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Lee RA, Chang M, Yiv N, Tsay A, Tian S, Li D, Poulard C, Stallcup MR, Pufall MA, Wang JC. Transcriptional coactivation by EHMT2 restricts glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in a study with male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3143. [PMID: 37253782 PMCID: PMC10229547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical dogma of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is that it is caused by the transcriptional activation of hepatic gluconeogenic and insulin resistance genes by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here, we find that glucocorticoids also stimulate the expression of insulin-sensitizing genes, such as Irs2. The transcriptional coregulator EHMT2 can serve as a transcriptional coactivator or a corepressor. Using male mice that have a defective EHMT2 coactivation function specifically, we show that glucocorticoid-induced Irs2 transcription is dependent on liver EHMT2's coactivation function and that IRS2 play a key role in mediating the limitation of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance by EHMT2's coactivation. Overall, we propose a model in which glucocorticoid-regulated insulin sensitivity is determined by the balance between glucocorticoid-modulated insulin resistance and insulin sensitizing genes, in which EHMT2 coactivation is specifically involved in the latter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Lee
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maggie Chang
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Yiv
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ariel Tsay
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sharon Tian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 28 Rue Laennec, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Miles A Pufall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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2
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Rangan P, Lobo F, Parrella E, Rochette N, Morselli M, Stephen TL, Cremonini AL, Tagliafico L, Persia A, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Odetti P, Bonfiglio T, Nencioni A, Pigliautile M, Boccardi V, Mecocci P, Pike CJ, Cohen P, LaDu MJ, Pellegrini M, Xia K, Tran K, Ann B, Chowdhury D, Longo VD. Fasting-mimicking diet cycles reduce neuroinflammation to attenuate cognitive decline in Alzheimer's models. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111417. [PMID: 36170815 PMCID: PMC9648488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) cycles in reducing many aging and disease risk factors indicate it could affect Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that FMD cycles reduce cognitive decline and AD pathology in E4FAD and 3xTg AD mouse models, with effects superior to those caused by protein restriction cycles. In 3xTg mice, long-term FMD cycles reduce hippocampal Aβ load and hyperphosphorylated tau, enhance genesis of neural stem cells, decrease microglia number, and reduce expression of neuroinflammatory genes, including superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox2). 3xTg mice lacking Nox2 or mice treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin also display improved cognition and reduced microglia activation compared with controls. Clinical data indicate that FMD cycles are feasible and generally safe in a small group of AD patients. These results indicate that FMD cycles delay cognitive decline in AD models in part by reducing neuroinflammation and/or superoxide production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rangan
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Fleur Lobo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, BS 25123, Italy
| | - Nicolas Rochette
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Terri-Leigh Stephen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Anna Laura Cremonini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Tagliafico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Angelica Persia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizio Odetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Pigliautile
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christian J Pike
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Pkwy., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyle Xia
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Katelynn Tran
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Brandon Ann
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Dolly Chowdhury
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; IFOM FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milano, MI 20139, Italy.
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3
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Hanna A, Nixon MJ, Estrada MV, Sanchez V, Sheng Q, Opalenik SR, Toren AL, Bauer J, Owens P, Mason FM, Cook RS, Sanders ME, Arteaga CL, Balko JM. Combined Dusp4 and p53 loss with Dbf4 amplification drives tumorigenesis via cell cycle restriction and replication stress escape in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:51. [PMID: 35850776 PMCID: PMC9290202 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Deregulated signaling pathways are a hallmark feature of oncogenesis and driver of tumor progression. Dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is a critical negative regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and is often deleted or epigenetically silenced in tumors. DUSP4 alterations lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling in many cancers, including breast cancer, which often harbor mutations in cell cycle checkpoint genes, particularly in TP53. METHODS Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we generated mammary-specific Dusp4-deleted primary epithelial cells to investigate the necessary conditions in which DUSP4 loss may drive breast cancer oncogenesis. RESULTS We found that Dusp4 loss alone is insufficient in mediating tumorigenesis, but alternatively converges with loss in Trp53 and MYC amplification to induce tumorigenesis primarily through chromosome 5 amplification, which specifically upregulates Dbf4, a cell cycle gene that promotes cellular replication by mediating cell cycle checkpoint escape. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel mechanism for breast tumorigenesis implicating Dusp4 loss and p53 mutations in cellular acquisition of Dbf4 upregulation as a driver of cellular replication and cell cycle checkpoint escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hanna
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mellissa J Nixon
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Early Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Valeria Estrada
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Violeta Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan R Opalenik
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Abigail L Toren
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Joshua Bauer
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Phillip Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Frank M Mason
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwester, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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4
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Di Tano M, Longo VD. Fasting and cancer: from yeast to mammals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 373:81-106. [PMID: 36283768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fasting and fasting mimicking diets extend lifespan and healthspan in mouse models and decrease risk factors for cancer and other age-related pathologies in humans. Normal cells respond to fasting and the consequent decrease in nutrients by down-regulating proto-oncogene pathways to enter a stress-resistant mode, which protects them from different cancer therapies. In contrast, oncogene mutations and the constitutive activation of pathways including RAS, AKT, and PKA allow cancer cells to disobey fasting-dependent anti-growth signal. Importantly, in different tumor types, fasting potentiates the toxicity of various therapies by increasing reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, which ultimately leads to DNA damage and cell death. This effect is not limited to chemotherapy, since periodic fasting/FMD cycles potentiate the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, hormone therapy, radiotherapy, and pharmacological doses of vitamin C. In addition, the anticancer effects of fasting/FMD can also be tumor-independent and involve an immunotherapy-like activation of T cell-dependent attack of tumor cells. Supported by a range of pre-clinical studies, clinical trials are beginning to confirm the safety and efficacy of fasting/FMD cycles in improving the potential of different cancer therapies, while decreasing side effects to healthy cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Di Tano
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valter D Longo
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy; Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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5
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Liu SH, Chen FW, Chiang MT. Chitosan Oligosaccharide Alleviates Abnormal Glucose Metabolism without Inhibition of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in a High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070360. [PMID: 34201848 PMCID: PMC8306302 DOI: 10.3390/md19070360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on glucose metabolism and hepatic steatosis in a high-fat (HF) diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats were divided into: (1) normal control (NC group), (2) HF diet (HF group), (3) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes with HF diet (DF group), and DF group supplemented with (4) 0.5% COS (D0.5F group), (5) 1% COS (D1F group), and (6) 5% COS (D5F group) for 4 weeks. COS supplementation significantly decreased the plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and significantly increased hepatic hexokinase activity and glycogen content in diabetic rats; but the increased hepatic TG and TC levels could not be significantly decreased by COS supplementation. Supplementation of COS increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased lipid peroxidation products in the diabetic rat livers. COS supplementation significantly increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression, and attenuated protein expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and phosphorylated p38 and renal sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) in diabetic rats. These results suggest that COS may possess a potential for alleviating abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic rats through the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid peroxidation and renal SGLT2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Roy B, Palaniyandi SS. Tissue-specific role and associated downstream signaling pathways of adiponectin. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:77. [PMID: 33902691 PMCID: PMC8073961 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, metabolic syndrome (MetS) can be defined as a pathological condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The incidence of MetS keeps rising, as at least 35% of the USA population suffers from MetS. One of the worst comorbidities of metabolic syndrome are cardiovascular diseases that significantly amplifies the mortality associated with this syndrome. There is an urgent need to understand the pathophysiology of MetS to find novel diagnosis, treatment and management to mitigate the MetS and associated complications. Altered circulatory adiponectin levels have been implicated in MetS. Adiponectin has numerous biologic functions including antioxidative, anti-nitrative, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Being a pleiotropic hormone of multiple tissues, tissue-specific key signaling pathways of adiponectin will help finding specific target/s to blunt the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. The purpose of this review is to elucidate tissue-specific signaling pathways of adiponectin and possibly identify potential therapeutic targets for MetS as well as to evaluate the potential of adiponectin as a biomarker/therapeutic option in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradas Roy
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Room #3402, 6135 Woodward, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Room #3402, 6135 Woodward, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
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7
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Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
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8
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Wegeberg AM, Meldgaard T, Baek A, Drewes AM, Vyberg M, Jessen N, Brock B, Brock C. Subcutaneous adipose tissue composition and function are unaffected by liraglutide-induced weight loss in adults with type 1 diabetes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 128:773-782. [PMID: 33624417 PMCID: PMC8251841 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary energy reservoir of the human body, which also possesses endocrine functions. The glucagon‐like peptide agonist liraglutide produces weight loss, although the specific effects on adipose tissue are unknown. We aimed to characterize the white adipose tissue composition and pericellular fibrosis of subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to liraglutide treatment. Furthermore, we explored the level of circulating free fatty acids, cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) macrophage marker, leptin and adiponectin. Thirty‐nine adults with type 1 diabetes and polyneuropathy were randomly assigned to 26 weeks of liraglutide or placebo treatment. Biopsies of subcutaneous tissue were formalin‐fixed stained with picrosirius red to visualize collagen or immunohistochemically stained for CD163. Serum concentrations of free fatty acids, CD163, leptin and adiponectin were assessed with immunoassays or multiplex panels. In comparison with placebo, liraglutide induced weight loss (3.38 kg, 95% CI −5.29; −1.48, P < 0.001), but did not cause any differences in cell size, distribution of CD163‐positive cells, pericellular fibrosis and serum levels of free fatty acids, CD163, leptin or adiponectin (all P < 0.1). Additionally, no associations between weight loss, cell size and serum markers were found (all P > 0.08). In conclusion, despite liraglutide's effect on weight loss, sustained alterations in subcutaneous adipose tissue did not seem to appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Wegeberg
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Theresa Meldgaard
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Amanda Baek
- The Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mogens Vyberg
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- The Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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9
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Chuang KC, Chen FW, Tsai MH, Shieh JJ. EGR-1 plays a protective role in AMPK inhibitor compound C-induced apoptosis through ROS-induced ERK activation in skin cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:304. [PMID: 33732380 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is caused by abnormal proliferation, gene regulation and mutation of epidermis cells. Compound C is commonly used as an inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which serves as an energy sensor in cells. Recently, compound C has been reported to induce apoptotic and autophagic death in various skin cancer cell lines via an AMPK-independent pathway. However, the signaling pathways activated in compound C-treated cancer cells remain unclear. The present oligodeoxynucleotide-based microarray screening assay showed that the mRNA expression of the zinc-finger transcription factor early growth response-1 (EGR-1), which helps regulate cell cycle progression and cell survival, was significantly upregulated in compound C-treated skin cancer cells. Compound C was demonstrated to induce EGR-1 mRNA and protein expression in a time and dose-dependent manner. Confocal imaging showed that compound C-induced EGR-1 protein expression was localized in the nucleus. Compound C was demonstrated to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Inhibition of this compound C-induced ERK phosphorylation downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of EGR-1. In addition, removal of compound C-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only decreased ERK phosphorylation, but also inhibited compound C-induced EGR-1 expression. A functional assay showed that knock down of EGR-1 expression in cancer cells decreased the survival rate while also increasing caspase-3 activity and apoptotic marker expression after compound C treatment. However, no difference in autophagy marker light chain 3-II protein expression was observed between compound C-treated control cells and EGR-1-knockdown cells. Thus, it was concluded that that EGR-1 may antagonize compound C-induced apoptosis but not compound C-induced autophagy through the ROS-mediated ERK activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Cheng Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fan-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Hsiun Tsai
- Department of Management Information System, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng-Jer Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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10
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Anand P, Kumar SV, Ravi K, Simmi T. Differential gene expression in duodenum of colored broiler chicken divergently selected for residual feed intake. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:59. [PMID: 33389221 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Feed constitutes about 70% of the total expenditure of poultry production. Maximizing the feed efficiency in juvenile period is essential to achieve low production cost. The efficiency of feed utilization was measured by RFI (residual feed intake) by calculating the difference between an individual animal's observed and its expected feed intake. The expression of genes influencing low and high RFI is required to know the basic molecular mechanism influencing feed efficiency. The present study aimed to estimate the RFI (0-5 week) in a population of indigenously developed colored broiler sire line chicken. The duodenum sample of high and low-RFI broiler chicken was used for microarray analysis. Duodenum exhibited 1030 differentially expressed genes after analysis. Out of total DEGs, 461 genes were downregulated and 569 were upregulated. The fold change of differentiallly expressed genes varies from - 162.6 to 1549.28. A subset of genes was validated by qRT-PCR and results were correlated well with microarray data. In functional annotation study of DEGs, 89 biological processes, 30 cellular components, and 29 molecular functions were identified. Study of the important differentially expressed genes and the related molecular pathways in the population may hold the potential for future breeding strategies for augmenting feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Anand
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rampura Phul, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Saxena Vishesh Kumar
- Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, Central Avian Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Kumar Ravi
- National institute of animal biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tomar Simmi
- Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, Central Avian Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India
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11
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Nie JP, Qu ZN, Chen Y, Chen JH, Jiang Y, Jin MN, Yu Y, Niu WY, Duan HQ, Qin N. Discovery and anti-diabetic effects of novel isoxazole based flavonoid derivatives. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Treindl F, Zabinsky E, Kling S, Schwarz M, Braeuning A, Templin MF. Array-based Western-blotting reveals spatial differences in hepatic signaling and metabolism following CAR activation. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1265-1278. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Choi JC, Wu W, Phillips E, Plevin R, Sera F, Homma S, Worman HJ. Elevated dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 in cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutation is primarily ERK1/2-dependent and its depletion improves cardiac function and survival. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2290-2305. [PMID: 29668927 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) encoding the nuclear intermediate filament proteins lamins A and C cause a group of tissue-selective diseases, the most common of which is dilated cardiomyopathy (herein referred to as LMNA cardiomyopathy) with variable skeletal muscle involvement. We previously showed that cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is involved in the pathogenesis of LMNA cardiomyopathy. However, how mutations in LMNA activate Dusp4 expression and whether it is necessary for the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy are currently unknown. We now show that female LmnaH222P/H222P mice, a model for LMNA cardiomyopathy, have increased Dusp4 expression and hyperactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 with delayed kinetics relative to male mice, consistent with the sex-dependent delay in the onset and progression of disease. Mechanistically, we show that the H222P amino acid substitution in lamin A enhances its binding to ERK1/2 and increases sequestration at the nuclear envelope. Finally, we show that genetic deletion of Dusp4 has beneficial effects on heart function and prolongs survival in LmnaH222P/H222P mice. These results further establish Dusp4 as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of LMNA cardiomyopathy and a potential target for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Choi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robin Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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14
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Safe S, Nair V, Karki K. Metformin-induced anticancer activities: recent insights. Biol Chem 2018; 399:321-335. [PMID: 29272251 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug, and there is evidence among diabetic patients that metformin is a chemopreventive agent against multiple cancers. There is also evidence in human studies that metformin is a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, and several clinical trials that use metformin alone or in combination with other drugs are ongoing. In vivo and in vitro cancer cell culture studies demonstrate that metformin induces both AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent genes/pathways that result in inhibition of cancer cell growth and migration and induction of apoptosis. The effects of metformin in cancer cells resemble the patterns observed after treatment with drugs that downregulate specificity protein 1 (Sp1), Sp3 and Sp4 or by knockdown of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 by RNA interference. Studies in pancreatic cancer cells clearly demonstrate that metformin decreases expression of Sp1, Sp3, Sp4 and pro-oncogenic Sp-regulated genes, demonstrating that one of the underlying mechanisms of action of metformin as an anticancer agent involves targeting of Sp transcription factors. These observations are consistent with metformin-mediated effects on genes/pathways in many other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Vijayalekshmi Nair
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
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15
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Abstract
The vulnerability of cancer cells to nutrient deprivation and their dependency on specific metabolites are emerging hallmarks of cancer. Fasting or fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) lead to wide alterations in growth factors and in metabolite levels, generating environments that can reduce the capability of cancer cells to adapt and survive and thus improving the effects of cancer therapies. In addition, fasting or FMDs increase resistance to chemotherapy in normal but not cancer cells and promote regeneration in normal tissues, which could help prevent detrimental and potentially life-threatening side effects of treatments. While fasting is hardly tolerated by patients, both animal and clinical studies show that cycles of low-calorie FMDs are feasible and overall safe. Several clinical trials evaluating the effect of fasting or FMDs on treatment-emergent adverse events and on efficacy outcomes are ongoing. We propose that the combination of FMDs with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or other treatments represents a potentially promising strategy to increase treatment efficacy, prevent resistance acquisition and reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Valter D Longo
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy.
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Peeters JGC, Picavet LW, Coenen SGJM, Mauthe M, Vervoort SJ, Mocholi E, de Heus C, Klumperman J, Vastert SJ, Reggiori F, Coffer PJ, Mokry M, van Loosdregt J. Transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of nutrient-deprived cells to identify novel regulators of autophagy. Autophagy 2018; 15:98-112. [PMID: 30153076 PMCID: PMC6287694 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1509608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a lysosomal degradation pathway critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and viability, and is predominantly regarded as a rapid and dynamic cytoplasmic process. To increase our understanding of the transcriptional and epigenetic events associated with autophagy, we performed extensive genome-wide transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling after nutrient deprivation in human autophagy-proficient and autophagy-deficient cells. We observed that nutrient deprivation leads to the transcriptional induction of numerous autophagy-associated genes. These transcriptional changes are reflected at the epigenetic level (H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K56ac) and are independent of autophagic flux. As a proof of principle that this resource can be used to identify novel autophagy regulators, we followed up on one identified target: EGR1 (early growth response 1), which indeed appears to be a central transcriptional regulator of autophagy by affecting autophagy-associated gene expression and autophagic flux. Taken together, these data stress the relevance of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of autophagy and can be used as a resource to identify (novel) factors involved in autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G C Peeters
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - L W Picavet
- b Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - S G J M Coenen
- b Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - M Mauthe
- d Department of Cell Biology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - S J Vervoort
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - E Mocholi
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - C de Heus
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,f Department of Cell Biology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - J Klumperman
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,f Department of Cell Biology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - S J Vastert
- b Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - F Reggiori
- d Department of Cell Biology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - P J Coffer
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - M Mokry
- c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,g Epigenomics facility , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - J van Loosdregt
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Division of Pediatrics , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,e Regenerative Medicine Center , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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17
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High glucose alters tendon homeostasis through downregulation of the AMPK/Egr1 pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44199. [PMID: 28266660 PMCID: PMC5339827 DOI: 10.1038/srep44199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with higher risk of tendinopathy, which reduces tolerance to exercise and functional activities and affects lifestyle and glycemic control. Expression of tendon-related genes and matrix metabolism in tenocytes are essential for maintaining physiological functions of tendon. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in diabetic tendinopathy remain unclear. We hypothesized that high glucose (HG) alters the characteristics of tenocyte. Using in vitro 2-week culture of tenocytes, we found that expression of tendon-related genes, including Egr1, Mkx, TGF-β1, Col1a2, and Bgn, was significantly decreased in HG culture and that higher glucose consumption occurred. Down-regulation of Egr1 by siRNA decreased Scx, Mkx, TGF-β1, Col1a1, Col1a2, and Bgn expression. Blocking AMPK activation with Compound C reduced the expression of Egr1, Scx, TGF-β1, Col1a1, Col1a2, and Bgn in the low glucose condition. In addition, histological examination of tendons from diabetic mice displayed larger interfibrillar space and uneven glycoprotein deposition. Thus, we concluded that high glucose alters tendon homeostasis through downregulation of the AMPK/Egr1 pathway and the expression of downstream tendon-related genes in tenocytes. The findings render a molecular basis of the mechanism of diabetic tendinopathy and may help develop preventive and therapeutic strategies for the pathology.
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18
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Di Biase S, Shim HS, Kim KH, Vinciguerra M, Rappa F, Wei M, Brandhorst S, Cappello F, Mirzaei H, Lee C, Longo VD. Fasting regulates EGR1 and protects from glucose- and dexamethasone-dependent sensitization to chemotherapy. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001951. [PMID: 28358805 PMCID: PMC5373519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting reduces glucose levels and protects mice against chemotoxicity, yet drugs that promote hyperglycemia are widely used in cancer treatment. Here, we show that dexamethasone (Dexa) and rapamycin (Rapa), commonly administered to cancer patients, elevate glucose and sensitize cardiomyocytes and mice to the cancer drug doxorubicin (DXR). Such toxicity can be reversed by reducing circulating glucose levels by fasting or insulin. Furthermore, glucose injections alone reversed the fasting-dependent protection against DXR in mice, indicating that elevated glucose mediates, at least in part, the sensitizing effects of rapamycin and dexamethasone. In yeast, glucose activates protein kinase A (PKA) to accelerate aging by inhibiting transcription factors Msn2/4. Here, we show that fasting or glucose restriction (GR) regulate PKA and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to protect against DXR in part by activating the mammalian Msn2/4 ortholog early growth response protein 1 (EGR1). Increased expression of the EGR1-regulated cardioprotective peptides atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in heart tissue may also contribute to DXR resistance. Our findings suggest the existence of a glucose-PKA pathway that inactivates conserved zinc finger stress-resistance transcription factors to sensitize cells to toxins conserved from yeast to mammals. Our findings also describe a toxic role for drugs widely used in cancer treatment that promote hyperglycemia and identify dietary interventions that reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Biase
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Seok Shim
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kyung Hwa Kim
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Centro Studi Fegato (CSF)-Liver Research Center, Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Min Wei
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Changhan Lee
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valter D. Longo
- Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
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19
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Liu R, Molkentin JD. Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling through the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (DUSPs). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 101:44-49. [PMID: 27575022 PMCID: PMC5154921 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a critical role in regulating cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in response to increased workload or pathological insults. The spatiotemporal activities and inactivation of MAPKs are tightly controlled by a family of dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (DUSPs). Over the past 2 decades, we and others have determined the critical role for selected DUSP family members in controlling MAPK activity in the heart and the ensuing effects on ventricular growth and remodeling. More specifically, studies from mice deficient for individual Dusp genes as well as heart-specific inducible transgene-mediated overexpression have implicated select DUSPs as essential signaling effectors in the heart that function by dynamically regulating the level, subcellular and temporal activities of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPKs. This review summarizes recent literature on the physiological and pathological roles of MAPK-specific DUSPs in regulating MAPK signaling in the heart and the effect on cardiac growth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA; Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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20
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Hypothalamic AMPK as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2754078. [PMID: 27547453 PMCID: PMC4980534 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2754078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated in energy depletion conditions, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor and regulator in both central nervous system and peripheral organs. Hypothalamic AMPK restores energy balance by promoting feeding behavior to increase energy intake, increasing glucose production, and reducing thermogenesis to decrease energy output. Besides energy state, many hormones have been shown to act in concert with AMPK to mediate their anorexigenic and orexigenic central effects as well as thermogenic influences. Here we explore the factors that affect hypothalamic AMPK activity and give the underlying mechanisms for the role of central AMPK in energy homeostasis together with the physiological effects of hypothalamic AMPK on energy balance restoration.
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21
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Im I, Jang MJ, Park SJ, Lee SH, Choi JH, Yoo HW, Kim S, Han YM. Mitochondrial Respiratory Defect Causes Dysfunctional Lactate Turnover via AMP-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29493-505. [PMID: 26491018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A defective mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (DMRC) causes various metabolic disorders in humans. However, the pathophysiology of DMRC in the liver remains unclear. To understand DMRC pathophysiology in vitro, DMRC-induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from dermal fibroblasts of a DMRC patient who had a homoplasmic mutation (m.3398T→C) in the mitochondrion-encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 (MTND1) gene and that differentiated into hepatocytes (DMRC hepatocytes) in vitro. DMRC hepatocytes showed abnormalities in mitochondrial characteristics, the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, the glycogen storage level, the lactate turnover rate, and AMPK activity. Intriguingly, low glycogen storage and transcription of lactate turnover-related genes in DMRC hepatocytes were recovered by inhibition of AMPK activity. Thus, AMPK activation led to metabolic changes in terms of glycogen storage and lactate turnover in DMRC hepatocytes. These data demonstrate for the first time that energy depletion may lead to lactic acidosis in the DMRC patient by reduction of lactate uptake via AMPK in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkyun Im
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, and
| | - Mi-Jin Jang
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, and
| | | | - Sang-Hee Lee
- BioMedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141 and
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, and
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22
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DUSP4-mediated accelerated T-cell senescence in idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia. Blood 2015; 125:2507-18. [PMID: 25733583 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-598565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL) is a rare heterogeneous immunological syndrome of unclear etiology. ICL predisposes patients to severe opportunistic infections and frequently leads to poor vaccination effectiveness. Chronic immune activation, expansion of memory T cells, and impaired T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling have been reported in ICL, but the mechanistic and causative links remain unclear. We show that late-differentiated T cells in 20 patients with ICL displayed defective TCR responses and aging markers similar to those found in T cells from elderly subjects. Intrinsic T-cell defects were caused by increased expression of dual-specific phosphatase 4 (DUSP4). Normalization of DUSP4 expression using a specific siRNA improved CD4(+) T-cell activity in ICL, as this restored TCR-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and increased the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD27 and CD40L. Conversely, repeated TCR stimulation led to defective signaling and DUSP4 overexpression in control CD4(+) T cells. This was associated with gradual acquisition of a memory phenotype and was curtailed by DUSP4 silencing. These findings identify a premature T-cell senescence in ICL that might be caused by chronic T-cell activation and a consequential DUSP4-dependent dampening of TCR signaling.
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23
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The Constitutive Activation of Egr-1/C/EBPa Mediates the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Enhancing Hepatic Gluconeogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:513-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Kim SY, Han YM, Oh M, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee SC, Bae KH, Han BS. DUSP4 regulates neuronal differentiation and calcium homeostasis by modulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:686-700. [PMID: 25397900 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases have been recognized as critical components of multiple signaling regulators of fundamental cellular processes, including differentiation, cell death, and migration. In this study, we show that dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is crucial for neuronal differentiation and functions in the neurogenesis of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The endogenous mRNA and protein expression levels of DUSP4 gradually increased during mouse development from ESCs to postnatal stages. Neurite outgrowth and the expression of neuron-specific markers were markedly reduced by genetic ablation of DUSP4 in differentiated neurons, and these effects were rescued by the reintroduction of DUSP4. In addition, DUSP4 knockdown dramatically enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation during neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, the DUSP4-ERK pathway functioned to balance calcium signaling, not only by regulating Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase I phosphorylation, but also by facilitating Cav1.2 expression and plasma membrane localization. These data are the first to suggest a molecular link between the MAPK-ERK cascade and calcium signaling, which provides insight into the mechanism by which DUSP4 modulates neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, KAIST , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Amato S, Man HY. AMPK links cellular bioenergy status to the decision making of axon initiation in neurons. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 1:103-105. [PMID: 21922074 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.3.16815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal polarization begins by the selection of a single minor neurite that subsequently undergoes rapid extension until reaching a formidable length. To ensure that the highly active growth can be sustained by a sufficient energy supply, neurons are supposed to sense their energy status prior to initiating polarization. Our recent work shows that the bioenergy sensor, AMPK, plays a crucial role in the regulation of axon initiation. Activation of AMPK to mimic energy-lacking conditions results in a halt in axon selection and growth, leading to a loss of neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Amato
- Department of Biology; Boston University; Boston, MA USA
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26
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Abstract
High glucose production contributes to fed and fasted hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). The breakdown of the adiponectin signaling pathway in T1D and the reduction of circulating adiponectin in T2D contribute to this abnormal increase in glucose production. Sufficient amounts of insulin could compensate for the loss of adiponectin signaling in T1D and T2D and reduce hyperglycemia. However, the combination of low adiponectin signaling and high insulin resembles an insulin resistance state associated with cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease and decreased life expectancy. The future development of "adiponectin sensitizers", medications that correct the deficiency in adiponectin signaling, could restore the metabolic balance in T1D and T2D and reduce the need for insulin. This article reviews the adiponectin signaling pathway in the liver through T-cadherin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, AMPK, ceramidase activity, APPL1 and the recently discovered Suppressor Of Glucose from Autophagy (SOGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Combs
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA,
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27
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Li C, Kong D. Cancer risks from diabetes therapies: evaluating the evidence. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:71-81. [PMID: 24844968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have identified positive associations between diabetes, obesity and cancer. Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. It is well-established that clinical application of insulin and TDZs is associated with weight gain, but the potential of these therapies to promote tumourigenesis is less well-studied. In addition, although anti-tumour properties of metformin have been proposed, recently published data do not support a protective effect of metformin against cancer in diabetic patients. Given that diabetes and cancer each account for 8% and 13% of global deaths and there is a substantial financial burden incurred by both disorders, developing diabetes therapies that are safe, efficacious and cost-effective has never been more desirable. This timely review examines recent progress in delineating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-diabetic actions of insulin, metformin and TZDs and considers evidence implicating these therapies in cell transformation and tumourigenesis. In addition, since the endocannabinoid signalling system (ECS) is now considered a therapeutic target and biomarker candidate for hyperglycaemia, obesity and cell growth, a brief section covering recent scientific advances regarding the ECS, particularly its functions in regulating glucose metabolism and cell survival, is also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China.
| | - Deling Kong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China
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28
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Ríos P, Nunes-Xavier CE, Tabernero L, Köhn M, Pulido R. Dual-specificity phosphatases as molecular targets for inhibition in human disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2251-73. [PMID: 24206177 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of cysteine-based protein tyrosine phosphatases, whose members exert a pivotal role in cell physiology by dephosphorylation of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine residues from proteins, as well as other non-proteinaceous substrates. RECENT ADVANCES A picture is emerging in which a selected group of DUSP enzymes display overexpression or hyperactivity that is associated with human disease, especially human cancer, making feasible targeted therapy approaches based on their inhibition. A panoply of molecular and functional studies on DUSPs have been performed in the previous years, and drug-discovery efforts are ongoing to develop specific and efficient DUSP enzyme inhibitors. This review summarizes the current status on inhibitory compounds targeting DUSPs that belong to the MAP kinase phosphatases-, small-sized atypical-, and phosphatases of regenerating liver subfamilies, whose inhibition could be beneficial for the prevention or mitigation of human disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Achieving specificity, potency, and bioavailability are the major challenges in the discovery of DUSP inhibitors for the clinics. Clinical validation of compounds or alternative inhibitory strategies of DUSP inhibition has yet to come. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further work is required to understand the dual role of many DUSPs in human cancer, their function-structure properties, and to identify their physiologic substrates. This will help in the implementation of therapies based on DUSPs inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos
- 1 Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Wojcik M, Zieleniak A, Mac-Marcjanek K, Wozniak LA, Cypryk K. The elevated gene expression level of the A(2B) adenosine receptor is associated with hyperglycemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:42-53. [PMID: 23956030 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine receptors denoted by A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 and encoded by ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B, and ADORA3 genes, respectively, are adenosine-activated G-protein-coupled receptors that play an important role in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about their significance in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are changes in leukocyte AR expression in GDM patients and whether these alterations are linked to well-known diabetic genes. METHODS Leukocytes were isolated from the blood of normal glucose tolerant (NGT; n = 35) and GDM (n = 82) pregnant women, and expression of ARs was determined by a semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Univariate correlation analysis was performed to investigate associations between expression of ARs and anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients. Furthermore, the identification of diabetic genes linked to significantly differentiated leukocyte adenosine receptors expression in GDM women was also carried out with the use of the human diabetes RT(2) profiler PCR arrays. RESULTS ADORA2B mRNA expression was significantly higher in GDM versus NGT pregnant women (p < 0.05), and positively correlated with the glucose level at 1-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; r = 0.21, p = 0.044). Nineteen diabetic genes linked to leukocyte ADORA2B overexpression associated with hyperglycemia in GDM women were also identified. CONCLUSIONS Maternal leukocyte ADORA2B overexpression is associated with hyperglycemia in GDM subjects, and it is accompanied by complex alterations in the expression of diabetes-related genes involved in insulin action, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wojcik
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752, Lodz, Poland
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30
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Kim MJ, Yun H, Kim DH, Kang I, Choe W, Kim SS, Ha J. AMP-activated protein kinase determines apoptotic sensitivity of cancer cells to ginsenoside-Rh2. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:16-21. [PMID: 24558305 PMCID: PMC3915337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng saponins exert various important pharmacological effects with regard to the control of many diseases, including cancer. In this study, the anticancer effect of ginsenosides on human cancer cells was investigated and compared. Among the tested compounds, ginsenoside-Rh2 displays the highest inhibitory effect on cell viability in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside-Rh2, a ginseng saponin isolated from the root of Panax ginseng, has been suggested to have potential as an anticancer agent, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we have shown that cancer cells have differential sensitivity to ginsenoside-Rh2-induced apoptosis, raising questions regarding the specific mechanisms responsible for the discrepant sensitivity to ginsenoside-Rh2. In this study, we demonstrate that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a survival factor under ginsenoside-Rh2 treatment in cancer cells. Cancer cells with acute responsiveness of AMPK display a relative resistance to ginsenoside-Rh2, but cotreatment with AMPK inhibitor resulted in a marked increase of ginsenoside-Rh2-induced apoptosis. We also observed that p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) acts as another survival factor under ginsenoside-Rh2 treatment, but there was no signaling crosstalk between AMPK and p38 MAPK, suggesting that combination with inhibitor of AMPK or p38 MAPK can augment the anticancer potential of ginsenoside Rh2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonchae Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Cheong SH, Furuhashi K, Ito K, Nagaoka M, Yonezawa T, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Daidzein promotes glucose uptake through glucose transporter 4 translocation to plasma membrane in L6 myocytes and improves glucose homeostasis in Type 2 diabetic model mice. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:136-43. [PMID: 24445037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Daidzein shows estrogenic, antioxidant and antiandrogenic properties as well as cell cycle regulatory activity. However, the antihyperglycemic effect of daidzein remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effect of daidzein on glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation on plasma membrane in L6 myotubes and its in vivo antihyperglycmic effect in obese-diabetic model db/db mice. Daidzein was found to promote glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation by Western blotting analyses in L6 myotubes under a condition of insulin absence. Promotion by daidzein of glucose uptake as well as GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane by immunocytochemistry was also demonstrated in L6 myoblasts transfected with a GLUT4 cDNA-coding vector. Daidzein (0.1% in the diet) suppressed the rises in the fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol levels and homeostasis model assessment index of db/db mice. In addition, daidzein supplementation markedly improved the AMPK phosphorylation in gastrocnemius muscle of db/db mice. Daidzein also suppressed increases in blood glucose levels and urinary glucose excretion in KK-Ay mice, another Type 2 diabetic animal model. These in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that daidzein is preventive for Type 2 diabetes and an antidiabetic phytochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Keisuke Furuhashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Katsuki Ito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masato Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yonezawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yagasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
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Blegen MB, Kennedy BC, Thibert KA, Gewirtz JC, Tran PV, Georgieff MK. Multigenerational effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on hippocampal BDNF signaling. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00096. [PMID: 24303168 PMCID: PMC3841032 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal-neonatal iron deficiency induces adult learning impairments concomitant with changes in expression of key genes underlying hippocampal learning and memory in spite of neonatal iron replenishment. Notably, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a gene critical for neuronal maturation and synaptic plasticity, is lowered both acutely and in adulthood following early-life iron deficiency. Although the mechanism behind its long-term downregulation remains unclear, epigenetic modification in BDNF, as seen in other models of early-life adversity, may play a role. Given that early iron deficiency occurs during critical periods in both hippocampal and gonadal development, we hypothesized that the iron-sufficient offspring (F2 IS) of formerly iron-deficient (F1 FID) rats would show a similar suppression of the BDNF gene as their parents. We compared hippocampal mRNA levels of BDNF and functionally related genes among F1 IS, F1 ID, and F2 IS male rats at postnatal day (P) 15 and P65 using RT-qPCR. As expected, the F1 ID group showed a downregulation of BDNF and associated genes acutely at P15 and chronically at P65. However, the F2 IS group showed an upregulation of these genes at P15, returning to control levels at P65. These results demonstrate that adverse effects of early iron deficiency on hippocampal gene expression observed in the F1 are not present in the F2 generation, suggesting differential effects of nutritionally induced epigenetic programing during the critical periods of hippocampal and gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah B Blegen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota
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33
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Cheong SH, Furuhashi K, Ito K, Nagaoka M, Yonezawa T, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Antihyperglycemic effect of equol, a daidzein derivative, in cultured L6 myocytes andob/obmice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:267-77. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Fuchu Tokyo Japan
- Department of Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Chungju Republic of Korea
| | - Keisuke Furuhashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Fuchu Tokyo Japan
| | - Katsuki Ito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Fuchu Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Fuchu Tokyo Japan
| | - Takayuki Yonezawa
- Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Fuchu Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazumi Yagasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Fuchu Tokyo Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo Japan
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Andrade J, Quinn J, Becker RZ, Shupnik MA. AMP-activated protein kinase is a key intermediary in GnRH-stimulated LHβ gene transcription. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:828-39. [PMID: 23518923 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GnRH regulation of pituitary gonadotropin gene transcription is critical for fertility, and metabolic dysregulation is associated with reproductive disorders and altered hypothalamic-pituitary responses. Here, we examined signaling pathways in gonadotropes through which GnRH modulates gonadotropin levels, and potential common signaling pathways with insulin. Using LβT2 cells, we show that GnRH rapidly (5 minutes) triggers activating phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) up to 5-fold; this stimulation is enhanced by insulin through increased total AMPKα levels and activity. GnRH also stimulated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and ERK activation, whereas insulin alone stimulated Akt. Inhibition of AMPK activity by compound C, or diminishing AMPK levels by small interfering RNA against AMPKα, prevented GnRH-stimulated transcription of the endogenous LHβ gene and transfected LHβ promoter. Egr-1 (early growth response-1), a transcription factor required for LHβ expression, is synthesized in response to GnRH, and compound C prevents this induction. However, overexpression of Egr-1 in the presence of compound C did not restore GnRH stimulation of LHβ, suggesting that AMPK stimulation of transcription also occurs through additional mechanisms or signaling pathways. One such pathway may be JNK activation, because GnRH stimulation of JNK activity and LHβ transcription occurs more slowly than stimulation of AMPK activity, and AMPK inhibition by compound C or small interfering RNA also prevented GnRH-stimulated JNK phosphorylation. Finally, in primary mouse pituitary cells, GnRH also stimulates AMPK, and AMPK inhibition suppresses GnRH-stimulated LHβ transcription. These studies indicate a novel role for AMPK in GnRH-stimulated transcription in pituitary gonadotropes and a potential common mechanism for GnRH and metabolic modulation of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Andrade
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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35
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Ueda T, Honda M, Horimoto K, Aburatani S, Saito S, Yamashita T, Sakai Y, Nakamura M, Takatori H, Sunagozaka H, Kaneko S. Gene expression profiling of hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma using graphical Gaussian modeling. Genomics 2013; 101:238-48. [PMID: 23485556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gene expression profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and background liver has been studied extensively; however, the relationship between the gene expression profiles of different lesions has not been assessed. METHODS We examined the expression profiles of 34 HCC specimens (17 hepatitis B virus [HBV]-related and 17 hepatitis C virus [HCV]-related) and 71 non-tumor liver specimens (36 chronic hepatitis B [CH-B] and 35 chronic hepatitis C [CH-C]) using an in-house cDNA microarray consisting of liver-predominant genes. Graphical Gaussian modeling (GGM) was applied to elucidate the interactions of gene clusters among the HCC and non-tumor lesions. RESULTS In CH-B-related HCC, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-family signaling and regulation of T cell differentiation, apoptosis, and survival, as well as development-related genes was up-regulated. In CH-C-related HCC, the expression of ectodermal development and cell proliferation, wnt receptor signaling, cell adhesion, and defense response genes was also up-regulated. Many of the metabolism-related genes were down-regulated in both CH-B- and CH-C-related HCC. GGM analysis of the HCC and non-tumor lesions revealed that DNA damage response genes were associated with AP1 signaling in non-tumor lesions, which mediates the expression of many genes in CH-B-related HCC. In contrast, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog were associated with early growth response protein 1 signaling in non-tumor lesions, which potentially promotes angiogenesis, fibrogenesis, and tumorigenesis in CH-C-related HCC. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression profiling of HCC and non-tumor lesions revealed the predisposing changes of gene expression in HCC. This approach has potential for the early diagnosis and possible prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Takara-Machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Hsu FL, Huang CF, Chen YW, Yen YP, Wu CT, Uang BJ, Yang RS, Liu SH. Antidiabetic effects of pterosin A, a small-molecular-weight natural product, on diabetic mouse models. Diabetes 2013; 62:628-38. [PMID: 23069626 PMCID: PMC3554375 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of pterosin A, a small-molecular-weight natural product, on diabetes was investigated. Pterosin A, administered orally for 4 weeks, effectively improved hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in streptozotocin, high-fat diet-fed, and db/db diabetic mice. There were no adverse effects in normal or diabetic mice treated with pterosin A for 4 weeks. Pterosin A significantly reversed the increased serum insulin and insulin resistance (IR) in dexamethasone-IR mice and in db/db mice. Pterosin A significantly reversed the reduced muscle GLUT-4 translocation and the increased liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK) expression in diabetic mice. Pterosin A also significantly reversed the decreased phosphorylations of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt in muscles of diabetic mice. The decreased AMPK phosphorylation and increased p38 phosphorylation in livers of db/db mice were effectively reversed by pterosin A. Pterosin A enhanced glucose uptake and AMPK phosphorylation in cultured human muscle cells. In cultured liver cells, pterosin A inhibited inducer-enhanced PEPCK expression, triggered the phosphorylations of AMPK, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3, decreased glycogen synthase phosphorylation, and increased the intracellular glycogen level. These findings indicate that pterosin A may be a potential therapeutic option for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fa Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Peng Yen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Biing-Jiun Uang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Sen Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author: Shing-Hwa Liu,
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Kim J, Park Y. Anti-diabetic effect of sorghum extract on hepatic gluconeogenesis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012. [PMID: 23186010 PMCID: PMC3545981 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that Sorghum, a rich source of phytochemicals, has a hypoglycemic effect, but the mechanism is unknown. We investigated the effects of oral administration of sorghum extract (SE) on hepatic gluconeogenesis and the glucose uptake of muscle in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for six weeks. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided in five groups (n=5 per group): normal control (NC), rats with STZ-induced diabetic mellitus (DM), diabetic rats administrated 0.4 g/kg body weight of SE (DM-SE 0.4) and 0.6 g/kg body weight of SE (DM-SE 0.6), and diabetic rats administrated 0.7 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide (DM-G). Results Administration of SE and G reduced the concentration of triglycerides, total and LDL-cholesterol and glucose, and the area under the curve of glucose during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests down to the levels observed in non-diabetic rats. In addition, administration of 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg SE and 0.7 mg/kg glibenclamide (G) significantly reduced the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the phosphor-p38/p38 ratio, while increased phosphor adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AMPK ratio, but the glucose transporter 4 translocation and the phosphor-Akt/Akt ratio was significantly increased only by administration of G. Conclusions These results indicate that the hypoglycemic effect of SE was related to hepatic gluconeogenesis but not the glucose uptake of skeletal muscle, and the effect was similar to that of anti-diabetic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, Seongdong-gu, 133-791, Korea.
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Esposito D, Kizelsztein P, Komarnytsky S, Raskin I. Hypoglycemic effects of brassinosteroid in diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E652-8. [PMID: 22785239 PMCID: PMC3774328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00024.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally, and obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Previously, we reported that oral administration of homobrassinolide (HB) to healthy rats triggered a selective anabolic response that was associated with lower blood glucose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HB administration on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, body composition, and gluconeogenic gene expression profiles in liver of C57BL/6J high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Acute oral administration of 50-300 mg/kg HB to obese mice resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in fasting blood glucose within 3 h of treatment. Daily chronic administration of HB (50 mg/kg for 8 wk) ameliorated hyperglycemia and improved oral glucose tolerance associated with obesity without significantly affecting body weight or body composition. These changes were accompanied by lower expression of two key gluconeogenic enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), and increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver and muscle tissue. In vitro, HB treatment (1-15 μM) inhibited cyclic AMP-stimulated but not dexamethasone-stimulated upregulation of PEPCK and G-6-Pase mRNA levels in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. Among a series of brassinosteroid analogs related to HB, only homocastasterone decreased glucose production in cell culture significantly. These results indicate the antidiabetic effects of brassinosteroids and begin to elucidate their putative cellular targets both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Esposito
- Biotech Center, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Jiao P, Feng B, Xu H. Mapping MKP-3/FOXO1 interaction and evaluating the effect on gluconeogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41168. [PMID: 22848439 PMCID: PMC3405053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MAP kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP-3) is known to attenuate the ERK signaling pathway. It has been recently demonstrated that MKP-3 is also a player in promoting hepatic glucose output in obese state by interacting and activating FOXO1. Reduction of hepatic MKP-3 expression is sufficient to reduce blood glucose levels in both diet-induced and genetically obese mice. Methodology/Principal Findings In current study, the mechanism of MKP-3/FOXO1 interaction and the effects on transcription of gluconeogenic gene and glucose output was investigated in Fao hepatoma cells by using mutated MKP-3 and FOXO1 adenoviral constructs. The results indicate that MKP-3 phosphatase activity is not required for MKP-3/FOXO1 interaction but is essential for FOXO1 nuclear translocation and MKP-3 promoted gluconeogenesis. Compared to GFP control (1±0.38), MKP-3 increased G6Pase gene expression by 242% (3.42±0.62) while inactive MKP-3 does not change G6Pase expression (0.98±0.17). The residues 200–260 of MKP-3 and the residues 360–456 of FOXO1 are essential for mediating MKP-3/FOXO1 interaction. Interestingly, ERK phosphorylation deficient but not Akt phosphorylation deficient FOXO1 mutant lost interaction with MKP-3. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that Akt phosphorylation resistant FOXO1 3A mutant is sufficient to rescue the hypoglycemia caused by MKP-3 knock down in the liver of lean mice (from 141±6.78 to 209±14.64 mg/dL). Conclusions/Significance 1) Critical residues mediating MKP-3/FOXO1 interaction have been identified; 2) ERK phosphorylation deficient FOXO1 mutant is as potent as Akt phosphorylation deficient FOXO1 mutant in activating transcription of gluconeogenic genes; 3) Constitutively active FOXO1 can rescue the hypoglycemic effect caused by reduced hepatic MKP-3 expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiao
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The MKPs (mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases) are a family of at least ten DUSPs (dual-specificity phosphatases) which function to terminate the activity of the MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases). Several members have already been demonstrated to have distinct roles in immune function, cancer, fetal development and metabolic disorders. One DUSP of renewed interest is the inducible nuclear phosphatase MKP-2, which dephosphorylates both ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) in vitro. Recently, the understanding of MKP-2 function has been advanced due to the development of mouse knockout models, which has resulted in the discovery of novel roles for MKP-2 in the regulation of sepsis, infection and cell-cycle progression that are distinct from those of other DUSPs. However, many functions for MKP-2 still await to be characterized.
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Goronzy JJ, Li G, Yu M, Weyand CM. Signaling pathways in aged T cells - a reflection of T cell differentiation, cell senescence and host environment. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:365-72. [PMID: 22560928 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With increasing age, the ability of the immune system to protect against new antigenic challenges or to control chronic infections erodes. Decline in thymic function and cumulating antigenic experiences of acute and chronic infections threaten T cell homeostasis, but insufficiently explain the failing immune competence and the increased susceptibility for autoimmunity. Alterations in signaling pathways in the aging T cells account for many of the age-related defects. Signaling threshold calibrations seen with aging frequently built on mechanisms that are operational in T cell development and T cell differentiation or are adaptations to the changing environment in the aging host. Age-related changes in transcription of receptors and signaling molecules shift the balance towards inhibitory pathways, most dominantly seen in CD8 T cells and to a lesser degree in CD4 T cells. Prominent examples are the expression of negative regulatory receptors of the CD28 and the TNF receptor superfamilies as well the expression of various cytoplasmic and nuclear dual-specific phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Auld KL, Berasi SP, Liu Y, Cain M, Zhang Y, Huard C, Fukayama S, Zhang J, Choe S, Zhong W, Bhat BM, Bhat RA, Brown EL, Martinez RV. Estrogen-related receptor α regulates osteoblast differentiation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 48:177-91. [PMID: 22333182 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on its homology to the estrogen receptor and its roles in osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation, the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα (ESRRA)) is an intriguing therapeutic target for osteoporosis and other bone diseases. The objective of this study was to better characterize the molecular mechanisms by which ERRα modulates osteoblastogenesis. Experiments from multiple systems demonstrated that ERRα modulates Wnt signaling, a crucial pathway for proper regulation of bone development. This was validated using a Wnt-luciferase reporter, where ERRα showed co-activator-dependent (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α, PGC-1α) stimulatory effects. Interestingly, knockdown of ERRα expression also enhanced WNT signaling. In combination, these data indicated that ERRα could serve to either activate or repress Wnt signaling depending on the presence or absence of its co-activator PGC-1α. The observed Wnt pathway modulation was cell intrinsic and did not alter β-catenin nuclear translocation but was dependent on DNA binding of ERRα. We also found that expression of active ERRα correlated with Wnt pathway effects on osteoblastic differentiation in two cell types, consistent with a role for ERRα in modulating the Wnt pathway. In conclusion, this work identifies ERRα, in conjunction with co-activators such as PGC-1α, as a new regulator of the Wnt-signaling pathway during osteoblast differentiation, through a cell-intrinsic mechanism not affecting β-catenin nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Auld
- Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Signal inhibition by the dual-specific phosphatase 4 impairs T cell-dependent B-cell responses with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E879-88. [PMID: 22434910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109797109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-dependent B-cell responses decline with age, suggesting defective CD4 T-cell function. CD4 memory T cells from individuals older than 65 y displayed increased and sustained transcription of the dual-specific phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) that shortened expression of CD40-ligand (CD40L) and inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) (both P < 0.001) and decreased production of IL-4, IL-17A, and IL-21 (all P < 0.001) after in vitro activation. In vivo after influenza vaccination, activated CD4 T cells from elderly individuals had increased DUSP4 transcription (P = 0.002), which inversely correlated with the expression of CD40L (r = 0.65, P = 0.002), ICOS (r = 0.57, P = 0.008), and IL-4 (r = 0.66, P = 0.001). In CD4 KO mice reconstituted with DUSP4 OT-II T cells, DUSP4 had a negative effect on the expansion of antigen-specific B cells (P = 0.003) and the production of ova-specific antibodies (P = 0.03) after immunization. Silencing of DUSP4 in memory CD4 T cells improved CD40L (P < 0.001), IL-4 (P = 0.007), and IL-21 (P = 0.04) expression significantly more in the elderly than young adults. Consequently, the ability of CD4 memory T cells to support B-cell differentiation that was impaired in the elderly (P = 0.004) was restored. Our data suggest that increased DUSP4 expression in activated T cells in the elderly in part accounts for defective adaptive immune responses.
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Islam A, Civitarese AE, Hesslink RL, Gallaher DD. Viscous dietary fiber reduces adiposity and plasma leptin and increases muscle expression of fat oxidation genes in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:349-55. [PMID: 22095115 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions that reduce accumulation of body fat are of great interest. Consumption of viscous dietary fibers cause well-known positive metabolic effects, such as reductions in the postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. However, their effect on body composition and fuel utilization has not been previously studied. To examine this, rats were fed a viscous nonfermentable dietary fiber, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), for 6 weeks. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fat pad weight. Plasma adipokines, AMP kinase activation, and enzyme and mRNA analysis of key regulators of energetics in liver and soleus muscle were measured. The HPMC diet significantly lowered percent body fat mass and increased percent lean body mass, compared to a cellulose-containing diet (no viscosity). Fasting leptin was reduced 42% and resistin 28% in the HPMC group compared to the cellulose group. Rats fed HPMC had greater activation of AMP kinase in liver and muscle and lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression in liver. mRNA expression in skeletal muscle was significantly increased for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT-1B), PPARγ coactivator 1α, PPARδ and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), as was citrate synthase (CS) activity, in the HPMC group relative to the cellulose group. These results indicate that viscous dietary fiber preserves lean body mass and reduces adiposity, possibly by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle, and thus represents a metabolic effect of viscous fiber not previously described. Thus, viscous dietary fiber may be a useful dietary component to assist in reduction of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmila Islam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Bai LY, Weng JR, Lo WJ, Yeh SP, Wu CY, Wang CY, Chiu CF, Lin CW. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling induces monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1196-202. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.639877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Bai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Wen-Jyi Lo
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Chang-Fang Chiu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital,
Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University,
Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University,
Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
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Jitrapakdee S. Transcription factors and coactivators controlling nutrient and hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lee KT, Jung TW, Lee HJ, Kim SG, Shin YS, Whang WK. The antidiabetic effect of ginsenoside Rb2 via activation of AMPK. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1201-8. [PMID: 21811928 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, which are active compounds found in ginseng (Panax ginseng), are used as antidiabetic treatments. The aim of this study was to determine whether Rb2, a type of ginsenoside, regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) in hyperlipidemic conditions used as an in vitro model of type 2 diabetes. Considering these results, we concluded that Rb2 may inhibit palmitate-induced gluconeogenesis via AMPK-induced SHP by relieving ER stress, a cause of gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Tae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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48
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Hsu MH, Savas U, Lasker JM, Johnson EF. Genistein, resveratrol, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside induce cytochrome P450 4F2 expression through an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:125-36. [PMID: 21205922 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increase the expression of the human microsomal fatty acid ω-hydroxylase CYP4F2. A 24-h treatment of either primary human hepatocytes or the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), which is converted to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate, an activator of AMPK, caused an average 2.5- or 7-fold increase, respectively, of CYP4F2 mRNA expression but not of CYP4A11 or CYP4F3, CYP4F11, and CYP4F12 mRNA. Activation of CYP4F2 expression by AICAR was significantly reduced in HepG2 cells by an AMPK inhibitor, 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine (compound C) or by transfection with small interfering RNAs for AMPKα isoforms α1 and α2. A 2.5-fold increase in CYP4F2 mRNA expression was observed upon treatment of HepG2 cells with 6,7-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-(2'-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-oxo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (A-769662), a direct activator for AMPK. In addition, the indirect activators of AMPK, genistein and resveratrol increased CYP4F2 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Pretreatment with compound C or 1,2-dihydro-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-3-one (splitomicin), an inhibitor of the NAD(+) activated deacetylase SIRT1, only partially blocked activation of CYP4F2 expression by resveratrol, suggesting that a SIRT1/AMPK-independent pathway also contributes to increased CYP4F2 expression. Compound C greatly diminished genistein activation of CYP4F2 expression. 7H-benz[de]benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-7-one-3-carboxylic acid acetate (STO-609), a calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor, reduced the level of expression of CYP4F2 elicited by genistein, suggesting that CaMKK activation contributed to AMPK activation by genistein. Transient transfection studies in HepG2 cells with reporter constructs containing the CYP4F2 proximal promoter demonstrated that AICAR, genistein, and resveratrol stimulated transcription of the reporter gene. These results suggest that activation of AMPK by cellular stress and endocrine or pharmacologic stimulation is likely to activate CYP4F2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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MAP kinase phosphatase-2 plays a critical role in response to infection by Leishmania mexicana. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001192. [PMID: 21085614 PMCID: PMC2978729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we generated a novel dual specific phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) deletion mouse using a targeted deletion strategy in order to examine the role of MAP kinase phosphatase-2 (MKP-2) in immune responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a rapid, time and concentration-dependent increase in MKP-2 protein expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages from MKP-2+/+ but not from MKP-2−/− mice. LPS-induced JNK and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was significantly increased and prolonged in MKP-2−/− macrophages whilst ERK phosphorylation was unaffected. MKP-2 deletion also potentiated LPS-stimulated induction of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α, and also COX-2 derived PGE2 production. However surprisingly, in MKP-2−/− macrophages, there was a marked reduction in LPS or IFNγ-induced iNOS and nitric oxide release and enhanced basal expression of arginase-1, suggesting that MKP-2 may have an additional regulatory function significant in pathogen-mediated immunity. Indeed, following infection with the intracellular parasite Leishmania mexicana, MKP-2−/− mice displayed increased lesion size and parasite burden, and a significantly modified Th1/Th2 bias compared with wild-type counterparts. However, there was no intrinsic defect in MKP-2−/− T cell function as measured by anti-CD3 induced IFN-γ production. Rather, MKP-2−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages were found to be inherently more susceptible to infection with Leishmania mexicana, an effect reversed following treatment with the arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA. These findings show for the first time a role for MKP-2 in vivo and demonstrate that MKP-2 may be essential in orchestrating protection against intracellular infection at the level of the macrophage. In cells of the immune system are switch-on enzymes called kinases which regulate responses to infectious agents such as Leishmania. However, in the same cells there are switch-off enzymes known as phosphatases which function to turn off the kinases once they have done their work. A lot of studies have focussed on the role of kinases but not phosphatases in response to infection; we therefore generated a novel mouse in which the gene for one of these phosphatases, called MKP-2, has been deleted. We found that in the absence of this phosphatase unexpected things happened. The profile of inflammatory proteins, produced by a special cell of the immune system, called a macrophage, that functions to regulate infection by Leishmania, changed in ways which meant the macrophage could either fight infection very effectively or very weakly. In actual fact, we found that the macrophages with no MKP-2 fought off Leishmania poorly and mice deficient in MKP-2 had a modified immune response favouring the growth of the parasite. This is the first study to give critical insight into the role of MKP-2 in fighting Leishmania infection and demonstrates very well the importance of this class of enzyme in pathogen biology.
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Liu SH, Chang YH, Chiang MT. Chitosan reduces gluconeogenesis and increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5795-5800. [PMID: 20397731 DOI: 10.1021/jf100662r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural and versatile biomaterial with a blood-glucose-lowering effect in diabetic animals, but the mechanism of action is still unknown. This study was designed to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic activity of chitosan in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into non-diabetic with cellulose (control), diabetic with cellulose (DM), and diabetic with low- (DM + LCS) and high- (DM + HCS) molecular-weight chitosan groups. After a 4 week feeding study, plasma glucose and fructosamine levels were increased while plasma leptin was decreased in the DM group when compared to the control group. These alternations caused by diabetes could be effectively reversed by both chitosan treatments. The increased gluconeogenesis-related signals including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression and phosphorylations of p38 and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in the livers of diabetic rats were attenuated by chitosans. Moreover, chitosan significantly increased muscle glucose uptake-related signals including Akt phosphorylation and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation from the cytosol to membrane in the soleus muscles of diabetic rats. These results indicate that chitosan may possess a potential for alleviating type-1 diabetic hyperglycemia through the decrease in liver gluconeogenesis and increase in skeletal muscle glucose uptake and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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