1
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Zhao S, Zhang T, Kan Y, Li H, Li JP. Overview of the current procedures in synthesis of heparin saccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122220. [PMID: 38823902 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural heparin, a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating hexuronic acid and glucosamine linked by 1 → 4 glycosidic bonds, is the most widely used anticoagulant. To subvert the dependence on animal sourced heparin, alternative methods to produce heparin saccharides, i.e., either heterogenous sugar chains similar to natural heparin, or structurally defined oligosaccharides, are becoming hot subjects. Although the success by chemical synthesis of the pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, encourages to proceed through a chemical approach generating homogenous product, synthesizing larger oligos is still cumbersome and beyond reach so far. Alternatively, the chemoenzymatic pathway exhibited exquisite stereoselectivity of glycosylation and regioselectivity of modification, with the advantage to skip the tedious protection steps unavoidable in chemical synthesis. However, to a scale of drug production needed today is still not in sight. In comparison, a procedure of de novo biosynthesis in an organism could be an ultimate goal. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the current available/developing strategies and techniques, which is expected to provide a comprehensive picture for production of heparin saccharides to replenish or eventually to replace the animal derived products. In chemical and chemoenzymatic approaches, the methodologies are discussed according to the synthesis procedures: building block preparation, chain elongation, and backbone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Mistry R, Byrne DP, Starns D, Barsukov IL, Yates EA, Fernig DG. Polysaccharide sulfotransferases: the identification of putative sequences and respective functional characterisation. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230094. [PMID: 38712401 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The vast structural diversity of sulfated polysaccharides demands an equally diverse array of enzymes known as polysaccharide sulfotransferases (PSTs). PSTs are present across all kingdoms of life, including algae, fungi and archaea, and their sulfation pathways are relatively unexplored. Sulfated polysaccharides possess anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and anti-cancer properties and have great therapeutic potential. Current identification of PSTs using Pfam has been predominantly focused on the identification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfotransferases because of their pivotal roles in cell communication, extracellular matrix formation and coagulation. As a result, our knowledge of non-GAG PSTs structure and function remains limited. The major sulfotransferase families, Sulfotransfer_1 and Sulfotransfer_2, display broad homology and should enable the capture of a wide assortment of sulfotransferases but are limited in non-GAG PST sequence annotation. In addition, sequence annotation is further restricted by the paucity of biochemical analyses of PSTs. There are now high-throughput and robust assays for sulfotransferases such as colorimetric PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) coupled assays, Europium-based fluorescent probes for ratiometric PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate) detection, and NMR methods for activity and product analysis. These techniques provide real-time and direct measurements to enhance the functional annotation and subsequent analysis of sulfated polysaccharides across the tree of life to improve putative PST identification and characterisation of function. Improved annotation and biochemical analysis of PST sequences will enhance the utility of PSTs across biomedical and biotechnological sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina Mistry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - David Starns
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Igor L Barsukov
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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3
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He P, Zhang X, Xia K, Green DE, Baytas S, Xu Y, Pham T, Liu J, Zhang F, Almond A, Linhardt RJ, DeAngelis PL. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sulfur-linked sugar polymers as heparanase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7438. [PMID: 36460670 PMCID: PMC9718760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates (glycans) are major players in all organisms due to their structural, energy, and communication roles. This last essential role involves interacting and/or signaling through a plethora of glycan-binding proteins. The design and synthesis of glycans as potential drug candidates that selectively alter or perturb metabolic processes is challenging. Here we describe the first reported sulfur-linked polysaccharides with potentially altered conformational state(s) that are recalcitrant to digestion by heparanase, an enzyme important in human health and disease. An artificial sugar donor with a sulfhydryl functionality is synthesized and enzymatically incorporated into polysaccharide chains utilizing heparosan synthase. Used alone, this donor adds a single thio-sugar onto the termini of nascent chains. Surprisingly, in chain co-polymerization reactions with a second donor, this thiol-terminated heparosan also serves as an acceptor to form an unnatural thio-glycosidic bond ('S-link') between sugar residues in place of a natural 'O-linked' bond. S-linked heparan sulfate analogs are not cleaved by human heparanase. Furthermore, the analogs act as competitive inhibitors with > ~200-fold higher potency than expected; as a rationale, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that the S-link polymer conformations mimic aspects of the transition state. Our analogs form the basis for future cancer therapeutics and modulators of protein/sugar interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sultan Baytas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Truong Pham
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Andrew Almond
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1, 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.
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4
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Sun L, Chopra P, Boons G. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides having a Domain Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211112. [PMID: 36148891 PMCID: PMC9828060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has a domain structure in which regions that are modified by epimerization and sulfonation (NS domains) are interspersed by unmodified fragments (NA domains). There is data to support that domain organization of HS can regulate binding of proteins, however, such model has been difficult to probe. Here, we report a chemoenzymatic methodology that can provide HS oligosaccharides composed of two or more NS domains separated by NA domains of different length. It is based on the chemical synthesis of a HS oligosaccharide that enzymatically was extended by various GlcA-GlcNAc units and terminated in GlcNAc having an azido moiety at C-6 position. HS oligosaccharides having an azide and alkyne moiety could be assembled by copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition to give compounds having various NS domains separated by unsulfonated regions. Competition binding studies showed that the length of an NA domain modulates the binding of the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands,Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrecht (TheNetherlands,Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
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5
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Pedersen LC, Yi M, Pedersen LG, Kaminski AM. From Steroid and Drug Metabolism to Glycobiology, Using Sulfotransferase Structures to Understand and Tailor Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1027-1041. [PMID: 35197313 PMCID: PMC10753775 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes that transfer a sulfo group from the universal cofactor donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a broad range of acceptor substrates. In humans, the cytosolic sulfotransferases are involved in the sulfation of endogenous compounds such as steroids, neurotransmitters, hormones, and bile acids as well as xenobiotics including drugs, toxins, and environmental chemicals. The Golgi associated membrane-bound sulfotransferases are involved in post-translational modification of macromolecules from glycosaminoglycans to proteins. The sulfation of small molecules can have profound biologic effects on the functionality of the acceptor, including activation, deactivation, or enhanced metabolism and elimination. Sulfation of macromolecules has been shown to regulate a number of physiologic and pathophysiological pathways by enhancing binding affinity to regulatory proteins or binding partners. Over the last 25 years, crystal structures of these enzymes have provided a wealth of information on the mechanisms of this process and the specificity of these enzymes. This review will focus on the general commonalities of the sulfotransferases, from enzyme structure to catalytic mechanism as well as providing examples into how structural information is being used to either design drugs that inhibit sulfotransferases or to modify the enzymes to improve drug synthesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript honors Dr. Masahiko Negishi's contribution to the understanding of sulfotransferase mechanism, specificity, and roles in biology by analyzing the crystal structures that have been solved over the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - MyeongJin Yi
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - Lee G Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - Andrea M Kaminski
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
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6
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Yu Y, Fu L, He P, Xia K, Varghese S, Wang H, Zhang F, Dordick J, Linhardt RJ. Chemobiocatalytic Synthesis of a Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:637-646. [PMID: 35201757 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparin products are widely used clinical anticoagulants essential in the practice of modern medicine. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are currently prepared by the controlled chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparins (UFHs) that are extracted from animal tissues. In many clinical applications, LMWHs have displaced UFHs and currently comprise over 60% of the heparin market. In the past, our laboratory has made extensive efforts to prepare bioengineered UFHs relying on a chemoenzymatic process to address concerns about animal-sourced UFHs. The current study describes the use of a novel chemoenzymatic process to prepare a chemobiosynthetic LMWH from a low-molecular-weight heparosan. The resulting chemobiocatalytic LMWH matches most of the United States pharmacopeial specifications for enoxaparin, a LMWH prepared through the base-catalyzed depolymerization of animal-derived UFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sony Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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7
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Dulaney SB, Huang X. Strategies in Synthesis of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides: 2000-Present. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2021; 80:121-164. [PMID: 34872655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate are members of the glycosaminoglycan family that are involved in a multitude of biological processes. The great interests in the anticoagulant properties of heparin have stimulated major advances in synthetic strategies toward clinically effective analogues, as demonstrated importantly by the approval of the fully synthetic pentasaccharide fragment, termed fondaparinux (Arixtra®), of the heparin macromolecule for treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. Given the highly complex nature of heparin and heparan sulfate, the chemical synthesis of their components is a challenging endeavor. In the past decade, multiple approaches have been developed to improve the overall synthetic efficiency. New strategies have emerged that can generate libraries of oligosaccharide components of heparin and heparan sulfate. This article discusses recent developments in the assembly of heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharides and the associated challenges in their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Dulaney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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8
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Mital S, Christie G, Dikicioglu D. Recombinant expression of insoluble enzymes in Escherichia coli: a systematic review of experimental design and its manufacturing implications. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:208. [PMID: 34717620 PMCID: PMC8557517 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant enzyme expression in Escherichia coli is one of the most popular methods to produce bulk concentrations of protein product. However, this method is often limited by the inadvertent formation of inclusion bodies. Our analysis systematically reviews literature from 2010 to 2021 and details the methods and strategies researchers have utilized for expression of difficult to express (DtE), industrially relevant recombinant enzymes in E. coli expression strains. Our review identifies an absence of a coherent strategy with disparate practices being used to promote solubility. We discuss the potential to approach recombinant expression systematically, with the aid of modern bioinformatics, modelling, and ‘omics’ based systems-level analysis techniques to provide a structured, holistic approach. Our analysis also identifies potential gaps in the methods used to report metadata in publications and the impact on the reproducibility and growth of the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Mital
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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9
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Li X, Yu Y, Tang J, Gong B, Li W, Chen T, Zhou X. The construction of a dual-functional strain that produces both polysaccharides and sulfotransferases. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1831-1844. [PMID: 34176028 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heparosan is used as the starting polysaccharide sulfated using sulfotransferase to generate fully elaborate heparin, a widely used clinical drug. However, the preparation of heparosan and enzymes was considered tedious since such material must be prepared in separate fermentation batches. In this study, a commonly admitted probiotic, Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN), was engineered to intracellularly express sulfotransferases and, simultaneously, secreting heparosan into the culture medium. RESULTS The engineered strain EcN::T7M, carrying the λDE3 region of BL21(DE3) encoding T7 RNA polymerase, expressed the sulfotransferase domain (NST) of human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST-1) and the catalytic domain of mouse 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (3-OST-1) in a flask. The fed-batch fermentation of EcN::T7M carrying the plasmid expressing NST was carried out, which brought the yield of NST to 0.21 g/L and the yield of heparosan to 0.85 g/L, respectively. Furthermore, the heparosan was purified, characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and sulfated by NST using 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfo donor. The analysis of element composition showed that over 80% of disaccharide repeats of heparosan were N-sulfated. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that EcN::T7M is capable of preparing sulfotransferase and heparosan at the same time. The EcN::T7M strain is also a suitable host for expressing exogenous proteins driven by tac promoter and T7 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yanying Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Bingxue Gong
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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10
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Wang Z, Arnold K, Dhurandhare VM, Xu Y, Liu J. Investigation of the biological functions of heparan sulfate using a chemoenzymatic synthetic approach. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:702-712. [PMID: 34179782 PMCID: PMC8190904 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide playing essential physiological and pathophysiological roles in the animal kingdom. Heparin, a highly sulfated form of HS, is a widely used anticoagulant drug. Isolated from biological sources, both heparin and HS are polysaccharide mixtures with different sugar chain lengths and sulfation patterns. Structural heterogeneity of HS complicates the investigation of HS-related biological activities. The availability of structurally defined HS oligosaccharides is critical in understanding the contribution of saccharide structures to the functions. The chemoenzymatic synthetic approach is emerging as a cost-effective method to synthesize HS oligosaccharides. Structurally defined oligosaccharides are now widely available for biologists. This review summarizes our efforts in using this new synthetic method to develop new anticoagulant therapeutics and discover the role of HS to protect liver damage under pathological conditions. The synthetic method also allows us to prepare reference saccharide standards to improve structural analysis of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Katelyn Arnold
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Vijay Manohar Dhurandhare
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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11
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Baytas SN, Linhardt RJ. Advances in the preparation and synthesis of heparin and related products. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2095-2109. [PMID: 32947045 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan from livestock, principally porcine intestine, and is clinically used as an anticoagulant drug. A limitation to heparin production is that it depends on a single animal species and potential problems have been associated with animal-derived heparin. The contamination crisis in 2008 led to a search for new animal sources and the investigation of non-animal sources of heparin. Over the past 5 years, new animal sources, chemical, and chemoenzymatic methods have been introduced to prepare heparin-based drugs. In this review, we describe advances in the preparation and synthesis of heparin and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N Baytas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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12
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Horton M, Su G, Yi L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Zhang F, Zaharoff DA, Pearce K, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction of heparan sulfate microarray for investigating the binding of specific saccharide sequences to proteins. Glycobiology 2020; 31:188-199. [PMID: 32681173 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a heterogeneous, extracellular glycan that interacts with proteins and other molecules affecting many biological processes. The specific binding motifs of HS interactions are of interest, but have not been extensively characterized. Glycan microarrays are valuable tools that can be used to probe the interactions between glycans and their ligands while relying on relatively small amounts of samples. Recently, chemoenzymatic synthesis of HS has been employed to produce specific HS structures that can otherwise be difficult to produce. In this study, a microarray of diverse chemoenzymatically synthesized HS structures was developed and HS interactions were characterized. Fluorescently labeled antithrombin III (AT) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) were screened against 95 different HS structures under three different printing concentrations to confirm the utility of this microarray. Specific sulfation patterns were found to be important for binding to these proteins and results are consistent with previous specificity studies. Furthermore, the binding affinities (KD,surf) of AT and FGF2 to multiple HS structures were determined using a microarray technique and is consistent with previous reports. Lastly, the 95-compound HS microarray was used to determine the distinct binding profiles for interleukin 12 and platelet factor 4. This technique is ideal for rapid expansion and will be pivotal to the high-throughput characterization of biologically important structure/function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Horton
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lin Yi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ken Pearce
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Datta P, Fu L, He W, Koffas MAG, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Expression of enzymes for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) biosynthesis and their preparation for PAPS synthesis and regeneration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7067-7078. [PMID: 32601738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfated polysaccharides involves the sulfation of simpler polysaccharide substrates, through the action sulfotransferases using the cofactor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Three enzymes are essential for the in vitro synthesis of PAPS, namely, pyrophosphatase (PPA), adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK), and ATP sulfurylase (ATPS). The optimized enzyme expression ratio and effect on PAPS synthesis were evaluated using ePathBrick, a novel synthetic biology tool that assemble multiple genes in a single vector. The introduction of multiple promoters and stop codons at different location enable the bacterial system to fine tune expression level of the genes inserted. Recombinant vectors expressing PPA (U39393.1), ATPS (CP021243.1), and PPA (CP047127.1) were used for fermentations and resulted in volumetric yields of 400-1380 mg/L with accumulation of 34-66% in the soluble fraction. The enzymes from soluble fraction, without any further purification, were used for PAPS synthesis. The PAPS was used for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a heparan sulfate polysaccharide and coupled with a PAPS-ASTIV regeneration system. ASTIV catalyzes the regeneration of PAPS. A recombinant vector expressing the enzyme ASTIV (from Rattus norvegicus) was used for fermentations and resulted in volumetric yield of 1153 mg/L enzyme with accumulation of 48% in the soluble fraction. In conclusion, we have successfully utilized a metabolic engineering approach to optimize the overall PAPS synthesis productivity. In addition, we have demonstrated that the ePathBrick system could be applied towards study and improvement of enzymatic synthesis conditions. In parallel, we have successfully demonstrated an autoinduction microbial fermentation towards the production of mammalian enzyme (ASTIV). KEY POINTS : • ePathBrick used to optimize expression levels of enzymes. • Protocols have been used for the production of recombinant enzymes. • High cell density fed-batch fermentations with high yields of soluble enzymes. • Robust fermentation protocol successfully transferred to contract manufacturing and research facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Wenqin He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - M A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - J S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - R J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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14
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of ultralow and low-molecular weight heparins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Li Y, Yu F, Liu Y, Liang Q, Huang Y, Xiang Q, Zhang Q, Su Z, Yang Y, Zhao Y. Sulfonated chitosan oligosaccharide alleviates the inhibitory effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Periodontol 2020; 91:975-985. [PMID: 31573683 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play an essential role in periodontal tissue repair. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been used in the clinical treatment of periodontal disease. However, studies have shown that bFGF inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, which is not conducive to alveolar bone repair. Sulfonated chitosan oligosaccharide (SCOS), a heparan-like compound, can maintain the conformation of bFGF and promote its proliferation activity. This study investigated the effects of bFGF in combination with SCOS on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. METHODS hPDLSCs were isolated from healthy human periodontal ligament and identified by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The affinity between SCOS and bFGF was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance. Changes in osteogenic differentiation by combination of bFGF with SCOS were analyzed by alkaline phosphatase activity assay, Sirius Red staining, and Alizarin Red staining. Expression of genes and proteins was investigated by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. RESULTS Extracted hPDLSCs were mesenchymal stem cells with pluripotent differentiation potential. SCOS exhibited an affinity for bFGF. bFGF (20 ng/mL) promoted the proliferation of hPDLSCs, but inhibited their osteogenic differentiation. SCOS alleviated the inhibitory effect of bFGF on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. CONCLUSIONS SCOS can reduce the inhibitory effect of bFGF on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. This study provides evidence for the clinical use of bFGF to repair periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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16
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Groux-Degroote S, Cavdarli S, Uchimura K, Allain F, Delannoy P. Glycosylation changes in inflammatory diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:111-156. [PMID: 31997767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important modifications of proteins and lipids, and cell surface glycoconjugates are thought to play important roles in a variety of biological functions including cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, bacterial adhesion, cell immunogenicity and cell signaling. Alterations of glycosylation are observed in a number of inflammatory diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to modulate cell surface glycosylation by regulating the expression of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan chains, inducing the expression of specific carbohydrate antigens at the cell surface that can be recognized by different types of lectins or by bacterial adhesins, contributing to the development of diseases. Glycosylation can also regulate biological functions of immune cells by recruiting leukocytes to inflammation sites with pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Cell surface proteoglycans provide a large panel of binding sites for many mediators of inflammation, and regulate their bio-availability and functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the glycosylation changes occurring in mucin type O-linked glycans, glycosaminoglycans, as well as in glycosphingolipids, with a particular focus on cystic fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases, and their consequences on cell interactions and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Groux-Degroote
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sumeyye Cavdarli
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
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17
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Denys A, Allain F. The Emerging Roles of Heparan Sulfate 3- O-Sulfotransferases in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:507. [PMID: 31249810 PMCID: PMC6582251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the expression of heparan sulfate (HS)-modifying enzymes has been frequently observed in cancer. Consequently, dysregulation of the HS biosynthetic machinery results in dramatic changes in the HS structure, thereby impacting a range of pivotal cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression including proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and immune escape. HS 3-O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs) catalyse the maturation step of glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfation within HS chains. Although seven HS3ST isozymes have been described in human, 3-O-sulfation is a rare modification and only a few biological processes have been described to be influenced by 3-O-sulfated HS. An aberrant expression of HS3STs has been reported in a variety of cancers. Thus, it was suggested that changes in the expression of these enzymes as a result of tumorigenesis or tumor growth may critically influence cancer cell behavior. In accordance with this assumption, a number of studies have documented the epigenetic repression of HS3ST2 and HS3ST3A in many cancers. However, the situation is not so clear, and there is accumulating evidence that HS3ST2, HS3ST3A, HS3ST3B, and HS3ST4 may also act as tumor-promoting enzymes in a number of cancer cells depending on their phenotypes and molecular signatures. In this mini-review, we focus on the recent insights regarding the abnormal expression of HS3STs in cancer and discuss the functional consequences on tumor cell behavior. In term of clinical outcome, further investigations are needed to explore the potential value of HS3STs and/or their 3-O-sulfated products as targets for therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Denys
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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18
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Qiu L, Shan X, Long M, Ahmed KS, Zhao L, Mao J, Zhang H, Sun C, You C, Lv G, Chen J. Elucidation of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of heparosan polysaccharide-based micelles in various cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:755-764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Liu Y, Yu F, Zhang B, Zhou M, Bei Y, Zhang Y, Tang J, Yang Y, Huang Y, Xiang Q, Zhao Y, Liang Q, Liu Y. Improving the protective effects of aFGF for peripheral nerve injury repair using sulfated chitooligosaccharides. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:511-520. [PMID: 32104478 PMCID: PMC7032102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral nerves can result in temporary or life-long neuronal dysfunction and subsequent economic or social disability. Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) promotes the growth and survival of neurons and is a possible treatment for peripheral nerve injury. Yet, the actual therapeutic utility of aFGF is limited by its short half-life and instability in vivo. In the present study, we prepared sulfated chitooligosaccharides (SCOS), which have heparin-like properties, to improve the bioactivity of aFGF. We investigated the protective effects of SCOS with or without aFGF on RSC96 cells exposed to Na2S2O4 hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and cytotoxicity induced by Na2S2O4 was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium. Pretreatment with aFGF and SCOS dramatically decreased LDH release after injury compared to pretreatment with aFGF or SCOS alone. We subsequently prepared an aFGF/SCOS thermo-sensitive hydrogel with poloxamer and examined its effects in vivo. Paw withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were measured in rats with sciatic nerve injury. Local injection of the aFGF/SCOS hydrogels (aFGF: 40, 80 µg/kg) increased the efficiency of sciatic nerve repair compared to aFGF (80 µg/kg) hydrogel alone. Especially aFGF/SCOS thermo-sensitive hydrogel decreased paw withdrawal thresholds from 117.75 ± 8.38 (g, 4 d) to 65.74 ± 3.39 (g, 10 d), but aFGF alone group were 140.58 ± 27.54 (g, 4 d) to 89.12 ± 5.60 (g, 10 d) (aFGF dose was 80 µg/kg, P < 0.05, n = 8). The thermal withdrawal latencies decreased from 11.61 ± 2.26 (s, 4 d) to 2.37 ±0.67 (s, 10 d). However, aFGF alone group were from 17.69 ± 1.47 (s, 4 d) to 4.65 ± 1.73 (s, 10 d) (P < 0.05, n = 8). Furthermore, the aFGF/SCOS hydrogels also exhibited good biocompatibility in mice. In summary, SCOS improved the protective effects of aFGF in RSC96 cells injured with Na2S2O4 and increased the efficiency of nerve repair and recovery of function in rats with sciatic nerve injury. These findings pave an avenue for the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fenglin Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Bei
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianzhong Tang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yueping Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qian Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou 510632, China
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20
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Characterization of heparan sulfate N -deacetylase/ N -sulfotransferase isoform 4 using synthetic oligosaccharide substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:547-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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An C, Zhao L, Wei Z, Zhou X. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate coupling with an ATP regeneration system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7535-7544. [PMID: 28920175 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the obligate cosubstrate and source of the sulfonate group in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, a commonly used anticoagulant drug. Previously, using ATP as the substrate, we had developed a one-pot synthesis to prepare PAPS with 47% ATP conversion efficiency. During the reaction, 47% of ATP was converted into the by-product, ADP. Here, to increase the conversion ratio of ATP to PAPS, an ATP regeneration system was developed to couple with PAPS synthesis. In the ATP regeneration system, the chemical compound, monopotassium phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP-K+), was synthesized and used as the phospho-donor. By using 3-bromopyruvic acid as the starting material, the total yield of PEP-K+ synthesis was over 50% at low cost. Then, the enzyme PykA from Escherichia coli was overexpressed, purified, and used to convert the by-product ADP into ATP. When coupled the ATP regeneration system with PAPS synthesis, the higher ratio of PEP-K+ to ADP was associated with higher ATP conversion efficiency. By using the ATP regeneration system, the conversion ratio of ATP to PAPS was increased to 98% as determined by PAMN-HPLC analysis, and 5 g of PAPS was produced in 1 L of the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the chemoenzymatic synthesized PAPS was purified and freeze-dried without observed decomposition. However, the powdery PAPS was more unstable than the PAPS sodium salt in aqueous solution at ambient temperature. This developed chemoenzymatic approach of PAPS production will contribute to the synthesis of heparin, in which PAPS is necessary as the individual sulfo-donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying An
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhaojun Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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22
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Xu Y, Chandarajoti K, Zhang X, Pagadala V, Dou W, Hoppensteadt DM, Sparkenbaugh EM, Cooley B, Daily S, Key NS, Severynse-Stevens D, Fareed J, Linhardt RJ, Pawlinski R, Liu J. Synthetic oligosaccharides can replace animal-sourced low-molecular weight heparins. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaan5954. [PMID: 28878012 PMCID: PMC6231235 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is used clinically to treat clotting disorders. As an animal-sourced product, LMWH is a highly heterogeneous mixture, and its anticoagulant activity is not fully reversible by protamine. Furthermore, the reliability of the LMWH supply chain is a concern for regulatory agencies. We demonstrate the synthesis of heparin dodecasaccharides (12-mers) at the gram scale. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the anticoagulant activity of the 12-mers could be reversed using protamine. One of these, labeled as 12-mer-1, reduced the size of blood clots in the mouse model of deep vein thrombosis and attenuated circulating procoagulant markers in the mouse model of sickle cell disease. An ex vivo experiment demonstrates that the anticoagulant activity of 12-mer-1 could be reversed by protamine. 12-mer-1 was also examined in a nonhuman primate model to determine its pharmacodynamic parameters. A 7-day toxicity study in a rat model showed no toxic effects. The data suggest that a synthetic homogeneous oligosaccharide can replace animal-sourced LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kasemsiri Chandarajoti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Vijayakanth Pagadala
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wenfang Dou
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Erica M Sparkenbaugh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sharon Daily
- Center for Global Health, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60660, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are long, linear polysaccharides that are made up of alternating dissacharide sequences of sulfated uronic acid and amino sugars. Unlike heparin, which is only found in mast cells, heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These negatively-charged glycans play essential roles in important cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion, angiogenesis, and blood coagulation. These biomolecules are also involved in pathophysiological conditions such as pathogen infection and human disease. This review discusses past and current methods for targeting these complex biomolecules as a novel therapeutic strategy to treating disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Weiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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24
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Wang Z, Hsieh PH, Xu Y, Thieker D, Chai EJE, Xie S, Cooley B, Woods RJ, Chi L, Liu J. Synthesis of 3-O-Sulfated Oligosaccharides to Understand the Relationship between Structures and Functions of Heparan Sulfate. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5249-5256. [PMID: 28340300 PMCID: PMC5624809 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The sulfation at the 3-OH position of glucosamine is an important modification in forming structural domains for heparan sulfate to enable its biological functions. Seven 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms in the human genome are involved in the biosynthesis of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate. As a rare modification present in heparan sulfate, the availability of 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides is very limited. Here, we report the use of a chemoenzymatic synthetic approach to synthesize six 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides, including three hexasaccharides and three octasaccharides. The synthesis was achieved by rearranging the enzymatic modification sequence to accommodate the substrate specificity of 3-O-sulfotransferase 3. We studied the impact of 3-O-sulfation on the conformation of the pyranose ring of 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid using NMR, and on the correlation between ring conformation and anticoagulant activity. We identified a novel octasaccharide that interacts with antithrombin and displays anti factor Xa activity. Interestingly, the octasaccharide displays a faster clearance rate than fondaparinux, an FDA-approved pentasaccharide drug, in a rat model, making this octasaccharide a potential short-acting anticoagulant drug candidate that could reduce bleeding risk. Having access to a set of critically important 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides offers the potential to develop new heparan sulfate-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Thieker
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Evangeline Juan En Chai
- School of Pharmacy, University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoshuai Xie
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Schultz V, Suflita M, Liu X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li L, Green DE, Xu Y, Zhang F, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Heparan Sulfate Domains Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 and 2 Signaling through Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1c. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2495-2509. [PMID: 28031461 PMCID: PMC5313116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A small library of well defined heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides was chemoenzymatically synthesized and used for a detailed structure-activity study of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and FGF2 signaling through FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c. The HS polysaccharide tested contained both undersulfated (NA) domains and highly sulfated (NS) domains as well as very well defined non-reducing termini. This study examines differences in the HS selectivity of the positive canyons of the FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 HS binding sites of the symmetric FGF2-FGFR2-HS2 signal transduction complex. The results suggest that FGF12-FGFR1c2 binding site prefers a longer NS domain at the non-reducing terminus than FGF22-FGFR1c2 In addition, FGF22-FGFR1c2 can tolerate an HS chain having an N-acetylglucosamine residue at its non-reducing end. These results clearly demonstrate the different specificity of FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 for well defined HS structures and suggest that it is now possible to chemoenzymatically synthesize precise HS polysaccharides that can selectively mediate growth factor signaling. These HS polysaccharides might be useful in both understanding and controlling the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in stem cell therapies, wound healing, and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyue Liu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Xing Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Yanlei Yu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Lingyun Li
- the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Dixy E Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Fuming Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Jian Liu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
- Biology
- Biomedical Engineering, and
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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26
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Li Y, Sun C, Yates EA, Jiang C, Wilkinson MC, Fernig DG. Heparin binding preference and structures in the fibroblast growth factor family parallel their evolutionary diversification. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.150275. [PMID: 27030175 PMCID: PMC4821243 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of a large number of extracellular proteins with heparan sulfate (HS) regulates their transport and effector functions, but the degree of molecular specificity underlying protein–polysaccharide binding is still debated. The 15 paracrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are one of the paradigms for this interaction. Here, we measure the binding preferences of six FGFs (FGF3, FGF4, FGF6, FGF10, FGF17, FGF20) for a library of modified heparins, representing structures in HS, and model glycosaminoglycans, using differential scanning fluorimetry. This is complemented by the identification of the lysine residues in the primary and secondary binding sites of the FGFs by a selective labelling approach. Pooling these data with previous sets provides good coverage of the FGF phylogenetic tree, deduced from amino acid sequence alignment. This demonstrates that the selectivity of the FGFs for binding structures in sulfated polysaccharides and the pattern of secondary binding sites on the surface of FGFs follow the phylogenetic relationship of the FGFs, and so are likely to be the result of the natural selection pressures that led to the expansion of the FGF family in the course of the evolution of more complex animal body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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27
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Li X, Qi C, Wei P, Huang L, Cai J, Xu Z. Efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of uridine 5'-diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine and uridine 5'-diphosphate N-trifluoacetyl glucosamine with three recombinant enzymes. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:852-859. [PMID: 27220687 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1188315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is a natural UDP-monosaccharide donor for bacterial glycosyltransferases, while uridine 5'-diphosphate N-trifluoacetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNTFA) is its synthetic mimic. The chemoenzymatic synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcNTFA was attempted by three recombinant enzymes. Recombinant N-acetylhexosamine 1-kinase was used to produce GlcNAc/GlcNTFA-1-phosphate from GlcNAc/GlcNTFA. N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase from Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 was used to produce UDP-GlcNAc/GlcNTFA from GlcNAc/GlcNTFA-1-phosphate. Inorganic pyrophosphatase from E. coli K12 MG1655 was used to hydrolyze pyrophosphate to accelerate the reaction. The above enzymes were expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and purified, respectively, and finally mixed in one-pot bioreactor. The effects of reaction conditions on the production of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcNTFA were characterized. To avoid the substrate inhibition effect on the production of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcNTFA, the reaction was performed with fed batch of substrate. Under the optimized conditions, high production of UDP-GlcNAc (59.51 g/L) and UDP-GlcNTFA (46.54 g/L) were achieved in this three-enzyme one-pot system. The present work is promising to develop an efficient scalable process for the supply of UDP-monosaccharide donors for oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- a Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Chen Qi
- a Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Peilian Wei
- b School of Biological and Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Science & Technology , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- a Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Jin Cai
- a Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- a Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
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28
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Huang H, Liu X, Lv S, Zhong W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Recombinant Escherichia coli K5 strain with the deletion of waaR gene decreases the molecular weight of the heparosan capsular polysaccharide. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7877-85. [PMID: 27079575 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparosan, the capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K5 having a carbohydrate backbone similar to that of heparin, has become a potential precursor for bioengineering heparin. In the heparosan biosynthesis pathway, the gene waaR encoding α-1-, 2- glycosyltransferase catalyze s the third glucosyl residues linking to the oligosaccharide chain. In the present study, a waaR deletion mutant of E. coli K5 was constructed. The mutant showed improvement of capsule polysaccharide yield. It is interesting that the heparosan molecular weight of the mutant is reduced and may become more suitable as a precursor for the production of low molecular weight heparin derived from the wild-type K5 capsular polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichan Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Shencong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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29
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Bao F, Yan H, Sun H, Yang P, Liu G, Zhou X. Hydrolysis of by-product adenosine diphosphate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate preparation using Nudix hydrolase NudJ. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10771-8. [PMID: 26293337 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the obligate cosubstrate and source of the sulfonate group in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, a clinically used anticoagulant drug. Previously, we have developed a method to synthesize PAPS with Escherichia coli crude extracts, which include three overexpressed enzymes and a fourth unidentified protein. The unknown protein degrades adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the by-product of PAPS synthesis reaction. To further understand and control the process of in vitro enzymatic PAPS synthesis, we decide to identify the fourth protein and develop a defined method to synthesize PAPS using purified enzymes. Here, we show that the purified Nudix hydrolase NudJ degrades ADP at high efficiency and serves as the fourth enzyme in PAPS synthesis. Under the defined condition of PAPS synthesis, all of the 10-mM ADP is hydrolyzed to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in a 15-min reaction. ADP is a better substrate for NudJ than adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Most importantly, the purified NudJ does not cleave the product PAPS. The removal of ADP makes the PAPS peak more separable from other components in the chromatographic purification process. This developed enzymatic approach of PAPS production will contribute to the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Bao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Huihui Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Hanju Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Peizhou Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- Wanjiang Institute of Poultry Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng Campus, Xuancheng, 242000, China.
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30
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Receptor Protein-cAMP Complex Regulates Heparosan Production in Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7687-96. [PMID: 26319872 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01814-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparosan serves as the starting carbon backbone for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, a widely used clinical anticoagulant drug. The availability of heparosan is a significant concern for the cost-effective synthesis of bioengineered heparin. The carbon source is known as the pivotal factor affecting heparosan production. However, the mechanism by which carbon sources control the biosynthesis of heparosan is unclear. In this study, we found that the biosynthesis of heparosan was influenced by different carbon sources. Glucose inhibits the biosynthesis of heparosan, while the addition of either fructose or mannose increases the yield of heparosan. Further study demonstrated that the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein (CRP) complex binds to the upstream region of the region 3 promoter and stimulates the transcription of the gene cluster for heparosan biosynthesis. Site-directed mutagenesis of the CRP binding site abolished its capability of binding CRP and eliminated the stimulative effect on transcription. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was further performed to determine the Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) heparosan structure and quantify extracellular heparosan production. Our results add to the understanding of the regulation of heparosan biosynthesis and may contribute to the study of other exopolysaccharide-producing strains.
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31
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Bhaskar U, Hickey AM, Li G, Mundra RV, Zhang F, Fu L, Cai C, Ou Z, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. A purification process for heparin and precursor polysaccharides using the pH responsive behavior of chitosan. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1348-59. [PMID: 26147064 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The contamination crisis of 2008 has brought to light several risks associated with use of animal tissue derived heparin. Because the total chemical synthesis of heparin is not feasible, a bioengineered approach has been proposed, relying on recombinant enzymes derived from the heparin/HS biosynthetic pathway and Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide. Intensive process engineering efforts are required to achieve a cost-competitive process for bioengineered heparin compared to commercially available porcine heparins. Towards this goal, we have used 96-well plate based screening for development of a chitosan-based purification process for heparin and precursor polysaccharides. The unique pH responsive behavior of chitosan enables simplified capture of target heparin or related polysaccharides, under low pH and complex solution conditions, followed by elution under mildly basic conditions. The use of mild, basic recovery conditions are compatible with the chemical N-deacetylation/N-sulfonation step used in the bioengineered heparin process. Selective precipitation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) leads to significant removal of process related impurities such as proteins, DNA and endotoxins. Use of highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analytical techniques reveal a minimum impact of chitosan-based purification on heparin product composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Anne M Hickey
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Guoyun Li
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Ruchir V Mundra
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Li Fu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Chao Cai
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Zhimin Ou
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Dept. of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Dept. of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Dept of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
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32
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Préchoux A, Halimi C, Simorre JP, Lortat-Jacob H, Laguri C. C5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase associate in vitro to generate contiguous epimerized and 2-O-sulfated heparan sulfate domains. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1064-71. [PMID: 25594747 DOI: 10.1021/cb501037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a complex polysaccharide of the cell surface, is endowed with the remarkable ability to bind numerous proteins and, as such, regulates a large variety of biological processes. Protein binding depends on HS structure; however, in the absence of a template driving its biosynthesis, the mechanism by which protein binding sequences are assembled remains poorly known. Here, we developed a chemically defined 13C-labeled substrate and NMR based experiments to simultaneously follow in real time the activity of HS biosynthetic enzymes and characterize the reaction products. Using this new approach, we report that the association of C5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase, which catalyze the production of iduronic acid and its 2-O-sulfation, respectively, is necessary to processively generate extended sequences of contiguous IdoA2S-containing disaccharides, whereas modifications are randomly introduced when the enzymes are uncoupled. These data shed light on the mechanisms by which HS motifs are generated during biosynthesis. They support the view that HS structure assembly is controlled not only by the availability of the biosynthetic enzymes but also by their physical association, which in the case of the C5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase was characterized by an affinity of 80 nM as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Préchoux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Célia Halimi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Laguri
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
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33
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Heparin/Heparan sulfate proteoglycans glycomic interactome in angiogenesis: biological implications and therapeutical use. Molecules 2015; 20:6342-88. [PMID: 25867824 PMCID: PMC6272510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessel from pre-existing ones, is involved in various intertwined pathological processes including virus infection, inflammation and oncogenesis, making it a promising target for the development of novel strategies for various interventions. To induce angiogenesis, angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) must interact with pro-angiogenic receptors to induce proliferation, protease production and migration of endothelial cells (ECs). The action of AGFs is counteracted by antiangiogenic modulators whose main mechanism of action is to bind (thus sequestering or masking) AGFs or their receptors. Many sugars, either free or associated to proteins, are involved in these interactions, thus exerting a tight regulation of the neovascularization process. Heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans undoubtedly play a pivotal role in this context since they bind to almost all the known AGFs, to several pro-angiogenic receptors and even to angiogenic inhibitors, originating an intricate network of interaction, the so called "angiogenesis glycomic interactome". The decoding of the angiogenesis glycomic interactome, achievable by a systematic study of the interactions occurring among angiogenic modulators and sugars, may help to design novel antiangiogenic therapies with implications in the cure of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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34
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High cell density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli strains expressing 2-O-sulfotransferase and C5-epimerase for the production of bioengineered heparin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2986-95. [PMID: 25586487 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered heparin is being investigated as a potential substitute for the animal-sourced anticoagulant drug. One step in the current process to prepare bioengineered heparin involves the conversion of N-sulfo heparosan, rich in → 4)GlcNS(1 → 4) GlcA(1 → sequences (where S is sulfo, GlcN is α-D-glucosamine, and GlcA is β-D-glucuronic acid), to a critical intermediate, rich in → 4)GlcNS(1 → 4) IdoA2S(1 → sequences (where S is sulfo and IdoA is α-L-iduronic acid), using 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST) and C5 epimerase (C5-epi). Until now, these heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes have been expressed in Escherichia coli grown in shake flask culture as fusion proteins. The current study is focused on the high cell density fed-batch cultivation of recombinant E. coli strains expressing both enzymes. We report the high productivity expression of active 2-OST and C5-epi enzymes of 6.0 and 2.2 mg/g dry cell weight, respectively.
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Zhang J, Suflita M, Fiaschetti CM, Li G, Li L, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. High cell density cultivation of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain expressing a 6-O-sulfotransferase for the production of bioengineered heparin. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:92-8. [PMID: 25362996 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS One of six heparin biosynthetic enzymes, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble fusion protein, requires large-scale preparation for use in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin, an important anticoagulant drug. METHODS AND RESULTS The 6-O-sulfotransferase isoform-3 (6-OST-3) can be conveniently prepared at mg/L levels in the laboratory by culturing E. coli on Luria-Bertani medium in shake flasks and inducing with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside at an optical density of 0·6-0·8. The production of larger amounts of 6-OST-3 required fed-batch cultivation of E. coli in a stirred tank fermenter on medium containing an inexpensive carbon source, such as glucose or glycerol. The cultivation of E. coli on various carbon sources under different feeding schedules and induction strategies was examined. Conditions were established giving yields (5-20 mg g-cell-dry weight(-1)) of active 6-OST-3 with excellent productivity (2-5 mg l(-1) h(-1)). CONCLUSIONS The production of 6-OST-3 in a fed-batch fermentation on an inexpensive carbon source has been demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The ability to scale-up the production of heparin biosynthetic enzymes, such as 6-OST-3, is critical for scaling-up the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin. The success of this project may someday lead to a commercially viable bioengineered heparin to replace the animal-sourced anticoagulant product currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Angiogenic growth factors interactome and drug discovery: The contribution of surface plasmon resonance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:293-310. [PMID: 25465594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, and in regenerative processes, including the formation of collateral blood vessels after stroke. Physiological angiogenesis is the outcome of a fine balance between the action of angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) and anti-angiogenic molecules, while pathological angiogenesis occurs when this balance is pushed toward AGFs. AGFs interact with multiple endothelial cell (EC) surface receptors inducing cell proliferation, migration and proteases upregulation. On the contrary, free or extracellular matrix-associated molecules inhibit angiogenesis by sequestering AGFs (thus hampering EC stimulation) or by interacting with specific EC receptors inducing apoptosis or decreasing responsiveness to AGFs. Thus, angiogenesis results from an intricate network of interactions among pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, EC receptors and various modulators. All these interactions represent targets for the development of pro- or anti-angiogenic therapies. These aims call for suitable technologies to study the countless interactions occurring during neovascularization. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time. It has become the golden standard technology for interaction analysis in biomedical research, including angiogenesis. From a survey of the literature it emerges that SPR has already contributed substantially to the better understanding of the neovascularization process, laying the basis for the decoding of the angiogenesis "interactome" and the identification of "hub molecules" that may represent preferential targets for an efficacious modulation of angiogenesis. Here, the still unexploited full potential of SPR is enlightened, pointing to improvements in its use for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neovascularization and the identification of novel anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Bhaskar U, Li G, Fu L, Onishi A, Suflita M, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Combinatorial one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 122:399-407. [PMID: 25817684 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Contamination in heparin batches during early 2008 has resulted in a significant effort to develop a safer bioengineered heparin using bacterial capsular polysaccharide heparosan and recombinant enzymes derived from the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway. This requires controlled chemical N-deacetylation/N-sulfonation of heparosan followed by epimerization of most of its glucuronic acid residues to iduronic acid and O-sulfation of the C2 position of iduronic acid and the C3 and C6 positions of the glucosamine residues. A combinatorial study of multi-enzyme, one-pot, in vitro biocatalytic synthesis, carried out in tandem with sensitive analytical techniques, reveals controlled structural changes leading to heparin products similar to animal-derived heparin active pharmaceutical ingredients. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis confirms an abundance of heparin's characteristic trisulfated disaccharide, as well as 3-O-sulfo containing residues critical for heparin binding to antithrombin III and its anticoagulant activity. The bioengineered heparins prepared using this simplified one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis also show in vitro anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Guoyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Akihiro Onishi
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Suflita
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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Delbarre-Ladrat C, Sinquin C, Lebellenger L, Zykwinska A, Colliec-Jouault S. Exopolysaccharides produced by marine bacteria and their applications as glycosaminoglycan-like molecules. Front Chem 2014; 2:85. [PMID: 25340049 PMCID: PMC4189415 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although polysaccharides are ubiquitous and the most abundant renewable bio-components, their studies, covered by the glycochemistry and glycobiology fields, remain a challenge due to their high molecular diversity and complexity. Polysaccharides are industrially used in food products; human therapeutics fall into a more recent research field and pharmaceutical industry is looking for more and more molecules with enhanced activities. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in animal tissues play a critical role in cellular physiological and pathological processes as they bind many cellular components. Therefore, they present a great potential for the design and preparation of therapeutic drugs. On the other hand, microorganisms producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are renewable resources meeting well the actual industrial demand. In particular, the diversity of marine microorganisms is still largely unexplored offering great opportunities to discover high value products such as new molecules and biocatalysts. EPS-producing bacteria from the marine environment will be reviewed with a focus on marine-derived EPS from bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Information on chemical and structural features, putative pathways of biosynthesis, novel strategies for chemical and enzymatic modifications and potentialities in the biomedical field will be provided. An integrated approach should be used to increase the basic knowledge on these compounds and their applications; new clean environmentally friendly processes for the production of carbohydrate bioactive compounds should also be proposed for a sustainable industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
| | - Lou Lebellenger
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
| | - Sylvia Colliec-Jouault
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
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39
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Albers LN, Gleason WB. Heparin-Like Polymers for Potential Inhibition of Bacterial Infection. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.958158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Lord MS, Whitelock JM. Bioengineered heparin: is there a future for this form of the successful therapeutic? Bioengineered 2014; 5:222-6. [PMID: 24902029 PMCID: PMC4140866 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used drug for the control of blood coagulation. The majority of heparin that is produced commercially is derived from animal sources, is poly-disperse in nature and therefore ill-defined in structure. This makes regulation of heparin challenging with respect to identifying its absolute structural identity, purity, and efficacy. This raises the question as to whether there might be alternative methods of producing commercial grade heparin. The commentary highlights ways that we might manufacture heparin using bioengineering approaches to yield a successful therapeutic replacement for animal-derived heparin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
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41
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Chen JX, Zhang M, Liu W, Lu GZ, Chen JH. Construction of serum resistant micelles based on heparosan for targeted cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 110:135-41. [PMID: 24906739 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel micelle based on heparosan and deoxycholic acid (DOCA) conjugate (HD) as drug carrier was reported here. As the surface was negatively charged, this micelle could resist serum adsorption, showing favorable stability. Moreover, fluorescence observation confirmed that it was able to deliver model hydrophobic drug doxorubicin (DOX) into HeLa cells efficiently. The DOX-loaded micelles showed sustained release behavior at pH 7.4, and accelerated release behavior at pH 5.0 or in the presence of β-glucuronidase, which over-expressed in tumor cells. In vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DOX-loaded micelles against HeLa cells was much lower than that of COS7 cells, showing significant therapeutic distinction between tumor cells and normal cells. Combining with the good biocompatibility and biodegradability of heparosan, this micelle may be promising in clinical application for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Guo-Zhong Lu
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Wuxi Third Renmin Hospital, Wuxi 214041, PR China.
| | - Jing-Hua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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42
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Liu C, Sheng J, Krahn JM, Perera L, Xu Y, Hsieh PH, Dou W, Liu J, Pedersen LC. Molecular mechanism of substrate specificity for heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13407-18. [PMID: 24652287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.530535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is an abundant polysaccharide in the animal kingdom with essential physiological functions. HS is composed of sulfated saccharides that are biosynthesized through a complex pathway involving multiple enzymes. In vivo regulation of this process remains unclear. HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) is a key enzyme in this pathway. Here, we report the crystal structure of the ternary complex of 2OST, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate, and a heptasaccharide substrate. Utilizing site-directed mutagenesis and specific oligosaccharide substrate sequences, we probed the molecular basis of specificity and 2OST position in the ordered HS biosynthesis pathway. These studies revealed that Arg-80, Lys-350, and Arg-190 of 2OST interact with the N-sulfo groups near the modification site, consistent with the dependence of 2OST on N-sulfation. In contrast, 6-O-sulfo groups on HS are likely excluded by steric and electrostatic repulsion within the active site supporting the hypothesis that 2-O-sulfation occurs prior to 6-O-sulfation. Our results provide the structural evidence for understanding the sequence of enzymatic events in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Liu
- From the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Sterner E, Masuko S, Li G, Li L, Green DE, Otto NJ, Xu Y, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Fibroblast growth factor-based signaling through synthetic heparan sulfate blocks copolymers studied using high cell density three-dimensional cell printing. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9754-65. [PMID: 24563485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Four well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) block copolymers containing S-domains (high sulfo group content) placed adjacent to N-domains (low sulfo group content) were chemoenzymatically synthesized and characterized. The domain lengths in these HS block co-polymers were ~40 saccharide units. Microtiter 96-well and three-dimensional cell-based microarray assays utilizing murine immortalized bone marrow (BaF3) cells were developed to evaluate the activity of these HS block co-polymers. Each recombinant BaF3 cell line expresses only a single type of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) but produces neither HS nor fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). In the presence of different FGFs, BaF3 cell proliferation showed clear differences for the four HS block co-polymers examined. These data were used to examine the two proposed signaling models, the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model and the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 ternary complex model. In the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 model, two acidic HS chains bind in a basic canyon located on the top face of the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In this model the S-domains at the non-reducing ends of the two HS proteoglycan chains are proposed to interact with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In contrast, in the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 model, a single HS chain interacts with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex through a single S-domain that can be located at any position within an HS chain. Our data comparing a series of synthetically prepared HS block copolymers support a preference for the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
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44
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Chen Y, Li Y, Yu H, Sugiarto G, Thon V, Hwang J, Ding L, Hie L, Chen X. Tailored design and synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharide analogues using sequential one-pot multienzyme systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11852-6. [PMID: 24038939 PMCID: PMC3943747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Go Sugiarto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Vireak Thon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Joel Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
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Chen Y, Li Y, Yu H, Sugiarto G, Thon V, Hwang J, Ding L, Hie L, Chen X. Tailored Design and Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharide Analogues Using Sequential One-Pot Multienzyme Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Xiong J, Bhaskar U, Li G, Fu L, Li L, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Immobilized enzymes to convert N-sulfo, N-acetyl heparosan to a critical intermediate in the production of bioengineered heparin. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:241-7. [PMID: 23835156 PMCID: PMC3780768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a critically important anticoagulant drug that is prepared from pig intestine. In 2007-2008, there was a crisis in the heparin market when the raw material was adulterated with the toxic polysaccharide, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, which was associated with 100 deaths in the U.S. alone. As the result of this crisis, our laboratory and others have been actively pursuing alternative sources for this critical drug, including synthetic heparins and bioengineered heparin. In assessing the bioengineering processing costs it has become clear that the use of both enzyme-catalyzed cofactor recycling and enzyme immobilization will be needed for commercialization. In the current study, we examine the use of immobilization of C₅-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase involved in the first enzymatic step in the bioengineered heparin process, as well as arylsulfotransferase-IV involved in cofactor recycling in all three enzymatic steps. We report the successful immobilization of all three enzymes and their use in converting N-sulfo, N-acetyl heparosan into N-sulfo, N-acetyl 2-O-sulfo heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, China
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Ye H, Toby TK, Sommers CD, Ghasriani H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Buhse LF, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:99-107. [PMID: 23917037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the 2007-2008 heparin crisis it was found that the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) testing monograph for heparin sodium or low molecular weight heparins did not detect the presence of the contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). In response to this concern, new tests and specifications were developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and USP and put in place to detect not only the contaminant OSCS, but also to improve assurance of quality and purity of these drug products. The USP monographs for the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) approved for use in the United States (dalteparin, tinzaparin and enoxaparin) are also undergoing revision to include many of the same tests used for heparin sodium, including; one-dimensional (1D) 500 MHz (1)H NMR, SAX-HPLC, percent galactosamine in total hexosamine and anticoagulation time assays with purified Factor IIa or Factor Xa. These tests represent orthogonal approaches for heparin identification, measurement of bioactivity and for detection of process impurities or contaminants in these drug products. Here we describe results from a survey of multiple lots from three types of LMWHs in the US market which were collected after the 2009 heparin sodium monograph revision. In addition, innovator and generic versions of formulated enoxaparin products purchased in 2011 are compared using these tests and found to be highly similar within the discriminating power of the assays applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Ye
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, MO 63101, USA
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48
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Production methods for heparosan, a precursor of heparin and heparan sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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High cell density cultivation of a recombinant E. coli strain expressing a key enzyme in bioengineered heparin production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3893-900. [PMID: 23318839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A bioengineered heparin, as a replacement for animal-derived heparin, is under development that relies on the fermentative production of heparosan by Escherichia coli K5 and its subsequent chemoenzymatic modification using biosynthetic enzymes. A critical enzyme in this pathway is the mammalian 6-O-sulfotransferase (6-OST-1) which specifically sulfonates the glucosamine residue in a heparin precursor. This mammalian enzyme, previously cloned and expressed in E. coli, is required in kilogram amounts if an industrial process for bioengineered heparin is to be established. In this study, high cell density cultivation techniques were exploited to obtain recombinant 6-OST-1. Physiological studies were performed in shake flasks to establish optimized growth and production conditions. Induction strategies were tested in fed-batch experiments to improve yield and productivity. High cell density cultivation in 7-l culture, together with a coupled inducer strategy using isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside and galactose, afforded 482 mg l(-1) of enzyme with a biomass yield of 16.2 mg gcdw (-1) and a productivity of 10.5 mg l(-1) h(-1).
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50
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Chappell EP, Liu J. Use of biosynthetic enzymes in heparin and heparan sulfate synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:4786-92. [PMID: 23313092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid or iduronic acid that is linked to glucosamine. Heparan sulfate displays a range of biological functions, and heparin is a widely used anticoagulant drug in hospitals. It has been known to organic chemists that the chemical synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin oligosaccharides is extremely difficult. Recent advances in the study of the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate/heparin offer a chemoenzymatic approach to synthesize heparan sulfate and heparin. Compared to chemical synthesis, the chemoenzymatic method shortens the synthesis and improves the product yields significantly, providing an excellent opportunity to advance the understanding of the structure and function relationships of heparan sulfate. In this review, we attempt to summarize the progress of the chemoenzymatic synthetic method and its application in heparan sulfate and heparin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Chappell
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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