1
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Rohokale R, Guo J, Guo Z. Monophosphoryl Lipid A-Rhamnose Conjugates as a New Class of Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7458-7469. [PMID: 38634150 PMCID: PMC11081837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvant is an integral part of all vaccine formulations but only a few adjuvants with limited efficacies or application scopes are available. Thus, developing more robust and diverse adjuvants is necessary. To this end, a new class of adjuvants having α- and β-rhamnose (Rha) attached to the 1- and 6'-positions of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) was designed, synthesized, and immunologically evaluated in mice. The results indicated a synergistic effect of MPLA and Rha, two immunostimulators that function via interacting with toll-like receptor 4 and recruiting endogenous anti-Rha antibodies, respectively. All the tested MPLA-Rha conjugates exhibited potent adjuvant activities to promote antibody production against both protein and carbohydrate antigens. Overall, MPLA-α-Rha exhibited better activities than MPLA-β-Rha, and 6'-linked conjugates were slightly better than 1-linked ones. Particularly, MPLA-1-α-Rha and MPLA-6'-α-Rha were the most effective adjuvants in promoting IgG antibody responses against protein antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin and carbohydrate antigen sTn, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Rohokale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jiatong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Bartels YL, van Lent PLEM, van der Kraan PM, Blom AB, Bonger KM, van den Bosch MHJ. Inhibition of TLR4 signalling to dampen joint inflammation in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:608-618. [PMID: 37788083 PMCID: PMC10907820 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic low-grade inflammation, mainly involving the innate immune system, plays an important role in the development of OA. A receptor playing a key role in initiation of this inflammation is the pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the joint, various ligands for TLR4, many of which are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are present that can activate TLR4 signalling. This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators that cause joint damage. In this narrative review, we will first discuss the involvement of TLR4 ligands and signalling in OA. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of methods for inhibit, TLR4 signalling by RNA interference, neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibodies, small molecules and inhibitors targeting the TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Finally, we will focus on possible applications and challenges of these strategies in the dampening of inflammation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Bartels
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Chamberlain C, Prabahar A, Kink J, Mueller E, Li Y, Yopp S, Capitini C, William M, Hematti P, Vanderby R, Jiang P. Modulating Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Microenvironment Alters Exosome RNA Content and Ligament Healing Capacity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.22.563485. [PMID: 37961625 PMCID: PMC10634732 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.22.563485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) based therapies hold promise in regenerative medicine, their applications in clinical settings remain challenging due to issues such as immunocompatibility and cell stability. MSC-derived exosomes, small vesicles carrying various bioactive molecules, are a promising cell-free therapy to promote tissue regeneration. However, it remains unknown mainly regarding the ability to customize the content of MSC-derived exosomes, how alterations in the MSC microenvironment influence exosome content, and the effects of such modifications on healing efficiency and mechanical properties in tissue regeneration. In this study, we used an in vitro system of human MSC-derived exosomes and an in vivo rat ligament injury model to address these questions. We found a context-dependent correlation between exosomal and parent cell RNA content. Under native conditions, the correlation was moderate but heightened with microenvironmental changes. In vivo rat ligament injury model showed that MSC-derived exosomes increased ligament max load and stiffness. We also found that changes in the MSCs' microenvironment significantly influence the mechanical properties driven by exosome treatment. Additionally, a link was identified between altered exosomal microRNA levels and expression changes in microRNA targets in ligaments. These findings elucidate the nuanced interplay between MSCs, their exosomes, and tissue regeneration.
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4
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Nakayama T, Ito T, Ishiyama R, Katayama K. Cytokine and Chemokine Production in Mice Inoculated with NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid ®) in Comparison with Omicron BA.4/5 Bivalent BNT162b2 (Comirnaty ®). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1677. [PMID: 38006009 PMCID: PMC10675389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) has been licensed and has a lesser incidence of adverse events. To know the immunological mechanisms of adverse events, the production of cytokines and chemokines was investigated in mice inoculated with NVX-CoV2373. Serum IL-6 was detected on Day 1 of the first and second doses and the IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels increased on Day 1 of the second dose at the inoculation site. The enhanced production of the inflammatory chemokines (CCL2), homeostatic chemokine (CXCL13), and Th2 chemokine (CCL17) was observed at the inoculation site on Day 1 of the second dose. These findings were compared with data obtained following inoculation with BNT162b2 bivalent vaccine containing omicron BA.4/5. Significantly lower levels of inflammatory chemokines were detected on Day 1 after the first dose of NVX-CoV2373 in sera and inoculation site than those following inoculation with bivalent BNT162b2 (p < 0.01), reflecting a lower incidence of adverse events after immunization with NVX-CoV2373 in humans. NVX-CoV2373 induced significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 at the inoculation site obtained on Day 1 of the second dose (p < 0.05). Significant higher levels of Th2 chemokines, CCL11 and CCL17, were induced at the inoculation site on Day 1 of the second dose (p < 0.01) and they explain the booster IgG EIA antibody response after the second dose of NVX-CoV2373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Takashi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.I.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara 252-0329, Japan
| | - Ryoka Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.I.); (K.K.)
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5
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Khalaf JK, Bess LS, Walsh LM, Ward JM, Johnson CL, Livesay MT, Jackson KJ, Evans JT, Ryter KT, Bazin-Lee HG. Diamino Allose Phosphates: Novel, Potent, and Highly Stable Toll-like Receptor 4 Agonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13900-13917. [PMID: 37847244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Most known synthetic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists are carbohydrate-based lipid-A mimetics containing several fatty acyl chains, including a labile 3-O-acyl chain linked to the C-3 position of the non-reducing sugar known to undergo cleavage impacting stability and resulting in loss of activity. To overcome this inherent instability, we rationally designed a new class of chemically more stable synthetic TLR4 ligands that elicit robust innate and adaptive immune responses. This new class utilized a diamino allose phosphate (DAP) scaffold containing a nonhydrolyzable 3-amide bond instead of the classical 3-ester. Accordingly, the DAPs have significantly improved thermostability in aqueous formulations and potency relative to other known natural and synthetic TLR4 ligands. Furthermore, the DAP analogues function as potent vaccine adjuvants to enhance influenza-specific antibodies in mice and provide protection against lethal influenza virus challenges. This novel set of TLR4 ligands show promise as next-generation vaccine adjuvants and stand-alone immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhienah K Khalaf
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Laura S Bess
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Lois M Walsh
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Janine M Ward
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Craig L Johnson
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Mark T Livesay
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Konner J Jackson
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Hélène G Bazin-Lee
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
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6
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Qun T, Zhou T, Hao J, Wang C, Zhang K, Xu J, Wang X, Zhou W. Antibacterial activities of anthraquinones: structure-activity relationships and action mechanisms. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1446-1471. [PMID: 37593578 PMCID: PMC10429894 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of untreatable infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the discovery of new drugs from natural products has become a hot research topic. The antibacterial activity of anthraquinones widely distributed in traditional Chinese medicine has attracted much attention. Herein, the structure and activity relationships (SARs) of anthraquinones as bacteriostatic agents are reviewed and elucidated. The substituents of anthraquinone and its derivatives are closely related to their antibacterial activities. The stronger the polarity of anthraquinone substituents is, the more potent the antibacterial effects appear. The presence of hydroxyl groups is not necessary for the antibacterial activity of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives. Substitution of di-isopentenyl groups can improve the antibacterial activity of anthraquinone derivatives. The rigid plane structure of anthraquinone lowers its water solubility and results in the reduced activity. Meanwhile, the antibacterial mechanisms of anthraquinone and its analogs are explored, mainly including biofilm formation inhibition, destruction of the cell wall, endotoxin inhibition, inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and blockage of energy metabolism and other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Qun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University 440113 Guangzhou China
| | - Jiongkai Hao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Jing Xu
- Huanghua Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau Bohai New Area 061100 Hebei China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
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7
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Hu G, Varisco DJ, Das S, Middaugh CR, Gardner F, Ernst RK, Picking WL, Picking WD. Physicochemical characterization of biological and synthetic forms of two lipid A-based TLR4 agonists. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18119. [PMID: 37483830 PMCID: PMC10362264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are recognized as potential immune-enhancing adjuvants and are included in several licensed vaccines. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®, GlaxoSmithKline) is one such TLR4 agonist that has been approved for use in human vaccines, such as Cervarix and Shingrix. Due to the heterogeneous nature of biologically derived MPL and the need for safer and more potent adjuvants, our groups have developed the novel TLR4 agonist candidates, BECC438 and BECC470 using the Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry (BECC) platform. BECC438 and BECC470 have been included in studies to test their adjuvant potential and found to be effective in vaccines against both viral and bacterial disease agents. Here, we report detailed biophysical characterization of BECC438 and BECC470 purified from a biological source (BECC438b and BECC470b, respectively) and synthesized chemically (BECC438s and BECC470s, respectively). Both BECC438s and BECC470s have identical acyl chain configurations, BECC438s is bis-phosphorylated and BECC470s is mono-phosphorylated with the removal of the 4' phosphate moiety. We determined the phase transition temperatures for the acyl chains of BECC438b and BECC470b and found them to be different from those exhibited by their synthetic counterparts. Furthermore, the phosphate groups of BECC438b and BECC470b are more highly hydrated than are those of BECC438s and BECC470s. In addition to exploring the BECC molecules' biophysical features in aqueous solution, we explored potential formulation of BECC438 and BECC470 with the aluminum-based adjuvant Alhydrogel and as part of an oil-in-water emulsion (Medimmune Emulsion or ME). All of the lipid A analogues could be fully absorbed to Alhydrogel or incorporated onto ME. Surprisingly, the BECC470s molecule, unlike the others, displayed a nearly baseline signal when monitored using a Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) endotoxin detection system. Despite this, it was shown to behave as an agonist for human and mouse TLR4 when tested using multiple cell-based systems. This work paves the way for further formulation optimization of two chemically defined TLR4 agonists that are showing great promise as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David J. Varisco
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C. Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Francesca Gardner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wendy L. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William D. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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8
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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Thompson MA, Aspelin K, Plewa J, Baldridge J, Jutila MA. A TLR4 agonist liposome formulation effectively stimulates innate immunity and enhances protection from bacterial infection. Innate Immun 2023:17534259231168725. [PMID: 37083049 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231168725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity can protect against infectious insult and could be used in combination with other therapies. Since antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern, strategies to reduce the dose or eliminate the need for these drugs are warranted. Lipo-CRX is a formulation in which the TLR4 agonist CRX-527 is incorporated into lipid membranes in liposomes. Lipo-CRX is less inflammatory than either CRX-527 or LPS, but retains unique capacity to enhance host defense responses. We compared lipo-CRX to other agonists in vitro using mammalian cells and in vivo in mice, and assessed indicators of innate immune responses and protection from bacterial infection. Lipo-CRX is similar to E. coli LPS in its capacity to activate bovine γδ T cells and to recruit neutrophils into mouse lungs, but with less reactivity in the LAL assay. However, lipo-CRX uniquely induced the production of systemic innate immune cytokines. In the mouse model of brucellosis, delivery of lipo-CRX to the lungs reduced the dissemination of B. abortus. While lipo-CRX or the antibiotic ampicillin alone did not alter B. abortus burdens in the lung, the combination had a synergistic beneficial effect. Our data suggest that stimulating the innate immune system with lipo-CRX, either alone or when combined with antibiotics, can enhance bacterial clearance in the mouse model of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Macy A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Aspelin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jack Plewa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jory Baldridge
- Totem BioSciences, 240 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
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9
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Ding D, Wen Y, Liao CM, Yin XG, Zhang RY, Wang J, Zhou SH, Zhang ZM, Zou YK, Gao XF, Wei HW, Yang GF, Guo J. Self-Adjuvanting Protein Vaccine Conjugated with a Novel Synthetic TLR4 Agonist on Virus-Like Liposome Induces Potent Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1467-1483. [PMID: 36625758 PMCID: PMC9844103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploring potent adjuvants and new vaccine strategies is crucial for the development of protein vaccines. In this work, we synthesized a new TLR4 agonist, structurally simplified lipid A analogue GAP112, as a potent built-in adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein. The new TLR4 agonist GAP112 was site-selectively conjugated on the N-terminus of RBD to construct an adjuvant-protein conjugate vaccine in a liposomal formulation. It is the first time that a TLR4 agonist is site-specifically and quantitatively conjugated to a protein antigen. Compared with an unconjugated mixture of GAP112/RBD, a two-dose immunization of the GAP112-RBD conjugate vaccine strongly activated innate immune cells, elicited a 223-fold increase in RBD-specific antibodies, and markedly enhanced T-cell responses. Antibodies induced by GAP112-RBD also effectively cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta/B.1.617.2 and Omicron/B.1.1.529). This conjugate strategy provides an effective method to greatly enhance the immunogenicity of antigen in protein vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Chun-Miao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xu-Guang Yin
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing
University, Shaoxing312000, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yong-Ke Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and
Instrumentation, East China University of Technology,
Nanchang330013, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology
Co. Ltd, Nantong226499, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
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10
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Liu D, Dong S, Liu C, Du J, Wang S, Yu H, Li W, Chen Z, Peng R, Jiang Q, Zou M, Li F, Zhang R. CRX-527 induced differentiation of HSCs protecting the intestinal epithelium from radiation damage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927213. [PMID: 36110845 PMCID: PMC9468934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been extensively studied in radiation damage, but the inherent defects of high toxicity and low efficacy of most TLR ligands limit their further clinical transformation. CRX-527, as a TLR4 ligand, has rarely been reported to protect against radiation. We demonstrated that CRX-527 was safer than LPS at the same dose in vivo and had almost no toxic effect in vitro. Administration of CRX-527 improved the survival rate of total body irradiation (TBI) to 100% in wild-type mice but not in TLR4-/- mice. After TBI, hematopoietic system damage was significantly alleviated, and the recovery period was accelerated in CRX-527-treated mice. Moreover, CRX-527 induced differentiation of HSCs and the stimulation of CRX-527 significantly increased the proportion and number of LSK cells and promoted their differentiation into macrophages, activating immune defense. Furthermore, we proposed an immune defense role for hematopoietic differentiation in the protection against intestinal radiation damage, and confirmed that macrophages invaded the intestines through peripheral blood to protect them from radiation damage. Meanwhile, CRX-527 maintained intestinal function and homeostasis, promoted the regeneration of intestinal stem cells, and protected intestinal injury from lethal dose irradiation. Furthermore, After the use of mice, we found that CRX-527 had no significant protective effect on the hematopoietic and intestinal systems of irradiated TLR4-/- mice. in conclusion, CRX-527 induced differentiation of HSCs protecting the intestinal epithelium from radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Liu
- Postgraduate Training Base of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Jinzhou Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Suhe Dong
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jicong Du
- Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sinian Wang
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Yu
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongmin Chen
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Renjun Peng
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qisheng Jiang
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Zou
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Postgraduate Training Base of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Jinzhou Medical University, Beijing, China
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
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11
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Lipid A analog CRX-527 conjugated to synthetic peptides enhances vaccination efficacy and tumor control. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:64. [PMID: 35739113 PMCID: PMC9226002 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants play a determinant role in cancer vaccination by optimally activating APCs and shaping the T cell response. Bacterial-derived lipid A is one of the most potent immune-stimulators known, and is recognized via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this study, we explore the use of the synthetic, non-toxic, lipid A analog CRX-527 as an adjuvant for peptide cancer vaccines. This well-defined adjuvant was covalently conjugated to antigenic peptides as a strategy to improve vaccine efficacy. We show that coupling of this TLR4 agonist to peptide antigens improves vaccine uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), maturation of DCs and T cell activation in vitro, and stimulates DC migration and functional T cell priming in vivo. This translates into enhanced tumor protection upon prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination via intradermal injection against B16-OVA melanoma and HPV-related TC1 tumors. These results highlight the potential of CRX-527 as an adjuvant for molecularly defined cancer vaccines, and support the design of adjuvant-peptide conjugates as a strategy to optimize vaccine formulation.
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12
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Strobl S, Hofbauer K, Heine H, Zamyatina A. Lipid A Mimetics Based on Unnatural Disaccharide Scaffold as Potent TLR4 Agonists for Prospective Immunotherapeutics and Adjuvants. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200547. [PMID: 35439332 PMCID: PMC9325513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 is a key pattern recognition receptor that can sense pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns to activate the downstream signaling pathways which results in the upregulation of transcription factors and expression of interferons and cytokines to mediate protective pro-inflammatory responses involved in immune defense. Bacterial lipid A is the primary TLR4 ligand with very complex, species-specific, and barely predictable structure-activity relationships. Given that therapeutic targeting of TLR4 is an emerging tool for management of a variety of human diseases, the development of novel TLR4 activating biomolecules other than lipid A is of vast importance. We report on design, chemical synthesis and immunobiology of novel glycan-based lipid A-mimicking molecules that can activate human and murine TLR4-mediated signaling with picomolar affinity. Exploiting crystal structure - based design we have created novel disaccharide lipid A mimetics (DLAMs) where the inherently flexible β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is exchanged with a conformationally restrained non-reducing βGlcN(1↔1')βGlcN scaffold. Excellent stereoselectivity in a challenging β,β-1,1' glycosylation was achieved by tuning the reactivities of donor and acceptor molecules using protective group manipulation strategy. Divergent streamlined synthesis of β,β-1,1'-linked diglucosamine-derived glycolipids entailing multiple long-chain (R)-3- acyloxyacyl residues and up two three phosphate groups was developed. Specific 3D-molecular shape and conformational rigidity of unnatural β,β-1,1'-linked diglucosamine combined with carefully optimized phosphorylation and acylation pattern ensured efficient induction of the TLR4-mediated signaling in a species-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Strobl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Karin Hofbauer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate ImmunityResearch Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL)Parkallee 22Borstel23845Germany
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
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13
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Orlacchio A, Mazzone P. The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12743. [PMID: 34884547 PMCID: PMC8657588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orlacchio
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pellegrino Mazzone
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche Gaetano Salvatore, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
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14
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Homeoviscous Adaptation of the Acinetobacter baumannii Outer Membrane: Alteration of Lipooligosaccharide Structure during Cold Stress. mBio 2021; 12:e0129521. [PMID: 34425709 PMCID: PMC8406137 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01295-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain optimal membrane dynamics, cells from all domains of life must acclimate to various environmental signals in a process referred to as homeoviscous adaptation. Alteration of the lipid composition is critical for maintaining membrane fluidity, permeability of the lipid bilayer, and protein function under diverse conditions. It is well documented, for example, that glycerophospholipid content varies substantially in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with changes in growth temperature. However, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, far less is known concerning structural changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) during temperature shifts. LPS/LOS is anchored at the cell surface by the highly conserved lipid A domain and localized in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. Here, we identified a novel acyltransferase, termed LpxS, involved in the synthesis of the lipid A domain of Acinetobacter baumannii. A. baumannii is a significant, multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen that is particularly difficult to clear from health care settings because of its ability to survive under diverse conditions. LpxS transfers an octanoate (C8:0) fatty acid, the shortest known secondary acyl chain reported to date, replacing a C12:0 fatty acid at the 2' position of lipid A. Expression of LpxS was highly upregulated under cold conditions and likely increases membrane fluidity. Furthermore, incorporation of a C8:0 acyl chain under cold conditions increased the effectiveness of the outer membrane permeability barrier. LpxS orthologs are found in several Acinetobacter species and may represent a common mechanism for adaptation to cold temperatures in these organisms. IMPORTANCE To maintain cellular fitness, the composition of biological membranes must change in response to shifts in temperature or other stresses. This process, known as homeoviscous adaptation, allows for maintenance of optimal fluidity and membrane permeability. Here, we describe an enzyme that alters the fatty acid content of A. baumannii LOS, a major structural feature and key component of the bacterial outer membrane. Although much is known regarding how glycerophospholipids are altered during temperature shifts, our understanding of LOS or LPS alterations under these conditions is lacking. Our work identifies a cold adaptation mechanism in A. baumannii, a highly adaptable and multidrug-resistant pathogen.
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15
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Kaushik D, Bhandari R, Kuhad A. TLR4 as a therapeutic target for respiratory and neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:491-508. [PMID: 33857397 PMCID: PMC8095161 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1918103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic remains aglobal challenge. While there are mRNA agents on the horizon as apotential prevention, adefinitive drug therapy is an unmet medical need. The hyperinflammatory response, known as the 'cytokine storm', is chiefly responsible for complications and deaths. The binding of spike-glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to TLR4 receptors has been documented in several studies and has been found to play arole in hyperinflammation; hence, there is an interest in TLR4 as apotential drug target.Areas covered: This review discusses the neurological and respiratory complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progresses to examine the role of the 'cytokine storm' and the involvement of TLR4 receptors in these complications. The possibility of using TLR4 modulators to curb the complications are considered and finally, ashort perspective on future potential drug treatments is offered. Various databases were searched including Pub-Med, Google Scholar, and Medline. The search mainly included research articles, meta-analysis, retrospective studies, reports, and systematic reviews.Expert opinion: TLR4 modulators are being investigated in clinical trials for COVID-19. Challenges in terms of structural diversity of the agents, their natural origin, and efficacy demand extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Kaushik
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, ChandigarhIndia
| | - Ranjana Bhandari
- Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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16
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Arenas J, Pupo E, Phielix C, David D, Zariri A, Zamyatina A, Tommassen J, van der Ley P. Shortening the Lipid A Acyl Chains of Bordetella pertussis Enables Depletion of Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxic Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E594. [PMID: 33050234 PMCID: PMC7712016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Whole-cell vaccines, which were introduced in the fifties of the previous century and proved to be effective, showed considerable reactogenicity and were replaced by subunit vaccines around the turn of the century. However, there is a considerable increase in the number of cases in industrialized countries. A possible strategy to improve vaccine-induced protection is the development of new, non-toxic, whole-cell pertussis vaccines. The reactogenicity of whole-cell pertussis vaccines is, to a large extent, derived from the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria. Here, we engineered B. pertussis strains with altered lipid A structures by expressing genes for the acyltransferases LpxA, LpxD, and LpxL from other bacteria resulting in altered acyl-chain length at various positions. Whole cells and extracted LPS from the strains with shorter acyl chains showed reduced or no activation of the human Toll-like receptor 4 in HEK-Blue reporter cells, whilst a longer acyl chain increased activation. Pyrogenicity studies in rabbits confirmed the in vitro assays. These findings pave the way for the development of a new generation of whole-cell pertussis vaccines with acceptable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Arenas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Unit of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, 500017 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elder Pupo
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (C.P.); (D.D.); (A.Z.); (P.v.d.L.)
| | - Coen Phielix
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (C.P.); (D.D.); (A.Z.); (P.v.d.L.)
| | - Dionne David
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (C.P.); (D.D.); (A.Z.); (P.v.d.L.)
| | - Afshin Zariri
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (C.P.); (D.D.); (A.Z.); (P.v.d.L.)
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (C.P.); (D.D.); (A.Z.); (P.v.d.L.)
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17
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Reintjens NRM, Tondini E, de Jong AR, Meeuwenoord NJ, Chiodo F, Peterse E, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Ossendorp F, Codée JDC. Self-Adjuvanting Cancer Vaccines from Conjugation-Ready Lipid A Analogues and Synthetic Long Peptides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11691-11706. [PMID: 32960056 PMCID: PMC7586330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Self-adjuvanting
vaccines, wherein an antigenic
peptide is covalently bound to an immunostimulating agent, have been
shown to be promising tools for immunotherapy. Synthetic Toll-like
receptor (TLR) ligands are ideal adjuvants for covalent linking to
peptides or proteins. We here introduce a conjugation-ready TLR4 ligand,
CRX-527, a potent powerful lipid A analogue, in the generation of
novel conjugate-vaccine modalities. Effective chemistry has been developed
for the synthesis of the conjugation-ready ligand as well as the connection
of it to the peptide antigen. Different linker systems and connection
modes to a model peptide were explored, and in vitro evaluation of the conjugates showed them to be powerful immune-activating
agents, significantly more effective than the separate components.
Mounting the CRX-527 ligand at the N-terminus of the model peptide
antigen delivered a vaccine modality that proved to be potent in activation
of dendritic cells, in facilitating antigen presentation, and in initiating
specific CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing of antigen-loaded
target cells in vivo. Synthetic TLR4 ligands thus
show great promise in potentiating the conjugate vaccine platform
for application in cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels R M Reintjens
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tondini
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana R de Jong
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J Meeuwenoord
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Peterse
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Short KK, Miller SM, Walsh L, Cybulski V, Bazin H, Evans JT, Burkhart D. Co-encapsulation of synthetic lipidated TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists in the liposomal bilayer results in a rapid, synergistic enhancement of vaccine-mediated humoral immunity. J Control Release 2019; 315:186-196. [PMID: 31654684 PMCID: PMC6980726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To increase vaccine immunogenicity, modern vaccines incorporate adjuvants, which serve to enhance immune cross-protection, improve humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and promote antigen dose sparing. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are promising targets for development of agonist formulations for use as vaccine adjuvants. Combinations of co-delivered TLR4 and TLR7/8 ligands have been demonstrated to have synergistic effects on innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we create liposomes that stably co-encapsulate CRX-601, a synthetic TLR4 agonist, and UM-3004, a lipidated TLR7/8 agonist, within the liposomal bilayer in order to achieve co-delivery, allow tunable physical properties, and induce in vitro and in vivo immune synergy. Co-encapsulation demonstrates a synergistic increase in IL-12p70 cytokine output in vitro from treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Further, co-encapsulated formulations give significant improvement of early IgG2a antibody titers in BALB/c mice following primary vaccination when compared to single agonist or dual agonists delivered in separate liposomes. This work demonstrates that co-encapsulation of TLR4 and lipidated TLR7/8 agonists within the liposomal bilayer leads to innate and adaptive immune synergy which biases a Th1 immune response. Thus, liposomal co-encapsulation may be a useful and flexible tool for vaccine adjuvant formulation containing multiple TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher K Short
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Lois Walsh
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Van Cybulski
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Hélène Bazin
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - David Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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19
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Hernandez A, Patil NK, Stothers CL, Luan L, McBride MA, Owen AM, Burelbach KR, Williams DL, Sherwood ER, Bohannon JK. Immunobiology and application of toll-like receptor 4 agonists to augment host resistance to infection. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104502. [PMID: 31689522 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a threat to critically ill patients, particularly with the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Septic shock carries a mortality of up to ∼40% with no compelling evidence of promising therapy to reduce morbidity or mortality. Septic shock survivors are also prone to nosocomial infections. Treatment with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists have demonstrated significant protection against common nosocomial pathogens in various clinically relevant models of infection and septic shock. TLR4 agonists are derived from a bacteria cell wall or synthesized de novo, and more recently novel small molecule TLR4 agonists have also been developed. TLR4 agonists augment innate immune functions including expansion and recruitment of innate leukocytes to the site of infection. Recent studies demonstrate TLR4-induced leukocyte metabolic reprogramming of cellular metabolism to improve antimicrobial function. Metabolic changes include sustained augmentation of macrophage glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. These findings set the stage for the use of TLR4 agonists as standalone therapeutic agents or antimicrobial adjuncts in patient populations vulnerable to nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cody L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret A McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine R Burelbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Arora S, Ahmad S, Irshad R, Goyal Y, Rafat S, Siddiqui N, Dev K, Husain M, Ali S, Mohan A, Syed MA. TLRs in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci 2019; 233:116671. [PMID: 31336122 PMCID: PMC7094289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple infectious agents, antigens and host-derived danger signals, the inhabiting stromal and myeloid cells of the lung express an aggregate of TLRs which perceive the endogenously derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) along with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the TLR-associated signalling events involved in host defence. Thus, they form an imperative component of host defence activation in case of microbial infections as well as non-infectious pulmonary disorders such as interstitial lung disease, acute lung injury and airways disease, such as COPD and asthma. They also play an equally important role in lung cancer. Targeting the TLR signalling network would pave ways to the design of more reliable and effective vaccines against infectious agents and control deadly infections, desensitize allergens and reduce inflammation. Moreover, TLR agonists may act as adjuvants by increasing the efficiency of cancer vaccines, thereby contributing their role in treatment of lung cancer too. Overall, TLRs present a compelling and expeditiously bolstered area of research and addressing their signalling events would be of significant use in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rasha Irshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yamini Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sahar Rafat
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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21
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Arenas J, Pupo E, de Jonge E, Pérez-Ortega J, Schaarschmidt J, van der Ley P, Tommassen J. Substrate specificity of the pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH determines the asymmetry of Bordetella pertussis lipid A. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7982-7989. [PMID: 30926608 PMCID: PMC6527161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are anchored to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria by a hydrophobic moiety known as lipid A, which potently activates the host innate immune response. Lipid A of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, displays unusual structural asymmetry with respect to the length of the acyl chains at the 3 and 3' positions, which are 3OH-C10 and 3OH-C14 chains, respectively. Both chains are attached by the acyltransferase LpxA, the first enzyme in the lipid A biosynthesis pathway, which, in B. pertussis, has limited chain length specificity. However, this only partially explains the strict asymmetry of lipid A. In attempts to modulate the endotoxicity of B. pertussis lipid A, here we expressed the gene encoding LpxA from Neisseria meningitidis, which specifically attaches 3OH-C12 chains, in B. pertussis This expression was lethal, suggesting that one of the downstream enzymes in the lipid A biosynthesis pathway in B. pertussis cannot handle precursors with a 3OH-C12 chain. We considered that the UDP-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH could be responsible for this defect as well as for the asymmetry of B. pertussis lipid A. Expression of meningococcal LpxH in B. pertussis indeed resulted in new symmetric lipid A species with 3OH-C10 or 3OH-C14 chains at both the 3 and 3' positions, as revealed by MS analysis. Furthermore, co-expression of meningococcal lpxH and lpxA resulted in viable cells that incorporated 3OH-C12 chains in B. pertussis lipid A. We conclude that the asymmetry of B. pertussis lipid A is determined by the acyl chain length specificity of LpxH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Arenas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elder Pupo
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eline de Jonge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joerg Schaarschmidt
- Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Rice A, Wereszczynski J. Atomistic Scale Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Modifications on Bacterial Outer Membrane Defenses. Biophys J 2019; 114:1389-1399. [PMID: 29590596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a main constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Salmonella enterica, like many other bacterial species, are able to chemically modify the structure of their LPS molecules through the PhoPQ pathway as a defense mechanism against the host immune response. These modifications make the outer membrane more resistant to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), large lipophilic drugs, and cation depletion, and are crucial for survival within a host organism. It is believed that these LPS modifications prevent the penetration of large molecules and AMPs through a strengthening of lateral interactions between neighboring LPS molecules. Here, we performed a series of long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations to study how each of three key S. enterica lipid A modifications affect bilayer properties, with a focus on membrane structural characteristics, lateral interactions, and the divalent cation bridging network. Our results discern the unique impact each modification has on strengthening the bacterial outer membrane through effects such as increased hydrogen bonding and tighter lipid packing. Additionally, one of the modifications studied shifts Ca2+ from the lipid A region, replacing it as a major cross-linking agent between adjacent lipids and potentially making bacteria less susceptible to AMPs that competitively displace cations from the membrane surface. These results further improve our understanding of outer membrane chemical properties and help elucidate how outer membrane modification systems, such as PhoPQ in S. enterica, are able to alter bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rice
- Department of Physics and The Center for Molecular Study of Condensed Soft Matter, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeff Wereszczynski
- Department of Physics and The Center for Molecular Study of Condensed Soft Matter, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois.
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23
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Immunostimulatory Phosphatidylmonogalactosyldiacylglycerols (PGDG) from the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii: Inspiration for a Novel Synthetic Toll-Like Receptor 4 Agonist. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020103. [PMID: 30744121 PMCID: PMC6409857 DOI: 10.3390/md17020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented phosphatidylmonogalactosyldiacylglycerol pool (PGDG, 1) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was isolated from the marine diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii. Here we report for the first time the NMR characterization of this rare lipid from marine organisms along with a synthetic strategy for the preparation of a PGDG analog (2). PGDG 1 exhibited immunostimulatory activity in human dendritic cells (DCs) and the synthetic PGDG 2 was prepared to explore its mechanism of action. A Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) agonistic activity was evidenced in human and murine DCs underlying the antigen-specific T-cell activation of this class of molecules.
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24
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Pallach M, Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Le Pennec G, Molinaro A, Silipo A. The Lipid A Structure from the Marine Sponge Symbiont Endozoicomonas sp. HEX 311. Chembiochem 2018; 20:230-236. [PMID: 30179300 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endozoicomonas sp. HEX311 is a Gram-negative bacterium known to establish a commensal interaction with the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. The molecular bases of the sponge-microbe interaction events are still poorly defined. Nevertheless, it has been proved that S. domuncula possesses an innate immune system with similarities to the mammalian one and is able to recognize the main component of the Gram-negative bacteria cell wall: the lipopolysaccharide. Whether this recognition occurs in a structure-dependent manner, which is typical for mammalian immune system receptors, is still under investigation. Herein, we report the Endozoicomonas sp. HEX311 lipid A structure obtained by a combination of data attained from chemical, MALDI MS, and MS2 approaches. The lipid A is a complex family of species decorated by pyrophosphate and phosphate units and carrying (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoic acid, (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanonic acid, iso-2-hydroxyundecanoic acid, iso-(R)-3-hydroxyundecanoic acid, and iso-nonanoic acid as acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pallach
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 4a, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Gaël Le Pennec
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Rue André Lwoff, 56000, Vannes, France
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
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25
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Gao J, Guo Z. Progress in the synthesis and biological evaluation of lipid A and its derivatives. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:556-601. [PMID: 28621828 PMCID: PMC5732894 DOI: 10.1002/med.21447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipid A is one of the core structures of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and it is mainly responsible for the strong immunostimulatory activities of LPS through interactions with the Toll-like receptors and other molecules in the human immune system. To obtain structurally homogeneous and well-defined lipid As and its derivatives in quantities meaningful for various biological studies and applications, their chemical synthesis has become a focal point. This review has provided a survey of significant progresses made in the synthesis of lipid A, and its derivatives that carry diverse saturated and unsaturated lipids, have the phosphate group at its reducing end replaced with a more stable phosphate or carboxyl group, or lack the reducing end phosphate or both phosphate groups, as well as progresses in the synthesis of LPS analogs and other lipid A conjugates. These synthetic molecules have facilitated the elucidation of the structure-activity relationships of lipid A useful for the design and development of lipid A based therapeutics, such as those utilized to treat sepsis, and other medical applications, for example the use of monophosphoryl lipid A as a carrier molecule for the study of fully synthetic self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines. These topics are also briefly covered in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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26
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Nakayama T, Kashiwagi Y, Kawashima H. Long-term regulation of local cytokine production following immunization in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:124-131. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection; Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Shirokane 5-9-1; Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawashima
- Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
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27
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Latty SL, Sakai J, Hopkins L, Verstak B, Paramo T, Berglund NA, Cammarota E, Cicuta P, Gay NJ, Bond PJ, Klenerman D, Bryant CE. Activation of Toll-like receptors nucleates assembly of the MyDDosome signaling hub. eLife 2018; 7:31377. [PMID: 29368691 PMCID: PMC5825206 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and tissue damage induces assembly of supramolecular organizing centres (SMOCs)), such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) MyDDosome, to co-ordinate inflammatory signaling. SMOC assembly is thought to drive digital all-or-none responses, yet TLR activation by diverse microbes induces anything from mild to severe inflammation. Using single-molecule imaging of TLR4-MyDDosome signaling in living macrophages, we find that MyDDosomes assemble within minutes of TLR4 stimulation. TLR4/MD2 activation leads only to formation of TLR4/MD2 heterotetramers, but not oligomers, suggesting a stoichiometric mismatch between activated receptors and MyDDosomes. The strength of TLR4 signalling depends not only on the number and size of MyDDosomes formed but also how quickly these structures assemble. Activated TLR4, therefore, acts transiently nucleating assembly of MyDDosomes, a process that is uncoupled from receptor activation. These data explain how the oncogenic mutation of MyD88 (L265P) assembles MyDDosomes in the absence of receptor activation to cause constitutive activation of pro-survival NF-κB signalling. Cells in the immune system have proteins at their surface that detect molecules produced by invading microbes. One of these proteins is Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4 for short. Once TLR4 is activated, the immune cells form MyDDosomes – intricate complexes made of many different proteins. These structures form a signal that mobilizes the cell to fight the infection. In particular, the complexes set up a chain of events that leads to a gene-regulating protein getting access to the cell’s DNA. There, the protein switches on genes which produce other proteins important for inflammation, one of the body’s most important tools to fight an infection. The activation of TLR4 is thought to be an all-or-nothing mechanism: the receptors are either ‘on’ or ‘off’. However, different microbial molecules recognized by TLR4 trigger different levels of inflammation, ranging from mild to severe. It remained unclear how an all-or-none response from the frontline receptors could lead to a gradual response from the cell. Here, Latty et al. compare what happens to TLR4, MyDDosomes and the gene-regulating proteins when living immune cells are stimulated by different doses of two microbial molecules. These agents are both recognized by TLR4, but they lead to different levels of inflammation. The type of microbial molecule, or their concentration, does not change how TLR4 is activated. Two TLR4 proteins can loosely associate with each together to form a dimer. When they bind a microbial molecule, the dimer becomes more stable. This changes the shape of the TLR4 proteins, which in turn triggers the formation of a scaffold of MyDDosomes. More stable TLR4 dimers are formed when the cells is in contact with a microbial molecule that triggers a strong immune reaction, and possibly when its concentration is higher. Crucially, the different microbial agents and their concentration levels modify how MyDDosomes assemble. By ‘tagging’ each protein in the complex with a fluorescent chemical, Latty et al. can follow its formation as it actually happens. When the cells are stimulated with microbial molecules that provoke a strong inflammation, the MyDDosomes may be bigger, in greater numbers, and form more quickly. In turn, under strong microbial activation, the gene-regulating protein that switches on the immune response genes goes to the DNA faster and in higher numbers. This suggests that the pace of assembly, the size and the number of MyDDosomes control the strength of the immune response. TLR4 is involved in diseases such as cancer or Alzheimer’s disease, where the body has an incorrect inflammation response. Knowing in greater detail the cellular processes activated by TLR4 could help efforts to find new drug targets for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Louise Latty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jiro Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Hopkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Verstak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Paramo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eugenia Cammarota
- Sector of Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Sector of Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Honegr J, Malinak D, Dolezal R, Soukup O, Benkova M, Hroch L, Benek O, Janockova J, Kuca K, Prymula R. Rational design of novel TLR4 ligands by in silico screening and their functional and structural characterization in vitro. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:38-46. [PMID: 29407964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify new small molecules that possess activity on human toll-like receptor 4 associated with the myeloid differentiation protein 2 (hTLR4/MD2). Following current rational drug design principles, we firstly performed a ligand and structure based virtual screening of more than 130 000 compounds to discover until now unknown class of hTLR4/MD2 modulators that could be used as novel type of immunologic adjuvants. The core of the in silico study was molecular docking of flexible ligands in a partially flexible hTLR4/MD2 receptor model using a peta-flops-scale supercomputer. The most promising substances resulting from this study, related to anthracene-succimide hybrids, were synthesized and tested. The best prepared candidate exhibited 80% of Monophosphoryl Lipid A in vitro agonistic activity in cell lines expressing hTLR4/MD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Honegr
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Hroch
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Benek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prymula
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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29
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Chen L, Fu W, Zheng L, Wang Y, Liang G. Recent progress in the discovery of myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2) modulators for inflammatory diseases. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1187-1202. [PMID: 29330126 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), together with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with high affinity, inducing the formation of the activated homodimer LPS-MD2-TLR4. MD2 directly recognizes the Lipid A domain of LPS, leading to the activation of downstream signaling of cytokine and chemokine production, and initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. However, excessive activation and potent host responses generate severe inflammatory syndromes such as acute sepsis and septic shock. MD2 is increasingly being considered as an attractive pharmacological target for the development of potent anti-inflammatory agents. In this Keynote review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the structure and biology of MD2, and present MD2 modulators as promising agents for anti-inflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Weitao Fu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
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30
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Rational Design of a New Class of Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Tryptamine Related Agonists by Means of the Structure- and Ligand-Based Virtual Screening for Vaccine Adjuvant Discovery. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010102. [PMID: 29300367 PMCID: PMC6017214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify novel lead structures for human toll-like receptor 4 (hTLR4) modulation virtual high throughput screening by a peta-flops-scale supercomputer has been performed. Based on the in silico studies, a series of 12 compounds related to tryptamine was rationally designed to retain suitable molecular geometry for interaction with the hTLR4 binding site as well as to satisfy general principles of drug-likeness. The proposed compounds were synthesized, and tested by in vitro and ex vivo experiments, which revealed that several of them are capable to stimulate hTLR4 in vitro up to 25% activity of Monophosphoryl lipid A. The specific affinity of the in vitro most potent substance was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance direct-binding experiments. Moreover, two compounds from the series show also significant ability to elicit production of interleukin 6.
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31
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Wang L, Feng S, Wang S, Li H, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis and Immunological Comparison of Differently Linked Lipoarabinomannan Oligosaccharide–Monophosphoryl Lipid A Conjugates as Antituberculosis Vaccines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12085-12096. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Subo Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Li
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Lu, Jinan 250100, China
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32
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Mallick P, Basu S, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in drug-drug interaction between paclitaxel and irinotecan in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:75-82. [PMID: 28242239 PMCID: PMC5479719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial receptor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mediates inflammatory responses and has been linked to a broad array of diseases. TLR4 agonists are being explored as potential treatments for cancer and other diseases. We have previously shown that activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to down-regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters (DMETs), and altered pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of drugs. These changes can increase the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in patients on multiple medications. Clinically, DDI was observed for combination chemotherapy of paclitaxel (TLR4 ligand) and irinotecan. To determine the role of TLR4 in DDI between paclitaxel and irinotecan in vitro, primary hepatocytes from TLR4-wild-type (WT) and mutant mice were pre-treated with paclitaxel, followed by irinotecan. Gene expression of DMETs was determined. Paclitaxel treatment increased the levels of irinotecan metabolites, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G) in TLR4-dependent manner. Paclitaxel-mediated induction of genes involved in irinotecan metabolism such as Cyp3a11 and Ugt1a1 was TLR4-dependent, while induction of the transporter Mrp2 was TLR4-independent. These novel findings demonstrate that paclitaxel can affect irinotecan metabolism by a TLR4-dependent mechanism. This provides a new perspective towards evaluation of marketed drugs according to their potential to exert DDIs in TLR4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankajini Mallick
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bhagavtula Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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33
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Di Lorenzo F, Billod JM, Martín-Santamaría S, Silipo A, Molinaro A. Gram-Negative Extremophile Lipopolysaccharides: Promising Source of Inspiration for a New Generation of Endotoxin Antagonists. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Billod
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology; CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology; CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
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34
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Martinho FC, Leite FRM, Nóbrega LMM, Endo MS, Nascimento GG, Darveau RP, Gomes BPFA. Comparison of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharides Clinically Isolated from Root Canal Infection in the Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Secretion. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:202-7. [PMID: 27058385 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the biological activity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) purified from Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis strains, both isolated from primary endodontic infection (PEI) in the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α released by macrophage cells. Moreover, LPS was purified from F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis American Type Collection (ATCC) and its biological activity was compared to respectively clinical isolates strains. F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis strains clinically isolated from PEI had their identification confirmed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. LPS from F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis and their respective ATCC strains were extracted by using Tri-reagent method. Macrophages (Raw 264.7) were stimulated with LPS at 100 ng/mL for 4, 8 and 12 h. Secretion of IL-1 β and TNF-α was also determined. Paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA were employed. All LPS induced significant production of IL-1β and TNF-α, with the former being secreted at higher levels than the latter in all time-points. F. nucleatum induced a higher expression of both cytokines compared to P. gingivalis (p<0.05). No differences were observed between clinical and ATCC strains, as both presented the same potential to induce pro-inflammatory response. It was concluded that F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis LPS presented different patterns of activation against macrophages as seen by the IL-1β and TNF-α production, which may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of apical periodontitis. Moreover, clinical and ATCC strains grown under the same in vitro environment conditions presented similar biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, São José dos Campos Dental School, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio R M Leite
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil, Brazil
| | - Letícia M M Nóbrega
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Endo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil, Brazil
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) is a potent vaccine adjuvant derived from Salmonella minnesota that was recently licensed in Europe as a component of an improved vaccine for hepatitis B (Fendrix®). MPL, like lipopolysaccharide from which it is derived, signals via the TLR4/MD-2 complex. We have produced a series of synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists that are based upon the structure of the major hexa-acylated congener contained within MPL. These TLR4 agonists, termed the aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates (AGPs), stimulate the production of various cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and up-regulate cell surface markers on monocytes, NK cells and B cells. In addition, AGPs provide non-specific resistance to challenge with viral and bacterial pathogens when administered to the upper airways of mice. Structure—activity relationship studies have shown that the activation of innate immune effectors by AGPs depends primarily on the length of the secondary acyl chains and the nature of the functional group attached to the aglycon component. Moreover, AGPs can act as potent adjuvants for mucosal administration of vaccine antigens, enhancing both antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Thus, by combining the adjuvant and non-specific resistance induction properties of AGPs it may be possible to generate mucosal vaccines that provide innate protection immediately following administration together with long-term acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Alderson
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals North America, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick McGowan
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals North America, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jory R. Baldridge
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals North America, Hamilton, Montana, USA, jory.r.baldridge@ gskbio.com
| | - Peter Probst
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals North America, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kawasaki K, Ernst RK, Miller SI. Deacylation and palmitoylation of lipid A by Salmonellae outer membrane enzymes modulate host signaling through Toll-like receptor 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100061001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Salmonella typhimurium virulence gene products, PhoP/PhoQ sense host micro-environments to regulate the expression of a lipid A 3- O-deacylase, PagL, and a lipid A palmitoyltransferase, PagP. Therefore, deacylation and/or palmitoylation of lipid A could occur in Salmonellae adapted to host environments. The acylation state of lipid A can alter host recognition and signaling by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and may play an important role in host defenses against Salmonellae infection. Deacylated lipid A, deacylated and palmitoylated lipid A, palmitoylated lipid A, and unmodified lipid A species were purified, and the activity was examined using cell lines expressing recombinant human or mouse TLR4. Compared with unmodified lipid A, the modified lipid A species are 10—100-fold less active. These results suggest that PagL and PagP modify lipid A to reduce TLR4-signaling as part of Salmonellae adaptation to the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kawasaki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,
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37
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Trent MS, Stead CM, Tran AX, Hankins JV. Invited review: Diversity of endotoxin and its impact on pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide or LPS is localized to the outer leaflet of the outer membrane and serves as the major surface component of the bacterial cell envelope. This remarkable glycolipid is essential for virtually all Gram-negative organisms and represents one of the conserved microbial structures responsible for activation of the innate immune system. For these reasons, the structure, function, and biosynthesis of LPS has been an area of intense research. The LPS of a number of bacteria is composed of three distinct regions — lipid A, a short core oligosaccharide, and the O-antigen polysaccharide. The lipid A domain, also known as endotoxin, anchors the molecule in the outer membrane and is the bioactive component recognized by TLR4 during human infection. Overall, the biochemical synthesis of lipid A is a highly conserved process; however, investigation of the lipid A structures of various organisms shows an impressive amount of diversity. These differences can be attributed to the action of latent enzymes that modify the canonical lipid A molecule. Variation of the lipid A domain of LPS serves as one strategy utilized by Gram-negative bacteria to promote survival by providing resistance to components of the innate immune system and helping to evade recognition by TLR4. This review summarizes the biochemical machinery required for the production of diverse lipid A structures of human pathogens and how structural modification of endotoxin impacts pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Stephen Trent
- Department of Microbiology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA,
| | - Christopher M. Stead
- Department of Microbiology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - An X. Tran
- Department of Microbiology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica V. Hankins
- Department of Microbiology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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38
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Abstract
The presence of palmitate in a minor fraction of lipid A has been known since the chemical structure of lipid A was first elucidated, but the functional importance in bacterial pathogenesis of regulated lipid A palmitoylation has become clear only recently. A palmitate chain from a phospholipid is incorporated into lipid A by an outer membrane enzyme PagP. The isolation of pagP mutants from pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria has revealed that palmitoylated lipid A can both protect the bacterium from certain host immune defenses and attenuate the ability of lipid A to activate those same defenses through the TLR4 signal transduction pathway. The mechanisms by which bacteria regulate the incorporation of palmitate into lipid A strikingly reflect the corresponding organism's pathogenic lifestyle. Variations on these themes can be illustrated with the known pagP homologs from Gram-negative bacteria, which include pathogens of humans and other mammals in addition to pathogens of insects and plants. The PagP enzyme is now lending itself both as a target for the development of anti-infective agents, and as a tool for the synthesis of lipid A-based vaccine adjuvants and endotoxin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E. Bishop
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed El Zoeiby
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Alonzo D, Cipolletti M, Tarantino G, Ziaco M, Pieretti G, Iadonisi A, Palumbo G, Alfano A, Giuliano M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C, Cammarota M, Parrilli M, Bedini E, Corsaro MM. A Semisynthetic Approach to New Immunoadjuvant Candidates: Site-Selective Chemical Manipulation ofEscherichia coliMonophosphoryl Lipid A. Chemistry 2016; 22:11053-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele D'Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Manuela Cipolletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
- Department of Biology; University “Roma Tre”; Viale G. Marconi 446 00146 Rome Italy
| | - Giulia Tarantino
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute; School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place CF10 3AT Cardiff The United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pieretti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Giovanni Palumbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alberto Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giuliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Marcella Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Maria M. Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
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40
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Lappin M, Brown V, Zaric S, Lundy F, Coulter W, Irwin C. Interferon-γ stimulates CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression in gingival fibroblasts increasing responsiveness to bacterial challenge. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 61:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
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42
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Stutts L, Esser-Kahn AP. A Light-Controlled TLR4 Agonist and Selectable Activation of Cell Subpopulations. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1744-8. [PMID: 26097006 PMCID: PMC4881745 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal aspects of immune cell signaling are key parameters in defining the magnitude of an immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on innate immune cells are important in the early detection of pathogens and initiation of an immune response. Controlling the spatial and temporal signaling of TLRs would enable further study of immune synergies and assist in the development of new vaccines. Here, we show a light-based method for the spatial control of TLR4 signaling. A TLR4 agonist, pyrimido[5,4-b]indole, was protected with a cage at a position critical for receptor binding. This afforded a photocontrollable agonist that was inactive while caged, yet effected NF-κB activity in cells following UV photocontrolled deprotection. We demonstrated spatial control of NF-κB activation within a population of cells by treating all cells with the caged TLR4 agonist and constraining light exposure and consequent activation to a region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA).
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43
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White AFB, Demchenko AV. Modulating LPS signal transduction at the LPS receptor complex with synthetic Lipid A analogues. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 71:339-89. [PMID: 25480508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800128-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as a clinical syndrome brought about by an amplified and dysregulated inflammatory response to infections, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite persistent attempts to develop treatment strategies to manage sepsis in the clinical setting, the basic elements of treatment have not changed since the 1960s. As such, the development of effective therapies for reducing inflammatory reactions and end-organ dysfunction in critically ill patients with sepsis remains a global priority. Advances in understanding of the immune response to sepsis provide the opportunity to develop more effective pharmaceuticals. This article details current information on the modulation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor complex with synthetic Lipid A mimetics. As the initial and most critical event in sepsis pathophysiology, the LPS receptor provides an attractive target for antisepsis agents. One of the well-studied approaches to sepsis therapy involves the use of derivatives of Lipid A, the membrane-anchor portion of an LPS, which is largely responsible for its endotoxic activity. This article describes the structural and conformational requirements influencing the ability of Lipid A analogues to compete with LPS for binding to the LPS receptor complex and to inhibit the induction of the signal transduction pathway by impairing LPS-initiated receptor dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F B White
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Reading, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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44
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Wipf P, Eyer BR, Yamaguchi Y, Zhang F, Neal MD, Sodhi CP, Good M, Branca M, Prindle T, Lu P, Brodsky JL, Hackam DJ. Synthesis of anti-inflammatory α-and β-linked acetamidopyranosides as inhibitors of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3097-3100. [PMID: 26236050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The low-molecular weight isopropyl 2-acetamido-α-glucoside 16 (C34) inhibits toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in enterocytes and macrophages in vitro, and reduces systemic inflammation in mouse models of endotoxemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. We used a copper(II)-mediated solvolysis of anomeric oxazolines and an acid-mediated conversion of β-glucosamine and β-galactosamine pentaacetates to generate analogs of 16 at the anomeric carbon and at C-4 of the pyranose ring. These compounds were evaluated for their influence on TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling in cultured enterocytes and monocytes. Their efficacy was confirmed using a NF-kB-luciferase reporter mouse, thus establishing the first structure-activity relationship (SAR) study in this series and identifying the more efficacious isopropyl 2-acetamido-α-galactoside 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Benjamin R Eyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Matthew D Neal
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Maria Branca
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224, USA ; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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45
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Khalaf JK, Bowen WS, Bazin HG, Ryter KT, Livesay MT, Ward JR, Evans JT, Johnson DA. Characterization of TRIF selectivity in the AGP class of lipid A mimetics: role of secondary lipid chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:547-53. [PMID: 25553892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 agonists that favor TRIF-dependent signaling and the induction of type 1 interferons may have potential as vaccine adjuvants with reduced toxicity. CRX-547 (4), a member of the aminoalkyl glucosaminide 4-phosphate (AGP) class of lipid A mimetics possessing three (R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl groups and d-relative configuration in the aglycon, selectively reduces MyD88-dependent signaling resulting in TRIF-selective signaling, whereas the corresponding secondary ether lipid 6a containing (R)-3-decyloxytetradecanoyl groups does not. In order to determine which secondary acyl groups are important for the reduction in MyD88-dependent signaling activity of 4, the six possible ester/ether hybrid derivatives of 4 and 6a were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to induce NF-κB in a HEK293 cell reporter assay. An (R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl group on the 3-position of the d-glucosamine unit was found to be indispensable for maintaining low NF-κB activity irrespective of the substitutions (decyl or decanoyl) on the other two secondary positions. These results suggest that the carbonyl group of the 3-secondary lipid chain may impede homodimerization and/or conformational changes in the TLR4-MD2 complex necessary for MyD88 binding and pro-inflammatory cytokine induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhienah K Khalaf
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - William S Bowen
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Donald E. Baxter Biomedical Research Building, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hélène G Bazin
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Mark T Livesay
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jon R Ward
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - David A Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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46
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Molinaro A, Holst O, Di Lorenzo F, Callaghan M, Nurisso A, D'Errico G, Zamyatina A, Peri F, Berisio R, Jerala R, Jiménez-Barbero J, Silipo A, Martín-Santamaría S. Chemistry of lipid A: at the heart of innate immunity. Chemistry 2014; 21:500-19. [PMID: 25353096 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its lipid A moiety are pivotal for bacterial survival. Depending on its structure, lipid A carries the toxic properties of the LPS and acts as a potent elicitor of the host innate immune system via the Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD-2) receptor complex. It often causes a wide variety of biological effects ranging from a remarkable enhancement of the resistance to the infection to an uncontrolled and massive immune response resulting in sepsis and septic shock. Since the bioactivity of lipid A is strongly influenced by its primary structure, a broad range of chemical syntheses of lipid A derivatives have made an enormous contribution to the characterization of lipid A bioactivity, providing novel pharmacological targets for the development of new biomedical therapies. Here, we describe and discuss the chemical aspects regarding lipid A and its role in innate immunity, from the (bio)synthesis, isolation and characterization to the molecular recognition at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli (Italy).
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47
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Nijland R, Hofland T, van Strijp JAG. Recognition of LPS by TLR4: potential for anti-inflammatory therapies. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4260-73. [PMID: 25056632 PMCID: PMC4113827 DOI: 10.3390/md12074260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS molecules of marine bacteria show structures distinct from terrestrial bacteria, due to the different environment that marine bacteria live in. Because of these different structures, lipid A molecules from marine bacteria are most often poor stimulators of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. Due to their low stimulatory potential, these lipid A molecules are suggested to be applicable as antagonists of TLR4 signaling in sepsis patients, where this immune response is amplified and unregulated. Antagonizing lipid A molecules might be used for future therapies against sepsis, therapies that currently do not exist. In this review, we will discuss these differences in lipid A structures and their recognition by the immune system. The modifications present in marine lipid A structures are described, and their potential as LPS antagonists will be discussed. Finally, since clinical trials built on antagonizing lipid A molecules have proven unsuccessful, we propose to also focus on different aspects of the TLR4 signaling pathway when searching for new potential drugs. Furthermore, we put forward the notion that bacteria probably already produce inhibitors of TLR4 signaling, making these bacterial products interesting molecules to investigate for future sepsis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reindert Nijland
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Hofland
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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48
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Zhou Z, Mondal M, Liao G, Guo Z. Synthesis and evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives as fully synthetic self-adjuvanting glycoconjugate cancer vaccine carriers. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3238-45. [PMID: 24728423 PMCID: PMC4074652 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A fully synthetic carbohydrate-based cancer vaccine is an attractive concept, but an important topic in the area is to develop proper vaccine carriers that can improve the immunogenicity and other immunological properties of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). In this context, four monophosphoryl derivatives of Neisseria meningitidis lipid A were synthesized via a highly convergent and effective strategy and evaluated as vaccine carriers and adjuvants. The conjugates of these monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) derivatives with a modified form of the sTn antigen were found to elicit high titers of antigen-specific IgG antibodies, indicating a T cell-dependent immune response, in the absence of an external adjuvant. It was concluded that MPLAs could be utilized as potent vaccine carriers and built-in adjuvants to create fully synthetic self-adjuvanting carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. The lipid composition and structure of MPLA were shown to have a significant influence on its immunological activity, and among the MPLAs examined, natural N. meningitidis MPLA exhibited the most promising properties. Moreover, Titermax Gold, a conventional vaccine adjuvant, was shown to inhibit, rather than promote, the immunological activity of MPLA conjugates, maybe via interacting with MPLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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49
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Mancini RJ, Stutts L, Ryu KA, Tom JK, Esser-Kahn AP. Directing the immune system with chemical compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1075-85. [PMID: 24690004 PMCID: PMC5674983 DOI: 10.1021/cb500079s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of immune cell receptors direct innate and adaptive immunity. These agonists range in size and complexity from small molecules to large macromolecules. Here, agonists of a class of immune cell receptors known as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highlighted focusing on the distinctive molecular moieties that pertain to receptor binding and activation. How the structure and combined chemical signals translate into a variety of immune responses remain major questions in the field. In this structure-focused review, we outline potential areas where the tools of chemical biology could help decipher the emerging molecular codes that direct immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rock J Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine , 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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50
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Lonez C, Bessodes M, Scherman D, Vandenbranden M, Escriou V, Ruysschaert JM. Cationic lipid nanocarriers activate Toll-like receptor 2 and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:775-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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