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Hui X, Zhang Q, Li J, Qin Y, Zhou X, Zhao X, Xu Y, Huang B. Establishment of 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 time-resolved immunoassay and application in membranous nephropathy. Anal Biochem 2023; 677:115252. [PMID: 37488002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2 (11-dehydro-TXB2) is the final stable metabolite of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and is involved in thrombus formation. Patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) are prone to thromboembolism events. METHODS Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) for 11-dehydro-TXB2 was established by indirect competitive method. The coated 11-dehydro-TXB2-BSA conjugate was used to bind the 11-dehydro-TXB2 antibody competitively to the 11-dehydro-TXB2 antigen in the samples, followed by Eu3+-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibody, to detect 11-dehydro-TXB2. This study measured 11-dehydro-TXB2 concentrations in serum samples from healthy individuals and patients with MN. RESULTS The linear range of TRFIA was 16.38-2000 pg/mL, the sensitivity was 4.70 pg/mL, the average coefficients of variation from intra-assay and inter-assay were 3.50% and 4.95%, respectively, and the recovery was 99.38%. The serum level of 11-dehydro-TXB2 in patients with MN was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects (P < 0.05). The serum 11-dehydro-TXB2 concentration detected by TRFIA was highly consistent with that by ELISA (ρ = 0.900). DISCUSSION This study successfully established a new highly sensitive method for the detection of 11-dehydro-TXB2 in serum. 11-Dehydro-TXB2 has great potential in evaluating the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with MN and is expected to be applied to other thromboembolic-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Hui
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Zhang
- Jiangnan University Medicine Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
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Chiang KC, Gupta A, Sundd P, Krishnamurti L. Thrombo-Inflammation in COVID-19 and Sickle Cell Disease: Two Faces of the Same Coin. Biomedicines 2023; 11:338. [PMID: 36830874 PMCID: PMC9953430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
People with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at greater risk of severe illness and death from respiratory infections, including COVID-19, than people without SCD (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA). Vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in SCD and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection are both characterized by thrombo-inflammation mediated by endothelial injury, complement activation, inflammatory lipid storm, platelet activation, platelet-leukocyte adhesion, and activation of the coagulation cascade. Notably, lipid mediators, including thromboxane A2, significantly increase in severe COVID-19 and SCD. In addition, the release of thromboxane A2 from endothelial cells and macrophages stimulates platelets to release microvesicles, which are harbingers of multicellular adhesion and thrombo-inflammation. Currently, there are limited therapeutic strategies targeting platelet-neutrophil activation and thrombo-inflammation in either SCD or COVID-19 during acute crisis. However, due to many similarities between the pathobiology of thrombo-inflammation in SCD and COVID-19, therapies targeting one disease may likely be effective in the other. Therefore, the preclinical and clinical research spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, including clinical trials of anti-thrombotic agents, are potentially applicable to VOC. Here, we first outline the parallels between SCD and COVID-19; second, review the role of lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of these diseases; and lastly, examine the therapeutic targets and potential treatments for the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Gupta
- KARE Biosciences, Orange, CA 89128, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lakshmanan Krishnamurti
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Underwood B, Troutman TD, Schwartz JT. Breaking down the complex pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 130:28-39. [PMID: 36351516 PMCID: PMC10165615 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic and progressive immune-mediated disease of the esophagus associated with antigen-driven type 2 inflammation and symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Our understanding of EoE pathophysiology has evolved since its initial recognition more than 20 years ago and has translated into diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches that are affecting patient care. The mechanisms underlying disease development and progression are influenced by diverse factors, such as genetics, age, allergic comorbidities, and allergen exposures. Central to EoE pathophysiology is a dysregulated feed-forward cycle that develops between the esophageal epithelium and the immune system. Allergen-induced, type 2-biased immune activation by the esophageal epithelium propagates a cycle of impaired mucosal barrier integrity and allergic inflammation, eventually leading to tissue remodeling and progressive organ dysfunction. Herein, we review the current understanding of fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to EoE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynne Underwood
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Justin T Schwartz
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Shibuya R, Kim BS. Skin-homing basophils and beyond. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059098. [PMID: 36618424 PMCID: PMC9815541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils have been implicated in type 2 inflammation and numerous disorders in the skin such as helminth infection, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. Although similar in form and function to tissue-resident mast cells, classical studies on basophils have centered on those from the hematopoietic compartment. However, increasing studies in tissues like the skin demonstrate that basophils may take on particular characteristics by responding to unique developmental, chemotactic, and activation cues. Herein, we highlight how recent studies in barrier immunology suggest the presence of skin-homing basophils that harbor a unique identity in terms of phenotype, function, and motility. These concepts may uniquely inform how basophils contribute to diseases at multiple epithelial surfaces and our ability to therapeutically target the innate immune system in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Shibuya
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Brian S. Kim,
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Ogletree ML, Chander Chiang K, Kulshrestha R, Agarwal A, Agarwal A, Gupta A. Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress With Ramatroban, a Thromboxane A2 and Prostaglandin D2 Receptor Antagonist: A Four-Patient Case Series Report. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:904020. [PMID: 35935851 PMCID: PMC9355466 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.904020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxemia in COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. COVID-19 patients exhibit marked increases in fatty acid levels and inflammatory lipid mediators, predominantly arachidonic acid metabolites, notably thromboxane B2 >> prostaglandin E2 > prostaglandin D2. Thromboxane A2 increases pulmonary capillary pressure and microvascular permeability, leading to pulmonary edema, and causes bronchoconstriction contributing to ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Prostaglandin D2-stimulated IL-13 production is associated with respiratory failure, possibly due to hyaluronan accumulation in the lungs. Ramatroban is an orally bioavailable, dual thromboxane A2/TP and prostaglandin D2/DP2 receptor antagonist used in Japan for allergic rhinitis. Four consecutive outpatients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with ramatroban exhibited rapid relief of dyspnea and hypoxemia within 12–36 h and complete resolution over 5 days, thereby avoiding hospitalization. Therefore, ramatroban as an antivasospastic, broncho-relaxant, antithrombotic, and immunomodulatory agent merits study in randomized clinical trials that might offer hope for a cost-effective pandemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Ogletree
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Martin L. Ogletree, ; Ajay Gupta,
| | | | | | - Aditya Agarwal
- Charak Foundation of India, Indore, India
- EyeSight Eye Hospital and Retina Centre, Indore, India
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Charak Foundation of India, Indore, India
- EyeSight Eye Hospital and Retina Centre, Indore, India
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak Foundation, Orange, CA, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Martin L. Ogletree, ; Ajay Gupta,
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Chiang KC, Rizk JG, Nelson DJ, Krishnamurti L, Subbian S, Imig JD, Khan I, Reddy ST, Gupta A. Ramatroban for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: David takes on Goliath. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:13-28. [PMID: 35068281 PMCID: PMC10119876 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2031975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In COVID-19 pneumonia, there is a massive increase in fatty acid levels and lipid mediators with a predominance of cyclooxygenase metabolites, notably TxB2 ≫ PGE2 > PGD2 in the lungs, and 11-dehydro-TxB2, a TxA2 metabolite, in the systemic circulation. While TxA2 stimulates thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors, 11-dehydro-TxB2 is a full agonist of DP2 (formerly known as the CRTh2) receptors for PGD2. Anecdotal experience of using ramatroban, a dual receptor antagonist of the TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptors, demonstrated rapid symptomatic relief from acute respiratory distress and hypoxemia while avoiding hospitalization. AREAS COVERED Evidence supporting the role of TxA2/TP receptors and PGD2/DP2 receptors in causing rapidly progressive lung injury associated with hypoxemia, a maladaptive immune response and thromboinflammation is discussed. An innovative perspective on the dual antagonism of TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptor signaling as a therapeutic approach in COVID-19 is presented. This paper examines ramatroban an anti-platelet, immunomodulator, and antifibrotic agent for acute and long-haul COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Ramatroban, a dual blocker of TP and DP2 receptors, has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of respiratory dysfunction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and sepsis, as well as preliminary evidence for rapid relief from dyspnea and hypoxemia in COVID-19 pneumonia. Ramatroban merits investigation as a promising antithrombotic and immunomodulatory agent for chemoprophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Arizona State University, Edson College, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Lakshmanan Krishnamurti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School and Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak Foundation, Orange, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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Chiang KC, Imig JD, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Gupta A. Kidney in the net of acute and long-haul coronavirus disease 2019: a potential role for lipid mediators in causing renal injury and fibrosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:36-46. [PMID: 34846312 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Severe COVID-19 disease is often complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI), which may transition to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Better understanding of underlying mechanisms is important in advancing therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial injury initiates platelet activation, platelet-neutrophil partnership and release of neutrophil extracellular traps. The resulting thromboinflammation causes ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to end organs. Severe COVID-19 induces a lipid-mediator storm with massive increases in thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and PGD2, which promote thromboinflammation and apoptosis of renal tubular cells, respectively, and thereby enhance renal fibrosis. COVID-19-associated AKI improves rapidly in the majority. However, 15-30% have protracted renal injury, raising the specter of transition from AKI to CKD. SUMMARY In COVID-19, the lipid-mediator storm promotes thromboinflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury and cytotoxicity. The thromboxane A2 and PGD2 signaling presents a therapeutic target with potential to mitigate AKI and transition to CKD. Ramatroban, the only dual antagonist of the thromboxane A2/TPr and PGD2/DPr2 signaling could potentially mitigate renal injury in acute and long-haul COVID. Urgent studies targeting the lipid-mediator storm are needed to potentially reduce the heavy burden of kidney disease emerging in the wake of the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Imig
- Drug Discovery Center and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- KARE Biosciences, Orange, California
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
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PTGDR2 Expression in Peripheral Blood as a Potential Biomarker in Adult Patients with Asthma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090827. [PMID: 34575604 PMCID: PMC8468563 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Precision medicine is a promising strategy to identify biomarkers, stratify asthmatic patients according to different endotypes, and match them with the appropriate therapy. This proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate whether gene expression in peripheral blood could provide a valuable noninvasive approach for the molecular phenotyping of asthma. Methods: We performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing on peripheral blood of 30 non-atopic non-asthmatic controls and 30 asthmatic patients. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation study of PTGDR2 that encodes for CRTH2 receptor, expressed in cells involved in T2 inflammation, was developed in a cohort of 361 independent subjects: 94 non-asthmatic non-atopic controls, 187 asthmatic patients [including 82 with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 24 with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)], 52 with allergic rhinitis, and 28 with CRSwNP without asthma. Results: PTGDR2 was one of the most differentially overexpressed genes in asthmatic patients’ peripheral blood (p-value 2.64 × 106). These results were confirmed by qPCR in the validation study, where PTGDR2 transcripts were significantly upregulated in asthmatic patients (p < 0.001). This upregulation was mainly detected in some subgroups such as allergic asthma, asthma with CRSwNP, AERD, eosinophilic asthma, and severe persistent asthma. PTGDR2 expression was detected in different blood cell types, and its correlation with eosinophil counts showed differences in some groups of asthmatic patients. Conclusions: We found that PTGDR2 expression levels could identify asthma patients, introduce a minimally invasive biomarker for adult asthma molecular phenotyping, and add additional information to blood eosinophils. Although further studies are required, analyzing PTGDR2 expression levels in peripheral blood of asthmatics might assist in selecting patients for treatment with specific antagonists.
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Martins Costa Gomes G, de Gouveia Belinelo P, Starkey MR, Murphy VE, Hansbro PM, Sly PD, Robinson PD, Karmaus W, Gibson PG, Mattes J, Collison AM. Cord blood group 2 innate lymphoid cells are associated with lung function at 6 weeks of age. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1296. [PMID: 34306680 PMCID: PMC8292948 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Offspring born to mothers with asthma in pregnancy are known to have lower lung function which tracks with age. Human group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) accumulate in foetal lungs, at 10‐fold higher levels compared to adult lungs. However, there are no data on foetal ILC2 numbers and the association with respiratory health outcomes such as lung function in early life. We aimed to investigate cord blood immune cell populations from babies born to mothers with asthma in pregnancy. Methods Cord blood from babies born to asthmatic mothers was collected, and cells were stained in whole cord blood. Analyses were done using traditional gating approaches and computational methodologies (t‐distributed stochastic neighbour embedding and PhenoGraph algorithms). At 6 weeks of age, the time to peak tidal expiratory flow as a percentage of total expiratory flow time (tPTEF/tE%) was determined as well as Lung Clearance Index (LCI), during quiet natural sleep. Results Of 110 eligible infants (March 2017 to November 2019), 91 were successfully immunophenotyped (82.7%). Lung function was attempted in 61 infants (67.0%), and 43 of those infants (70.5% of attempted) had technically acceptable tPTEF/tE% measurements. Thirty‐four infants (55.7% of attempted) had acceptable LCI measurements. Foetal ILC2 numbers with increased expression of chemoattractant receptor‐homologous molecule (CRTh2), characterised by two distinct analysis methodologies, were associated with poorer infant lung function at 6 weeks of age.” Conclusion Foetal immune responses may be a surrogate variable for or directly influence lung function outcomes in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Martins Costa Gomes
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell® - Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Patricia de Gouveia Belinelo
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell® - Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell® - Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs - Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Vanessa E Murphy
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell® - Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs - Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia.,Centenary UTS Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Paul D Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine The Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Peter G Gibson
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs - Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia.,Sleep Medicine Department John Hunter Hospital Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell® - Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia.,Paediatric Respiratory & Sleep Medicine Department John Hunter Children's Hospital Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Adam M Collison
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell® - Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
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Huang LA, Huang KX, Tu J, Kandeel F, Li J. Ramatroban-Based Analogues Containing Fluorine Group as Potential 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) G-Protein Coupled Receptor 44 (GPR44) Tracers. Molecules 2021; 26:1433. [PMID: 33800801 PMCID: PMC7961607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes remains one of the fastest growing chronic diseases and is a leading source of morbidity and accelerated mortality in the world. Loss of beta cell mass (BCM) and decreased sensitivity to insulin underlie diabetes pathogenesis. Yet, the ability to safely and directly assess BCM in individuals with diabetes does not exist. Measures such as blood glucose provide only a crude indirect picture of beta cell health. PET imaging could, in theory, allow for safe, direct, and precise characterization of BCM. However, identification of beta cell-specific radiolabeled tracers remains elusive. G-protein coupled receptor 44 (GPR44) is a transmembrane protein that was characterized in 2012 as highly beta cell-specific within the insulin-positive islets of Langerhans. Accordingly, radiolabeling of existing GPR44 antagonists could be a viable method to accelerate PET tracer development. The present study aims to evaluate and summarize published analogues of the GPR44 antagonist ramatroban to develop 18F-labeled PET tracers for BCM analysis. The 77 corresponding ramatroban analogues containing a fluorine nuclide were characterized for properties including binding affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile, and 32 compounds with favorable properties were identified. This review illustrates the potential of GPR44 analogues for the development of PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.X.H.); (J.T.); (F.K.)
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11
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Razali N, Hohjoh H, Inazumi T, Maharjan BD, Nakagawa K, Konishi M, Sugimoto Y, Hasegawa H. Induced Prostanoid Synthesis Regulates the Balance between Th1- and Th2-Producing Inflammatory Cytokines in the Thymus of Diet-Restricted Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:649-662. [PMID: 32238706 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple external and internal factors have been reported to induce thymic involution. Involution involves dramatic reduction in size and function of the thymus, leading to various immunodeficiency-related disorders. Therefore, clarifying and manipulating molecular mechanisms governing thymic involution are clinically important, although only a few studies have dealt with this issue. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying thymic involution using a murine acute diet-restriction model. Gene expression analyses indicated that the expression of T helper 1 (Th1)-producing cytokines, namely interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, was down-regulated, while that of Th2-producing IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 was up-regulated, suggesting that acute diet-restriction regulates the polarization of naïve T cells to a Th2-like phenotype during thymic involution. mRNAs for prostanoid biosynthetic enzymes were up-regulated by acute diet-restriction. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses detected the increased production of prostanoids, particularly prostaglandin D2 and thromboxane B2, a metabolite of thromboxane A2, in the diet-restricted thymus. Administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely aspirin and etodolac, to inhibit prostanoid synthesis suppressed the biased expression of Th1- and Th2-cytokines as well as molecular markers of Th1 and Th2 cells in the diet-restricted thymus, without affecting the reduction of thymus size. In vitro stimulation of thymocytes with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin confirmed the polarization of thymocytes from diet-restricted mice toward Th2 cells. These results indicated that the induced production of prostanoids during diet-restriction-induced thymic involution is involved in the polarization of naïve T cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Hohjoh
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomoaki Inazumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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12
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Voskamp AL, Kormelink TG, van Wijk RG, Hiemstra PS, Taube C, de Jong EC, Smits HH. Modulating local airway immune responses to treat allergic asthma: lessons from experimental models and human studies. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:95-110. [PMID: 32020335 PMCID: PMC7066288 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With asthma affecting over 300 million individuals world-wide and estimated to affect 400 million by 2025, developing effective, long-lasting therapeutics is essential. Allergic asthma, where Th2-type immunity plays a central role, represents 90% of child and 50% of adult asthma cases. Research based largely on animal models of allergic disease have led to the generation of a novel class of drugs, so-called biologicals, that target essential components of Th2-type inflammation. Although highly efficient in subclasses of patients, these biologicals and other existing medication only target the symptomatic stage of asthma and when therapy is ceased, a flare-up of the disease is often observed. Therefore, it is suggested to target earlier stages in the inflammatory cascade underlying allergic airway inflammation and to focus on changing and redirecting the initiation of type 2 inflammatory responses against allergens and certain viral agents. This focus on upstream aspects of innate immunity that drive development of Th2-type immunity is expected to have longer-lasting and disease-modifying effects, and may potentially lead to a cure for asthma. This review highlights the current understanding of the contribution of local innate immune elements in the development and maintenance of inflammatory airway responses and discusses available leads for successful targeting of those pathways for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Voskamp
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Groot Kormelink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Gerth van Wijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - E C de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Ueda S, Fukunaga K, Takihara T, Shiraishi Y, Oguma T, Shiomi T, Suzuki Y, Ishii M, Sayama K, Kagawa S, Hirai H, Nagata K, Nakamura M, Miyasho T, Betsuyaku T, Asano K. Deficiency of CRTH2, a Prostaglandin D 2 Receptor, Aggravates Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:289-298. [PMID: 30326727 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0397oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptor homologous with T-helper cell type 2 cells (CRTH2), a receptor for prostaglandin D2, is preferentially expressed on T-helper cell type 2 lymphocytes, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils, and basophils, and elicits the production of type 2 cytokines, including profibrotic IL-13. We hypothesized that lack of CRTH2 might protect against fibrotic lung disease, and we tested this hypothesis using a bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis model in CRTH2-deficient (CRTH2-/-) or wild-type BALB/c mice. Compared with wild-type mice, CRTH2-/- mice treated with bleomycin exhibited significantly higher mortality, enhanced accumulation of inflammatory cells 14-21 days after bleomycin injection, reduced pulmonary compliance, and increased levels of collagen and total protein in the lungs. These phenotypes were associated with decreased levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A in BAL fluid. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from wild-type, but not CRTH2-/-, mice 2 days before injection of bleomycin resolved the sustained inflammation as well as the increased collagen and protein accumulation in the lungs of CRTH2-/- mice. We consider that the disease model is driven by γδT cells that express CRTH2; thus, the adoptive transfer of γδT cells could ameliorate bleomycin-induced alveolar inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ueda
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takihara
- 2 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Shiraishi
- 2 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Oguma
- 2 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiomi
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Sayama
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kagawa
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- 3 Department of Advanced Medicine and Development, Bio Medical Laboratories, Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kinya Nagata
- 3 Department of Advanced Medicine and Development, Bio Medical Laboratories, Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- 4 Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Taku Miyasho
- 5 Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- 2 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ahmad AS, Ottallah H, Maciel CB, Strickland M, Doré S. Role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1 receptor axis in sleep regulation and neurologic outcomes. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz073. [PMID: 30893431 PMCID: PMC6559173 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the new challenges of modern lifestyles, we often compromise a good night's sleep. In preclinical models as well as in humans, a chronic lack of sleep is reported to be among the leading causes of various physiologic, psychologic, and neurocognitive deficits. Thus far, various endogenous mediators have been implicated in inter-regulatory networks that collectively influence the sleep-wake cycle. One such mediator is the lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS)-Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-DP1 receptor (L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R) axis. Findings in preclinical models confirm that DP1R are predominantly expressed in the sleep-regulating centers. This finding led to the discovery that the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis is involved in sleep regulation. Furthermore, we showed that the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis is beneficial in protecting the brain from ischemic stroke. Protein sequence homology was also performed, and it was found that L-PGDS and DP1R share a high degree of homology between humans and rodents. Based on the preclinical and clinical data thus far pertaining to the role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis in sleep regulation and neurologic conditions, there is optimism that this axis may have a high translational potential in human therapeutics. Therefore, here the focus is to review the regulation of the homeostatic component of the sleep process with a special focus on the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis and the consequences of sleep deprivation on health outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss whether the pharmacological regulation of this axis could represent a tool to prevent sleep disturbances and potentially improve outcomes, especially in patients with acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Haneen Ottallah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael Strickland
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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15
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Maric J, Ravindran A, Mazzurana L, Van Acker A, Rao A, Kokkinou E, Ekoff M, Thomas D, Fauland A, Nilsson G, Wheelock CE, Dahlén SE, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Friberg D, Heinemann A, Konya V, Mjösberg J. Cytokine-induced endogenous production of prostaglandin D 2 is essential for human group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:2202-2214.e5. [PMID: 30578872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of type 2 immune responses. The prostaglandin (PG) D2-chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) receptor axis potently induces cytokine production and ILC2 migration. OBJECTIVE We set out to examine PG production in human ILC2s and the implications of such endogenous production on ILC2 function. METHODS The effects of the COX-1/2 inhibitor flurbiprofen, the hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase (HPGDS) inhibitor KMN698, and the CRTH2 antagonist CAY10471 on human ILC2s were determined by assessing receptor and transcription factor expression, cytokine production, and gene expression with flow cytometry, ELISA, and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Concentrations of lipid mediators were measured by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and ELISA. RESULTS We show that ILC2s constitutively express HPGDS and upregulate COX-2 upon IL-2, IL-25, and IL-33 plus thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulation. Consequently, PGD2 and its metabolites can be detected in ILC2 supernatants. We reveal that endogenously produced PGD2 is essential in cytokine-induced ILC2 activation because blocking of the COX-1/2 or HPGDS enzymes or the CRTH2 receptor abolishes ILC2 responses. CONCLUSION PGD2 produced by ILC2s is, in a paracrine/autocrine manner, essential in cytokine-induced ILC2 activation. Hence we provide the detailed mechanism behind how CRTH2 antagonists represent promising therapeutic tools for allergic diseases by controlling ILC2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Maric
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Avinash Ravindran
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Immunology and transfusion medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mazzurana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aline Van Acker
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekoff
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Immunology and transfusion medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Immunology and transfusion medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project group Translational Medicine & Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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16
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Marone G, Galdiero MR, Pecoraro A, Pucino V, Criscuolo G, Triassi M, Varricchi G. Prostaglandin D 2 receptor antagonists in allergic disorders: safety, efficacy, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:73-84. [PMID: 30513028 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1555237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a major cyclooxygenase mediator that is synthesized by activated human mast cells and other immune cells. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), DP2 (CRTH2) and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors that are expressed on several immune and non-immune cells involved in allergic inflammation. PGD2 exerts various proinflammatory effects relevant to the pathophysiology of allergic disorders. Several selective, orally active, DP2 receptor antagonists and a small number of DP1 receptor antagonists are being developed for the treatment of allergic disorders. AREAS COVERED The role of DP2 and DP1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. EXPERT OPINION Head-to-head studies that compare DP1 antagonists with the standard treatment for allergic rhinitis are necessary to verify the role of these novel drugs as mono- or combination therapies. Further clinical trials are necessary to verify whether DP2 antagonists as monotherapies or, more likely, as add-on therapies, will be effective for the treatment of different phenotypes of adult and childhood asthma. Long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the safety of targeted anti-PGD2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,b Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- e William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine &Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
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17
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Hirakata T, Lee HC, Ohba M, Saeki K, Okuno T, Murakami A, Matsuda A, Yokomizo T. Dietary ω-3 fatty acids alter the lipid mediator profile and alleviate allergic conjunctivitis without modulating T h2 immune responses. FASEB J 2018; 33:3392-3403. [PMID: 30383446 PMCID: PMC6404575 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801805r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is one of the most common ocular surface diseases in the world. In AC, T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses play central roles in orchestrating inflammatory responses. However, the roles of lipid mediators in the onset and progression of AC remain to be fully explored. Although previous reports have shown the beneficial effects of supplementation of ω-3 fatty acids in asthma or atopic dermatitis, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, a diet rich in ω-3 fatty acids alleviated AC symptoms in both early and late phases without affecting Th2 immune responses, but rather by altering the lipid mediator profiles. The ω-3 fatty acids completely suppressed scratching behavior toward the eyes, an allergic reaction provoked by itch. Although total serum IgE levels and the expression levels of Th2 cytokines and chemokines in the conjunctiva were not altered by ω-3 fatty acids, eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva was dramatically suppressed. The levels of ω-6–derived proinflammatory lipid mediators, including those with chemoattractant properties for eosinophils, were markedly reduced in the conjunctivae of ω-3 diet–fed mice. Dietary ω-3 fatty acids can alleviate a variety of symptoms of AC by altering the lipid mediator profile.—Hirakata, T., Lee, H.-C., Ohba, M., Saeki, K., Okuno, T., Murakami, A., Matsuda, A., Yokomizo, T. Dietary ω-3 fatty acids alter the lipid mediator profile and alleviate allergic conjunctivitis without modulating Th2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Hirakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Ohba
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) binds to prostaglandin D2. CRTH2 is expressed on various cell types including eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. CRTH2 and prostaglandin D2 are involved in allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation. Orally administered CRTH2 antagonists are in clinical development for the treatment of asthma. The biology and clinical trial data indicate that CRTH2 antagonists should be targeted toward eosinophilic asthma. This article reviews the clinical evidence for CRTH2 involvement in asthma pathophysiology and clinical trials of CRTH2 antagonists in asthma. CRTH2 antagonists could provide a practical alternative to biological treatments for patients with severe asthma. Future perspectives for this class of drug are considered, including the selection of the subgroup of patients most likely to show a meaningful treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Arjun Ravi
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Southworth
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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19
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Larose MC, Archambault AS, Provost V, Laviolette M, Flamand N. Regulation of Eosinophil and Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Trafficking in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:136. [PMID: 28848734 PMCID: PMC5554517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease usually characterized by increased Type 2 cytokines and by an infiltration of eosinophils to the airways. While the production of Type 2 cytokines has been associated with TH2 lymphocytes, increasing evidence indicates that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) play an important role in the production of the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, which likely amplifies the recruitment of eosinophils from the blood to the airways. In that regard, recent asthma treatments have been focusing on blocking Type 2 cytokines, notably IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. These treatments mainly result in decreased blood or sputum eosinophil counts as well as decreased asthma symptoms. This supports that therapies blocking eosinophil recruitment and activation are valuable tools in the management of asthma and its severity. Herein, we review the mechanisms involved in eosinophil and ILC2 recruitment to the airways, with an emphasis on eotaxins, other chemokines as well as their receptors. We also discuss the involvement of other chemoattractants, notably the bioactive lipids 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin D2, and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. Given that eosinophil biology differs between human and mice, we also highlight and discuss their responsiveness toward the different eosinophil chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chantal Larose
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Provost
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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20
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Peinhaupt M, Sturm EM, Heinemann A. Prostaglandins and Their Receptors in Eosinophil Function and As Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:104. [PMID: 28770200 PMCID: PMC5515835 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the known prostanoid receptors, human eosinophils express the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptors DP1 [also D-type prostanoid (DP)] and DP2 (also chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule, expressed on Th2 cells), the prostaglandin E2 receptors EP2 and EP4, and the prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor IP. Prostanoids can bind to either one or multiple receptors, characteristically have a short half-life in vivo, and are quickly degraded into metabolites with altered affinity and specificity for a given receptor subtype. Prostanoid receptors signal mainly through G proteins and naturally activate signal transduction pathways according to the G protein subtype that they preferentially interact with. This can lead to the activation of sometimes opposing signaling pathways. In addition, prostanoid signaling is often cell-type specific and also the combination of expressed receptors can influence the outcome of the prostanoid impulse. Accordingly, it is assumed that eosinophils and their (patho-)physiological functions are governed by a sensitive prostanoid signaling network. In this review, we specifically focus on the functions of PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 and their receptors on eosinophils. We discuss their significance in allergic and non-allergic diseases and summarize potential targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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21
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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22
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Radnai B, Sturm EM, Stančić A, Jandl K, Labocha S, Ferreirós N, Grill M, Hasenoehrl C, Gorkiewicz G, Marsche G, Heinemann Á, Högenauer C, Schicho R. Eosinophils Contribute to Intestinal Inflammation via Chemoattractant Receptor-homologous Molecule Expressed on Th2 Cells, CRTH2, in Experimental Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:1087-95. [PMID: 26928963 PMCID: PMC4892354 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prostaglandin [PG] D2 activates two receptors, DP and CRTH2. Antagonism of CRTH2 has been shown to promote anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated whether CRTH2 may play a role in Crohn's disease [CD], focusing on eosinophils which are widely present in the inflamed mucosa of CD patients and express both receptors. METHODS Using the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid [TNBS]-induced colitis model, involvement of CRTH2 in colitis was investigated by pharmacological antagonism, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunoassay, and leukocyte recruitment. Chemotactic assays were performed with isolated human eosinophils. Biopsies and serum samples of CD patients were examined for presence of CRTH2 and ligands, respectively. RESULTS High amounts of CRTH2-positive cells, including eosinophils, are present in the colonic mucosa of mice with TNBS colitis and in human CD. The CRTH2 antagonist OC-459, but not the DP antagonist MK0524, reduced inflammation scores and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 as compared with control mice. OC-459 inhibited recruitment of eosinophils into the colon and also inhibited CRTH2-induced chemotaxis of human eosinophils in vitro. Eosinophil-depleted ΔdblGATA knockout mice were less sensitive to TNBS-induced colitis, whereas IL-5 transgenic mice with lifelong eosinophilia were more severely affected than wild types. In addition, we show that serum levels of PGD2 and Δ(12)-PGJ2 were increased in CD patients as compared with control individuals. CONCLUSIONS CRTH2 plays a pro-inflammatory role in TNBS-induced colitis. Eosinophils contribute to the severity of the inflammation, which is improved by a selective CRTH2 antagonist. CRTH2 may, therefore, represent an important target in the pharmacotherapy of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Radnai
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Labocha
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Magdalena Grill
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ákos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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23
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Zissler UM, Esser-von Bieren J, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:475-94. [PMID: 26706728 DOI: 10.1111/all.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis early in life, sensitization, asthma endotypes, monitoring of disease and treatment progression are key motivations for the exploration of biomarkers for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The number of genes related to allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma increases steadily; however, prognostic genes have not yet entered clinical application. We hypothesize that the combination of multiple genes may generate biomarkers with prognostic potential. The current review attempts to group more than 161 different potential biomarkers involved in respiratory inflammation to pave the way for future classifiers. The potential biomarkers are categorized into either epithelial or infiltrate-derived or mixed origin, epithelial biomarkers. Furthermore, surface markers were grouped into cell-type-specific categories. The current literature provides multiple biomarkers for potential asthma endotypes that are related to T-cell phenotypes such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and Tregs and their lead cytokines. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma endotypes are also classified by epithelium-derived CCL-26 and osteopontin, respectively. There are currently about 20 epithelium-derived biomarkers exclusively derived from epithelium, which are likely to innovate biomarker panels as they are easy to sample. This article systematically reviews and categorizes genes and collects current evidence that may promote these biomarkers to become part of allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma classifiers with high prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - J. Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - C. A. Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - A. M. Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; Medical School; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - C. B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
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24
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Jandl K, Stacher E, Bálint Z, Sturm EM, Maric J, Peinhaupt M, Luschnig P, Aringer I, Fauland A, Konya V, Dahlen SE, Wheelock CE, Kratky D, Olschewski A, Marsche G, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A. Activated prostaglandin D2 receptors on macrophages enhance neutrophil recruitment into the lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:833-43. [PMID: 26792210 PMCID: PMC4954606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is an early-phase mediator in inflammation, but its action and the roles of the 2 D-type prostanoid receptors (DPs) DP1 and DP2 (also called chemoattractant receptor–homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells) in regulating macrophages have not been elucidated to date. Objective We investigated the role of PGD2 receptors on primary human macrophages, as well as primary murine lung macrophages, and their ability to influence neutrophil action in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro studies, including migration, Ca2+ flux, and cytokine secretion, were conducted with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils and freshly isolated murine alveolar and pulmonary interstitial macrophages. In vivo pulmonary inflammation was assessed in male BALB/c mice. Results Activation of DP1, DP2, or both receptors on human macrophages induced strong intracellular Ca2+ flux, cytokine release, and migration of macrophages. In a murine model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation, activation of each PGD2 receptor resulted in aggravated airway neutrophilia, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine contents, and decreased lung compliance. Selective depletion of alveolar macrophages abolished the PGD2-enhanced inflammatory response. Activation of PGD2 receptors on human macrophages enhanced the migratory capacity and prolonged the survival of neutrophils in vitro. In human lung tissue specimens both DP1 and DP2 receptors were located on alveolar macrophages along with hematopoietic PGD synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of PGD2 synthesis. Conclusion For the first time, our results show that PGD2 markedly augments disease activity through its ability to enhance the proinflammatory actions of macrophages and subsequent neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elvira Stacher
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bálint
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jovana Maric
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Luschnig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ida Aringer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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25
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Moon TC, Campos-Alberto E, Yoshimura T, Bredo G, Rieger AM, Puttagunta L, Barreda DR, Befus AD, Cameron L. Expression of DP2 (CRTh2), a prostaglandin D₂ receptor, in human mast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108595. [PMID: 25268140 PMCID: PMC4182489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PGD₂ has long been implicated in allergic diseases. Recent cloning of a second PGD₂ receptor, DP2 (also known as CRTh2), led to a greater understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological implications of PGD₂. PGD₂ signaling through DP1 and DP2 mediates different and often opposite effects in many cell types of the immune system. Although mast cells (MC) are the largest source of PGD₂ in the body, there is little information about their potential expression of DP2 and its functional significance. In this study, we show that tissue MC in human nasal polyps express DP2 protein, and that human MC lines and primary cultured human MC express mRNA as well as protein of DP2. By immunohistochemistry, we detected that 34% of MC in human nasal polyps expressed DP2. In addition, flow cytometry showed that 87% of the LAD2 human MC line and 98% of primary cultured human MC contained intracellular DP2. However, we could not detect surface expression of DP2 on human MC by single cell analysis using imaging flow cytometry. Blocking of endogenous PGD2 production with aspirin did not induce surface expression of DP2 in human MC. Two DP2 selective agonists, DK-PGD₂ and 15R-15-methyl PGD₂ induced dose-dependent intracellular calcium mobilization that was abrogated by pertussis toxin, but not by three DP2 selective antagonists. MC mediator release including degranulation was not affected by DP2 selective agonists. Thus, human MC express DP2 intracellularly rather than on their surface, and the function of DP2 in human MC is different than in other immune cells such as Th2 cells, eosinophils and basophils where it is expressed on the cell surface and induces Th2 cytokine and/or granule associated mediator release. Further studies to elucidate the role of intracellular DP2 in human MC may expand our understanding of this molecule and provide novel therapeutic opportunities.
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MESH Headings
- Aspirin/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ion Transport
- K562 Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Mast Cells/cytology
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Nasal Polyps/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Prostaglandin D2/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/agonists
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Chul Moon
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo Campos-Alberto
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimura
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graeme Bredo
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A. Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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26
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Sturm EM, Radnai B, Jandl K, Stančić A, Parzmair GP, Högenauer C, Kump P, Wenzl H, Petritsch W, Pieber TR, Schuligoi R, Marsche G, Ferreirós N, Heinemann A, Schicho R. Opposing roles of prostaglandin D2 receptors in ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:827-39. [PMID: 24929001 PMCID: PMC4121674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proresolution functions were reported for PGD2 in colitis, but the role of its two receptors, D-type prostanoid (DP) and, in particular, chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2), is less well defined. We investigated DP and CRTH2 expression and function during human and murine ulcerative colitis (UC). Expression of receptors was measured by flow cytometry on peripheral blood leukocytes and by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in colon biopsies of patients with active UC and healthy individuals. Receptor involvement in UC was evaluated in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium colitis. DP and CRTH2 expression changed in leukocytes of patients with active UC in a differential manner. In UC patients, DP showed higher expression in neutrophils but lower in monocytes as compared with control subjects. In contrast, CRTH2 was decreased in eosinophils, NK, and CD3(+) T cells but not in monocytes and CD3(+)/CD4(+) T cells. The decrease of CRTH2 on blood eosinophils clearly correlated with disease activity. DP correlated positively with disease activity in eosinophils but inversely in neutrophils. CRTH2 internalized upon treatment with PGD2 and 11-dehydro TXB2 in eosinophils of controls. Biopsies of UC patients revealed an increase of CRTH2-positive cells in the colonic mucosa and high CRTH2 protein content. The CRTH2 antagonist CAY10595 improved, whereas the DP antagonist MK0524 worsened inflammation in murine colitis. DP and CRTH2 play differential roles in UC. Although expression of CRTH2 on blood leukocytes is downregulated in UC, CRTH2 is present in colon tissue, where it may contribute to inflammation, whereas DP most likely promotes anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Balazs Radnai
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald P Parzmair
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrizia Kump
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wenzl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Petritsch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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27
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Sandham DA, Arnold N, Aschauer H, Bala K, Barker L, Brown L, Brown Z, Budd D, Cox B, Docx C, Dubois G, Duggan N, England K, Everatt B, Furegati M, Hall E, Kalthoff F, King A, Leblanc CJ, Manini J, Meingassner J, Profit R, Schmidt A, Simmons J, Sohal B, Stringer R, Thomas M, Turner KL, Walker C, Watson SJ, Westwick J, Willis J, Williams G, Wilson C. Discovery and characterization of NVP-QAV680, a potent and selective CRTh2 receptor antagonist suitable for clinical testing in allergic diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6582-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Townley RG, Agrawal S. CRTH2 antagonists in the treatment of allergic responses involving TH2 cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23176872 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Townley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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29
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Kanda H, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Noguchi K. COX-1-dependent prostaglandin D2 in microglia contributes to neuropathic pain via DP2 receptor in spinal neurons. Glia 2013; 61:943-56. [PMID: 23505121 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid and exists as two major isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2. The crucial role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain in peripheral tissue and the spinal cord has been established; however its expression dynamics after peripheral nerve injury and its role in neuropathic pain are not clear. In this study, we examined the detailed expression patterns of genes for COX, PGD2 and thromboxane A2 synthases and their receptors in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we explored the altered gene expression of these molecules using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model. We also examined whether these molecules have a role in the development or maintenance of neuropathic pain. We found a number of interesting results in this study, the first was that COX-1 was constitutively expressed in the spinal cord and up-regulated in microglia located in laminae I-II after nerve injury. Second, COX-2 mRNA expression was induced in blood vessels after nerve injury. Third, TXA2 synthase and hematopoietic PGD synthase mRNAs were dramatically increased in the microglia after nerve injury. Finally, we found that intrathecal injection of a COX-1 inhibitor and DP2 receptor antagonist significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia. Our findings indicate that PGD2 produced by microglia is COX-1 dependent, and that neurons in the spinal cord can receive PGD2 from microglia following peripheral nerve injury. We believe that PGD2 signaling via DP2 signaling pathway from microglia to neurons is one of the triggering factors for mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
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30
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Yang Y, Tang LQ, Wei W. Prostanoids receptors signaling in different diseases/cancers progression. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:14-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Lundström SL, Saluja R, Adner M, Haeggström JZ, Nilsson G, Wheelock CE. Lipid mediator metabolic profiling demonstrates differences in eicosanoid patterns in two phenotypically distinct mast cell populations. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:116-26. [PMID: 23034214 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are inflammatory cells that play key roles in health and disease. They are distributed in all tissues and appear in two main phenotypes, connective tissue and mucosal mast cells, with differing capacities to release inflammatory mediators. A metabolic profiling approach was used to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the ability of mast cell phenotypes to produce eicosanoids and other lipid mediators. A total of 90 lipid mediators (oxylipins) were characterized using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), representing the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic pathways. In vitro-derived murine mucosal-like mast cells (MLMC) and connective tissue-like mast cells (CTLMC) exhibited distinct mRNA expression patterns of enzymes involved in oxylipin biosynthesis. Oxylipins produced by 5-LO and COX pathways were the predominant species in both phenotypes, with 5-LO products constituting 90 ± 2% of the CTLMCs compared with 58 ± 8% in the MLMCs. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that CTLMCs and MLMCs secrete differing oxylipin profiles at baseline and following calcium ionophore stimulation, evidencing specificity in both a time- and biosynthetic pathway-dependent manner. In addition to the COX-regulated prostaglandin PGD(2) and 5-LO-regulated cysteinyl-leukotrienes (e.g., LTC(4)), several other mediators evidenced phenotype-specificity, which may have biological implications in mast cell-mediated regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna L Lundström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Gleim S, Stitham J, Tang WH, Martin KA, Hwa J. An eicosanoid-centric view of atherothrombotic risk factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3361-80. [PMID: 22491820 PMCID: PMC3691514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Atherosclerosis followed by thrombosis (atherothrombosis) is the pathological process underlying most myocardial, cerebral, and peripheral vascular events. Atherothrombosis is a complex and heterogeneous inflammatory process that involves interactions between many cell types (including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets) and processes (including migration, proliferation, and activation). Despite a wealth of knowledge from many recent studies using knockout mouse and human genetic studies (GWAS and candidate approach) identifying genes and proteins directly involved in these processes, traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, sex, and age) remain the most useful predictor of disease. Eicosanoids (20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives of arachidonic acid and other essential fatty acids) are emerging as important regulators of cardiovascular disease processes. Drugs indirectly modulating these signals, including COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors, have proven to play major roles in the atherothrombotic process. However, the complexity of their roles and regulation by opposing eicosanoid signaling, have contributed to the lack of therapies directed at the eicosanoid receptors themselves. This is likely to change, as our understanding of the structure, signaling, and function of the eicosanoid receptors improves. Indeed, a major advance is emerging from the characterization of dysfunctional naturally occurring mutations of the eicosanoid receptors. In light of the proven and continuing importance of risk factors, we have elected to focus on the relationship between eicosanoids and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Gleim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
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33
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Philipose S, Konya V, Lazarevic M, Pasterk LM, Marsche G, Frank S, Peskar BA, Heinemann A, Schuligoi R. Laropiprant attenuates EP3 and TP prostanoid receptor-mediated thrombus formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40222. [PMID: 22870195 PMCID: PMC3411562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the lipid lowering agent niacin is hampered by a frequent flush response which is largely mediated by prostaglandin (PG) D2. Therefore, concomitant administration of the D-type prostanoid (DP) receptor antagonist laropiprant has been proposed to be a useful approach in preventing niacin-induced flush. However, antagonizing PGD2, which is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, might pose the risk of atherothrombotic events in cardiovascular disease. In fact, we found that in vitro treatment of platelets with laropiprant prevented the inhibitory effects of PGD2 on platelet function, i.e. platelet aggregation, Ca2+ flux, P-selectin expression, activation of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and thrombus formation. In contrast, laropiprant did not prevent the inhibitory effects of acetylsalicylic acid or niacin on thrombus formation. At higher concentrations, laropiprant by itself attenuated platelet activation induced by thromboxane (TP) and E-type prostanoid (EP)-3 receptor stimulation, as demonstrated in assays of platelet aggregation, Ca2+ flux, P-selectin expression, and activation of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Inhibition of platelet function exerted by EP4 or I-type prostanoid (IP) receptors was not affected by laropiprant. These in vitro data suggest that niacin/laropiprant for the treatment of dyslipidemias might have a beneficial profile with respect to platelet function and thrombotic events in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Philipose
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mirjana Lazarevic
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa M. Pasterk
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sasa Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard A. Peskar
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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34
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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35
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PGH1, the precursor for the anti-inflammatory prostaglandins of the 1-series, is a potent activator of the pro-inflammatory receptor CRTH2/DP2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33329. [PMID: 22442685 PMCID: PMC3307725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin H1 (PGH1) is the cyclo-oxygenase metabolite of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and the precursor for the 1-series of prostaglandins which are often viewed as “anti-inflammatory”. Herein we present evidence that PGH1 is a potent activator of the pro-inflammatory PGD2 receptor CRTH2, an attractive therapeutic target to treat allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. Non-invasive, real time dynamic mass redistribution analysis of living human CRTH2 transfectants and Ca2+ flux studies reveal that PGH1 activates CRTH2 as PGH2, PGD2 or PGD1 do. The PGH1 precursor DGLA and the other PGH1 metabolites did not display such effect. PGH1 specifically internalizes CRTH2 in stable CRTH2 transfectants as assessed by antibody feeding assays. Physiological relevance of CRTH2 ligation by PGH1 is demonstrated in several primary human hematopoietic lineages, which endogenously express CRTH2: PGH1 mediates migration of and Ca2+ flux in Th2 lymphocytes, shape change of eosinophils, and their adhesion to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions. All these effects are abrogated in the presence of the CRTH2 specific antagonist TM30089. Together, our results identify PGH1 as an important lipid intermediate and novel CRTH2 agonist which may trigger CRTH2 activation in vivo in the absence of functional prostaglandin D synthase.
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36
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Luna-Gomes T, Magalhães KG, Mesquita-Santos FP, Bakker-Abreu I, Samico RF, Molinaro R, Calheiros AS, Diaz BL, Bozza PT, Weller PF, Bandeira-Melo C. Eosinophils as a novel cell source of prostaglandin D2: autocrine role in allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6518-26. [PMID: 22102725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGD(2) is a key mediator of allergic inflammatory diseases that is mainly synthesized by mast cells, which constitutively express high levels of the terminal enzyme involved in PGD(2) synthesis, the hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS). In this study, we investigated whether eosinophils are also able to synthesize, and therefore, supply biologically active PGD(2). PGD(2) synthesis was evaluated within human blood eosinophils, in vitro differentiated mouse eosinophils, and eosinophils infiltrating inflammatory site of mouse allergic reaction. Biological function of eosinophil-derived PGD(2) was studied by employing inhibitors of synthesis and activity. Constitutive expression of H-PGDS was found within nonstimulated human circulating eosinophils. Acute stimulation of human eosinophils with A23187 (0.1-5 μM) evoked PGD(2) synthesis, which was located at the nuclear envelope and was inhibited by pretreatment with HQL-79 (10 μM), a specific H-PGDS inhibitor. Prestimulation of human eosinophils with arachidonic acid (10 μM) or human eotaxin (6 nM) also enhanced HQL-79-sensitive PGD(2) synthesis, which, by acting on membrane-expressed specific receptors (D prostanoid receptors 1 and 2), displayed an autocrine/paracrine ability to trigger leukotriene C(4) synthesis and lipid body biogenesis, hallmark events of eosinophil activation. In vitro differentiated mouse eosinophils also synthesized paracrine/autocrine active PGD(2) in response to arachidonic acid stimulation. In vivo, at late time point of the allergic reaction, infiltrating eosinophils found at the inflammatory site appeared as an auxiliary PGD(2)-synthesizing cell population. Our findings reveal that eosinophils are indeed able to synthesize and secrete PGD(2), hence representing during allergic inflammation an extra cell source of PGD(2), which functions as an autocrine signal for eosinophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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37
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Chen JJ, Budelsky AL. Prostaglandin D₂ receptor CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:49-107. [PMID: 21315928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr. Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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38
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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39
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Wegmann M. Targeting eosinophil biology in asthma therapy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:667-74. [PMID: 21474432 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0013tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their role as main effector cells in immune reactions against invading parasites, eosinophils have a plethora of molecules available to destroy these complex pathogens. Their role in allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, where they do not have to conquer pathogens, is discussed controversially. However, since eosinophils were identified by Paul Ehrlich in tissue and sputum of patients with asthma, it was regarded that their important defensive role turns into its direct opposite so that these cells cause destruction of the airway tissue, ultimately leading to the formation of disease phenotype. Thus, eosinophils were identified as a prime target in therapeutic intervention of bronchial asthma. Over the last years, a number of mediators and receptors involved in the regulation of eosinophil recruitment, chemotaxis, activation, survival, and apoptosis have been identified. Some of these molecules have been addressed in vitro and in animal models of experimental asthma to evaluate their therapeutic potential in asthma. A few of these candidates have been tested in clinical studies, which produced surprising results questioning the role of eosinophils in asthma pathogenesis. This article summarizes these approaches and gives a critical overview about further candidate molecules that have been recently discussed as targets for an eosinophil-specific asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegmann
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1, D-23845 Borstel, Germany 1887402.
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40
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The opposing role of two prostaglandin D2 receptors, DP and CRTH2, in human eosinophil migration. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:511-7. [PMID: 21624751 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) regulates various immunological responses via two distinct PGD2 receptors, prostaglandin D receptor (DP), and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). Recent studies have demonstrated that PGD2 induces the migration of eosinophils through CRTH2. Although human eosinophils express both DP and CRTH2, it is unclear whether the function of DP is involved in eosinophil migration. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the roles of DP and CRTH2 in eosinophil migration by using selective agonists and antagonists. METHODS Eosinophils were isolated from human subjects with mild eosinophilia by modified CD16-negative selection. After stimulation with or without DP receptor agonist, eosinophil migration was measured by Boyden chamber. The effect of DP agonists on CRTH2-induced eosinophil migration was studied in terms of CRTH2 expression, Ca2+ mobilization, ERK/MAPK phosphorylation, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. RESULTS Treatment with DP agonists inhibited CRTH2-induced chemotaxis of eosinophils. Furthermore, we showed that DP agonists enhanced cAMP production in CRTH2 agonist stimulation without increasing CRTH2 expression. DP mediates eosinophils through the elevation of intracellular cAMP production but does not change CRTH2 expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, the balance between DP and CRTH2 could influence the degree of PGD2-induced eosinophil migration and DP agonist might regulate eosinophil activation.
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41
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) is a major prostanoid, produced mainly by mast cells, in allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma. PGD₂-induced vasodilatation and increased permeability are well-known classical effects that may be involved in allergic inflammation. Recently, novel functions of PGD₂ have been identified. To date, D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2) have been shown to be major PGD₂-related receptors. These two receptors have pivotal roles mediating allergic diseases by regulating the functions of various cell types, such as T(H)2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. This review will focus on the current understanding of the roles of PGD₂ and its metabolites in T(H)2 inflammation and the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Arima
- Department of Developmental Genetics (H2), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Luker T, Bonnert R, Paine SW, Schmidt J, Sargent C, Cook AR, Cook A, Gardiner P, Hill S, Weyman-Jones C, Patel A, Thom S, Thorne P. Zwitterionic CRTh2 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1779-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1014549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Luker
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Bonnert
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W. Paine
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy Schmidt
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Sargent
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Cook
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Cook
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Gardiner
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hill
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Weyman-Jones
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Patel
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thom
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Thorne
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
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The Prostaglandin E
2
Receptor EP4 Is Expressed by Human Platelets and Potently Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2416-23. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.216374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Low concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) E
2
enhance platelet aggregation, whereas high concentrations inhibit it. The effects of PGE
2
are mediated through 4 G protein-coupled receptors, termed E-type prostaglindin (EP) receptor EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. The platelet-stimulating effect of PGE
2
has been suggested to involve EP3 receptors. Here we analyzed the receptor usage relating to the inhibitory effect of PGE
2
.
Methods and Results—
Using flow cytometry, we found that human platelets expressed EP4 receptor protein. A selective EP4 agonist (ONO AE1-329) potently inhibited the platelet aggregation as induced by ADP or collagen. This effect could be completely reversed by an EP4 antagonist, but not by PGI
2
, PGD
2
, and thromboxane receptor antagonists or cyclooxygenase inhibition. Moreover, an EP4 antagonist enhanced the PGE
2
-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation, indicating a physiological antiaggregatory activity of EP4 receptors. The inhibitory effect of the EP4 agonist was accompanied by attenuated Ca
2+
flux, inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, and downregulation of P-selectin. Most importantly, adhesion of platelets to fibrinogen under flow and in vitro thrombus formation were effectively prevented by the EP4 agonist. In this respect, the EP4 agonist synergized with acetylsalicylic acid.
Conclusion—
These results are suggestive of EP4 receptor activation as a novel antithrombotic strategy.
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Gervais FG, Sawyer N, Stocco R, Hamel M, Krawczyk C, Sillaots S, Denis D, Wong E, Wang Z, Gallant M, Abraham WM, Slipetz D, Crackower MA, O'Neill GP. Pharmacological Characterization of MK-7246, a Potent and Selective CRTH2 (Chemoattractant Receptor-Homologous Molecule Expressed on T-Helper Type 2 Cells) Antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:69-76. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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45
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Ahmad AS, Ahmad M, Maruyama T, Narumiya S, Doré S. Prostaglandin D2 DP1 receptor is beneficial in ischemic stroke and in acute exicitotoxicity in young and old mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:271-282. [PMID: 20640551 PMCID: PMC2926852 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular complications reported to be associated with cyclooxygenase inhibitor use have shifted our focus toward prostaglandins and their respective receptors. Prostaglandin D(2) and its DP1 receptor have been implicated in various normal and pathologic conditions, but their role in stroke is still poorly defined. Here, we tested whether DP1 deletion aggravates N-methyl-D: -aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced acute toxicity and whether DP1 pharmacologic activation protects mice from acute excitotoxicity and transient cerebral ischemia. Moreover, since the elderly are more vulnerable to stroke-related damage than are younger patients, we tested the susceptibility of aged DP1 knockout (DP1(-/-)) mice to brain damage. We found that intrastriatal injection of 15 nmol NMDA caused significantly larger lesion volumes (27.2 +/- 6.4%) in young adult DP1(-/-) mice than in their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, intracerebroventricular pretreatment of wild-type mice with 10, 25, and 50 nmol of the DP1-selective agonist BW245C significantly attenuated the NMDA-induced lesion size by 19.5 +/- 5.0%, 39.6 +/- 7.7%, and 28.9 +/- 7.0%, respectively. The lowest tested dose of BW245C also was able to reduce middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced brain infarction size significantly (21.0 +/- 5.7%). Interestingly, the aggravated NMDA-induced brain damage was persistent in older DP1(-/-) mice as well. We conclude that the DP1 receptor plays an important role in attenuating brain damage and that selective targeting of this receptor could be considered as an adjunct therapeutic tool to minimize stroke damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 364, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Muzamil Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 364, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Ross 364, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Ono E, Taniguchi M, Higashi N, Mita H, Kajiwara K, Yamaguchi H, Tatsuno S, Fukutomi Y, Tanimoto H, Sekiya K, Oshikata C, Tsuburai T, Tsurikisawa N, Otomo M, Maeda Y, Hasegawa M, Miyazaki E, Kumamoto T, Akiyama K. CD203c expression on human basophils is associated with asthma exacerbation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:483-489.e3. [PMID: 20159259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD203c is a basophil cell surface marker used to diagnose and monitor various allergic diseases, but its relationship to asthma is not clear. OBJECTIVE We determined whether CD203c expression levels are associated with stable and exacerbated asthma. METHODS We used flow cytometry to compare spontaneous expression levels of surface markers on basophils from patients with stable or exacerbated asthma and from healthy subjects. Longitudinal changes in these expression levels were measured after basophil stimulation by IgE-dependent or IgE-independent mechanisms and compared with patients' asthma status. RESULTS Spontaneous expression levels of CD203c were significantly higher on basophils from patients with asthma exacerbation than patients with stable asthma or healthy subjects. In contrast, no differences in spontaneous expression levels of CD63 or CD69 were observed among the 3 groups. Anti-IgE-induced expression of CD203c significantly increased in basophils during asthma exacerbation (P = .005). Low concentrations of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or IL-3 induced higher expression levels of CD203c during asthma exacerbation than during clinical improvement; induction of CD203c expression by these antigens therefore correlates with asthma control. In the patients with clinical improvement, there was a correlation between spontaneous CD203c expression levels and the percent predicted values of FEV(1) (r = -0.761; P = .022). CONCLUSION Asthma exacerbation was accompanied by increased expression of CD203c on basophils that decreased significantly during remission. Basophil expression levels of CD203c might therefore be used to monitor asthma in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Ono
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan; Division of Third Department of Internal Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Smyth EM. Thromboxane and the thromboxane receptor in cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:209-219. [PMID: 20543887 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), the primary product of COX-1-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid, mediates its biological actions through the TXA(2) receptor, termed the TP. Irreversible inhibition of platelet COX-1-derived TXA(2) with low-dose aspirin affords protection against primary and secondary vascular thrombotic events, underscoring the central role of TXA(2) as a platelet agonist in cardiovascular disease. The limitations associated with aspirin use include significant gastrointestinal toxicity, bleeding complications, potential interindividual response variability and poor efficacy in some disease states. This, together with the broad role of TXA(2) in cardiovascular disease beyond the platelet, has refocused interest towards additional TXA(2)-associated drug targets, in particular TXA(2) synthase and the TP. The superiority of these agents over low-dose aspirin, in terms of clinical efficacy, tolerability and commercial viability, remain open questions that are the focus of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer M Smyth
- Institute for Translation Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 808 BRB 2/3, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Tel.: +1 215 573 2323
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48
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Palikhe NS, Kim SH, Cho BY, Ye YM, Choi GS, Park HS. Genetic variability in CRTH2 polymorphism increases eotaxin-2 levels in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease. Allergy 2010; 65:338-46. [PMID: 19796209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CRTH2 is expressed on the surface of eosinophils and has been shown to mediate PGD2-induced eosinophil migration in vitro. Eosinophilic infiltration in the upper and lower airways is the key feature of asthma. Considering the fact that eosinophil infiltration is prominent in the upper and lower airways of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) compared to aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) patients, we hypothesized that activation of eosinophils via dysregulation of the CRTH2 gene may play an important role and be an important marker for AERD. METHODS The three study groups - 107 with AERD, 115 with ATA and 133 normal healthy controls (NC) - were recruited from Ajou University Hospital, South Korea. Two polymorphisms of the CRTH2 gene at -466T>C and -129C>A were genotyped using primer extension methods. RESULTS AERD patients had significantly higher serum eotaxin-2 levels than did those with ATA (P = 0.034). A significant difference in the genotype frequencies of CRTH2 -466T>C was detected between AERD and ATA patients (P < 0.05). The serum eotaxin-2 level was significantly higher in AERD patients carrying the TT genotype of CRTH2 -466T>C than those with the CT and CC (P < 0.05). In vitro functional study demonstrated that the -466T allele had lower luciferase activity (P < 0.001) and lower mRNA expression with higher production of eotaxin-2 (P = 0.003) in human lung epithelial cells. EMSA showed that CRTH2 -466T produced a specific band with a higher affinity than CRTH2 -466C had. CONCLUSION The CRTH2 -466T>C polymorphism increases serum and cellular eotaxin-2 production through lowered CRTH2 expression, leading to eosinophilic infiltration in AERD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Palikhe
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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49
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Grimstrup M, Receveur JM, Rist Ø, Frimurer TM, Nielsen PA, Mathiesen JM, Högberg T. Exploration of SAR features by modifications of thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1638-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Novel selective thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists developed from in silico derived hits. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1177-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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