various animal models that have been employed to dissect the functions of GSK-3 in brain development and function through the use of conventional or conditional knockout mice as well as transgenic mice. These studies have revealed fundamental roles for these protein kinases in memory, behavior, and neuronal fate determination and provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sutherland C. What Are the bona fide GSK3 Substrates? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:505607. [PMID: 21629754 PMCID: PMC3100594 DOI: 10.4061/2011/505607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 100 proteins are proposed to be substrates for GSK3, suggesting that this enzyme is a fundamental regulator of almost every process in the cell, in every tissue in the body. However, it is not certain how many of these proposed substrates are regulated by GSK3 in vivo. Clearly, the identification of the physiological functions of GSK3 will be greatly aided by the identification of its bona fide substrates, and the development of GSK3 as a therapeutic target will be highly influenced by this range of actions, hence the need to accurately establish true GSK3 substrates in cells. In this paper the evidence that proposed GSK3 substrates are likely to be physiological targets is assessed, highlighting the key cellular processes that could be modulated by GSK3 activity and inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calum Sutherland
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sasaki T, Ishiguro K, Hisanaga SI. Novel axonal distribution of neurofilament-H phosphorylated at the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta-phosphorylation site in its E-segment. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:3088-97. [PMID: 19530163 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Ser493 residue in the E-segment of the rat neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3 beta) in vitro and in spinal cord. We examined Ser493 phosphorylation by analyzing developmental changes and cellular distribution of phospho-Ser493 using phosphorylation-site-specific antibodies. This residue was phosphorylated in NF-H prepared from human, rat, and mouse spinal cord, all species in which the amino acid sequence of NF-H is known. Phosphorylated Ser493 appeared on postnatal day 2 in rat brain, at the same time when NF-H is first detected. It gradually increased together with the increase in total NF-H during brain development. Phospho-Ser493 was detected on the phosphorylated form of NF-H at multiple Lys-Ser-Pro (KSP) repeats, which are distributed mainly in axons. In rat ventral horn, phosphorylated Ser493 was localized in axons but not in cell bodies or dendrites. However, the distributions of phosphorylated Ser493 and KSP phosphorylation in axons were not identical. Ser493 was continuously phosphorylated at nodes of Ranvier, whereas the KSP sites were dephosphorylated. Ser493 was also phosphorylated in unmyelinated regions of optic nerve axons. A biochemical difference in phosphorylation between Ser493 and KSP repeats was also found; the subtle phosphorylation at Ser493 was detected in NF-H unphosphorylated at the KSP repeats by immunoblotting cerebral cortex extracts. These results indicate that Ser493 in the NF-H E-segment is a novel site that is phosphorylated in both the myelinated and the unmyelinated regions of axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salajegheh M, Pinkus JL, Nazareno R, Amato AA, Parker KC, Greenberg SA. Nature of “Tau” immunoreactivity in normal myonuclei and inclusion body myositis. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:520-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
17
|
Yotsumoto K, Saito T, Asada A, Oikawa T, Kimura T, Uchida C, Ishiguro K, Uchida T, Hasegawa M, Hisanaga SI. Effect of Pin1 or microtubule binding on dephosphorylation of FTDP-17 mutant Tau. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16840-16847. [PMID: 19401603 PMCID: PMC2719320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative tauopathies, including Alzheimer disease, are characterized by abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau. One group of tauopathies, known as frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), is directly associated with mutations of the gene tau. However, it is unknown why mutant Tau is highly phosphorylated in the patient brain. In contrast to in vivo high phosphorylation, FTDP-17 Tau is phosphorylated less than wild-type Tau in vitro. Because phosphorylation is a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities, we investigated dephosphorylation of mutant Tau proteins, P301L and R406W. Tau phosphorylated by Cdk5-p25 was dephosphorylated by protein phosphatases in rat brain extracts. Compared with wild-type Tau, R406W was dephosphorylated faster and P301L slower. The two-dimensional phosphopeptide map analysis suggested that faster dephosphorylation of R406W was due to a lack of phosphorylation at Ser-404, which is relatively resistant to dephosphorylation. We studied the effect of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 or microtubule binding on dephosphorylation of wild-type Tau, P301L, and R406W in vitro. Pin1 catalyzes the cis/trans isomerization of phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro sequences in a subset of proteins. Dephosphorylation of wild-type Tau was reduced in brain extracts of Pin1-knockout mice, and this reduction was not observed with P301L and R406W. On the other hand, binding to microtubules almost abolished dephosphorylation of wild-type and mutant Tau proteins. These results demonstrate that mutation of Tau and its association with microtubules may change the conformation of Tau, thereby suppressing dephosphorylation and potentially contributing to the etiology of tauopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Yotsumoto
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Taro Saito
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Akiko Asada
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Takayuki Oikawa
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Psychiatry, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8585
| | - Taeko Kimura
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Chiyoko Uchida
- University Health Center, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512
| | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Science, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511
| | - Takafumi Uchida
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Psychiatry, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8585
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Veeranna, Lee JH, Pareek TK, Jaffee H, Boland B, Vinod KY, Amin N, Kulkarni AB, Pant HC, Nixon RA. Neurofilament tail phosphorylation: identity of the RT-97 phosphoepitope and regulation in neurons by cross-talk among proline-directed kinases. J Neurochem 2008; 107:35-49. [PMID: 18715269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As axons myelinate, establish a stable neurofilament network, and expand in caliber, neurofilament proteins are extensively phosphorylated along their C-terminal tails, which is recognized by the monoclonal antibody, RT-97. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that RT-97 immunoreactivity (IR) is generated by phosphorylation at KSPXK or KSPXXXK motifs and requires flanking lysines at specific positions. extracellular signal regulated kinase 1,2 (ERK1,2) and pERK1,2 levels increase in parallel with phosphorylation at the RT-97 epitope during early postnatal brain development. Purified ERK1,2 generated RT-97 on both KSP motifs on recombinant NF-H tail domain proteins, while cdk5 phosphorylated only KSPXK motifs. RT-97 epitope generation in primary hippocampal neurons was regulated by extensive cross-talk among ERK1,2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1,2 (JNK1,2) and cdk5. Inhibition of both ERK1,2 and JNK1,2 completely blocked RT-97 generation. Cdk5 influenced RT-97 generation indirectly by modulating JNK activation. In mice, cdk5 gene deletion did not significantly alter RT-97 IR or ERK1,2 and JNK activation. In mice lacking the cdk5 activator P35, the partial suppression of cdk5 activity increased RT-97 IR by activating ERK1,2. Thus, cdk5 influences RT-97 epitope generation partly by modulating ERKs and JNKs, which are the two principal kinases regulating neurofilament phosphorylation. The regulation of a single target by multiple protein kinases underscores the importance of monitoring other relevant kinases when the activity of a particular one is blocked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veeranna
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamada M, Saito T, Sato Y, Kawai Y, Sekigawa A, Hamazumi Y, Asada A, Wada M, Doi H, Hisanaga SI. Cdk5-p39 is a labile complex with the similar substrate specificity to Cdk5-p35. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1477-1487. [PMID: 17394551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed Ser/Thr kinase that plays important roles in various neuronal activities, including neuronal migration, synaptic activity, and neuronal cell death. Cdk5 is activated by association with a neuron-specific activator, p35 or its isoform p39, but little is known about the kinase activity of Cdk5--p39. In fact, kinase-active Cdk5--p39 was not prepared from rat brain extracts nor from HEK293 cells expressing Cdk5 and p39 by immunoprecipitation in the presence of non-ionic detergent, under conditions with which active Cdk5--p35 could be isolated. p39 dissociated from Cdk5 in the presence of detergent, indicating that p39 has a lower binding affinity for Cdk5 than p35. We developed a method for purifying kinase-active Cdk5--p39 from Sf9 cells infected with baculovirus encoding Cdk5 and p39. The purified Cdk5--p39 complex showed similar substrate specificity to that of Cdk5--p35, but with opposite sensitivity to detergent. Cdk5--p39 was inactivated by Triton X-100, whereas Cdk5--p35 was activated. The N-terminal deletion from p35 and p39, the amino acid sequences of which are different, did not change the stability or substrate specificity of either Cdk5 complex. The different stability between Cdk5--p35 and Cdk5--p39 suggests their distinct roles under different regulation mechanisms in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Yamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusei Kawai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akio Sekigawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Hamazumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Doi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo, JapanCelestar Lexico-Sciences Inc., Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sasaki T, Gotow T, Shiozaki M, Sakaue F, Saito T, Julien JP, Uchiyama Y, Hisanaga SI. Aggregate formation and phosphorylation of neurofilament-L Pro22 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutants. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:943-52. [PMID: 16452125 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral nerve disorder. The causative gene for axonal type CMT2E has been identified as neurofilament light (NF-L) chain. Using cultured cells and in vitro assays, we analyzed the filament formation ability of Pro22 CMT mutant proteins of NF-L, P22S and P22T. NF-L Pro22 mutant proteins formed large aggregates in SW13- cells and cortical neurons and assembled into short twisty threads thinner than 10 nm filaments in vitro. Those threads associated with each other at their ends and entangled into large aggregates, also abnormalities, were detected at steps in oligomer formation. Pro22 mutations abolished Thr21 phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and external signal regulated kinase, which suppressed filament assembly, but phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibited aggregate formation in vitro and alleviated aggregates in cortical neurons. These results indicate that the Pro22 CMT mutation induces abnormal filament aggregates by disrupting proper oligomer formation and the aggregates are mitigated by phosphorylation with PKA, which makes it a viable target for the development for therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
He Q, Shu H, Cheng P, Chen S, Wang L, Liu Y. Light-independent Phosphorylation of WHITE COLLAR-1 Regulates Its Function in the Neurospora Circadian Negative Feedback Loop. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17526-32. [PMID: 15731099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a major regulatory mechanism controlling circadian clocks. In the Neurospora circadian clock, the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) domain-containing transcription factor, WHITE COLLAR (WC)-1, acts both as the blue light photoreceptor of the clock and as a positive element in the circadian negative feedback loop in constant darkness, by activating the transcription of the frequency (frq) gene. To understand the role of WC-1 phosphorylation, five in vivo WC-1 phosphorylation sites, located immediately downstream of the WC-1 zinc finger DNA binding domain, were identified by tandem mass spectrometry using biochemically purified endogenous WC-1 protein. Mutations of these phosphorylation sites suggest that they are major WC-1 phosphorylation sites under constant conditions but are not responsible for the light-induced hyperphosphorylation of WC-1. Although phosphorylation of these sites does not affect the light function of WC-1, strains carrying mutations of these sites show short period, low amplitude, or arrhythmic conidiation rhythms in constant darkness. Furthermore, normal or slightly higher levels of frq mRNA and FRQ proteins were observed in a mutant strain containing mutations of all five sites despite its low WC-1 levels. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of these sites negatively regulates the function of WC-1 in the circadian negative feedback loop and is important for the function of the Neurospora circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang He
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moran CM, Donnelly M, Ortiz D, Pant HC, Mandelkow EM, Shea TB. Cdk5 inhibits anterograde axonal transport of neurofilaments but not that of tau by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 134:338-44. [PMID: 15836929 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) inhibits neurofilament (NF) anterograde axonal transport while p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPk) promotes it. Since cdk5 is known to inhibit MAP kinase activity, we examined whether or not cdk5 inhibits anterograde NF transport via inhibition of MAPk activity. To accomplish this, we manipulated the activity of these kinases in differentiated NB2a/d1 cells, and monitored anterograde axonal transport of green fluorescent protein-conjugated-NF-M (GFP-M) and cyan fluorescent protein-conjugated (CFP)-tau. The cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine increased anterograde axonal transport of GFP-M and CFP-tau; transfection with cdk5/p25 inhibited transport of both. Inhibition of MAPk activity by PD98059 or expression of dominant-negative MAPk inhibited anterograde GFP-M transport, while expression of constitutively active MAPk enhanced it; these treatments did not affect CFP-tau transport. PD98059 prevented roscovitine-mediated enhancement of GFP-M transport, but did not prevent enhancement of CFP-tau transport. Co-transfection with constitutively activated MAPk prevented the inhibition of GFP-M transport that normally accompanied transfection with cdk5/p25, but did not prevent inhibition of tau transport by cdk5/p25. Finally, the extent of inhibition of GFP-M axonal transport by PD98059 was not additive to that derived from transfection with cdk5/p35, and the increase in NF transport that accompanies roscovitine treatment was not additive to that derived from transfection with constitutively activated MAPk, suggesting that the influence of these kinases on NF transport was within the same, rather than distinct, pathways. These findings suggest that axonal transport of tau and NFs is under the control of distinct kinase cascades, and that cdk5 inhibits NF transport at least in part by inhibiting MAPk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Moran
- Center for Cell Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ackerley S, Grierson AJ, Banner S, Perkinton MS, Brownlees J, Byers HL, Ward M, Thornhill P, Hussain K, Waby JS, Anderton BH, Cooper JD, Dingwall C, Leigh PN, Shaw CE, Miller CCJ. p38α stress-activated protein kinase phosphorylates neurofilaments and is associated with neurofilament pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:354-64. [PMID: 15207859 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament middle and heavy chains (NFM and NFH) are heavily phosphorylated on their carboxy-terminal side-arm domains in axons. The mechanisms that regulate this phosphorylation are complex. Here, we demonstrate that p38alpha, a member of the stress-activated protein kinase family, will phosphorylate NFM and NFH on their side-arm domains. Aberrant accumulations of neurofilaments containing phosphorylated NFM and NFH side-arms are a pathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and we also demonstrate that p38alpha and active forms of p38 family kinases are associated with these accumulations. This is the case for sporadic and familial forms of ALS and also in a transgenic mouse model of ALS caused by expression of mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1). Thus, p38 kinases may contribute to the aberrant phosphorylation of NFM and NFH side-arms in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ackerley
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, The Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Park CS, Kim SI, Lee MS, Youn CY, Kim DJ, Jho EH, Song WK. Modulation of β-Catenin Phosphorylation/Degradation by Cyclin-dependent Kinase 2. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19592-9. [PMID: 14985333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Catenin functions as a downstream component of the Wnt/Wingless signal transduction pathway, and inappropriate control of cytosolic beta-catenin is a crucial step in the genesis of several human cancers. Here we demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) in association with cyclin A or cyclin E directly binds to beta-catenin. In vivo and in vitro kinase assays with cyclin-CDK2 demonstrate beta-catenin phosphorylation on residues Ser(33), Ser(37), Thr(41), and Ser(45). This phosphorylation promotes rapid degradation of cytosolic beta-catenin via the beta-TrCP-mediated proteasome pathway. Moreover, cyclin E-CDK2 contributes to rapid degradation of cytosolic beta-catenin levels during G(1) phase by regulating beta-catenin phosphorylation and subsequent degradation. In this way, CDK2 may "fine tune" beta-catenin levels over the course of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shik Park
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, Kwangju 500-712, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Woodgett JR. Physiological roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3: potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes and other disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:281-90. [PMID: 14683459 PMCID: PMC4490889 DOI: 10.2174/1568008033340153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has perplexed signal transduction researchers since its detection in skeletal muscle 25 years ago. The enzyme confounds most of the rules normally associated with protein kinases in that it exhibits significant activity, even in resting, unstimulated cells. However, the protein is highly regulated and potently inactivated in response to signals such as insulin and polypeptide growth factors. The enzyme also displays a distinct and unusual preference for substrates that have been previously phosphorylated by other protein kinases which provides obvious opportunities for cross-talk. Its substrates are diverse and are predominantly regulatory molecules. The molecular cloning of the kinase revealed it to be encoded by two related but distinct genes. Moreover, the mammalian proteins showed remarkable similarity to a fruitfly protein isolated on the basis of its role in cell fate determination. From these humble beginnings, study of the enzyme has accrued further surprises such as its inhibition by lithium, its regulation by serine and tyrosine phosphorylation and its implication in several human disorders including Alzheimers disease, bipolar disorder, cancer and diabetes. Most recently, small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3 have been developed and assessed for therapeutic potential in several of models of pathophysiology. The question is whether modulation of such an "involved" enzyme could lead to selective restoration of defects without multiple unwanted side effects. This review summarizes current knowledge of GSK-3 with respect to its known functions, together with an assessment of its real-life potential as a drug target for chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Woodgett
- Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|