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Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang H, Hao Y, Wu H, Shen H, Zhang P. Mechanisms of photoprotection in overwintering evergreen conifers: Sustained quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108638. [PMID: 38653096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Evergreen conifers growing in high-latitude regions must endure prolonged winters that are characterized by sub-zero temperatures combined with light, conditions that can cause significant photooxidative stress. Understanding overwintering mechanisms is crucial for addressing winter adversity in temperate forest ecosystems and enhancing the ability of conifers to adapt to climate change. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the photoprotective mechanisms that conifers employ to mitigate photooxidative stress, particularly non-photochemical "sustained quenching", the mechanism of which is hypothesized to be a recombination or deformation of the original mechanism employed by conifers in response to short-term low temperature and intense light stress in the past. Based on this hypothesis, scattered studies in this field are assembled and integrated into a complete mechanism of sustained quenching embedded in the adaptation process of plant physiology. It also reveals which parts of the whole system have been verified in conifers and which have only been verified in non-conifers, and proposes specific directions for future research. The functional implications of studies of non-coniferous plant species for the study of coniferous trees are also considered, as a wide range of plant responses lead to sustained quenching, even among different conifer species. In addition, the review highlights the challenges of measuring sustained quenching and discusses the application of ultrafast-time-resolved fluorescence and decay-associated spectra for the elucidation of photosynthetic principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yuanqin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Hailong Shen
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Sulli M, Dall'Osto L, Ferrante P, Guardini Z, Gomez RL, Mini P, Demurtas OC, Aprea G, Nicolia A, Bassi R, Giuliano G. Generation and physiological characterization of genome-edited Nicotiana benthamiana plants containing zeaxanthin as the only leaf xanthophyll. PLANTA 2023; 258:93. [PMID: 37796356 PMCID: PMC10556183 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Simultaneous genome editing of the two homeologous LCYe and ZEP genes of Nicotiana benthamiana results in plants in which all xanthophylls are replaced by zeaxanthin. Plant carotenoids act both as photoreceptors and photoprotectants in photosynthesis and as precursors of apocarotenoids, which include signaling molecules such as abscisic acid (ABA). As dietary components, the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin have photoprotective functions in the human macula. We developed transient and stable combinatorial genome editing methods, followed by direct LC-MS screening for zeaxanthin accumulation, for the simultaneous genome editing of the two homeologous Lycopene Epsilon Cyclase (LCYe) and the two Zeaxanthin Epoxidase (ZEP) genes present in the allopolyploid Nicotiana benthamiana genome. Editing of the four genes resulted in plants in which all leaf xanthophylls were substituted by zeaxanthin, but with different ABA levels and growth habits, depending on the severity of the ZEP1 mutation. In high-zeaxanthin lines, the abundance of the major photosystem II antenna LHCII was reduced with respect to wild-type plants and the LHCII trimeric state became unstable upon thylakoid solubilization. Consistent with the depletion in LHCII, edited plants underwent a compensatory increase in PSII/PSI ratios and a loss of the large-size PSII supercomplexes, while the level of PSI-LHCI supercomplex was unaffected. Reduced activity of the photoprotective mechanism NPQ was shown in high-zeaxanthin plants, while PSII photoinhibition was similar for all genotypes upon exposure to excess light, consistent with the antioxidant and photoprotective role of zeaxanthin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sulli
- Casaccia Research Centre, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrante
- Casaccia Research Centre, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Zeno Guardini
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Lionel Gomez
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Campo Experimental Villarino CC No 14, Zavalla - Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paola Mini
- Casaccia Research Centre, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- Casaccia Research Centre, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- Casaccia Research Centre, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nicolia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA), Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Casaccia Research Centre, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
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Bethmann S, Haas AK, Melzer M, Jahns P. The impact of long-term acclimation to different growth light intensities on the regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase in different plant species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13998. [PMID: 37882279 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Proper short- and long-term acclimation to different growth light intensities is essential for the survival and competitiveness of plants in the field. High light exposure is known to induce the down-regulation and photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) activity to reduce photo-oxidative stress. The xanthophyll zeaxanthin (Zx) serves central photoprotective functions in these processes. We have shown in recent work with different plant species (Arabidopsis, tobacco, spinach and pea) that photoinhibition of PSII and degradation of the PSII reaction center protein D1 is accompanied by the inactivation and degradation of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), which catalyzes the reconversion of Zx to violaxanthin. Different high light sensitivity of the above-mentioned species correlated with differential down-regulation of both PSII and ZEP activity. Applying light and electron microscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence, and protein and pigment analyses, we investigated the acclimation properties of these species to different growth light intensities with respect to the ability to adjust their photoprotective strategies. We show that the species differ in phenotypic plasticity in response to short- and long-term high light conditions at different morphological and physiological levels. However, the close co-regulation of PSII and ZEP activity remains a common feature in all species and under all conditions. This work supports species-specific acclimation strategies and properties in response to high light stress and underlines the central role of the xanthophyll Zx in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bethmann
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Haas
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Cutolo EA, Caferri R, Guardini Z, Dall'Osto L, Bassi R. Analysis of state 1-state 2 transitions by genome editing and complementation reveals a quenching component independent from the formation of PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol Direct 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37612770 PMCID: PMC10463614 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The light-harvesting antennae of photosystem (PS) I and PSII are pigment-protein complexes responsible of the initial steps of sunlight conversion into chemical energy. In natural environments plants are constantly confronted with the variability of the photosynthetically active light spectrum. PSII and PSI operate in series but have different optimal excitation wavelengths. The prompt adjustment of light absorption by photosystems is thus crucial to ensure efficient electron flow needed to sustain downstream carbon fixing reactions. Fast structural rearrangements equilibrate the partition of excitation pressure between PSII and PSI following the enrichment in the red (PSII-favoring) or far-red (PSI-favoring) spectra. Redox imbalances trigger state transitions (ST), a photoacclimation mechanism which involves the reversible phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) proteins by the antagonistic activities of the State Transition 7 (STN7) kinase/TAP38 phosphatase enzyme pair. During ST, a mobile PSII antenna pool associates with PSI increasing its absorption cross section. LHCII consists of assorted trimeric assemblies of Lhcb1, Lhcb2 and Lhcb3 protein isoforms (LHCII), several being substrates of STN7. However, the precise roles of Lhcb phosphorylation during ST remain largely elusive. RESULTS We inactivated the complete Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 gene clades in Arabidopsis thaliana and reintroduced either wild type Lhcb1.3 and Lhcb2.1 isoforms, respectively, or versions lacking N-terminal phosphorylatable residues proposed to mediate state transitions. While the substitution of Lhcb2.1 Thr-40 prevented the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII complex, replacement of Lhcb1.3 Thr-38 did not affect the formation of this supercomplex, nor did influence the amplitude or kinetics of PSII fluorescence quenching upon state 1-state 2 transition. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylation of Lhcb2 Thr-40 by STN7 alone accounts for ≈ 60% of PSII fluorescence quenching during state transitions. Instead, the presence of Thr-38 phosphosite in Lhcb1.3 was not required for the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex nor for re-equilibration of the plastoquinone redox state. The Lhcb2 phosphomutant was still capable of ≈ 40% residual fluorescence quenching, implying that a yet uncharacterized, STN7-dependent, component of state transitions, which is unrelated to Lhcb2 Thr-40 phosphorylation and to the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex, contributes to the equilibration of the PSI/PSII excitation pressure upon plastoquinone over-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Caferri
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Guardini
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Palazzo Corsini, Via Della Lungara, 10, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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Stra A, Almarwaey LO, Alagoz Y, Moreno JC, Al-Babili S. Carotenoid metabolism: New insights and synthetic approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1072061. [PMID: 36743580 PMCID: PMC9891708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1072061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are well-known isoprenoid pigments naturally produced by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as by several heterotrophic microorganisms. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids where they play essential roles in light-harvesting and in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). Genetic engineering of carotenogenesis made possible the enhancement of the nutritional value of many crops. New metabolic engineering approaches have recently been developed to modulate carotenoid content, including the employment of CRISPR technologies for single-base editing and the integration of exogenous genes into specific "safe harbors" in the genome. In addition, recent studies revealed the option of synthetic conversion of leaf chloroplasts into chromoplasts, thus increasing carotenoid storage capacity and boosting the nutritional value of green plant tissues. Moreover, transient gene expression through viral vectors allowed the accumulation of carotenoids outside the plastid. Furthermore, the utilization of engineered microorganisms allowed efficient mass production of carotenoids, making it convenient for industrial practices. Interestingly, manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis can also influence plant architecture, and positively impact growth and yield, making it an important target for crop improvements beyond biofortification. Here, we briefly describe carotenoid biosynthesis and highlight the latest advances and discoveries related to synthetic carotenoid metabolism in plants and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Stra
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamyaa O. Almarwaey
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan C. Moreno
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Cammarisano L, Graefe J, Körner O. Using leaf spectroscopy and pigment estimation to monitor indoor grown lettuce dynamic response to spectral light intensity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044976. [PMID: 36479514 PMCID: PMC9720111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising urban food demand is being addressed by plant factories, which aim at producing quality food in closed environment with optimised use of resources. The efficiency of these new plant production systems could be further increased by automated control of plant health and nutritious composition during cultivation, allowing for increased produce value and closer match between plant needs and treatment application with potential energy savings. We hypothesise that certain leaf pigments, including chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins, which are responsive to light, may be good indicator of plant performance and related healthy compounds composition and, that the combination of leaf spectroscopy and mathematical modelling will allow monitoring of plant cultivation through noninvasive estimation of leaf pigments. Plants of two lettuce cultivars (a green- and a red-leaf) were cultivated in hydroponic conditions for 18 days under white light spectrum in climate controlled growth chamber. After that period, plant responses to white light spectrum ('W') with differing blue wavelengths ('B', 420 - 450 nm) percentage (15% 'B15', and 40% 'B40') were investigated for a 14 days period. The two light spectral treatments were applied at photon flux densities (PFDs) of 160 and 240 µmol m-2 s-1, resulting in a total of four light treatments (160WB15, 160WB40, 240WB15, 240WB40). Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and assessment of foliar pigments, through destructive (in vitro) and non-destructive (in vivo) spectrophotometry, were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after treatment initiation. Increase in measured and estimated pigments in response to WB40 and decrease in chlorophyll:carotenoid ratio in response to higher PFD were found in both cultivars. Cultivar specific behavior in terms of specific pigment content stimulation in response to time was observed. Content ranges of modelled and measured pigments were comparable, though the correlation between both needs to be improved. In conclusion, leaf pigment estimation may represent a potential noninvasive and real-time technique to monitor, and control, plant growth and nutritious quality in controlled environment agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cammarisano
- Next-Generation Horticultural Systems, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
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Transcriptome Analysis and Intraspecific Variation in Spanish Fir ( Abies pinsapo Boiss.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169351. [PMID: 36012612 PMCID: PMC9409315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.) is an endemic, endangered tree that has been scarcely investigated at the molecular level. In this work, the transcriptome of Spanish fir was assembled, providing a large catalog of expressed genes (22,769), within which a high proportion were full-length transcripts (12,545). This resource is valuable for functional genomics studies and genome annotation in this relict conifer species. Two intraspecific variations of A. pinsapo can be found within its largest population at the Sierra de las Nieves National Park: one with standard green needles and another with bluish-green needles. To elucidate the causes of both phenotypes, we studied different physiological and molecular markers and transcriptome profiles in the needles. "Green" trees showed higher electron transport efficiency and enhanced levels of chlorophyll, protein, and total nitrogen in the needles. In contrast, needles from "bluish" trees exhibited higher contents of carotenoids and cellulose. These results agreed with the differential transcriptomic profiles, suggesting an imbalance in the nitrogen status of "bluish" trees. Additionally, gene expression analyses suggested that these differences could be associated with different epigenomic profiles. Taken together, the reported data provide new transcriptome resources and a better understanding of the natural variation in this tree species, which can help improve guidelines for its conservation and the implementation of adaptive management strategies under climatic change.
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Loss of a single chlorophyll in CP29 triggers re-organization of the Photosystem II supramolecular assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148555. [PMID: 35378087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In land plants, both efficient light capture and photoprotective dissipation of chlorophyll excited states in excess require proper assembly of Photosystem II supercomplexes PSII-LHCs. These include a dimeric core moiety and a peripheral antenna system made of trimeric LHCII proteins connected to the core through monomeric LHC subunits. Regulation of light harvesting involves re-organization of the PSII supercomplex, including dissociation of its LHCII-CP24-CP29 domain under excess light. The Chl a603-a609-a616 chromophore cluster within CP29 was recently identified as responsible for the fast component of Non-Photochemical Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Here, we pinpointed a chlorophyll-protein domain of CP29 involved in the macro-organization of PSII-LHCs. By complementing an Arabidopsis knock-out mutant with CP29 sequences deleted in the residue binding chlorophyll b614/b3-binding, we found that the site is promiscuous for chlorophyll a and b. By plotting NPQ amplitude vs. CP29 content we observed that quenching activity was significantly reduced in mutants compared to the wild type. Analysis of pigment-binding supercomplexes showed that the missing Chl did hamper the assembly of PSII-LHCs supercomplexes, while observation by electron microscopy of grana membranes highlighted the PSII particles were organized in two-dimensional arrays in mutant grana partitions. As an effect of such array formation electron transport rate between QA and QB reduced, likely due to restricted plastoquinone diffusion. We conclude that chlorophyll b614, rather being part of pigment cluster responsible for quenching, is needed to maintain full rate of electron flow in the thylakoids by controlling protein-protein interactions between PSII units in grana partitions.
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Violaxanthin and Zeaxanthin May Replace Lutein at the L1 Site of LHCII, Conserving the Interactions with Surrounding Chlorophylls and the Capability of Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094812. [PMID: 35563202 PMCID: PMC9105099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids represent the first line of defence of photosystems against singlet oxygen (1O2) toxicity, because of their capacity to quench the chlorophyll triplet state (3Chl) through a physical mechanism based on the transfer of triplet excitation (triplet-triplet energy transfer, TTET). In previous works, we showed that the antenna LHCII is characterised by a robust photoprotective mechanism, able to adapt to the removal of individual chlorophylls while maintaining a remarkable capacity for 3Chl quenching. In this work, we investigated the effects on this quenching induced in LHCII by the replacement of the lutein bound at the L1 site with violaxanthin and zeaxanthin. We studied LHCII isolated from the Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lut2-in which lutein is replaced by violaxanthin-and lut2 npq2, in which all xanthophylls are replaced constitutively by zeaxanthin. We characterised the photophysics of these systems via optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TR-EPR). We concluded that, in LHCII, lutein-binding sites have conserved characteristics, and ensure efficient TTET regardless of the identity of the carotenoid accommodated.
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Caferri R, Guardini Z, Bassi R, Dall’Osto L. Assessing photoprotective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic systems of plants and green algae. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:53-84. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Photoprotective Role of Photosynthetic and Non-Photosynthetic Pigments in Phillyrea latifolia: Is Their "Antioxidant" Function Prominent in Leaves Exposed to Severe Summer Drought? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158303. [PMID: 34361067 PMCID: PMC8347396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and phenylpropanoids play a dual role of limiting and countering photooxidative stress. We hypothesize that their “antioxidant” function is prominent in plants exposed to summer drought, when climatic conditions exacerbate the light stress. To test this, we conducted a field study on Phillyrea latifolia, a Mediterranean evergreen shrub, carrying out daily physiological and biochemical analyses in spring and summer. We also investigated the functional role of the major phenylpropanoids in different leaf tissues. Summer leaves underwent the most severe drought stress concomitantly with a reduction in radiation use efficiency upon being exposed to intense photooxidative stress, particularly during the central hours of the day. In parallel, a significant daily variation in both carotenoids and phenylpropanoids was observed. Our data suggest that the morning-to-midday increase in zeaxanthin derived from the hydroxylation of ß-carotene to sustain non-photochemical quenching and limit lipid peroxidation in thylakoid membranes. We observed substantial spring-to-summer and morning-to-midday increases in quercetin and luteolin derivatives, mostly in the leaf mesophyll. These findings highlight their importance as antioxidants, countering the drought-induced photooxidative stress. We concluded that seasonal and daily changes in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments may allow P. latifolia leaves to avoid irreversible photodamage and to cope successfully with the Mediterranean harsh climate.
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Kössler S, Armarego-Marriott T, Tarkowská D, Turečková V, Agrawal S, Mi J, de Souza LP, Schöttler MA, Schadach A, Fröhlich A, Bock R, Al-Babili S, Ruf S, Sampathkumar A, Moreno JC. Lycopene β-cyclase expression influences plant physiology, development, and metabolism in tobacco plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2544-2569. [PMID: 33484250 PMCID: PMC8006556 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important isoprenoids produced in the plastids of photosynthetic organisms that play key roles in photoprotection and antioxidative processes. β-Carotene is generated from lycopene by lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB). Previously, we demonstrated that the introduction of the Daucus carota (carrot) DcLCYB1 gene into tobacco (cv. Xanthi) resulted in increased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and especially gibberellins (GAs), resulting in increased plant yield. In order to understand this phenomenon prior to exporting this genetic strategy to crops, we generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana) mutants that exhibited a wide range of LCYB expression. Transplastomic plants expressing DcLCYB1 at high levels showed a wild-type-like growth, even though their pigment content was increased and their leaf GA1 content was reduced. RNA interference (RNAi) NtLCYB lines showed different reductions in NtLCYB transcript abundance, correlating with reduced pigment content and plant variegation. Photosynthesis (leaf absorptance, Fv/Fm, and light-saturated capacity of linear electron transport) and plant growth were impaired. Remarkably, drastic changes in phytohormone content also occurred in the RNAi lines. However, external application of phytohormones was not sufficient to rescue these phenotypes, suggesting that altered photosynthetic efficiency might be another important factor explaining their reduced biomass. These results show that LCYB expression influences plant biomass by different mechanisms and suggests thresholds for LCYB expression levels that might be beneficial or detrimental for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kössler
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tegan Armarego-Marriott
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jianing Mi
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anne Schadach
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anja Fröhlich
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Juan C Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Eckstein A, Grzyb J, Hermanowicz P, Zgłobicki P, Łabuz J, Strzałka W, Dziga D, Banaś AK. Arabidopsis Phototropins Participate in the Regulation of Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041836. [PMID: 33673252 PMCID: PMC7918785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of plant development, affecting individual organs or the whole organism, and it can be induced by several environmental factors, including shading or darkness. Although inevitable, senescence is a complex and tightly regulated process, ensuring optimal remobilization of nutrients and cellular components from senescing organs. Photoreceptors such as phytochromes and cryptochromes are known to participate in the process of senescence, but the involvement of phototropins has not been studied to date. We investigated the role of these blue light photoreceptors in the senescence of individually darkened Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We compared several physiological and molecular senescence markers in darkened leaves of wild-type plants and phototropin mutants (phot1, phot2, and phot1phot2). In general, all the symptoms of senescence (lower photochemical activity of photosystem II, photosynthetic pigment degradation, down-regulation of photosynthetic genes, and up-regulation of senescence-associated genes) were less pronounced in phot1phot2, as compared to the wild type, and some also in one of the single mutants, indicating delayed senescence. This points to different mechanisms of phototropin operation in the regulation of senescence-associated processes, either with both photoreceptors acting redundantly, or only one of them, phot1, playing a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Eckstein
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.E.); (P.Z.); (W.S.)
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Grzyb
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, The Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.H.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.E.); (P.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Justyna Łabuz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, The Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.H.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Wojciech Strzałka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.E.); (P.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Dariusz Dziga
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.E.); (P.Z.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Compensation Mechanism of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis thaliana ch1 Mutants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010221. [PMID: 33379339 PMCID: PMC7794896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of chlorophyll b deficiency is a mutation (ch1) in chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), the enzyme responsible for Chl b synthesis. Regulation of Chl b synthesis is essential for understanding the mechanism of plant acclimation to various conditions. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to find the strategy in plants for compensation of low chlorophyll content by characterizing and comparing the performance and spectral properties of the photosynthetic apparatus related to the lipid and protein composition in four selected Arabidopsis ch1 mutants and two Arabidopsis ecotypes. Mutation in different loci of the CAO gene, viz., NW41, ch1.1, ch1.2 and ch1.3, manifested itself in a distinct chlorina phenotype, pigment and photosynthetic protein composition. Changes in the CAO mRNA levels and chlorophyllide a (Chlide a) content in ecotypes and ch1 mutants indicated their significant role in the adjustment mechanism of the photosynthetic apparatus to low-light conditions. Exposure of mutants with a lower chlorophyll b content to short-term (1LL) and long-term low-light stress (10LL) enabled showing a shift in the structure of the PSI and PSII complexes via spectral analysis and the thylakoid composition studies. We demonstrated that both ecotypes, Col-1 and Ler-0, reacted to high-light (HL) conditions in a way remarkably resembling the response of ch1 mutants to normal (NL) conditions. We also presented possible ways of regulating the conversion of chlorophyll a to b depending on the type of light stress conditions.
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15
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Genesio L, Bassi R, Miglietta F. Plants with less chlorophyll: A global change perspective. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 27:959-967. [PMID: 33274488 PMCID: PMC8246939 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The necessary reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may lead in the future to an increase in solar irradiance (solar brightening). Anthropogenic aerosols (and their precursors) that cause solar dimming are in fact often co-emitted with GHGs. While the reduction of GHG emissions is expected to slow down the ongoing increase in the greenhouse effect, an increased surface irradiance due to reduced atmospheric aerosol load might occur in the most populated areas of the earth. Increased irradiance may lead to air warming, favour the occurrence of heatwaves and increase the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. This is why effective and sustainable solar radiation management strategies to reflect more light back to space should be designed, tested and implemented together with GHG emission mitigation. Here we propose that new plants (crops, orchards and forests) with low-chlorophyll (Chl) content may provide a realistic, sustainable and relatively simple solution to increase surface reflectance of large geographical areas via changes in surface albedo. This may finally offset all or part of the expected local solar brightening. While high-Chl content provides substantial competitive advantages to plants growing in their natural environment, new plants with low-Chl content may be successfully used in agriculture and silviculture and be as productive as the green wildtypes (or even more). The most appropriate strategies to obtain highly productive and highly reflective plants are discussed in this paper and their mitigation potential is examined together with the challenges associated with their introduction in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Genesio
- Institute for Bioeconomy (IBE)National Research Council (CNR)FirenzeItaly
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute for Bioeconomy (IBE)National Research Council (CNR)FirenzeItaly
- Accademia dei GeorgofiliFirenzeItaly
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16
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Chavan SG, Maier C, Alagoz Y, Filipe JC, Warren CR, Lin H, Jia B, Loik ME, Cazzonelli CI, Chen ZH, Ghannoum O, Tissue DT. Light‐limited photosynthesis under energy‐saving film decreases eggplant yield. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin G. Chavan
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Chelsea Maier
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Joao C. Filipe
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | | | - Han Lin
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Centre for Translational Atomaterials Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Vic. Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Centre for Translational Atomaterials Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Vic. Australia
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Christopher I. Cazzonelli
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Zhonghua H. Chen
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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17
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Guardini Z, Bressan M, Caferri R, Bassi R, Dall'Osto L. Identification of a pigment cluster catalysing fast photoprotective quenching response in CP29. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:303-313. [PMID: 32170280 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching is the photoprotective heat dissipation of chlorophyll-excited states. In higher plants, two quenching sites are located in trimeric LHCII and monomeric CP29 proteins. Catalysis of dissipative reactions requires interactions between chromophores, either carotenoid, chlorophyll or both. We identified CP29 protein domains involved in quenching by complementing an Arabidopsis deletion mutant with sequences deleted in pigment-binding or pH-sensitive sites. Acidic residues exposed to the thylakoid lumen were found not essential for activation of thermal dissipation in vivo. Chlorophylls a603 (a5) and a616 were identified as components of the catalytic pigment cluster responsible for quenching reaction(s), in addition to xanthophyll L2 and chlorophyll a609 (b5). We suggest that a conformational change induced by acidification in PsbS is transduced to CP29, thus bringing chlorophylls a603, a609 and a616 into close contact and activating a dissipative channel. Consistently, mutations on putative protonatable residues, exposed to the thylakoid lumen and previously suggested to regulate xanthophyll exchange at binding site L2, did not affect quenching efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Guardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Bressan
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Caferri
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy.
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18
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Dhami N, Drake JE, Tjoelker MG, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. An extreme heatwave enhanced the xanthophyll de-epoxidation state in leaves of Eucalyptus trees grown in the field. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:211-218. [PMID: 32153324 PMCID: PMC7036375 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heatwaves are becoming more frequent with climate warming and can impact tree growth and reproduction. Eucalyptus parramattensis can cope with an extreme heatwave in the field via transpiratory cooling and enhanced leaf thermal tolerance that protected foliar tissues from photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation during natural midday irradiance. Here, we explored whether changes in foliar carotenoids and/or the xanthophyll cycle state can facilitate leaf acclimation to long-term warming and/or an extreme heatwave event. We found that leaves had similar carotenoid levels when grown for one year under ambient and experimental long-term warming (+ 3 °C) conditions in whole tree chambers. Exposure to a 4-day heatwave (> 43 °C) significantly altered the xanthophyll de-epoxidation state of carotenoids revealing one mechanism by which trees could minimise foliar photo-oxidative damage. The levels of zeaxanthin were significantly higher in both young and old leaves during the heatwave, revealing that violaxanthin de-epoxidation and perhaps de novo zeaxanthin synthesis contributed to enhancement of the xanthophyll cycle state. In a future climate of long-term warming and increased heatwave events, leaves of E. parramattensis will be able to utilise biochemical strategies to alter the xanthophyll cycle state and cope with extreme temperatures under natural solar irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
- Present Address: School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara 30, Gandaki, Nepal
| | - John E. Drake
- Present Address: Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Christopher I. Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
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19
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Peng X, Deng X, Tang X, Tan T, Zhang D, Liu B, Lin H. Involvement of Lhcb6 and Lhcb5 in Photosynthesis Regulation in Physcomitrella patens Response to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153665. [PMID: 31357454 PMCID: PMC6695650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of highly conserved photosystem II light-harvesting antenna proteins in moss whose functions are unclear. Here, we investigated the involvement of chlorophyll-binding proteins, Lhcb6 and Lhcb5, in light-harvesting and photosynthesis regulation in Physcomitrella patens. Lhcb6 or Lhcb5 knock-out resulted in a disordered thylakoid arrangement, a decrease in the number of grana membranes, and an increase in the number of starch granule. The absence of Lhcb6 or Lhcb5 did not noticeably alter the electron transport rates. However, the non-photochemical quenching activity in the lhcb5 mutant was dramatically reduced when compared to wild-type or lhcb6 plants under abiotic stress. Lhcb5 plants were more sensitive to photo-inhibition, while lhcb6 plants showed little difference compared to the wild-type plants under high-light stress. Moreover, both mutants showed a growth malformation phenotype with reduced chlorophyll content in the gametophyte. These results suggested that Lhcb6 or Lhcb5 played a unique role in plant development, thylakoid organization, and photoprotection of PSII in Physcomitrella, especially when exposed to high light or osmotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingji Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoya Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tinghong Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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20
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Popova AV, Dobrev K, Velitchkova M, Ivanov AG. Differential temperature effects on dissipation of excess light energy and energy partitioning in lut2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana under photoinhibitory conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:367-385. [PMID: 29725995 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The high-light-induced alterations in photosynthetic performance of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) as well as effectiveness of dissipation of excessive absorbed light during illumination for different periods of time at room (22 °C) and low (8-10 °C) temperature of leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, wt and lut2, were followed with the aim of unraveling the role of lutein in the process of photoinhibition. Photosynthetic parameters of PSII and PSI were determined on whole leaves by PAM fluorometer and oxygen evolving activity-by a Clark-type electrode. In thylakoid membranes, isolated from non-illuminated and illuminated for 4.5 h leaves of wt and lut2 the photochemical activity of PSII and PSI and energy interaction between the main pigment-protein complexes was determined. Results indicate that in non-illuminated leaves of lut2 the maximum rate of oxygen evolution and energy utilization in PSII is lower, excitation pressure of PSII is higher and cyclic electron transport around PSI is faster than in wt leaves. Under high-light illumination, lut2 leaves are more sensitive in respect to PSII performance and the extent of increase of excitation pressure of PSII, ΦNO, and cyclic electron transport around PSI are higher than in wt leaves, especially when illumination is performed at low temperature. Significant part of the excessive light energy is dissipated via mechanism, not dependent on ∆pH and to functioning of xanthophyll cycle in LHCII, operating more intensively in lut2 leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta V Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Konstantin Dobrev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander G Ivanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str. N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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21
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Strobbe S, De Lepeleire J, Van Der Straeten D. From in planta Function to Vitamin-Rich Food Crops: The ACE of Biofortification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1862. [PMID: 30619424 PMCID: PMC6305313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are highly dependent on plants to reach their dietary requirements, as plant products contribute both to energy and essential nutrients. For many decades, plant breeders have been able to gradually increase yields of several staple crops, thereby alleviating nutritional needs with varying degrees of success. However, many staple crops such as rice, wheat and corn, although delivering sufficient calories, fail to satisfy micronutrient demands, causing the so called 'hidden hunger.' Biofortification, the process of augmenting nutritional quality of food through the use of agricultural methodologies, is a pivotal asset in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition, mainly due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Several technical advances have led to recent breakthroughs. Nutritional genomics has come to fruition based on marker-assisted breeding enabling rapid identification of micronutrient related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the germplasm of interest. As a complement to these breeding techniques, metabolic engineering approaches, relying on a continuously growing fundamental knowledge of plant metabolism, are able to overcome some of the inevitable pitfalls of breeding. Alteration of micronutrient levels does also require fundamental knowledge about their role and influence on plant growth and development. This review focuses on our knowledge about provitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin C (ascorbate) and the vitamin E group (tocochromanols). We begin by providing an overview of the functions of these vitamins in planta, followed by highlighting some of the achievements in the nutritional enhancement of food crops via conventional breeding and genetic modification, concluding with an evaluation of the need for such biofortification interventions. The review further elaborates on the vast potential of creating nutritionally enhanced crops through multi-pathway engineering and the synergistic potential of conventional breeding in combination with genetic engineering, including the impact of novel genome editing technologies.
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22
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Fernández-Marín B, Neuner G, Kuprian E, Laza JM, García-Plazaola JI, Verhoeven A. First evidence of freezing tolerance in a resurrection plant: insights into molecular mobility and zeaxanthin synthesis in the dark. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:472-489. [PMID: 29345751 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Edith Kuprian
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jose M Laza
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amy Verhoeven
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biology (OWS352), University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
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23
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Karadar M, Neuner G, Kranner I, Holzinger A, Buchner O. Solar irradiation levels during simulated long- and short-term heat waves significantly influence heat survival, pigment and ascorbate composition, and free radical scavenging activity in alpine Vaccinium gaultherioides. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:211-230. [PMID: 29274132 PMCID: PMC6033156 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the 20th century, annual mean temperatures in the European Alps rose by almost 1 K and are predicted to rise further, increasing the impact of temperature on alpine plants. The role of light in the heat hardening of plants is still not fully understood. Here, the alpine dwarf shrub Vaccinium gaultherioides was exposed in situ to controlled short-term heat spells (150 min with leaf temperatures 43-49°C) and long-term heat waves (7 days, 30°C) under different irradiation intensities. Lethal leaf temperatures (LT50 ) were calculated. Low solar irradiation [max. 250 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)] during short-term heat treatments mitigated the heat stress, shown by reduced leaf tissue damage and higher Fv /Fm (potential quantum efficiency of photosystem 2) than in darkness. The increase in xanthophyll cycle activity and ascorbate concentration was more pronounced under low light, and free radical scavenging activity increased independent of light conditions. During long-term heat wave exposure, heat tolerance increased from 3.7 to 6.5°C with decreasing mean solar irradiation intensity (585-115 PPFD). Long-term exposure to heat under low light enhanced heat hardening and increased photosynthetic pigment, dehydroascorbate and violaxanthin concentration. In conclusion, V. gaultherioides is able to withstand temperatures of around 50°C, and its heat hardening can be enhanced by low light during both short- and long-term heat treatment. Data showing the specific role of light during short- and long-term heat exposure and the potential risk of lethal damage in alpine shrubs as a result of rising temperature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karadar
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Othmar Buchner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
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24
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Molecular mechanisms involved in plant photoprotection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:467-482. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. When in excess, light can be dangerous for the photosynthetic apparatus because it can cause photo-oxidative damage and decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis because of photoinhibition. Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species production and thus avoid photoinhibition. These mechanisms include quenching of singlet and triplet excited states of chlorophyll, synthesis of antioxidant molecules and enzymes and repair processes for damaged photosystem II and photosystem I reaction centers. This review focuses on the mechanisms involved in photoprotection of chloroplasts through dissipation of energy absorbed in excess.
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25
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van den Berg TE, van Oort B, Croce R. Light-harvesting complexes of Botryococcus braunii. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 135:191-201. [PMID: 28551868 PMCID: PMC5783996 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The colonial green alga Botryococcus braunii (BB) is a potential source of biofuel due to its natural high hydrocarbon content. Unfortunately, its slow growth limits its biotechnological potential. Understanding its photosynthetic machinery could help to identify possible growth limitations. Here, we present the first study on BB light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). We purified two LHC fractions containing the complexes in monomeric and trimeric form. Both fractions contained at least two proteins with molecular weight (MW) around 25 kDa. The chlorophyll composition is similar to that of the LHCII of plants; in contrast, the main xanthophyll is loroxanthin, which substitutes lutein in most binding sites. Circular dichroism and 77 K absorption spectra lack typical differences between monomeric and trimeric complexes, suggesting that intermonomer interactions do not play a role in BB LHCs. This is in agreement with the low stability of the BB LHCII trimers as compared to the complexes of plants, which could be related to loroxanthin binding in the central (L1 and L2) binding sites. The properties of BB LHCII are similar to those of plant LHCII, indicating a similar pigment organization. Differences are a higher content of red chlorophyll a, similar to plant Lhcb3. These differences and the different Xan composition had no effect on excitation energy transfer or fluorescence lifetimes, which were similar to plant LHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas E van den Berg
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Oort
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Tutkus M, Chmeliov J, Rutkauskas D, Ruban AV, Valkunas L. Influence of the Carotenoid Composition on the Conformational Dynamics of Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5898-5906. [PMID: 29140702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is the major self-regulatory mechanism of green plants, performed on a molecular level to protect them from an overexcitation during the direct sunlight. It is believed that NPQ becomes available due to conformational dynamics of the light-harvesting photosynthetic complexes and involves a direct participation of carotenoids. In this work, we perform a single-molecule microscopy on major light-harvesting complexes (LHCII) from different Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exhibiting various carotenoid composition. We show how the distinct carotenoids affect the dynamics of the conformational switching between multiple coexisting light-emitting states of LHCII and demonstrate that properties of the quenched conformation are not influenced by the particular carotenoids available in LHCII. We also discuss the possible origin of different conformational states and relate them to the fluorescence decay kinetics observed during the bulk measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijonas Tutkus
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jevgenij Chmeliov
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University , Saulėtekio Avenue 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Danielis Rutkauskas
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University , Saulėtekio Avenue 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
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27
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Dall'Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Bressan M, Paleček D, Židek K, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR, Zigmantas D, Bassi R. Two mechanisms for dissipation of excess light in monomeric and trimeric light-harvesting complexes. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17033. [PMID: 28394312 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photoautotrophs require mechanisms for rapidly matching the level of chlorophyll excited states from light harvesting with the rate of electron transport from water to carbon dioxide. These photoprotective reactions prevent formation of reactive excited states and photoinhibition. The fastest response to excess illumination is the so-called non-photochemical quenching which, in higher plants, requires the luminal pH sensor PsbS and other yet unidentified components of the photosystem II antenna. Both trimeric light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and monomeric LHC proteins have been indicated as site(s) of the heat-dissipative reactions. Different mechanisms have been proposed: energy transfer to a lutein quencher in trimers, formation of a zeaxanthin radical cation in monomers. Here, we report on the construction of a mutant lacking all monomeric LHC proteins but retaining LHCII trimers. Its non-photochemical quenching induction rate was substantially slower with respect to the wild type. A carotenoid radical cation signal was detected in the wild type, although it was lost in the mutant. We conclude that non-photochemical quenching is catalysed by two independent mechanisms, with the fastest activated response catalysed within monomeric LHC proteins depending on both zeaxanthin and lutein and on the formation of a radical cation. Trimeric LHCII was responsible for the slowly activated quenching component whereas inclusion in supercomplexes was not required. This latter activity does not depend on lutein nor on charge transfer events, whereas zeaxanthin was essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Bressan
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - David Paleček
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Lund S-22241, Sweden
| | - Karel Židek
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Lund S-22241, Sweden
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3102, California, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hildebrand B77, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, California, USA
| | - Donatas Zigmantas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Lund S-22241, Sweden
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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28
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Girolomoni L, Ferrante P, Berteotti S, Giuliano G, Bassi R, Ballottari M. The function of LHCBM4/6/8 antenna proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:627-641. [PMID: 28007953 PMCID: PMC5441897 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic autotrophs, photosystems are composed of a core moiety, hosting charge separation and electron transport reactions, and an antenna system, enhancing light harvesting and photoprotection. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the major antenna of PSII is a heterogeneous trimeric complex made up of LHCBM1-LHCBM9 subunits. Despite high similarity, specific functions have been reported for several members including LHCBM1, 2, 7, and 9. In this work, we analyzed the function of LHCBM4 and LHCBM6 gene products in vitro by synthesizing recombinant apoproteins from individual sequences and refolding them with pigments. Additionally, we characterized knock-down strains in vivo for LHCBM4/6/8 genes. We show that LHCBM4/6/8 subunits could be found as a component of PSII supercomplexes with different sizes, although the largest pool was free in the membranes and poorly connected to PSII. Impaired accumulation of LHCBM4/6/8 caused a decreased LHCII content per PSII and a reduction in the amplitude of state 1-state 2 transitions. In addition, the reduction of LHCBM4/6/8 subunits caused a significant reduction of the Non-photochemical quenching activity and in the level of photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Girolomoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Berteotti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
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29
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Kress E, Jahns P. The Dynamics of Energy Dissipation and Xanthophyll Conversion in Arabidopsis Indicate an Indirect Photoprotective Role of Zeaxanthin in Slowly Inducible and Relaxing Components of Non-photochemical Quenching of Excitation Energy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2094. [PMID: 29276525 PMCID: PMC5727089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence and the dynamics of xanthophyll conversion under different actinic light conditions were studied in intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. NPQ induction was investigated during up to 180 min illumination at 450, 900, and 1,800 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (μE) and NPQ relaxation after 5, 30, 90, or 180 min of pre-illumination at the same light intensities. The comparison of wild-type plants with mutants affected either in xanthophyll conversion (npq1 and npq2) or PsbS expression (npq4 and L17) or lumen acidification (pgr1) indicated that NPQ states with similar, but not identical characteristics are induced at longer time range (15-60 min) in wild-type and mutant plants. In genotypes with an active xanthophyll conversion, the dynamics of two slowly (10-60 min) inducible and relaxing NPQ components were found to be kinetically correlated with zeaxanthin formation and epoxidation, respectively. However, the extent of NPQ was independent of the amount of zeaxanthin, since higher NPQ values were inducible with increasing actinic light intensities without pronounced changes in the zeaxanthin amount. These data support an indirect role of zeaxanthin in pH-independent NPQ states rather than a specific direct function of zeaxanthin as quencher in long-lasting NPQ processes. Such an indirect function might be related to an allosteric regulation of NPQ processes by zeaxanthin (e.g., through interaction of zeaxanthin at the surface of proteins) or a general photoprotective function of zeaxanthin in the lipid phase of the membrane (e.g., by modulation of the membrane fluidity or by acting as antioxidant). The found concomitant down-regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidation and recovery of photosystem II activity ensures that zeaxanthin is retained in the thylakoid membrane as long as photosystem II activity is inhibited or down-regulated. This regulation supports the view that zeaxanthin can be considered as a kind of light stress memory in chloroplasts, allowing a rapid reactivation of photoprotective NPQ processes in case of recurrent light stress periods.
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30
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Pii Y, Alessandrini M, Dall’Osto L, Guardini K, Prinsi B, Espen L, Zamboni A, Varanini Z. Time-Resolved Investigation of Molecular Components Involved in the Induction of [Formula: see text] High Affinity Transport System in Maize Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1657. [PMID: 27877183 PMCID: PMC5099785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The induction, i.e., the rapid increase of nitrate ([Formula: see text]) uptake following the exposure of roots to the anion, was studied integrating physiological and molecular levels in maize roots. Responses to [Formula: see text] treatment were characterized in terms of changes in [Formula: see text] uptake rate and plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity and related to transcriptional and protein profiles of NRT2, NRT3, and PM H+-ATPase gene families. The behavior of transcripts and proteins of ZmNRT2s and ZmNRT3s suggested that the regulation of the activity of inducible high-affinity transport system (iHATS) is mainly based on the transcriptional/translational modulation of the accessory protein ZmNRT3.1A. Furthermore, ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT3.1A appear to be associated in a ∼150 kDa oligomer. The expression trend during the induction of the 11 identified PM H+-ATPase transcripts indicates that those mainly involved in the response to [Formula: see text] treatment are ZmHA2 and ZmHA4. Yet, partial correlation between the gene expression, protein levels and enzyme activity suggests an involvement of post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms of regulation. A non-denaturing Deriphat-PAGE approach allowed demonstrating for the first time that PM H+-ATPase can occur in vivo as hexameric complex together with the already described monomeric and dimeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youry Pii
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of BolzanoBolzano, Italy
| | | | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Katia Guardini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Bhakti Prinsi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Luca Espen
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
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31
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Protein and lipid dynamics in photosynthetic thylakoid membranes investigated by in-situ solid-state NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1849-1859. [PMID: 27626974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic thylakoid membranes contain the protein machinery to convert sunlight in chemical energy and regulate this process in changing environmental conditions via interplay between lipid, protein and xanthophyll molecular constituents. This work addresses the molecular effects of zeaxanthin accumulation in thylakoids, which occurs in native systems under high light conditions through the conversion of the xanthophyll violaxanthin into zeaxanthin via the so called xanthophyll cycle. We applied biosynthetic isotope labeling and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy to simultaneously probe the conformational dynamics of protein, lipid and xanthophyll constituents of thylakoids isolated from wild type (cw15) and npq2 mutant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, that accumulates zeaxanthin constitutively. Results show differential dynamics of wild type and npq2 thylakoids. Ordered-phase lipids have reduced mobility and mobile-phase lipids have enlarged dynamics in npq2 membranes, together spanning a broader dynamical range. The fraction of ordered lipids is much larger than the fraction of mobile lipids, which explains why zeaxanthin appears to cause overall reduction of thylakoid membrane fluidity. In addition to the ordered lipids, also the xanthophylls and a subset of protein sites in npq2 thylakoids have reduced conformational dynamics. Our work demonstrates the applicability of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for obtaining a microscopic picture of different membrane constituents simultaneously, inside native, heterogeneous membranes.
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32
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Cazzaniga S, Bressan M, Carbonera D, Agostini A, Dall'Osto L. Differential Roles of Carotenes and Xanthophylls in Photosystem I Photoprotection. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3636-49. [PMID: 27290879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives, xanthophylls, are structural elements of the photosynthetic apparatus and contribute to increasing both the light-harvesting and photoprotective capacity of the photosystems. β-Carotene is present in both the core complexes and light-harvesting system (LHCI) of Photosystem (PS) I, while xanthophylls lutein and violaxanthin bind exclusively to its antenna moiety; another xanthophyll, zeaxanthin, which protects chloroplasts against photooxidative damage, binds to the LHCI complexes under conditions of excess light. We functionally dissected various components of the xanthophyll- and carotene-dependent photoprotection mechanism of PSI by analyzing two Arabidopsis mutants: szl1 plants, with a carotene content lower than that of the wild type, and npq1, with suppressed zeaxanthin formation. When exposed to excess light, the szl1 genotype displayed PSI photoinhibition stronger than that of wild-type plants, while removing zeaxanthin had no such effect. The PSI-LHCI complex purified from szl1 was more photosensitive than the corresponding wild-type and npq1 complexes, as is evident from its faster photobleaching and increased rate of singlet oxygen release, suggesting that β-carotene is crucial in controlling chlorophyll triplet formation. Accordingly, fluorescence-detected magnetic resonance analysis showed an increase in the amplitude of signals assigned to chlorophyll triplets in β-carotene-depleted complexes. When PSI was fractioned into its functional moieties, it was revealed that the boost in the rate of singlet oxygen release caused by β-carotene depletion was greater in LHCI than in the core complex. We conclude that PSI-LHCI complex-bound β-carotene elicits a protective response, consisting of a reduction in the yield of harmful triplet excited states, while accumulation of zeaxanthin plays a minor role in restoring phototolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Bressan
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 1, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 1, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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33
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Ware MA, Dall’Osto L, Ruban AV. An In Vivo Quantitative Comparison of Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Xanthophyll Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:841. [PMID: 27446097 PMCID: PMC4914555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of different LHCII antenna carotenoids to protective NPQ (pNPQ) were tested using a range of xanthophyll biosynthesis mutants of Arabidopsis: plants were either devoid of lutein (lut2), violaxanthin (npq2), or synthesized a single xanthophyll species, namely violaxanthin (aba4npq1lut2), zeaxanthin (npq2lut2), or lutein (chy1chy2lut5). A novel pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence analysis procedure, that used a gradually increasing actinic light intensity, allowed the efficiency of pNPQ to be tested using the photochemical quenching (qP) parameter measured in the dark (qPd). Furthermore, the yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) was calculated, and the light intensity which induces photoinhibition in 50% of leaves for each mutant was ascertained. Photoprotective capacities of each xanthophyll were quantified, taking into account chlorophyll a/b ratios and excitation pressure. Here, light tolerance, pNPQ capacity, and ΦPSII were highest in wild type plants. Of the carotenoid mutants, lut2 (lutein-deficient) plants had the highest light tolerance, and the joint the highest ΦPSII with violaxanthin only plants. We conclude that all studied mutants possess pNPQ and a more complete composition of xanthophylls in their natural binding sites is the most important factor governing photoprotection, rather than any one specific xanthophyll suggesting a strong structural effect of the molecules upon the LHCII antenna organization and discuss the results significance for future crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A. Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
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34
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Brzezowski P, Sharifi MN, Dent RM, Morhard MK, Niyogi KK, Grimm B. Mg chelatase in chlorophyll synthesis and retrograde signaling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: CHLI2 cannot substitute for CHLI1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3925-38. [PMID: 26809558 PMCID: PMC4915523 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The oligomeric Mg chelatase (MgCh), consisting of the subunits CHLH, CHLI, and CHLD, is located at the central site of chlorophyll synthesis, but is also thought to have an additional function in regulatory feedback control of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and in chloroplast retrograde signaling. In Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two genes have been proposed to encode the CHLI subunit of MgCh. While the role of CHLI1 in A. thaliana MgCh has been substantially elucidated, different reports provide inconsistent results with regard to the function of CHLI2 in Mg chelation and retrograde signaling. In the present report, the possible functions of both isoforms were analyzed in C. reinhardtii Knockout of the CHLI1 gene resulted in complete loss of MgCh activity, absence of chlorophyll, acute light sensitivity, and, as a consequence, down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes. These observations indicate a phenotypical resemblance of chli1 to the chlh and chld C. reinhardtii mutants previously reported. The key role of CHLI1 for MgCh reaction in comparison with the second isoform was confirmed by the rescue of chli1 with genomic CHLI1 Because CHLI2 in C. reinhardtii shows lower expression than CHLI1, strains overexpressing CHLI2 were produced in the chli1 background. However, no complementation of the chli1 phenotype was observed. Silencing of CHLI2 in the wild-type background did not result in any changes in the accumulation of tetrapyrrole intermediates or of chlorophyll. The results suggest that, unlike in A. thaliana, changes in CHLI2 content observed in the present studies do not affect formation and activity of MgCh in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Brzezowski
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina N Sharifi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel M Dent
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marius K Morhard
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Janik E, Bednarska J, Zubik M, Sowinski K, Luchowski R, Grudzinski W, Matosiuk D, Gruszecki WI. The xanthophyll cycle pigments, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, modulate molecular organization of the photosynthetic antenna complex LHCII. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 592:1-9. [PMID: 26773208 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, two main carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle, on molecular organization of LHCII, the principal photosynthetic antenna complex of plants, was studied in a model system based on lipid-protein membranes, by means of analysis of 77 K chlorophyll a fluorescence and "native" electrophoresis. Violaxanthin was found to promote trimeric organization of LHCII, contrary to zeaxanthin which was found to destabilize trimeric structures. Moreover, violaxanthin was found to induce decomposition of oligomeric LHCII structures formed in the lipid phase and characterized by the fluorescence emission band at 715 nm. Both pigments promoted formation of two-component supramolecular structures of LHCII and xanthophylls. The violaxanthin-stabilized structures were composed mostly of LHCII trimers while, the zeaxanthin-stabilized supramolecular structures of LHCII showed more complex organization which depended periodically on the xanthophyll content. The effect of the xanthophyll cycle pigments on molecular organization of LHCII was analyzed based on the results of molecular modeling and discussed in terms of a physiological meaning of this mechanism. Supramolecular structures of LHCII stabilized by violaxanthin, prevent uncontrolled oligomerization of LHCII, potentially leading to excitation quenching, therefore can be considered as structures protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against energy loses at low light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Janik
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bednarska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Zubik
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karol Sowinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grudzinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Wieslaw I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
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Abstract
Plastids are ubiquitously present in plants and are the organelles for carotenoid biosynthesis and storage. Based on their morphology and function, plastids are classified into various types, i.e. proplastids, etioplasts, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts. All plastids, except proplastids, can synthesize carotenoids. However, plastid types have a profound effect on carotenoid accumulation and stability. In this chapter, we discuss carotenoid biosynthesis and regulation in various plastids with a focus on carotenoids in chromoplasts. Plastid transition related to carotenoid biosynthesis and the different capacity of various plastids to sequester carotenoids and the associated effect on carotenoid stability are described in light of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wobbe L, Bassi R, Kruse O. Multi-Level Light Capture Control in Plants and Green Algae. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:55-68. [PMID: 26545578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth relies on photosynthesis, and the ongoing depletion of fossil carbon fuels has renewed interest in phototrophic light-energy conversion processes as a blueprint for the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into various organic compounds. Light-harvesting systems have evolved in plants and green algae, which are adapted to the light intensity and spectral composition encountered in their habitats. These organisms are constantly challenged by a fluctuating light supply and other environmental cues affecting photosynthetic performance. Excess light can be especially harmful, but plants and microalgae are equipped with different acclimation mechanisms to control the processing of sunlight absorbed at both photosystems. We summarize the current knowledge and discuss the potential for optimization of phototrophic light-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Wobbe
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Universita degli Studi di Verona, Department of Biotechnology, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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38
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Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN, Vetoshkina DV, Lubimov VY, Fedorchuk TP, Naydov IA, Kozuleva MA, Rudenko NN, Dall'Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Bassi R. Long-term acclimatory response to excess excitation energy: evidence for a role of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of photosystem II antenna size. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7151-64. [PMID: 26324464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants possess the ability to trigger a long-term acclimatory response to different environmental light conditions through the regulation of the light-harvesting antenna size of photosystem II. The present study provides an insight into the molecular nature of the signal which initiates the high light-mediated response of a reduction in antenna size. Using barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants, it is shown (i) that the light-harvesting antenna size is not reduced in high light with a low hydrogen peroxide content in the leaves; and (ii) that a decrease in the antenna size is observed in low light in the presence of an elevated concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the leaves. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the ability to reduce the antenna size of photosystem II in high light is restricted to photosynthetic apparatus with a reduced level of the plastoquinone pool and with a low hydrogen peroxide content. Conversely, the reduction of antenna size in low light is induced in photosynthetic apparatus possessing elevated hydrogen peroxide even when the reduction level of the plastoquinone pool is low. Hydrogen peroxide affects the relative abundance of the antenna proteins that modulate the antenna size of photosystem II through a down-regulation of the corresponding lhcb mRNA levels. This work shows that hydrogen peroxide contributes to triggering the photosynthetic apparatus response for the reduction of the antenna size of photosystem II by being the molecular signal for the long-term acclimation of plants to high light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Daria V Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Valeriy Y Lubimov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Tatyana P Fedorchuk
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ilya A Naydov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Marina A Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Natalia N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Yang S, Meng DY, Hou LL, Li Y, Guo F, Meng JJ, Wan SB, Li XG. Peanut violaxanthin de-epoxidase alleviates the sensitivity of PSII photoinhibition to heat and high irradiance stress in transgenic tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1417-28. [PMID: 25916178 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This is the first study on peanut VDE, which led to multiple biochemical and physiological changes to heat and HI stress by improving de-epoxidation of the xanthophylls cycle. A peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene (AhVDE) was isolated by RT-PCR and RACE methods. The deduced amino acid sequence of AhVDE showed high identities with violaxanthin de-epoxidase of other plant species. The expression of AhVDE was obviously upregulated by 4, 40 °C and high light, NaCl, and abscisic acid. Sense and RNAi transgenic tobaccos were further used to investigate the physiological effects and functional mechanism of AhVDE. Compared with WT, the content of Z, the ratio of (A + Z)/(V + A + Z) and the non-photochemical quenching were higher in sense plants, and lower in the RNAi lines under heat and high irradiance (HI) stress, respectively. Additionally, photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) reflected by the maximal photochemical efficiency in WT lines was more severe, and in the RNAi lines was the most severe compared with that in the sense lines. Meanwhile, overexpressing AhVDE also led to multiple biochemical and physiological changes under heat and HI stress. Higher activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, lower content of reactive oxygen species and slighter membrane damage were observed in sense lines after heat and HI stress. These results suggested that, peanut VDE can alleviate PSII photoinhibition to heat and HI stress by improving the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
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40
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Tian L, Dinc E, Croce R. LHCII Populations in Different Quenching States Are Present in the Thylakoid Membranes in a Ratio that Depends on the Light Conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2339-44. [PMID: 26266614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
LHCII is the major antenna complex of plants and algae, where it is involved in light harvesting and photoprotection. Its properties have been extensively studied in vitro, after isolation of the pigment-protein complex from the membranes, but are these properties representative for LHCII in the thylakoid membrane? In this work, we have studied LHCII in the cells of the green alga C. reinhardtii acclimated to different light conditions in the absence of the other components of the photosynthetic apparatus. We show that LHCII exists in the membranes in different fluorescence quenching states, all having a shorter excited-state lifetime than isolated LHCII in detergent. The ratio between these populations depends on the light conditions, indicating that the light is able to regulate the properties of the complexes in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emine Dinc
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Biogenesis of light harvesting proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:861-71. [PMID: 25687893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The LHC family includes nuclear-encoded, integral thylakoid membrane proteins, most of which coordinate chlorophyll and xanthophyll chromophores. By assembling with the core complexes of both photosystems, LHCs form a flexible peripheral moiety for enhancing light-harvesting cross-section, regulating its efficiency and providing protection against photo-oxidative stress. Upon its first appearance, LHC proteins underwent evolutionary diversification into a large protein family with a complex genetic redundancy. Such differentiation appears as a crucial event in the adaptation of photosynthetic organisms to changing environmental conditions and land colonization. The structure of photosystems, including nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded subunits, presented the cell with a number of challenges for the control of the light harvesting function. Indeed, LHC-encoding messages are translated in the cytosol, and pre-proteins imported into the chloroplast, processed to their mature size and targeted to the thylakoids where are assembled with chromophores. Thus, a tight coordination between nuclear and plastid gene expression, in response to environmental stimuli, is required to adjust LHC composition during photoacclimation. In recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved in elucidating structure, function and regulatory pathways involving LHCs; however, a number of molecular details still await elucidation. In this review, we will provide an overview on the current knowledge on LHC biogenesis, ranging from organization of pigment-protein complexes to the modulation of gene expression, import and targeting to the photosynthetic membranes, and regulation of LHC assembly and turnover. Genes controlling these events are potential candidate for biotechnological applications aimed at optimizing light use efficiency of photosynthetic organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast biogenesis.
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42
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Dall'Osto L, Ünlü C, Cazzaniga S, van Amerongen H. Disturbed excitation energy transfer in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking minor antenna complexes of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1981-1988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cazzaniga S, Dall’Osto L, Szaub J, Scibilia L, Ballottari M, Purton S, Bassi R. Domestication of the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana: reduction of antenna size improves light-use efficiency in a photobioreactor. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:157. [PMID: 25352913 PMCID: PMC4210543 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of biomass from microalgae for biofuel production is one of the key elements for the development of a sustainable and secure energy supply. Among the different microalgae, Chlorella species are of interest because of their high productivity, high lipid content, and resistance to the high light conditions typical of photobioreactors. However, the economic feasibility of growing algae at an industrial scale is yet to be realized, in part because of biological constraints that limit biomass yield. A key issue is the inefficient use of light due to uneven light distribution, and the dissipation of excess absorbed light as heat. The successful implementation of biofuel production facilities requires the development of algal strains with enhanced light use efficiency in photobioreactors. Such domestication strategies include decreasing the absorption cross section in order to enhance light penetration, increasing the size of metabolic sinks per chlorophyll and minimizing feedback energy dissipation. RESULTS In this work we applied random mutagenesis and phenotypic selection to the thermotolerant, fast-growing Chlorella species, C. sorokiniana. Truncated antenna mutants (TAMs) were selected that exhibited a lower fluorescence yield than the wild-type (WT) strain. Six putatively interesting mutants were selected by high throughput fluorescence video imaging, two of which, TAM-2 and TAM-4, were found to have approximately half the chlorophyll content per cell and LHCII complement per PSII with respect to the WT. In batch culture, TAM-2 showed an increased photon use efficiency, yielding a higher Pmax at saturating irradiances with respect to the WT. Cultivation of TAM-2 in both laboratory-scale and outdoor photobioreactors showed higher productivity than WT, with a 30% higher biomass yield in dense cell suspensions typical of industrial photobioreactors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that generation of mutants with low chlorophyll content can significantly improve the light-to-biomass conversion efficiency of C. sorokiniana under mass culture conditions. However, owing to the lack of sexual reproduction in this species, the presence of additional mutations might affect growth rate, suggesting that selection should include evaluation of multiple independent mutants for each desired phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cazzaniga
- />Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, 15-37134 Italy
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- />Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, 15-37134 Italy
| | - Joanna Szaub
- />Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Luca Scibilia
- />Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, 15-37134 Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- />Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, 15-37134 Italy
| | - Saul Purton
- />Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Roberto Bassi
- />Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, 15-37134 Italy
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Abstract
AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to compare the responses of a non-transgenic tobacco plant (WT) and plants with genetically prolonged life-span (SAG) to risk elements of As, Cd and Zn. Plants were grown in control soil and in soil with higher levels of risk elements. The pigment contents were established by HPLC and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured from slow kinetics after a 15 min dark period with the PAM fluorometer. Top (i.e. young) leaves of both WT and SAG plants were more sensitive to photoinhibition caused by these risk elements but plants showed acclimation to such elements in the bottom leaves. Plants differed in the participation of individual pigments of xanthophyll cycle: increased levels of risk elements seem to stimulate especially first (violaxanthin to antheraxanthin) and second (anhtheraxanthin to zeaxanthin) steps of the cycle in WT plants. In SAG plants, toxic elements caused an increase in the content, particularly of the initial compound of the cycle — violaxanthin.
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45
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Fusaro L, Mereu S, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Manes F, Salvatori E, Marzuoli R, Gerosa G, Tattini M. Photosynthetic performance and biochemical adjustments in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreens, Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo, differing in salt-exclusion ability. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:391-400. [PMID: 32480999 DOI: 10.1071/fp13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The responses to mild root zone salinity stress were investigated in two co-occurring Mediterranean woody evergreens, Quercus ilex L. and Arbutus unedo L., which differ in morpho-anatomical traits and strategies to cope with water deficit. The aim was to explore their strategies to allocate potentially toxic ions at organism level, and the consequential physiological and biochemical adjustments. Water and ionic relations, gas exchange and PSII performance, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, and the activity of antioxidant defences, were measured. Q. ilex displayed a greater capacity to exclude Na+ and Cl- from the leaf than A. unedo, in part as a consequence of greater reductions in transpiration rates. Salt-induced reductions in CO2 assimilation resulted in Q. ilex suffering from excess of light to a greater extent than A. unedo. Consistently, in Q. ilex effective mechanisms of nonphotochemical quenching, also sustained by the lutein epoxide-lutein cycle, operated in response to salinity stress. Q. ilex also displayed a superior capacity to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) than A. unedo. Our data suggest that the ability to exclude salt from actively growing shoot organs depends on the metabolic cost of sustaining leaf construction, i.e. species-specific leaf life-span, and the relative strategies to cope with salt-induced water stress. We discuss how contrasting abilities to restrict the entry and transport of salt in sensitive organs relates with species-specific salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fusaro
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Mereu
- Department of Science for Nature and Environmental Resources (DipNET), University of Sassari, Piazza Università 21 - 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Di Ferdinando
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Fausto Manes
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salvatori
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematic and Physic, Catholic University of Brescia, Via Musei 41 - 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Department of Mathematic and Physic, Catholic University of Brescia, Via Musei 41 - 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- The National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50 019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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46
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Havaux M, García-Plazaola JI. Beyond Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching: The Overlapping Antioxidant Functions of Zeaxanthin and Tocopherols. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Non-Photochemical Quenching Mechanisms in Intact Organisms as Derived from Ultrafast-Fluorescence Kinetic Studies. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Cazzaniga S, Dall' Osto L, Kong SG, Wada M, Bassi R. Interaction between avoidance of photon absorption, excess energy dissipation and zeaxanthin synthesis against photooxidative stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:568-79. [PMID: 24033721 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved photoprotective mechanisms in order to counteract the damaging effects of excess light in oxygenic environments. Among them, chloroplast avoidance and non-photochemical quenching concur in reducing the concentration of chlorophyll excited states in the photosynthetic apparatus to avoid photooxidation. We evaluated their relative importance in regulating excitation pressure on photosystem II. To this aim, genotypes were constructed carrying mutations impairing the chloroplast avoidance response (phot2) as well as mutations affecting the biosynthesis of the photoprotective xanthophyll zeaxanthin (npq1) or the activation of non-photochemical quenching (npq4), followed by evaluation of their photosensitivity in vivo. Suppression of avoidance response resulted in oxidative stress under excess light at low temperature, while removing either zeaxanthin or PsbS had a milder effect. The double mutants phot2 npq1 and phot2 npq4 showed the highest sensitivity to photooxidative stress, indicating that xanthophyll cycle and qE have additive effects over the avoidance response. The interactions between non-photochemical quenching and avoidance responses were studied by analyzing the kinetics of fluorescence decay and recovery at different light intensities. phot2 fluorescence decay lacked a component, here named as qM. This kinetic component linearly correlated with the leaf transmittance changes due to chloroplast relocation induced by white light and was absent when red light was used as actinic source. On these basis we conclude that a decrease in leaf optical density affects the apparent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) rise kinetic. Thus, excess light-induced fluorescence decrease is in part due to avoidance of photon absorption rather than to a genuine quenching process.
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Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B. Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:539-61. [PMID: 23896007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids (CARs) are a group of pigments that perform several important physiological functions in all kingdoms of living organisms. CARs serve as protective agents, which are essential structural components of photosynthetic complexes and membranes, and they play an important role in the light harvesting mechanism of photosynthesizing plants and cyanobacteria. The protection against reactive oxygen species, realized by quenching of singlet oxygen and the excited states of photosensitizing molecules, as well as by the scavenging of free radicals, is one of the main biological functions of CARs. X-ray crystallographic localization of CARs revealed that they are present at functionally and structurally important sites of both the PSI and PSII reaction centers. Characterization of a CAR-less cyanobacterial mutant revealed that while the absence of CARs prevents the formation of PSII complexes, it does not abolish the assembly and function of PSI. CAR molecules assist in the formation of protein subunits of the photosynthetic complexes by gluing together their protein components. In addition to their aforementioned indispensable functions, CARs have a substantial role in the formation and maintenance of proper cellular architecture, and potentially also in the protection of the translational machinery under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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50
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Demmig-Adams B, Adams RB. Eye nutrition in context: mechanisms, implementation, and future directions. Nutrients 2013; 5:2483-501. [PMID: 23857222 PMCID: PMC3738983 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid-based visual cues and roles of carotenoids in human vision are reviewed, with an emphasis on protection by zeaxanthin and lutein against vision loss, and dietary sources of zeaxanthin and lutein are summarized. In addition, attention is given to synergistic interactions of zeaxanthin and lutein with other dietary factors affecting human vision (such as antioxidant vitamins, phenolics, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids) and the emerging mechanisms of these interactions. Emphasis is given to lipid oxidation products serving as messengers with functions in gene regulation. Lastly, the photo-physics of light collection and photoprotection in photosynthesis and vision are compared and their common principles identified as possible targets of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.
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