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Yuan Q, Shi X, Ma H, Yao Y, Zhang B, Zhao L. Recent progress in marine chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains as potential functional foods and therapeutic agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129969. [PMID: 38325688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are natural complex glycosaminoglycans with high structural diversity and widely distributed in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, starfish, and sea cucumber. Numerous CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains with various structures and activities have been obtained from marine animals and have received extensive attention. However, only a few of these hybrid chains have been well-characterized and commercially developed. This review presents information on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, potential action mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of marine CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives in the research of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. This review may provide a useful reference for the further investigation, development, and application of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains in the fields of functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
| | - Xiang Shi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Haiqiong Ma
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Yue Yao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Longyan Zhao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
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Medeiros TB, Cosendey P, Gerin DR, de Sousa GF, Portal TM, Monteiro-de-Barros C. The effect of the sulfation patterns of dermatan and chondroitin sulfate from vertebrates and ascidians on their neuritogenic and neuroprotective properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125830. [PMID: 37454999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is caused by the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons, leading to cell death, and it is the main cause of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat these diseases. They are widespread in nature and perform an important role in neuritogenesis and neuroprotection. Here we investigated the neuritogenic and neuroprotective role of Phallusia nigra dermatan sulfate (PnD2,6S) and compared it with two distinct structures of chondroitin sulfate (C6S) and dermatan sulfate (D4S). For this study, a neuro 2A murine neuroblastoma cell line was used, and a chemical lesion was induced by the pesticide rotenone (ROT). We observed that PnD2,6S + ROT had a better neuritogenic effect than either C6S + ROT or D4S + ROT at a lower concentration (0.05 μg/mL). When evaluating the mitochondrial membrane potential, PnD2,6S showed a neuroprotective effect at a concentration of 0.4 μg/mL. These data indicate different mechanisms underlying this neuronal potential, in which the sulfation pattern is important for neuritogenic activity, while for neuroprotection all DS/CS structures had similar effects. This finding leads to a better understanding the chemical structures of PnD2,6S, C6S, and D4S and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiane Barreto Medeiros
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cosendey
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diovana Ramos Gerin
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Graziele Fonseca de Sousa
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Taynan Motta Portal
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia Monteiro-de-Barros
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Uemura A, Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H, Tamura JI. Synthesis of biotinylated chondroitin sulfate DA and AD tetrasaccharides composed of hetero-type disaccharide units, and their interactions with the mAb MO-225. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117191. [PMID: 36822013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a linear acidic polysaccharide, exhibits numerous biological activities that are dependent on sulfation patterns. CS oligosaccharides comprise repeating disaccharide units with different (hetero)-type sulfation patterns and are common in nature. We herein report the synthesis of the following biotinylated CS tetrasaccharides: CS-AD [βGalNAc4S(1-4)βGlcA(1-3)βGalNAc6S(1-4)βGlcA2S] and CS-DA [βGalNAc6S(1-4)βGlcA2S(1-3)βGalNAc4S(1-4)βGlcA], in a stereo-controlled manner. We also demonstrated that the CS-d-specific monoclonal antibody MO-225 bound more strongly to CS-DA than to CS-DD or -AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asumi Uemura
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainable Science, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainable Science, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Onishi S, Shionoya K, Sato K, Mubuchi A, Maruyama S, Nakajima T, Komeno M, Miyata S, Yoshizawa K, Wada T, Linhardt RJ, Toida T, Higashi K. Fucosylated heparan sulfate from the midgut gland of Patinopecten yessoensis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120847. [PMID: 37182947 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional relationships of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) derived from marine organisms have been investigated, suggesting that marine invertebrates, particularly Bivalvia, are abundant sources of highly sulfated or branched GAGs. In this study, we identified a novel fucosylated heparan sulfate (Fuc-HS) from the midgut gland of the Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Scallop HS showed resistance to GAG-degrading enzymes, including chondroitinases and heparinases, and susceptibility to heparinases increased when scallop HS was treated with mild acid hydrolysis, which removes the fucosyl group. Moreover, 1H NMR detected significant signals near 1.2-1.3 ppm corresponding to the H-6 methyl proton of fucose residues and small H-3 (3.59 ppm) or H-2 (3.39 ppm) signals of glucuronate (GlcA) were detected, suggesting that the fucose moiety is attached to the C-3 position of GlcA in scallop HS. GC-MS detected peaks corresponding to 1, 3, 5-tri-O-acetyl-2, 4-di-O-methyl-L-fucitol and 1, 4, 5-tri-O-acetyl-2, 3-di-O-methyl-L-fucitol, suggesting that the fucose moiety is 3-O- or 4-O-sulfated. Furthermore, scallop HS showed anti-coagulant and neurite outgrowth-promoting (NOP) activities. These results suggest that the midgut gland of scallops is a valuable source of Fuc-HS with biological activities.
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wang W, Mao H, Li S, Zhang L, Yang L, Yin R, Zhao J. Branched Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides Derived from the Sea Cucumber Acaudina molpadioides Stimulate Neurite Outgrowth. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100653. [PMID: 36286476 PMCID: PMC9605008 DOI: 10.3390/md20100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) from the sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides (FCSAm) is the first one that was reported to be branched by disaccharide GalNAc-(α1,2)-Fuc3S4S (15%) and sulfated Fuc (85%). Here, four size-homogenous fractions, and seven oligosaccharides, were separated from its β-eliminative depolymerized products. Detailed NMR spectroscopic and MS analyses revealed the oligomers as hexa-, hepta-, octa-, and nonasaccharide, which further confirmed the precise structure of native FCSAm: it was composed of the CS-E-like backbone with a full content of sulfation at O-4 and O-6 of GalNAc in the disaccharide repeating unit, and the branches consisting of sulfated fucose (Fuc4S and Fuc2S4S) and heterodisaccharide [GalNAc-(α1,2)-Fuc3S4S]. Pharmacologically, FCSAm and its depolymerized derivatives, including fractions and oligosaccharides, showed potent neurite outgrowth-promoting activity in a chain length-dependent manner. A comparison of analyses among oligosaccharides revealed that the sulfate pattern of the Fuc branches, instead of the heterodisaccharide, could affect the promotion intensity. Fuc2S4S and the saccharide length endowed the neurite outgrowth stimulation activity most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
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The Specific Role of Dermatan Sulfate as an Instructive Glycosaminoglycan in Tissue Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137485. [PMID: 35806490 PMCID: PMC9267682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial roles of dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in tissue development of the cutis, blood vessels, and bone through construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Although DS classically exerts physiological functions via interaction with collagens, growth factors, and heparin cofactor-II, new functions have been revealed through analyses of human genetic disorders as well as of knockout mice with loss of DS-synthesizing enzymes. Mutations in human genes encoding the epimerase and sulfotransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including spondylodysplastic type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. DS-deficient mice show perinatal lethality, skin fragility, vascular abnormalities, thoracic kyphosis, myopathy-related phenotypes, acceleration of nerve regeneration, and impairments in self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells. These findings suggest that DS is essential for tissue development in addition to the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that DS-deficient knockout mice can be utilized as models of human genetic disorders that involve impairment of DS biosynthesis. This review highlights a novel role of DS in tissue development studies from the past decade.
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Dhawan V, Cui XT. Carbohydrate based biomaterials for neural interface applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:4714-4740. [PMID: 35702979 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00584k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprosthetic devices that record and modulate neural activities have demonstrated immense potential for bypassing or restoring lost neurological functions due to neural injuries and disorders. However, implantable electrical devices interfacing with brain tissue are susceptible to a series of inflammatory tissue responses along with mechanical or electrical failures which can affect the device performance over time. Several biomaterial strategies have been implemented to improve device-tissue integration for high quality and stable performance. Ranging from developing smaller, softer, and more flexible electrode designs to introducing bioactive coatings and drug-eluting layers on the electrode surface, such strategies have shown different degrees of success but with limitations. With their hydrophilic properties and specific bioactivities, carbohydrates offer a potential solution for addressing some of the limitations of the existing biomolecular approaches. In this review, we summarize the role of polysaccharides in the central nervous system, with a primary focus on glycoproteins and proteoglycans, to shed light on their untapped potential as biomaterials for neural implants. Utilization of glycosaminoglycans for neural interface and tissue regeneration applications is comprehensively reviewed to provide the current state of carbohydrate-based biomaterials for neural implants. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities of applying carbohydrate-based biomaterials for neural tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Dhawan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Habuchi O. Functions of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate. Glycobiology 2022; 32:664-678. [PMID: 35552694 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate (GalNAc4S6S) were initially discovered in marine animals. Following the discovery, these glycosaminoglycans have been found in various animals including human. In the biosynthesis of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S, three groups of sulfotransferases are involved; chondroitin 4-sulfotransferases (C4STs), dermatan 4-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST-1) and GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). GalNAc4S-6ST and its products have been shown to play important roles in the abnormal pathological conditions such as central nervous system injury, cancer development, abnormal tissue fibrosis, development of osteoporosis, and infection with viruses or nematodes. CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S has been shown to increase with the functional differentiation of mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Genetic approaches using knockout or knockdown of GalNAc4S-6ST, blocking of the epitopes containing GalNAc4S6S by specific antibodies and chemical technology that enabled the synthesis of oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns have been applied successfully to these investigations. These studies contributed significantly to the basic understanding of the functional roles of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S in various abnormal conditions, and appear to provide promising clues to the development of possible measures to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osami Habuchi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igayacho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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Shionoya K, Suzuki T, Takada M, Sato K, Onishi S, Dohmae N, Nishino K, Wada T, Linhardt RJ, Toida T, Higashi K. Comprehensive analysis of chondroitin sulfate and aggrecan in the head cartilage of bony fishes: Identification of proteoglycans in the head cartilage of sturgeon. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:333-342. [PMID: 35339495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage in the head of sturgeon or salmon has been gaining attention as a rich source of functional chondroitin sulfate (CS) or proteoglycans. Although the cartilage was found in the heads of other bony fishes, the structure of CS and its core protein, especially aggrecan, was not fully investigated. In this study, comprehensive analysis of CS and aggrecan in the head cartilage of 10 bony fishes including sturgeon and salmon was performed. The 4-O-sulfation to 6-O-sulfation ratio (4S/6S ratio; S: sulfate residue) of CS in Perciformes was ≧1.0, while the 4S/6S ratios of CS from sturgeons and salmon were less than 0.5. Dot blotting and proteomic analysis revealed that aggrecan was a major core protein in head cartilage of all bony fishes. These results suggest that the head cartilage of bony fishes is a promising source for the preparation of CS or proteoglycans as a health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Shionoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mako Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoichi Onishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nishino
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine/Faculty of Agriculture, Center for Animal Disease Control (CADIC), University of Miyazaki 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696640. [PMID: 34409033 PMCID: PMC8365427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highlights the roles of CS and CS-PGs in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). CS has specific cell regulatory roles that control tissue function and homeostasis. The CNS/PNS contains a diverse range of CS-PGs which direct the development of embryonic neural axonal networks, and the responses of neural cell populations in mature tissues to traumatic injury. Following brain trauma and spinal cord injury, a stabilizing CS-PG-rich scar tissue is laid down at the defect site to protect neural tissues, which are amongst the softest tissues of the human body. Unfortunately, the CS concentrated in gliotic scars also inhibits neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS has well known inhibitory properties over neural behavior, and animal models of CNS/PNS injury have demonstrated that selective degradation of CS using chondroitinase improves neuronal functional recovery. CS-PGs are present diffusely in the CNS but also form denser regions of extracellular matrix termed perineuronal nets which surround neurons. Hyaluronan is immobilized in hyalectan CS-PG aggregates in these perineural structures, which provide neural protection, synapse, and neural plasticity, and have roles in memory and cognitive learning. Despite the generally inhibitory cues delivered by CS-A and CS-C, some CS-PGs containing highly charged CS disaccharides (CS-D, CS-E) or dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides that promote neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS/DS thus has varied cell regulatory properties and structural ECM supportive roles in the CNS/PNS depending on the glycoform present and its location in tissue niches and specific cellular contexts. Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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Kakizaki I, Kobayashi T, Tamura S, Akagi H, Takagaki K. Effect of glycosaminoglycan structure on all-trans-retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 570:169-174. [PMID: 34284143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides are components of animal extracellular matrices and regulate cell functions based on their various sulfation and epimerization pattern structures. The present study aimed to find glycosaminoglycan structures to promote neural differentiation. We investigated the effect of exogenous glycosaminoglycans with well-defined structures on the all-trans-retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells, which is an ideal model culture system for studying neural differentiation. We found that chondroitin sulfate E and heparin, but not any other glycosaminoglycans, upregulated the expressions of neural specific markers but not a grail specific marker. Chondroitin sulfate E was suggested to function during spheroid formation, however, equimolar concentration of its oligosaccharide did not show promotive effect on the neural differentiation. Another finding was that hyaluronan oligosaccharide mixture markedly downregulated the expressions of a myelin specific marker. These findings suggested that the specific sulfation pattern and/or chain length of exogenous added glycosaminoglycan is important to regulate neural differentiation and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Takayasu Kobayashi
- Support Center for Laboratory Animal and Gene Researches, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinri Tamura
- Geriatic Health Service Facility Satsuki-En, 42-1 Yamazaki, Ooshio, Higashimatsushima, 981-0505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akagi
- Corporate Research and Development, Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd., 463 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Takagaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
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13
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Ogura C, Hirano K, Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Nishihara S. Dermatan sulphate promotes neuronal differentiation in mouse and human stem cells. J Biochem 2021; 169:55-64. [PMID: 32730567 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulphate (DS), a glycosaminoglycan, is present in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. Previously, we showed that heparan sulphate plays a key role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and in the regulation of their differentiation. Chondroitin sulphate has also been to be important for pluripotency and differentiation of mESCs. Keratan sulphate is a marker of human pluripotent stem cells. To date, however, the function of DS in mESCs has not been clarified. Dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1, which transfers sulphate to the C-4 hydroxyl group of N-acetylgalactosamine of DS, contributes to neuronal differentiation of mouse neural progenitor cells. Therefore, we anticipated that neuronal differentiation would be induced in mESCs in culture by the addition of DS. To test this expectation, we investigated neuronal differentiation in mESCs and human neural stem cells (hNSCs) cultures containing DS. In mESCs, DS promoted neuronal differentiation by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and also accelerated neurite outgrowth. In hNSCs, DS promoted neuronal differentiation and neuronal migration, but not neurite outgrowth. Thus, DS promotes neuronal differentiation in both mouse and human stem cells, suggesting that it offers a novel method for efficiently inducing neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Ogura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hirano
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.,Glycan & Life System Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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14
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. AIMS To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. CONCLUSIONS This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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15
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Hussein RK, Mencio CP, Katagiri Y, Brake AM, Geller HM. Role of Chondroitin Sulfation Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:208. [PMID: 32848612 PMCID: PMC7419623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury produces long-term neurological damage, and presents a significant public health problem with nearly 18,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The injury results in both acute and chronic changes in the spinal cord, ultimately resulting in the production of a glial scar, consisting of multiple cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Within the scar, there is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules—primarily tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)—which are considered to be inhibitory to axonal regeneration. In this review article, we discuss the role of CSPGs in the injury response, especially how sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains act to inhibit plasticity and regeneration. This includes how sulfation of GAG chains influences their biological activity and interactions with potential receptors. Comprehending the role of CSPGs in the inhibitory properties of the glial scar provides critical knowledge in the much-needed production of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M Brake
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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16
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Dermatan sulfate obtained from the Phallusia nigra marine organism is responsible for antioxidant activity and neuroprotection in the neuroblastoma-2A cell lineage. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1099-1111. [PMID: 32629049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Several molecules play a role in mammalian CNS regeneration, including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs are found in abundance in many marine invertebrates, such as ascidians that belong to the phylum Chordata, which show a high CNS regeneration capacity even in adulthood. Here, we investigated the roles of dermatan sulfate, a type of GAG that was obtained from the ascidian Phallusia nigra. We investigated the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of Phallusia nigra dermatan sulfate (PnDS) after neurotoxic damage induced by the pesticide rotenone using the Neuro-2A cell lineage. Neuroprotection was observed through a mitochondrial activity analysis. A morphometric analysis revealed long unbranched neurites after incubation with PnDS and co-incubation with PnDS and rotenone. Furthermore, PnDS showed antioxidant activity that reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) even in co-incubation with rotenone. The reduced ROS probably occurred because PnDS increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase and improved total antioxidant capacity, which protected cells from damage, as observed through decreased levels of lipid peroxidation. These data suggest a neuroprotective and antioxidant role of PnDS even under neurodegenerative conditions caused by rotenone.
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Alginate Sulfate Substrates Control Growth Factor Binding and Growth of Primary Neurons: Toward Engineered 3D Neural Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000047. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Alam M, Park S. Spectroscopic Identifications, Molecular Docking, Neuronal Growth and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Steroidal Nitro Olefin: Quantum Chemical Study. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and BiotechnologyDongguk University Gyeongju 780-714 South Korea
| | - Soonheum Park
- Department of Advanced Materials ChemistryDongguk University Gyeongju 780-714 South Korea
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19
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Malaeb W, Bahmad HF, Abou-Kheir W, Mhanna R. The sulfation of biomimetic glycosaminoglycan substrates controls binding of growth factors and subsequent neural and glial cell growth. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4283-4298. [PMID: 31407727 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00964g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are key structural and functional extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules involved in numerous signaling pathways mainly through their interaction with growth factors. Alginate sulfate mimics sulfated GAGs and binds growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Here, natural biomimetic substrates were engineered by immobilizing biotinylated alginate sulfates with varying degrees of sulfation (DS, from 0 to 2.7) on gold and polystyrene substrates using biotin-streptavidin binding. The build-up of films and the effect of the DS and biotinylation method on FGF-2 binding were assessed using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and immunohistochemistry. The role of substrate sulfation and FGF-2 loading on the growth of A172 (human glioblastoma multiforme), SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma), and PC-12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cell lines was evaluated in vitro using proliferation and neurite outgrowth assessment. An increase in the DS of alginates resulted in augmented FGF-2 binding as evidenced by higher frequency and dissipation shifts measured with QCM-D and confirmed with immunostaining. All sulfated alginate substrates supported the attachment and growth of neural/glial cell lines better than controls with the highest increase in cell proliferation observed for the highest DS (p < 0.05 for all the cell lines). Moreover, FGF-2 loaded substrates with the highest DS induced the most significant increase in neurite-positive PC-12 cells and average neurite length. The developed biomimetic coatings can be used to functionalize substrates for biosensing applications (e.g. gold substrates) and to induce defined cellular responses via controlled growth factor delivery for basic and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waddah Malaeb
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Rami Mhanna
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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20
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Shida M, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate-D promotes neurite outgrowth by acting as an extracellular ligand for neuronal integrin αVβ3. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1319-1331. [PMID: 31181256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains are prominent extra/pericellular matrix components in the central nervous system (CNS) and can exert positive or negative regulatory effects on neurite outgrowth, depending on the CS structure and the amount. Despite the remarkable abilities of highly sulfated forms of CS chains to enhance neurite outgrowth, the neuronal recognition systems for such promotional CS chains, including CS-D polysaccharide, remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS We explored the molecular basis of the CS-D-mediated neurite extension using primary hippocampal neurons cultured on substrate precoated with CS-D polysaccharides, and evaluated functional involvement of a distinct integrin heterodimer as a novel neuronal CS receptor for CS-D. RESULTS We identified an extracellular matrix receptor, integrin αVβ3, as a functional receptor for CS-D. CS-D, but not CS-C (a precursor form of CS-D) showed significant binding affinity toward recombinant integrin αVβ3 heterodimer and activated intracellular signaling(s) involving focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src/Fyn kinase. Functional blockade of the respective players for integrin signaling abrogated the promotional effects of CS-D. We also found the existence of CS-D-induced integrin activation system in neuronal stem/progenitor cell population. CONCLUSIONS The neuronal cell surface integrin αVβ3 can function as a CS receptor for a highly sulfated CS subtype, CS-D. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings are the first to demonstrate that CS-dependent neurite outgrowth promotion is exerted via direct activation of specific integrin heterodimers on neuronal cell surfaces, providing new insights into understanding the CS-sensing machineries that regulate CNS development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Shida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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21
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Mycroft-West CJ, Cooper LC, Devlin AJ, Procter P, Guimond SE, Guerrini M, Fernig DG, Lima MA, Yates EA, Skidmore MA. A Glycosaminoglycan Extract from Portunus pelagicus Inhibits BACE1, the β Secretase Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E293. [PMID: 31100859 PMCID: PMC6562973 DOI: 10.3390/md17050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, are currently restricted to palliative treatments. The glycosaminoglycan heparin, widely used as a clinical anticoagulant, has previously been shown to inhibit the Alzheimer's disease-relevant β-secretase 1 (BACE1). Despite this, the deployment of pharmaceutical heparin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is largely precluded by its potent anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, ongoing concerns regarding the use of mammalian-sourced heparins, primarily due to prion diseases and religious beliefs hinder the deployment of alternative heparin-based therapeutics. A marine-derived, heparan sulphate-containing glycosaminoglycan extract, isolated from the crab Portunus pelagicus, was identified to inhibit human BACE1 with comparable bioactivity to that of mammalian heparin (IC50 = 1.85 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.94) and 2.43 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0.93), respectively), while possessing highly attenuated anticoagulant activities. The results from several structural techniques suggest that the interactions between BACE1 and the extract from P. pelagicus are complex and distinct from those of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay C Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anthony J Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - David G Fernig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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22
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Sahu S, Li R, Loers G, Schachner M. Knockdown of chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1, but not of dermatan-4-sulfotransferase-1, accelerates regeneration of zebrafish after spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2019; 33:2252-2262. [PMID: 30339470 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800852rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are long chains of repeating disaccharide units, covalently linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans. Proteoglycans can be cell membrane-bound or are part of the extracellular matrix. They are important in a wide range of biologic processes, including development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration after injury, as well as modulation of growth factor signaling, cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Synthesis of CS and DS in the Golgi apparatus is mediated by sulfotransferases that modify sugar chains through transfer of sulfate groups to specific positions on the sugar moieties. To clarify the functions of CS and DS during nervous system regeneration, we studied the effect of chondroitin 4- O-sulfotransferase-1/carbohydrate sulfotransferase-11 (C4ST-1/Chst-11) and dermatan 4- O-sulfotransferase-1/Chst-14 (D4ST-1/Chst-14) down-regulation on spinal cord regeneration in larval and adult zebrafish. In our study, knockdown of C4ST1/Chst-11 accelerated regeneration after spinal cord injury in larval and adult zebrafish and knockdown of D4ST1/Chst-14 did not alter regenerative capacity. From these and previous observations, we drew the conclusion that different CS and DS expression patterns can be growth permitting, growth inhibiting, or neutral for regrowing or sprouting axons, depending on the tissue environment of a particular animal species.-Sahu, S., Li, R., Loers, G., Schachner, M. Knockdown of chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1, but not of dermatan-4-sulfotransferase-1, accelerates regeneration of zebrafish after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Sahu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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23
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Smith SM, Melrose J. A Retrospective Analysis of the Cartilage Kunitz Protease Inhibitory Proteins Identifies These as Members of the Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor Superfamily with Potential Roles in the Protection of the Articulatory Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030497. [PMID: 30678366 PMCID: PMC6387120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess if the ovine articular cartilage serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) were related to the Kunitz inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) family. Methods: Ovine articular cartilage was finely diced and extracted in 6 M urea and SPIs isolated by sequential anion exchange, HA affinity and Sephadex G100 gel permeation chromatography. Selected samples were also subjected to chymotrypsin and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography. Eluant fractions from these isolation steps were monitored for protein and trypsin inhibitory activity. Inhibitory fractions were assessed by affinity blotting using biotinylated trypsin to detect SPIs and by Western blotting using antibodies to α1-microglobulin, bikunin, TSG-6 and 2-B-6 (+) CS epitope generated by chondroitinase-ABC digestion. Results: 2-B-6 (+) positive 250, 220,120, 58 and 36 kDa SPIs were detected. The 58 kDa SPI contained α1-microglobulin, bikunin and chondroitin-4-sulfate stub epitope consistent with an identity of α1-microglobulin-bikunin (AMBP) precursor and was also isolated by concanavalin-A lectin affinity chromatography indicating it had N-glycosylation. Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI) species of 36, 26, 12 and 6 kDa were autolytically generated by prolonged storage of the 120 and 58 kDa SPIs; chymotrypsin affinity chromatography generated the 6 kDa SPI. KPI domain 1 and 2 SPIs were separated by concanavalin lectin affinity chromatography, domain 1 displayed affinity for this lectin indicating it had N-glycosylation. KPI 1 and 2 displayed potent inhibitory activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G. Localisation of versican, lubricin and hyaluronan (HA) in the surface regions of articular cartilage represented probable binding sites for the ITI serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) which may preserve articulatory properties and joint function. Discussion/Conclusions: The Kunitz SPI proteins synthesised by articular chondrocytes are members of the ITI superfamily. By analogy with other tissues in which these proteins occur we deduce that the cartilage Kunitz SPIs may be multifunctional proteins. Binding of the cartilage Kunitz SPIs to HA may protect this polymer from depolymerisation by free radical damage and may also protect other components in the cartilage surface from proteolytic degradation preserving joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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24
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Merida-de-Barros DA, Chaves SP, Belmiro CLR, Wanderley JLM. Leishmaniasis and glycosaminoglycans: a future therapeutic strategy? Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:536. [PMID: 30285837 PMCID: PMC6171297 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. depend on effective macrophage infection to establish and develop in mammalian hosts. Both metacyclic promastigotes and amastigotes are able to infect host cells, and thus they rely on several ligands that, when recognized by macrophage receptors, mediate parasite uptake. During macrophage primary infection with metacyclic forms from the insect vector and during amastigote dissemination via macrophage rupture, both infective stages have to cope with the host extracellular microenvironment, including extracellular matrix molecules. Glycosaminoglycans are abundant in the extracellular matrix and many of these molecules are able to interact with the parasite and the host cell, mediating positive and negative effects for the infection, depending on their structure and/or location. In addition, glycosaminoglycans are present at the surface of macrophages as proteoglycans, playing important roles for parasite recognition and uptake. In this review, we discuss glycosaminoglycans in the context of Leishmania infection as well as the possible applications of the current knowledge regarding these molecules for the development of new therapeutic strategies to control parasite dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Almeida Merida-de-Barros
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suzana Passos Chaves
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Luis Ribeiro Belmiro
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Mendes Wanderley
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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25
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Glycans and glycosaminoglycans in neurobiology: key regulators of neuronal cell function and fate. Biochem J 2018; 475:2511-2545. [PMID: 30115748 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the roles of l-fucose and the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) with selected functional molecules in neural tissues. Cell surface glycans and GAGs have evolved over millions of years to become cellular mediators which regulate fundamental aspects of cellular survival. The glycocalyx, which surrounds all cells, actuates responses to growth factors, cytokines and morphogens at the cellular boundary, silencing or activating downstream signaling pathways and gene expression. In this review, we have focused on interactions mediated by l-fucose, KS and CS/DS in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Fucose makes critical contributions in the area of molecular recognition and information transfer in the blood group substances, cytotoxic immunoglobulins, cell fate-mediated Notch-1 interactions, regulation of selectin-mediated neutrophil extravasation in innate immunity and CD-34-mediated new blood vessel development, and the targeting of neuroprogenitor cells to damaged neural tissue. Fucosylated glycoproteins regulate delivery of synaptic neurotransmitters and neural function. Neural KS proteoglycans (PGs) were examined in terms of cellular regulation and their interactive properties with neuroregulatory molecules. The paradoxical properties of CS/DS isomers decorating matrix and transmembrane PGs and the positive and negative regulatory cues they provide to neurons are also discussed.
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26
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Biodiversity of CS–proteoglycan sulphation motifs: chemical messenger recognition modules with roles in information transfer, control of cellular behaviour and tissue morphogenesis. Biochem J 2018; 475:587-620. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) glycosaminoglycan chains on cell and extracellular matrix proteoglycans (PGs) can no longer be regarded as merely hydrodynamic space fillers. Overwhelming evidence over recent years indicates that sulphation motif sequences within the CS chain structure are a source of significant biological information to cells and their surrounding environment. CS sulphation motifs have been shown to interact with a wide variety of bioactive molecules, e.g. cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, morphogenetic proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, as well as structural components within the extracellular milieu. They are therefore capable of modulating a panoply of signalling pathways, thus controlling diverse cellular behaviours including proliferation, differentiation, migration and matrix synthesis. Consequently, through these motifs, CS PGs play significant roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, development, growth and disease. Here, we review (i) the biodiversity of CS PGs and their sulphation motif sequences and (ii) the current understanding of the signalling roles they play in regulating cellular behaviour during tissue development, growth, disease and repair.
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27
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Matsushita K, Nakata T, Takeda-Okuda N, Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H, Tamura JI. Synthesis of chondroitin sulfate CC and DD tetrasaccharides and interactions with 2H6 and LY111. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1016-1025. [PMID: 29402610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized the biotinylated chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharides CS-CC [-3)βGalNAc6S(1-4)βGlcA(1-]2 and CS-DD [-3)βGalNAc6S(1-4)βGlcA2S(1-]2 which possess sulfate groups at O-6 of GalNAc and an additional sulfate group at O-2 of GlcA, respectively. We also analyzed interactions among CS-CC and CS-DD and the antibodies 2H6 and LY111, both of which are known to bind with CS-A, while CS-DD was shown for the first time to bind with both antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakata
- Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8551, Japan; Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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28
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George N, Geller HM. Extracellular matrix and traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:573-588. [PMID: 29344975 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in both the developing and adult brain by providing structural support and mediating cell-cell interactions. In this review, we focus on the major constituents of the ECM and how they function in both normal and injured brain, and summarize the changes in the composition of the ECM as well as how these changes either promote or inhibit recovery of function following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Modulation of ECM composition to facilitates neuronal survival, regeneration and axonal outgrowth is a potential therapeutic target for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijil George
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
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29
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Whitelock JM, Melrose J. Harnessing chondroitin sulphate in composite scaffolds to direct progenitor and stem cell function for tissue repair. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:947-957. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm01158j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review details the inclusion of chondroitin sulphate in bioscaffolds for superior functional properties in tissue regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - M. S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - J. M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - J. Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory
- Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District
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30
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Yu P, Pearson CS, Geller HM. Flexible Roles for Proteoglycan Sulfation and Receptor Signaling. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:47-61. [PMID: 29150096 PMCID: PMC5748001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) play vital roles in axon growth and navigation, plasticity, and regeneration of injured neurons. Different classes of PGs may support or inhibit cell growth, and their functions are determined in part by highly specific structural features. Among these, the pattern of sulfation on the PG sugar chains is a paramount determinant of a diverse and flexible set of outcomes. Recent studies of PG sulfation illustrate the challenges of attributing biological actions to specific sulfation patterns, and suggest ways in which highly similar molecules may exert opposing effects on neurons. The receptors for PGs, which have yet to be fully characterized, display a similarly nuanced spectrum of effects. Different classes of PG function via overlapping families of receptors and signaling pathways. This enables them to control axon growth and guidance with remarkable specificity, but it poses challenges for determining the precise binding interactions and downstream effects of different PGs and their assorted sulfated epitopes. This review examines existing and emerging evidence for the roles of PG sulfation and receptor interactions in determining how these complex molecules influence neuronal development, growth, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Craig S Pearson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Higashi K, Toida T. Isolation of Keratan Sulfate Disaccharide-branched Chondroitin Sulfate E from Mactra chinensis. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2441. [PMID: 34541160 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparin (HP), heparan sulfate (HS) and keratan sulfate (KS) are linear, sulfated repeating disaccharide sequences containing hexosamine and uronic acid (or galactose in the case of KS). Recently, a keratan sulfate (KS) disaccharide [GlcNAc6S(β1-3)Galactose(β1-]-branched CS-E was identified from the clam species M. chinensis. Here, we report the isolation protocol for KS-branched CS from M. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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32
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Valcarcel J, Novoa-Carballal R, Pérez-Martín RI, Reis RL, Vázquez JA. Glycosaminoglycans from marine sources as therapeutic agents. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:711-725. [PMID: 28739506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in marine animals are different to those of terrestrial organisms, mainly in terms of molecular weight and sulfation. The therapeutic properties of GAGs are related to their ability to interact with proteins, which is very much influenced by sulfation position and patterns. Since currently GAGs cannot be chemically synthesized, they are sourced from natural products, with high intra- but also inter-species variability, in terms of chain length, disaccharide composition and sulfation pattern. Consequently, sulfated GAGs are the most interesting molecules in the marine environment and constitute the focus of the present review. In particular, chondroitin sulfate (CS) appears as the most promising compound. CS-E chains [GlcA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] extracted from squid possess antiviral and anti-metastatic activities and seem to impart signalling properties and improve the mechanical performance of cartilage engineering constructs; Squid CS-E and octopus CS-K [GlcA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)], dermatan sulfate (DS) from sea squirts [-iK units, IdoA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)] and sea urchins [-iE units, IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] and hybrids CS/DS from sharks (-B/iB [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(4S)], -D/iD [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(6S)] and -E/iE units [GlcA/IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)]) promote neurite outgrowth and could be valuable materials for nerve regeneration. Also displaying antiviral and anti-metastatic properties, a rare CS with fucosylated branches isolated from sea cucumbers is an anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this same line, marine heparin extracted from shrimp and sea squirt has proven anti-inflammatory properties, with the added advantage of decreased risk of bleeding because of its low anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Group of Food Biochemistry, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT, Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo I Pérez-Martín
- Group of Food Biochemistry, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT, Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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33
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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34
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Shida M, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. A characteristic chondroitin sulfate trisaccharide unit with a sulfated fucose branch exhibits neurite outgrowth-promoting activity: Novel biological roles of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:678-683. [PMID: 28450116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that consist of repeating disaccharide unit composed of glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). CS chains are found throughout the pericellular and extracellular spaces and contribute to the formation of functional microenvironments for numerous biological events. However, their structure-function relations remain to be fully characterized. Here, a fucosylated CS (FCS) was isolated from the body wall of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Its promotional effects on neurite outgrowth were assessed by using isolated polysaccharides and the chemically synthesized FCS trisaccharide β-D-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) (1-4)[α-l-fucose (2,4-O-disulfate) (1-3)]-β-D-GlcA. FCS polysaccharides contained the E-type disaccharide unit GlcA-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) as a CS major backbone structure and carried distinct sulfated fucose branches. Despite their relatively lower abundance of E unit, FCS polysaccharides exhibited neurite outgrowth-promoting activity comparable to squid cartilage-derived CS-E polysaccharides, which are characterized by their predominant E units, suggesting potential roles of the fucose branch in neurite outgrowth. Indeed, the chemically synthesized FCS trisaccharide was as effective as CS-E tetrasaccharide in stimulating neurite elongation in vitro. In conclusion, FCS trisaccharide units with 2,4-O-disulfated fucose branches may provide new insights into understanding the structure-function relations of CS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Shida
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Regional Environment, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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35
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Identification of keratan sulfate disaccharide at C-3 position of glucuronate of chondroitin sulfate from Mactra chinensis. Biochem J 2016; 473:4145-4158. [PMID: 27647934 PMCID: PMC5103875 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate (KS) are linear sulfated repeating disaccharide sequences containing hexosamine and uronic acid [or galactose (Gal) in the case of KS]. Among the GAGs, CS shows structural variations, such as sulfation patterns and fucosylation, which are responsible for their physiological functions through CS interaction with CS-binding proteins. Here, we solved the structure of KS-branched CS-E derived from a clam, Mactra chinensis KS disaccharide [d-GlcNAc6S-(1→3)-β-d-Gal-(1→] was attached to the C-3 position of GlcA, and consecutive KS-branched disaccharide sequences were found in a CS chain. KS-branched polysaccharides clearly exhibited resistance to degradation by chondroitinase ABC or ACII (at low concentrations) compared with typical CS structures. Furthermore, KS-branched polysaccharides stimulated neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons. These results strongly suggest that M. chinensis is a rich source of KS-branched CS, and it has important biological activities.
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36
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Huang Y, Shaw MA, Warmin MR, Mullins ES, Ayres N. Blood compatibility of heparin-inspired, lactose containing, polyureas depends on the chemistry of the polymer backbone. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00616g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycopolymers were synthesized from diisocyanates and lactose containing diamines. Blood compatibility assays indicated highly sulfated glycopolymers with methylene bis(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate) backbones result in prolonged clotting times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - M. A. Shaw
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - M. R. Warmin
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - E. S. Mullins
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - N. Ayres
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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37
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Miller GM, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Sugar-dependent modulation of neuronal development, regeneration, and plasticity by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:115-25. [PMID: 26315937 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) play important roles in the developing and mature nervous system, where they guide axons, maintain stable connections, restrict synaptic plasticity, and prevent axon regeneration following CNS injury. The chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS GAG) chains that decorate CSPGs are essential for their functions. Through these sugar chains, CSPGs are able to bind and regulate the activity of a diverse range of proteins. CSPGs have been found both to promote and inhibit neuronal growth. They can promote neurite outgrowth by binding to various growth factors such as midkine (MK), pleiotrophin (PTN), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophin family members. CSPGs can also inhibit neuronal growth and limit plasticity by interacting with transmembrane receptors such as protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ), leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, and the Nogo receptors 1 and 3 (NgR1 and NgR3). These CS-protein interactions depend on specific sulfation patterns within the CS GAG chains, and accordingly, particular CS sulfation motifs are upregulated during development, in the mature nervous system, and in response to CNS injury. Thus, spatiotemporal regulation of CS GAG biosynthesis may provide an important mechanism to control the functions of CSPGs and to modulate intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we will discuss these sulfation-dependent processes and highlight how the CS sugars on CSPGs contribute to neuronal growth, axon guidance, and plasticity in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Linda C Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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38
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Smith PD, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Foscarin S, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. "GAG-ing with the neuron": The role of glycosaminoglycan patterning in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:100-14. [PMID: 26277685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a diverse family of proteins that consist of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently linked to a core protein. PGs are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play critical roles in development, normal function and damage-response of the central nervous system (CNS). GAGs are classified based on their disaccharide subunits, into the following major groups: chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HEP), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). All except HA are modified by sulfation, giving GAG chains specific charged structures and binding properties. While significant neuroscience research has focused on the role of one PG family member, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), there is ample evidence in support of a role for the other PGs in regulating CNS function in normal and pathological conditions. This review discusses the role of all the identified PG family members (CS, HS, HEP, DS, KS and HA) in normal CNS function and in the context of pathology. Understanding the pleiotropic roles of these molecules in the CNS may open the door to novel therapeutic strategies for a number of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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39
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Higashi K, Takeuchi Y, Mukuno A, Tomitori H, Miya M, Linhardt RJ, Toida T. Composition of glycosaminoglycans in elasmobranchs including several deep-sea sharks: identification of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from the dried fins of Isurus oxyrinchus and Prionace glauca. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120860. [PMID: 25803296 PMCID: PMC4372294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shark fin, used as a food, is a rich source of glycosaminoglyans (GAGs), acidic polysaccharides having important biological activities, suggesting their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application. A comprehensive survey of GAGs derived from the fin was performed on 11 elasmobranchs, including several deep sea sharks. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were found in Isurus oxyrinchus, Prionace glauca, Scyliorhinus torazame, Deania calcea, Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Mitsukurina owatoni, Mustelus griseus and Dasyatis akajei, respectively. CS was only found from Chimaera phantasma, Dalatias licha, and Odontaspis ferox, respectively. Characteristic disaccharide units of most of the CS were comprised of C- and D-type units. Interestingly, substantial amount of CS/dermatan sulfate (DS) was found in the dried fin (without skin and cartilage) of Isurus oxyrinchus and Prionace glauca. 1H-NMR analysis showed that the composition of glucuronic acid (GlcA) and iduronic acid (IdoA) in shark CS/DS was 41.2% and 58.8% (Isurus oxyrinchus), 36.1% and 63.9% (Prionace glauca), respectively. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of this CS/DS consisted of E-, B- and D-type units. Shark CS/DS stimulated neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons at a similar level as DS derived from invertebrate species. Midkine and pleiotrophin interact strongly with CS/DS from Isurus oxyrinchus and Prionace glauca, affording Kd values of 1.07 nM, 6.25 nM and 1.70 nM, 1.88 nM, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the IdoA-rich domain of CS/DS is required for neurite outgrowth activity. A detailed examination of oligosaccharide residues, produced by chondroitinase ACII digestion, suggested that the IdoA and B-type units as well as A- and C-type units were found in clusters in shark CS/DS. In addition, it was discovered that the contents of B-type units in these IdoA-rich domain increased in a length dependent manner, while C- and D-type units were located particularly in the immediate vicinity of the IdoA-rich domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ann Mukuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tomitori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Masaki Miya
- Natural History Museum and Institute, 955-2 Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8682, Japan
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- * E-mail:
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40
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Matsushita K, Nakata T, Tamura JI. The application of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl sulfate to the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate C and D. Carbohydr Res 2015; 406:76-85. [PMID: 25681997 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CSs) have characteristic bioactivities that depend on sulfation patterns. Chemically synthesized CS oligosaccharides are valuable tools for elucidating the relationship between structures and bioactivities. 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl (TCE) sulfated sugars are highly soluble in nonpolar solvents, which is useful for the synthesis of sulfated oligosaccharides. We herein synthesized CS-C [βGalNAc6S(1-4)βGlcA] (1) and CS-D [βGalNAc6S(1-4)βGlcA2S] (2) disaccharides that possessed sulfate groups by TCE sulfation at O-6 of GalNAc and an additional sulfate group at O-2 of GlcA, respectively. We revealed the superior functionalities of TCE sulfates during the synthesis of CS-C and -D, despite the unwanted side reactions in the acetamido-containing substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakata
- Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Tamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Koyamacho-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8551, Japan.
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41
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Pavão MSG. Glycosaminoglycans analogs from marine invertebrates: structure, biological effects, and potential as new therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:123. [PMID: 25309878 PMCID: PMC4160087 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, several glycosaminoglycan analogs obtained from different marine invertebrate are reported. The structure, biological activity and mechanism of action of these unique molecules are detailed reviewed and exemplified by experiments in vitro and in vivo. Among the glycans studied are low-sulfated heparin-like polymers from ascidians, containing significant anticoagulant activity and no bleeding effect; dermatan sulfates with significant neurite outgrowth promoting activity and anti-P-selectin from ascidians, and a unique fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumbers, possessing anticoagulant activity after oral administration and high anti P- and L-selectin activities. The therapeutic value and safety of these invertebrate glycans have been extensively proved by several experimental animal models of diseases, including thrombosis, inflammation and metastasis. These invertebrate glycans can be obtained in high concentrations from marine organisms that have been used as a food source for decades, and usually obtained from marine farms in sufficient quantities to be used as starting material for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro S G Pavão
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Cellular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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42
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Osago H, Shibata T, Hara N, Kuwata S, Kono M, Uchio Y, Tsuchiya M. Quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2014; 467:62-74. [PMID: 25197028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode for simultaneous quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Using one-shot analysis with our MS/MS method, we demonstrated the simultaneous quantification of a total of 23 variously sulfated disaccharides of four GAG classes (8 chondroitin/dermatan sulfates, 1 hyaluronic acid, 12 heparan sulfates, and 2 keratan sulfates) with a sensitivity of less than 0.5 pmol within 20 min. We showed the differences in the composition of GAG classes and the sulfation patterns between porcine articular cartilage and yellow ligament. In addition to the internal disaccharides described above, some saccharides derived from the nonreducing terminal were detected simultaneously. The simultaneous quantification of both internal and nonreducing terminal saccharides could be useful to estimate the chain length of GAGs. This method would help to establish comprehensive "GAGomic" analysis of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Osago
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shibata
- Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hara
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Suguru Kuwata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Michihaya Kono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Uchio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Mikako Tsuchiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Lang Y, Zhao X, Liu L, Yu G. Applications of mass spectrometry to structural analysis of marine oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4005-30. [PMID: 24983643 PMCID: PMC4113812 DOI: 10.3390/md12074005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine oligosaccharides have attracted increasing attention recently in developing potential drugs and biomaterials for their particular physical and chemical properties. However, the composition and sequence analysis of marine oligosaccharides are very challenging for their structural complexity and heterogeneity. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an important technique for carbohydrate analysis by providing more detailed structural information, including molecular mass, sugar constituent, sequence, inter-residue linkage position and substitution pattern. This paper provides an overview of the structural analysis based on MS approaches in marine oligosaccharides, which are derived from some biologically important marine polysaccharides, including agaran, carrageenan, alginate, sulfated fucan, chitosan, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and GAG-like polysaccharides. Applications of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) are mainly presented and the general applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) are also outlined. Some technical challenges in the structural analysis of marine oligosaccharides by MS have also been pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Lang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Lili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Scott R, Panitch A. Decorin mimic regulates platelet-derived growth factor and interferon-γ stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2090-103. [PMID: 24806357 PMCID: PMC4052849 DOI: 10.1021/bm500224f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Following balloon injury, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) serve as targets for many of the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) released from activated inflammatory cells and platelets. Previously, our lab designed a mimic of the proteoglycan decorin, termed DS-SILY20, that suppressed vascular SMC proliferation, migration, and protein synthesis in vitro, and injured vessels treated with DS-SILY20 demonstrated reduced hyperplasia in vivo. Here we characterize the effects of DS-SILY20 on modulating PDGF and IFN-γ stimulation in both proliferative and quiescent human SMCs to further evaluate the potential impact of DS-SILY20-SMC interaction on restenosis. Nanomolar dissociation constants were observed between DS-SILY20 and both PDGF and IFN-γ. PDGF significantly increased migration, proliferation, and protein and cytokine expression, as well as increased ERK-1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in both quiescent and proliferative cultures. However, DS-SILY20 inhibited these increases, presumably through sequestration of the PDGF. Consistent with the complex responses seen with IFN-γ in SMC physiology in the literature, the response of SMC cultures to IFN-γ was variable and complex. However, where increased activity was seen with IFN-γ, DS-SILY20 attenuated this activity. Overall, the results suggest that DS-SILY20 would be an ideal alternative to traditional therapeutics used and may be an effective therapy for the prevention of intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
A. Scott
- Weldon
School of Biomedical
Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Weldon
School of Biomedical
Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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45
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Schwartz NB, Domowicz MS. Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:89-115. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Purmessur D, Cornejo MC, Cho SK, Hecht AC, Iatridis JC. Notochordal cell-derived therapeutic strategies for discogenic back pain. Global Spine J 2013; 3:201-18. [PMID: 24436871 PMCID: PMC3854597 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1350053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the processes that occur during development of the intervertebral disk can help inform therapeutic strategies for discogenic pain. This article reviews the literature to identify candidates that are found in or derived from the notochord or notochordal cells and evaluates the theory that such factors could be isolated and used as biologics to target the structural disruption, inflammation, and neurovascular ingrowth often associated with discogenic back pain. A systematic review using PubMed was performed with a primary search using keywords "(notochordal OR notochord) And (nerves OR blood vessels OR SHH OR chondroitin sulfate OR notch OR CTGF) NOT chordoma." Secondary searches involved keywords associated with the intervertebral disk and pain. Several potential therapeutic candidates from the notochord and their possible targets were identified. Studies are needed to further identify candidates, explore mechanisms for effect, and to validate the theory that these candidates can promote structural restoration and limit or inhibit neurovascular ingrowth using in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Purmessur
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - M. C. Cornejo
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - S. K. Cho
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - A. C. Hecht
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - J. C. Iatridis
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States,Address for correspondence James Iatridis, PhD Professor and Director of Spine Research, Leni and Peter W. May Department of OrthopaedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1188, New York, NY 10029United States
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Flangea C, Petrescu AJ, Seidler DG, Munteanu CVA, Zamfir AD. Identification of an unusually sulfated tetrasaccharide chondroitin/dermatan motif in mouse brain by combining chip-nanoelectrospray multistage MS2-MS4and high resolution MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1581-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela G. Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University of Münster; Münster; Germany
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48
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Li HP, Komuta Y, Kimura-Kuroda J, van Kuppevelt TH, Kawano H. Roles of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate in the formation of a lesion scar and axonal regeneration after traumatic injury of the mouse brain. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:413-25. [PMID: 23438307 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) is synthesized from chondroitin sulfate (CS) by epimerization of glucuronic acid of CS to yield iduronic acid. In the present study, the role of CS and DS was examined in mice that received transection of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway followed by injection of glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes into the lesion site. Two weeks after injury, fibrotic and glial scars were formed around the lesion, and transected axons did not regenerate beyond the fibrotic scar. Injection of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), which degrades both CS and DS, completely suppressed the fibrotic scar formation, reduced the glial scar, and promoted the regeneration of dopaminergic axons. Injection of the DS-degrading enzyme chondroitinase B (ChB) also yielded similar results. By contrast, injection of chondroitinase AC (ChAC), a CS-degrading enzyme, did not suppress the fibrotic and glial scar formation, but reduced CS immunoreactivity and promoted the axonal regeneration. Addition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to a co-culture of meningeal fibroblasts and cerebral astrocytes induces a fibrotic scar-like cell cluster. The effect of TGF-β1 on cluster formation was suppressed by treatment with ChABC or ChB, but not by ChAC. TGF-β1-induced cell cluster repelled neurites of neonatal cerebellar neurons, but addition of ChABC or ChAC suppressed the inhibitory property of clusters on neurite outgrowth. The present study is the first to demonstrate that DS and CS play different functions after brain injury: DS is involved in the lesion scar formation, and CS inhibits axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Peng Li
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya City, Tokyo, Japan
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Wiese S, Karus M, Faissner A. Astrocytes as a source for extracellular matrix molecules and cytokines. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 22740833 PMCID: PMC3382726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of neurotransmitters and ions. Indeed, astrocytes express neurotransmitter receptors and, as a consequence, respond to stimuli. Within the tripartite synapse, the astrocytes owe more and more importance. Besides the functional aspects the differentiation of astrocytes has gained a more intensive focus. Deeper knowledge of the differentiation processes during development of the central nervous system might help explaining and even help treating neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, and psychiatric disorders in which astrocytes have been shown to play a role. Specific differentiation of neural stem cells toward the astroglial lineage is performed as a multi-step process. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop from a multipotent stem cell that prior to this has produced primarily neuronal precursor cells. This switch toward the more astroglial differentiation is regulated by a change in receptor composition on the cell surface and responsiveness to Fibroblast growth factor and Epidermal growth factor (EGF). The glial precursor cell is driven into the astroglial direction by signaling molecules like Ciliary neurotrophic factor, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, and EGF. However, the early astrocytes influence their environment not only by releasing and responding to diverse soluble factors but also express a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, in particular proteoglycans of the lectican family and tenascins. Lately these ECM molecules have been shown to participate in glial development. In this regard, especially the matrix protein Tenascin C (Tnc) proved to be an important regulator of astrocyte precursor cell proliferation and migration during spinal cord development. Nevertheless, ECM molecules expressed by reactive astrocytes are also known to act mostly in an inhibitory fashion under pathophysiological conditions. Thus, we further summarize resent data concerning the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and Tnc under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiese
- Group for Molecular Cell Biology, Department for Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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50
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Bartolini B, Thelin MA, Rauch U, Feinstein R, Oldberg A, Malmstrom A, Maccarana M. Mouse development is not obviously affected by the absence of dermatan sulfate epimerase 2 in spite of a modified brain dermatan sulfate composition. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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