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Heubach CA, Hasanbasri Z, Abdullin D, Reuter A, Korzekwa B, Saxena S, Schiemann O. Differentiating between Label and Protein Conformers in Pulsed Dipolar EPR Spectroscopy with the dHis-Cu 2+ (NTA) Motif. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302541. [PMID: 37755452 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy (PDS) in combination with site-directed spin labeling is a powerful tool in structural biology. However, the commonly used spin labels are conjugated to biomolecules via rather long and flexible linkers, which hampers the translation of distance distributions into biomolecular conformations. In contrast, the spin label copper(II)-nitrilotriacetic acid [Cu2+ (NTA)] bound to two histidines (dHis) is rigid and yields narrow distance distributions, which can be more easily translated into biomolecular conformations. Here, we use this label on the 71 kDa Yersinia outer protein O (YopO) to decipher whether a previously experimentally observed bimodal distance distribution is due to two conformations of the biomolecule or of the flexible spin labels. Two different PDS experiments, that is, pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR aka DEER) and relaxation-induced dipolar modulation enhancement (RIDME), yield unimodal distance distribution with the dHis-Cu2+ (NTA) motif; this result suggests that the α-helical backbone of YopO adopts a single conformation in frozen solution. In addition, we show that the Cu2+ (NTA) label preferentially binds to the target double histidine (dHis) sites even in the presence of 22 competing native histidine residues. Our results therefore suggest that the generation of a His-null background is not required for this spin labeling methodology. Together these results highlight the value of the dHis-Cu2+ (NTA) motif in PDS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar A Heubach
- Clausius-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zikri Hasanbasri
- Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Clausius-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Reuter
- Clausius-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedict Korzekwa
- Clausius-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research, University of Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Clausius-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Yang R, Atkinson S, Chen Z, Cui Y, Du Z, Han Y, Sebbane F, Slavin P, Song Y, Yan Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Hinnebusch BJ, Stenseth NC, Motin VL. Yersinia pestis and Plague: some knowns and unknowns. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 37602146 PMCID: PMC10438918 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic in Hong Kong, there has been significant progress of understanding the lifestyle of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some understanding of the pathogen's physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, there are many unknown aspects of the pathogen and its disease development. Here, we focus on some of the knowns and unknowns relating to Y. pestis and plague. We notably focus on some key Y. pestis physiological and virulence traits that are important for its mammal-flea-mammal life cycle but also its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some aspects of the genetic diversity of Y. pestis, the distribution and ecology of plague as well as the medical countermeasures to protect our population are also provided. Lastly, we present some biosafety and biosecurity information related to Y. pestis and plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Steve Atkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philip Slavin
- Division of History and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LJ, UK
| | - Yajun Song
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chutian Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B. Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir L. Motin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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3
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Peter MF, Gebhardt C, Mächtel R, Muñoz GGM, Glaenzer J, Narducci A, Thomas GH, Cordes T, Hagelueken G. Cross-validation of distance measurements in proteins by PELDOR/DEER and single-molecule FRET. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4396. [PMID: 35906222 PMCID: PMC9338047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy (PELDOR/DEER) and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy (smFRET) are frequently used to determine conformational changes, structural heterogeneity, and inter probe distances in biological macromolecules. They provide qualitative information that facilitates mechanistic understanding of biochemical processes and quantitative data for structural modelling. To provide a comprehensive comparison of the accuracy of PELDOR/DEER and smFRET, we use a library of double cysteine variants of four proteins that undergo large-scale conformational changes upon ligand binding. With either method, we use established standard experimental protocols and data analysis routines to determine inter-probe distances in the presence and absence of ligands. The results are compared to distance predictions from structural models. Despite an overall satisfying and similar distance accuracy, some inconsistencies are identified, which we attribute to the use of cryoprotectants for PELDOR/DEER and label-protein interactions for smFRET. This large-scale cross-validation of PELDOR/DEER and smFRET highlights the strengths, weaknesses, and synergies of these two important and complementary tools in integrative structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Peter
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gebhardt
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mächtel
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gabriel G Moya Muñoz
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Janin Glaenzer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandra Narducci
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Biology (Area 10), University of York, York, UK
| | - Thorben Cordes
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Huang X, Li M, Wang J, Ji L, Geng Y, Ou Y, Yang S, Yin L, Li L, Chen D. Effect of Bacterial Infection on the Edibility of Aquatic Products: The Case of Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii) Infected With Citrobacter freundii. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722037. [PMID: 34659149 PMCID: PMC8511708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic products are one of the world's essential protein sources whose quality and safety are threatened by bacterial diseases. This study investigated the possible effects of bacterial infection on the main edible part, the muscle, in the case of crayfish infected with Citrobacter freundii. The histopathological analysis confirmed that crayfish was sensitive to C. freundii and muscle was one of the target organs. The transcriptome results showed impaired intercellular junctions, downregulation of actin expression, and inhibition of metabolic pathways. Furthermore, transcriptomic results suggest that C. freundii mainly affect muscle structure and nutrition. Subsequent validation experiments confirmed structural damage and nutrient loss in C. freundii infected crayfish muscle. Besides, the spoilage tests showed that C. freundii did not accelerate muscle spoilage and the bacteria had a limited impact on food safety. Therefore, although C. freundii may not be a specific spoilage bacterium, it still affects the edible taste and nutritional value of crayfish muscle. The findings of this study might contribute to further research on C. freundii infection and provide a warning about the adverse effects of bacterial infection on aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Ji
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangping Ou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangyu Li
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopH targets SKAP2-dependent and independent signaling pathways to block neutrophil antimicrobial mechanisms during infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008576. [PMID: 32392230 PMCID: PMC7241846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia suppress neutrophil responses by using a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to inject 6–7 Yersinia effector proteins (Yops) effectors into their cytoplasm. YopH is a tyrosine phosphatase that causes dephosphorylation of the adaptor protein SKAP2, among other targets in neutrophils. SKAP2 functions in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phagocytosis, and integrin-mediated migration by neutrophils. Here we identify essential neutrophil functions targeted by YopH, and investigate how the interaction between YopH and SKAP2 influence Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) survival in tissues. The growth defect of a ΔyopH mutant was restored in mice defective in the NADPH oxidase complex, demonstrating that YopH is critical for protecting Yptb from ROS during infection. The growth of a ΔyopH mutant was partially restored in Skap2-deficient (Skap2KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, while induction of neutropenia further enhanced the growth of the ΔyopH mutant in both WT and Skap2KO mice. YopH inhibited both ROS production and degranulation triggered via integrin receptor, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) stimulation. SKAP2 was required for integrin receptor and GPCR-mediated ROS production, but dispensable for degranulation under all conditions tested. YopH blocked SKAP2-independent FcγR-stimulated phosphorylation of the proximal signaling proteins Syk, SLP-76, and PLCγ2, and the more distal signaling protein ERK1/2, while only ERK1/2 phosphorylation was dependent on SKAP2 following integrin receptor activation. These findings reveal that YopH prevents activation of both SKAP2-dependent and -independent neutrophilic defenses, uncouple integrin- and GPCR-dependent ROS production from FcγR responses based on their SKAP2 dependency, and show that SKAP2 is not required for degranulation. Pathogenic Yersinia species carry a virulence plasmid encoding a type 3 secretion system that translocates 6–7 effector Yops into host cells. We demonstrate that YopH protects Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from neutrophil-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and degranulation by interfering with signaling pathways downstream of three major receptor classes in neutrophils. We show that a previously identified target of YopH, SKAP2, controls some of the pathways essential for YopH to inactivate during infection. SKAP2 is essential in mediating ROS production downstream of two major receptors; however, it is dispensable for degranulation from the three major receptors tested. Our study illustrates that YopH protects Y. pseudotuberculosis by blocking both SKAP2-dependent and independent signaling pathways that regulate several neutrophil functions.
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Peter MF, Tuukkanen AT, Heubach CA, Selsam A, Duthie FG, Svergun DI, Schiemann O, Hagelueken G. Studying Conformational Changes of the Yersinia Type-III-Secretion Effector YopO in Solution by Integrative Structural Biology. Structure 2019; 27:1416-1426.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Differential regulation of actin-activated nucleotidyl cyclase virulence factors by filamentous and globular actin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206133. [PMID: 30419035 PMCID: PMC6231621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial pathogens produce nucleotidyl cyclase toxins to manipulate eukaryotic host cells. Inside host cells they are activated by endogenous cofactors to produce high levels of cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs). The ExoY toxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaExoY) and the ExoY-like module (VnExoY) found in the MARTX (Multifunctional-Autoprocessing Repeats-in-ToXin) toxin of Vibrio nigripulchritudo share modest sequence similarity (~38%) but were both recently shown to be activated by actin after their delivery to the eukaryotic host cell. Here, we further characterized the ExoY-like cyclase of V. nigripulchritudo. We show that, in contrast to PaExoY that requires polymerized actin (F-actin) for maximum activation, VnExoY is selectively activated by monomeric actin (G-actin). These two enzymes also display different nucleotide substrate and divalent cation specificities. In vitro in presence of the cation Mg2+, the F-actin activated PaExoY exhibits a promiscuous nucleotidyl cyclase activity with the substrate preference GTP>ATP≥UTP>CTP, while the G-actin activated VnExoY shows a strong preference for ATP as substrate, as it is the case for the well-known calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase toxins from Bordetella pertussis or Bacillus anthracis. These results suggest that the actin-activated nucleotidyl cyclase virulence factors despite sharing a common activator may actually display a greater variability of biological effects in infected cells than initially anticipated.
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Pinaud L, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A. Host Cell Targeting by Enteropathogenic Bacteria T3SS Effectors. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:266-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Teper D, Girija AM, Bosis E, Popov G, Savidor A, Sessa G. The Xanthomonas euvesicatoria type III effector XopAU is an active protein kinase that manipulates plant MAP kinase signaling. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006880. [PMID: 29377937 PMCID: PMC5805367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato. Xe delivers effector proteins into host cells through the type III secretion system to promote disease. Here, we show that the Xe effector XopAU, which is conserved in numerous Xanthomonas species, is a catalytically active protein kinase and contributes to the development of disease symptoms in pepper plants. Agrobacterium-mediated expression of XopAU in host and non-host plants activated typical defense responses, including MAP kinase phosphorylation, accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and elicitation of cell death, that were dependent on the kinase activity of the effector. XopAU-mediated cell death was not dependent on early signaling components of effector-triggered immunity and was also observed when the effector was delivered into pepper leaves by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, but not by Xe. Protein-protein interaction studies in yeast and in planta revealed that XopAU physically interacts with components of plant immunity-associated MAP kinase cascades. Remarkably, XopAU directly phosphorylated MKK2 in vitro and enhanced its phosphorylation at multiple sites in planta. Consistent with the notion that MKK2 is a target of XopAU, silencing of the MKK2 homolog or overexpression of the catalytically inactive mutant MKK2K99R in N. benthamiana plants reduced XopAU-mediated cell death and MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, yeast co-expressing XopAU and MKK2 displayed reduced growth and this phenotype was dependent on the kinase activity of both proteins. Together, our results support the conclusion that XopAU contributes to Xe disease symptoms in pepper plants and manipulates host MAPK signaling through phosphorylation and activation of MKK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Teper
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Eran Bosis
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Georgy Popov
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Savidor
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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ExoY, an actin-activated nucleotidyl cyclase toxin from P. aeruginosa: A minireview. Toxicon 2017; 149:65-71. [PMID: 29258848 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ExoY is one of four well-characterized Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 3 secretion system (T3SS) effectors. It is a nucleotidyl cyclase toxin that is inactive inside the bacteria, but becomes potently activated once it is delivered into the eukaryotic target cells. Recently, filamentous actin was identified as the eukaryotic cofactor that stimulates specifically ExoY enzymatic activity by several orders of magnitude. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the biochemistry of nucleotidyl cyclase activity of ExoY and its regulation by interaction with filamentous actin.
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12
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Scott NE, Hartland EL. Post-translational Mechanisms of Host Subversion by Bacterial Effectors. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1088-1102. [PMID: 29150361 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial effector proteins are a specialized class of secreted proteins that are translocated directly into the host cytoplasm by bacterial pathogens. Effector proteins have diverse activities and targets, and many mediate post-translational modifications of host proteins. Effector proteins offer potential in novel biotechnological and medical applications as enzymes that may modify human proteins. Here, we discuss the mechanisms used by effectors to subvert the human host through blocking, blunting, or subverting immune mechanisms. This capacity allows bacteria to control host cell function to support pathogen survival, replication and dissemination to other hosts. In addition, we highlight that knowledge of effector protein activity may be used to develop chemical inhibitors as a new approach to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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13
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Singaravelu P, Lee WL, Wee S, Ghoshdastider U, Ding K, Gunaratne J, Grimes JM, Swaminathan K, Robinson RC. Yersinia effector protein (YopO)-mediated phosphorylation of host gelsolin causes calcium-independent activation leading to disruption of actin dynamics. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8092-8100. [PMID: 28280241 PMCID: PMC5427284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia bacteria cause a range of human diseases. To modulate and evade host immune systems, these yersiniae inject effector proteins into host macrophages. One such protein, the serine/threonine kinase YopO (YpkA in Yersinia pestis), uses monomeric actin as bait to recruit and phosphorylate host actin polymerization-regulating proteins, including the actin-severing protein gelsolin, to disrupt actin filaments and thus impair phagocytosis. However, the YopO phosphorylation sites on gelsolin and the consequences of YopO-mediated phosphorylation on actin remodeling have yet to be established. Here we determined the effects of YopO-mediated phosphorylation on gelsolin and identified its phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry. YopO phosphorylated gelsolin in the linker region between gelsolin homology domains G3 and G4, which, in the absence of calcium, are compacted but adopt an open conformation in the presence of calcium, enabling actin binding and severing. Using phosphomimetic and phosphodeletion gelsolin mutants, we found that YopO-mediated phosphorylation partially mimics calcium-dependent activation of gelsolin, potentially contributing to a reduction in filamentous actin and altered actin dynamics in phagocytic cells. In summary, this work represents the first report of the functional outcome of serine/threonine phosphorylation in gelsolin regulation and provides critical insight into how YopO disrupts normal gelsolin function to alter host actin dynamics and thus cripple phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Singaravelu
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Wei Lin Lee
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673,
| | - Sheena Wee
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673
| | - Umesh Ghoshdastider
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673
| | - Ke Ding
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673.,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Robert C Robinson
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673
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Lee WL, Singaravelu P, Wee S, Xue B, Ang KC, Gunaratne J, Grimes JM, Swaminathan K, Robinson RC. Mechanisms of Yersinia YopO kinase substrate specificity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39998. [PMID: 28051168 PMCID: PMC5209680 DOI: 10.1038/srep39998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia bacteria cause a range of human diseases, including yersiniosis, Far East scarlet-like fever and the plague. Yersiniae modulate and evade host immune defences through injection of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) into phagocytic cells. One of the Yops, YopO (also known as YpkA) obstructs phagocytosis through disrupting actin filament regulation processes - inhibiting polymerization-promoting signaling through sequestration of Rac/Rho family GTPases and by using monomeric actin as bait to recruit and phosphorylate host actin-regulating proteins. Here we set out to identify mechanisms of specificity in protein phosphorylation by YopO that would clarify its effects on cytoskeleton disruption. We report the MgADP structure of Yersinia enterocolitica YopO in complex with actin, which reveals its active site architecture. Using a proteome-wide kinase-interacting substrate screening (KISS) method, we identified that YopO phosphorylates a wide range of actin-modulating proteins and located their phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry. Using artificial substrates we clarified YopO's substrate length requirements and its phosphorylation consensus sequence. These findings provide fresh insight into the mechanism of the YopO kinase and demonstrate that YopO executes a specific strategy targeting actin-modulating proteins, across multiple functionalities, to compete for control of their native phospho-signaling, thus hampering the cytoskeletal processes required for macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Pavithra Singaravelu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheena Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Bo Xue
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Khay Chun Ang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., UK
| | | | - Robert C. Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chan School of Medicine, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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15
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Belyy A, Raoux-Barbot D, Saveanu C, Namane A, Ogryzko V, Worpenberg L, David V, Henriot V, Fellous S, Merrifield C, Assayag E, Ladant D, Renault L, Mechold U. Actin activates Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY nucleotidyl cyclase toxin and ExoY-like effector domains from MARTX toxins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13582. [PMID: 27917880 PMCID: PMC5150216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotidyl cyclase toxin ExoY is one of the virulence factors injected by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system into host cells. Inside cells, it is activated by an unknown eukaryotic cofactor to synthesize various cyclic nucleotide monophosphates. ExoY-like adenylate cyclases are also found in Multifunctional-Autoprocessing Repeats-in-ToXin (MARTX) toxins produced by various Gram-negative pathogens. Here we demonstrate that filamentous actin (F-actin) is the hitherto unknown cofactor of ExoY. Association with F-actin stimulates ExoY activity more than 10,000 fold in vitro and results in stabilization of actin filaments. ExoY is recruited to actin filaments in transfected cells and alters F-actin turnover. Actin also activates an ExoY-like adenylate cyclase MARTX effector domain from Vibrio nigripulchritudo. Finally, using a yeast genetic screen, we identify actin mutants that no longer activate ExoY. Our results thus reveal a new sub-group within the class II adenylyl cyclase family, namely actin-activated nucleotidyl cyclase (AA-NC) toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Belyy
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Gamaleya Research Center, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Cosmin Saveanu
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3525, Génétique des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Génomes et Génétique, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Abdelkader Namane
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3525, Génétique des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Génomes et Génétique, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Vasily Ogryzko
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS UMR 8126, Unité de Signaling, Nuclei and Innovations in Oncology, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lina Worpenberg
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Violaine David
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Veronique Henriot
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Souad Fellous
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christien Merrifield
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Elodie Assayag
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Louis Renault
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Undine Mechold
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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17
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Du Z, Wang X. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 918:193-222. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Pha K, Navarro L. Yersinia type III effectors perturb host innate immune responses. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:1-13. [PMID: 26981193 PMCID: PMC4768113 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells recognize molecular patterns from the pathogen and mount a response to resolve the infection. The production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, and induced programmed cell death are processes initiated by innate immune cells in order to combat invading pathogens. However, pathogens have evolved various virulence mechanisms to subvert these responses. One strategy utilized by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens is the deployment of a complex machine termed the type III secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS is composed of a syringe-like needle structure and the effector proteins that are injected directly into a target host cell to disrupt a cellular response. The three human pathogenic Yersinia spp. (Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis) are Gram-negative bacteria that share in common a 70 kb virulence plasmid which encodes the T3SS. Translocation of the Yersinia effector proteins (YopE, YopH, YopT, YopM, YpkA/YopO, and YopP/J) into the target host cell results in disruption of the actin cytoskeleton to inhibit phagocytosis, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, and induction of cellular apoptosis of the target cell. Over the past 25 years, studies on the Yersinia effector proteins have unveiled tremendous knowledge of how the effectors enhance Yersinia virulence. Recently, the long awaited crystal structure of YpkA has been solved providing further insights into the activation of the YpkA kinase domain. Multisite autophosphorylation by YpkA to activate its kinase domain was also shown and postulated to serve as a mechanism to bypass regulation by host phosphatases. In addition, novel Yersinia effector protein targets, such as caspase-1, and signaling pathways including activation of the inflammasome were identified. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries made on Yersinia effector proteins and their contribution to Yersinia pathogenesis.
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Kühn S, Mannherz HG. Actin: Structure, Function, Dynamics, and Interactions with Bacterial Toxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 399:1-34. [PMID: 27848038 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in any eukaryotic cell and an indispensable component of the cytoskeleton. In mammalian organisms, six highly conserved actin isoforms can be distinguished, which differ by only a few amino acids. In non-muscle cells, actin polymerizes into actin filaments that form actin structures essential for cell shape stabilization, and participates in a number of motile activities like intracellular vesicle transport, cytokinesis, and also cell locomotion. Here, we describe the structure of monomeric and polymeric actin, the polymerization kinetics, and its regulation by actin-binding proteins. Probably due to its conserved nature and abundance, actin and its regulating factors have emerged as prefered targets of bacterial toxins and effectors, which subvert the host actin cytoskeleton to serve bacterial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hans Georg Mannherz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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21
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Dominguez R. Subversive bacteria reveal new tricks in their cytoskeleton-hijacking arsenal. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:178-9. [PMID: 25736086 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Lee WL, Grimes JM, Robinson RC. Yersinia effector YopO uses actin as bait to phosphorylate proteins that regulate actin polymerization. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:248-55. [PMID: 25664724 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia species evade host immune systems through the injection of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) into phagocytic cells. One Yop, YopO, also known as YpkA, induces actin-filament disruption, impairing phagocytosis. Here we describe the X-ray structure of Yersinia enterocolitica YopO in complex with actin, which reveals that YopO binds to an actin monomer in a manner that blocks polymerization yet allows the bound actin to interact with host actin-regulating proteins. SILAC-MS and biochemical analyses confirm that actin-polymerization regulators such as VASP, EVL, WASP, gelsolin and the formin diaphanous 1 are directly sequestered and phosphorylated by YopO through formation of ternary complexes with actin. This leads to a model in which YopO at the membrane sequesters actin from polymerization while using the bound actin as bait to recruit, phosphorylate and misregulate host actin-regulating proteins to disrupt phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin Lee
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. [2] Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- 1] Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert C Robinson
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. [2] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Grishin AM, Beyrakhova KA, Cygler M. Structural insight into effector proteins of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that modulate the phosphoproteome of their host. Protein Sci 2015; 24:604-20. [PMID: 25565677 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Invading pathogens manipulate cellular process of the host cell to establish a safe replicative niche. To this end they secrete a spectrum of proteins called effectors that modify cellular environment through a variety of mechanisms. One of the most important mechanisms is the manipulation of cellular signaling through modifications of the cellular phosphoproteome. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays a pivotal role in eukaryotic cell signaling, with ∼ 500 different kinases and ∼ 130 phosphatases in the human genome. Pathogens affect the phosphoproteome either directly through the action of bacterial effectors, and/or indirectly through downstream effects of host proteins modified by the effectors. Here we review the current knowledge of the structure, catalytic mechanism and function of bacterial effectors that modify directly the phosphorylation state of host proteins. These effectors belong to four enzyme classes: kinases, phosphatases, phospholyases and serine/threonine acetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey M Grishin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E5
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24
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Ke Y, Tan Y, Wei N, Yang F, Yang H, Cao S, Wang X, Wang J, Han Y, Bi Y, Cui Y, Yan Y, Song Y, Yang X, Du Z, Yang R. Yersinia protein kinase A phosphorylates vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein to modify the host cytoskeleton. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:473-85. [PMID: 25298072 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia species evolved a type III secretion system that injects a set of effectors into the host cell cytosol to promote infection. One of these effectors, Yersinia protein kinase A (YpkA), is a multidomain effector that harbours a Ser/Thr kinase domain and a guanine dissociation inhibitor (GDI) domain. The intercellular targets of the kinase and GDI domains of YpkA were identified to be Gαq and the small GTPases RhoA and Rac1, respectively, which synergistically induce cytotoxic effects on infected cells. In this study, we demonstrate that vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), which is critical for regulation of actin assembly, cell adhesion and motility, is a direct substrate of YpkA kinase activity. Ectopic co-expression of YpkA and VASP in HEK293T cells leads to the phosphorylation of VASP at S157, and YpkA kinase activity is essential for VASP phosphorylation at this site. Moreover, YpkA directly phosphorylates VASP in in vitro kinase assay. YpkA-mediated VASP phosphorylation significantly inhibits actin polymerization and promotes the disruption of actin cytoskeleton, which inhibits the phagocytosis. Taken together, our study found a novel molecular mechanism used by YpkA to disrupt cytoskeleton dynamics, thereby promoting the anti-phagocytosis ability of pathogenic Yersiniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China; Beijing Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China
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25
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Pha K, Wright ME, Barr TM, Eigenheer RA, Navarro L. Regulation of Yersinia protein kinase A (YpkA) kinase activity by multisite autophosphorylation and identification of an N-terminal substrate-binding domain in YpkA. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26167-26177. [PMID: 25086045 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase YpkA is an essential virulence factor produced by pathogenic Yersinia species. YpkA is delivered into host mammalian cells via a type III secretion system and localizes to the inner side of the plasma membrane. We have previously shown that YpkA binds to and phosphorylates the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, Gαq, resulting in inhibition of Gαq signaling. To identify residues in YpkA involved in substrate binding activity we generated GFP-YpkA N-terminal deletion mutants and performed coimmunoprecipitation experiments. We located a substrate-binding domain on amino acids 40-49 of YpkA, which lies within the previously identified membrane localization domain on YpkA. Deletion of amino acids 40-49 on YpkA interfered with substrate binding, substrate phosphorylation and substrate inhibition. Autophosphorylation regulates the kinase activity of YpkA. To dissect the mechanism by which YpkA transmits signals, we performed nano liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to map in vivo phosphorylation sites. Multiple serine phosphorylation sites were identified in the secretion/translocation region, kinase domain, and C-terminal region of YpkA. Using site-directed mutagenesis we generated multiple YpkA constructs harboring specific serine to alanine point mutations. Our results demonstrate that multiple autophosphorylation sites within the N terminus regulate YpkA kinase activation, whereas mutation of serine to alanine within the C terminus of YpkA had no effect on kinase activity. YpkA autophosphorylation on multiple sites may be a strategy used by pathogenic Yersinia to prevent inactivation of this important virulence protein by host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khavong Pha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616 and
| | - Matthew E Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616 and
| | - Tasha M Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616 and
| | - Richard A Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Lorena Navarro
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616 and.
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26
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27
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Canova MJ, Molle V. Bacterial serine/threonine protein kinases in host-pathogen interactions. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9473-9. [PMID: 24554701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.529917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacterial pathogenesis, monitoring and adapting to the dynamically changing environment in the host and an ability to disrupt host immune responses are critical. The virulence determinants of pathogenic bacteria include the sensor/signaling proteins of the serine/threonine protein kinase (STPK) family that have a dual role of sensing the environment and subverting specific host defense processes. STPKs can sense a wide range of signals and coordinate multiple cellular processes to mount an appropriate response. Here, we review some of the well studied bacterial STPKs that are essential virulence factors and that modify global host responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Canova
- From the Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Universités de Montpellier II et I, CNRS, UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Jers C, Soufi B, Grangeasse C, Deutscher J, Mijakovic I. Phosphoproteomics in bacteria: towards a systemic understanding of bacterial phosphorylation networks. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:619-27. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.4.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Ke Y, Chen Z, Yang R. Yersinia pestis: mechanisms of entry into and resistance to the host cell. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:106. [PMID: 24400226 PMCID: PMC3871965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, Yersinia, a facultative intracellular bacterial species, exhibits the ability to first invade host cells and then counteract phagocytosis by the host cells. During these two distinct stages, invasion or antiphagocytic factors assist bacteria in manipulating host cells to accomplish each of these functions; however, the mechanism through which Yersinia regulates these functions during each step remains unclear. Here, we discuss those factors that seem to function reversely and give some hypothesis about how bacteria switch between the two distinct status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Ke
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China ; Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
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30
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Salomon D, Orth K. Lost after translation: post-translational modifications by bacterial type III effectors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:213-20. [PMID: 23466212 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use the type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells. These effectors use various mechanisms to exploit host processes to the advantage of the pathogen. A large group of effectors use post-translational modifications, either reversible or irreversible, to manipulate host proteins, and while most of these mechanisms mimic eukaryotic activities, others appear to be unique biochemical functions. Deciphering such mechanisms and identifying the host targets of these effectors sheds light on eukaryotic signaling pathways and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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Wolters M, Boyle EC, Lardong K, Trülzsch K, Steffen A, Rottner K, Ruckdeschel K, Aepfelbacher M. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor-Y boosts Yersinia effector translocation by activating Rac protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23543-53. [PMID: 23803609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia spp. translocate the effectors YopT, YopE, and YopO/YpkA into target cells to inactivate Rho family GTP-binding proteins and block immune responses. Some Yersinia spp. also secrete the Rho protein activator cytotoxic necrotizing factor-Y (CNF-Y), but it has been unclear how the bacteria may benefit from Rho protein activation. We show here that CNF-Y increases Yop translocation in Yersinia enterocolitica-infected cells up to 5-fold. CNF-Y strongly activated RhoA and also delayed in time Rac1 and Cdc42, but when individually expressed, constitutively active mutants of Rac1, but not of RhoA, increased Yop translocation. Consistently, knock-out or knockdown of Rac1 but not of RhoA, -B, or -C inhibited Yersinia effector translocation in CNF-Y-treated and control cells. Activation or knockdown of Cdc42 also affected Yop translocation but much less efficiently than Rac. The increase in Yop translocation induced by CNF-Y was essentially independent of the presence of YopE, YopT, or YopO in the infecting Yersinia strain, indicating that none of the Yops reported to inhibit translocation could reverse the CNF-Y effect. In summary, the CNF-Y activity of Yersinia strongly enhances Yop translocation through activation of Rac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wolters
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Structural basis of eukaryotic cell targeting by type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:605-19. [PMID: 23541478 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are macromolecular complexes that translocate a wide number of effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. Once within the cytoplasm, many T3SS effectors mimic the structure and/or function of eukaryotic proteins in order to manipulate signaling cascades, and thus play pivotal roles in colonization, invasion, survival and virulence. Structural biology techniques have played key roles in the unraveling of bacterial strategies employed for mimicry and targeting. This review provides an overall view of our current understanding of structure and function of T3SS effectors, as well as of the different classes of eukaryotic proteins that are targeted and the consequences for the infected cell.
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33
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Schmidt G. Yersinia enterocolitica outer protein T (YopT). Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:955-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Insight into bacterial virulence mechanisms against host immune response via the Yersinia pestis-human protein-protein interaction network. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4413-24. [PMID: 21911467 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05622-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A Yersinia pestis-human protein interaction network is reported here to improve our understanding of its pathogenesis. Up to 204 interactions between 66 Y. pestis bait proteins and 109 human proteins were identified by yeast two-hybrid assay and then combined with 23 previously published interactions to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Topological analysis of the interaction network revealed that human proteins targeted by Y. pestis were significantly enriched in the proteins that are central in the human protein-protein interaction network. Analysis of this network showed that signaling pathways important for host immune responses were preferentially targeted by Y. pestis, including the pathways involved in focal adhesion, regulation of cytoskeleton, leukocyte transendoepithelial migration, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Cellular pathways targeted by Y. pestis are highly relevant to its pathogenesis. Interactions with host proteins involved in focal adhesion and cytoskeketon regulation pathways could account for resistance of Y. pestis to phagocytosis. Interference with TLR and MAPK signaling pathways by Y. pestis reflects common characteristics of pathogen-host interaction that bacterial pathogens have evolved to evade host innate immune response by interacting with proteins in those signaling pathways. Interestingly, a large portion of human proteins interacting with Y. pestis (16/109) also interacted with viral proteins (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV] and hepatitis C virus [HCV]), suggesting that viral and bacterial pathogens attack common cellular functions to facilitate infections. In addition, we identified vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) as a novel interaction partner of YpkA and showed that YpkA could inhibit in vitro actin assembly mediated by VASP.
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35
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Dean P. Functional domains and motifs of bacterial type III effector proteins and their roles in infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:1100-25. [PMID: 21517912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of the virulence of many bacterial pathogens is the ability to deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic cells via a dedicated type three secretion system (T3SS). Many bacterial pathogens, including species of Chlamydia, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia and Yersinia, depend on the T3SS to cause disease. T3SS effectors constitute a large and diverse group of virulence proteins that mimic eukaryotic proteins in structure and function. A salient feature of bacterial effectors is their modular architecture, comprising domains or motifs that confer an array of subversive functions within the eukaryotic cell. These domains/motifs therefore represent a fascinating repertoire of molecular determinants with important roles during infection. This review provides a snapshot of our current understanding of bacterial effector domains and motifs where a defined role in infection has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dean
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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36
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Edelmann MJ, Kramer HB, Altun M, Kessler BM. Post-translational modification of the deubiquitinating enzyme otubain 1 modulates active RhoA levels and susceptibility to Yersinia invasion. FEBS J 2010; 277:2515-30. [PMID: 20553488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens exploit the ubiquitin system to facilitate infection and manipulate the immune responses of the host. In this study, susceptibility to Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasion was found to be increased upon overexpression of the deubiquitinating enzyme otubain 1 (OTUB1), a member of the ovarian tumour domain-containing protein family. Conversely, OTUB1 knockdown interfered with Yersinia invasion in HEK293T cells as well as in primary monocytes. This effect was attributed to a modulation of bacterial uptake. We demonstrate that the Yersinia-encoded virulence factor YpkA (YopO) kinase interacts with a post-translationally modified form of OTUB1 that contains multiple phosphorylation sites. OTUB1, YpkA and the small GTPase ras homologue gene family member A (RhoA) were found to be part of the same protein complex, suggesting that RhoA levels are modulated by OTUB1. Our results show that OTUB1 is able to stabilize active RhoA prior to invasion, which is concomitant with an increase in bacterial uptake. This effect is modulated by post-translational modifications of OTUB1, suggesting a new entry point for manipulating Yersinia interactions with the host.
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Galindo CL, Sha J, Moen ST, Agar SL, Kirtley ML, Foltz SM, McIver LJ, Kozlova EV, Garner HR, Chopra AK. Comparative Global Gene Expression Profiles of Wild-Type Yersinia pestis CO92 and Its Braun Lipoprotein Mutant at Flea and Human Body Temperatures. Comp Funct Genomics 2010; 2010:342168. [PMID: 20508723 PMCID: PMC2873655 DOI: 10.1155/2010/342168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Braun/murein lipoprotein (Lpp) is involved in inflammatory responses and septic shock. We previously characterized a Deltalpp mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92 and found that this mutant was defective in surviving in macrophages and was attenuated in a mouse inhalation model of plague when compared to the highly virulent wild-type (WT) bacterium. We performed global transcriptional profiling of WT Y. pestis and its Deltalpp mutant using microarrays. The organisms were cultured at 26 and 37 degrees Celsius to simulate the flea vector and mammalian host environments, respectively. Our data revealed vastly different effects of lpp mutation on the transcriptomes of Y. pestis grown at 37 versus 26 degrees C. While the absence of Lpp resulted mainly in the downregulation of metabolic genes at 26 degrees C, the Y. pestis Deltalpp mutant cultured at 37 degrees C exhibited profound alterations in stress response and virulence genes, compared to WT bacteria. We investigated one of the stress-related genes (htrA) downregulated in the Deltalpp mutant relative to WT Y. pestis. Indeed, complementation of the Deltalpp mutant with the htrA gene restored intracellular survival of the Y. pestis Deltalpp mutant. Our results support a role for Lpp in Y. pestis adaptation to the host environment, possibly via transcriptional activation of htrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L. Galindo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 02461-0477, USA
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Scott T. Moen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Stacy L. Agar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Michelle L. Kirtley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Sheri M. Foltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Lauren J. McIver
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 02461-0477, USA
| | - E. V. Kozlova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Harold R. Garner
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 02461-0477, USA
| | - Ashok K. Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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Mittal R, Peak-Chew SY, Sade RS, Vallis Y, McMahon HT. The acetyltransferase activity of the bacterial toxin YopJ of Yersinia is activated by eukaryotic host cell inositol hexakisphosphate. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19927-34. [PMID: 20430892 PMCID: PMC2888404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.126581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague, one of the most devastating diseases in human history, is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacteria use a syringe-like macromolecular assembly to secrete various toxins directly into the host cells they infect. One such Yersinia outer protein, YopJ, performs the task of dampening innate immune responses in the host by simultaneously inhibiting the MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways. YopJ catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups to serine, threonine, and lysine residues on target proteins. Acetylation of serine and threonine residues prevents them from being phosphorylated thereby preventing the activation of signaling molecules on which they are located. In this study, we describe the requirement of a host-cell factor for full activation of the acetyltransferase activity of YopJ and identify this activating factor to be inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). We extend the applicability of our results to show that IP6 also stimulates the acetyltransferase activity of AvrA, the YopJ homologue from Salmonella typhimurium. Furthermore, an IP6-induced conformational change in AvrA suggests that IP6 acts as an allosteric activator of enzyme activity. Our results suggest that YopJ-family enzymes are quiescent in the bacterium where they are synthesized, because bacteria lack IP6; once injected into mammalian cells by the pathogen these toxins bind host cell IP6, are activated, and deregulate the MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways thereby subverting innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mittal
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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39
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Interaction of Yersinia with the gut: mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune evasion. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 337:61-91. [PMID: 19812980 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01846-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia entercolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are human foodborne pathogens that interact extensively with tissues of the gut and the host's immune system to cause disease. As part of their pathogenic strategies, the Yersinia have evolved numerous ways to invade host tissues, gain essential nutrients, and evade host immunity. Technological advances over the last 10 years have revolutionized our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. The application of these new technologies has also shown that even well-understood pathogens such as the Yersinia have many surprises waiting to be revealed. The complex interaction with the host has made Yersinia a paradigm for understanding bacterial pathogenesis and the host response to invasive bacterial infections. This review examines the mechanisms of immune evasion employed by the Yersinia and highlights recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen interaction.
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Groves E, Rittinger K, Amstutz M, Berry S, Holden DW, Cornelis GR, Caron E. Sequestering of Rac by the Yersinia effector YopO blocks Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4087-4098. [PMID: 19926792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia species neutralize innate immune mechanisms by injecting type three secretion effectors into immune cells, altering cell signaling. Our study elucidates how one of these effectors, YopO, blocks phagocytosis. We demonstrate using different phagocytic models that YopO specifically blocks Rac-dependent Fcgamma receptor internalization pathway but not complement receptor 3-dependent uptake, which is controlled by Rho activity. We show that YopO prevents Rac activation but does not affect Rac accumulation at the phagocytic cup. In addition, we show that plasma membrane localization and the guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI)-like domain of YopO cooperate for maximal anti-phagocytosis. Although YopO has the same affinity for Rac1, Rac2, and RhoA in vitro, it selectively interacts with Rac isoforms in cells. This is due to the differential localization of the Rho family G proteins in resting cells; Rac isoforms partially exist as a GDI-free pool at the membrane of resting cells, whereas RhoA is trapped in the cytosol by RhoGDIalpha. We propose that YopO exploits this basic difference in localization and availability to selectively inhibit Rac-dependent phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Groves
- From the Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- the Division of Molecular Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, and
| | - Marlise Amstutz
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingenbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Berry
- From the Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David W Holden
- From the Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Guy R Cornelis
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingenbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Caron
- From the Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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41
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Cozzone AJ. Bacterial tyrosine kinases: novel targets for antibacterial therapy? Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:536-43. [PMID: 19853456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of pathogenic bacteria to current antibiotics has become a crucial public health problem. To combat this resistance, there is a constant need for antibacterial drugs with new modes of action on therapeutic targets. Recent data have shown that a variety of cellular processes essential for bacterial survival and virulence are regulated by the phosphorylation of certain endogenous proteins catalyzed by specific tyrosine kinases. In this article, I highlight a selection of recent findings that confirm the central role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the control of bacterial physiology. Based on this knowledge, potential applications in the discovery of novel antibiotics are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain J Cozzone
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry of Proteins, University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France.
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42
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Shao F. Biochemical functions of Yersinia type III effectors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:21-9. [PMID: 18299249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia uses a type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver six effector proteins into host cells. These six proteins harbor distinct activities that are mimicries of host functions but often have acquired unique biochemical features. The host targets for these effectors appear to be limited to a few key signaling components such as G proteins and kinases, whereas their models of action are diverse and sophisticated. The functions of these effectors are to subvert the host immune defense response, including alterations of the cytoskeleton structure, inhibition of phagocytic clearance, blockage of cytokine production, and induction of apoptosis. These effectors also interfere with communications between the innate and the adaptive immune response, thus aiding the establishment of a systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, China.
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43
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Abstract
The pathogenic bacteria Yersinia spp. contain a virulence plasmid that encodes a type III secretion system and effectors. During infection, four of the effectors target the actin cytoskeleton, crippling the phagocytic machinery in the infected cell. The remaining two effectors dampen the innate immune response by targeting important signalling pathways. Although the biochemical activity for each of these effectors is known, the mechanisms involved in their ordered secretion and delivery remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Trosky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild Science Building, D300, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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44
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The elusive activity of the Yersinia protein kinase A kinase domain is revealed. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:437-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Navarro L, Koller A, Nordfelth R, Wolf-Watz H, Taylor S, Dixon JE. Identification of a molecular target for the Yersinia protein kinase A. Mol Cell 2007; 26:465-77. [PMID: 17531806 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Yersinia employ a type III secretion system to inject bacterial effector proteins directly into the host cytosol. One of these effectors, the Yersinia serine/threonine protein kinase YpkA, is an essential virulence determinant involved in host actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and in inhibition of phagocytosis. Here we report that YpkA inhibits multiple Galphaq signaling pathways. The kinase activity of YpkA is required for Galphaq inhibition. YpkA phosphorylates Ser47, a key residue located in the highly conserved diphosphate binding loop of the GTPase fold of Galphaq. YpkA-mediated phosphorylation of Ser47 impairs guanine nucleotide binding by Galphaq. Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing wild-type YpkA, but not a catalytically inactive YpkA mutant, interferes with Galphaq-mediated signaling pathways. Identification of a YpkA-mediated phosphorylation site in Galphaq sheds light on the contribution of the kinase activity of YpkA to Yersinia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Navarro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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