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Zhou M, Hanschmann EM, Römer A, Linn T, Petry SF. The significance of glutaredoxins for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103043. [PMID: 38377787 PMCID: PMC10891345 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable metabolic disease hallmarked by chronic hyperglycemia caused by beta-cell failure. Diabetic complications affect the vasculature and result in macro- and microangiopathies, which account for a significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The rising incidence and prevalence of diabetes is a major global health burden. There are no feasible strategies for beta-cell preservation available in daily clinical practice. Therefore, patients rely on antidiabetic drugs or the application of exogenous insulin. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved members of the thioredoxin family of proteins. They have specific functions in redox-mediated signal transduction, iron homeostasis and biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (FeS) proteins, and the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and function. The involvement of Grxs in chronic diseases has been a topic of research for several decades, suggesting them as therapeutic targets. Little is known about their role in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, this review summarizes the available literature on the significance of Grxs in diabetes and its complications. In conclusion, Grxs are differentially expressed in the endocrine pancreas and in tissues affected by diabetic complications, such as the heart, the kidneys, the eye, and the vasculature. They are involved in several pathways essential for insulin signaling, metabolic inflammation, glucose and fatty acid uptake and processing, cell survival, and iron and mitochondrial metabolism. Most studies describe significant changes in glutaredoxin expression and/or activity in response to the diabetic metabolism. In general, mitigated levels of Grxs are associated with oxidative distress, cell damage, and even cell death. The induced overexpression is considered a potential part of the cellular stress-response, counteracting oxidative distress and exerting beneficial impact on cell function such as insulin secretion, cytokine expression, and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhou
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Experimental and Translational Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Römer
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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Ren X, Léveillard T. Modulating antioxidant systems as a therapeutic approach to retinal degeneration. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102510. [PMID: 36274523 PMCID: PMC9596747 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human retina is facing a big challenge of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from endogenous and exogenous sources. Excessive ROS can cause damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins, triggering abnormal redox signaling, and ultimately lead to cell death. Thus, oxidative stress has been observed in inherited retinal diseases as a common hallmark. To counteract the detrimental effect of ROS, cells are equipped with various antioxidant defenses. In this review, we will focus on the antioxidant systems in the retina and how they can protect retina from oxidative stress. Both small antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes play a role in ROS removal. Particularly, the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems, as the major antioxidant systems in mammalian cells, exert functions in redox signaling regulation via modifying cysteines in proteins. In addition, the thioredoxin-like rod-derived cone viability factor (RdCVFL) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) can modulate metabolism in photoreceptors and promote their survival. In conclusion, elevating the antioxidant capacity in retina is a promising therapy to curb the progress of inherited retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France; Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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Potential Roles of Anti-Inflammatory Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds Targeting Inflammation in Microvascular Complications of Diabetes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217352. [PMID: 36364178 PMCID: PMC9657994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders, the characteristics of which include chronic hyperglycemia owing to defects in insulin function, insulin secretion, or both. Inflammation plays a crucial role in DM pathogenesis and innate immunity in the development of microvascular complications of diabetes. In addition, hyperglycemia and DM mediate a proinflammatory microenvironment that can result in various microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DNP), diabetic neuropathy (DN), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DNP is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. DNP can lead to albuminuria, decreased filtration, mesangium expansion, thickening of the basement membrane, and eventually renal failure. Furthermore, inflammatory cells can accumulate in the interstitium and glomeruli to deteriorate DNP. DN is another most prevalent microvascular complication of DM and the main cause of high mortality, disability, and a poor quality of life. DNs have a wide range of clinical manifestations because of the types of fiber dysfunctions and complex structures of the peripheral nervous system. DR is also a microvascular and multifactorial disease, as well as a major cause of visual impairment globally. Pathogenesis of DR is yet to be fully revealed, however, numerous studies have already confirmed the role of inflammation in the onset and advancement of DR. Despite evidence, and better knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of these microvascular complications of diabetes, there is still a deficiency of effective therapies. Bioactive compounds are mainly derived from plants, and these molecules have promising therapeutic potential. In this review, evidence and molecular mechanisms regarding the role of inflammation in various microvascular complications of diabetes including DNP, DN, and DR, have been summarized. The therapeutic potential of several bioactive compounds derived from plants in the treatment of these microvascular complications of diabetes has also been discussed.
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Brücksken KA, Loreto Palacio P, Hanschmann EM. Thiol Modifications in the Extracellular Space—Key Proteins in Inflammation and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932525. [PMID: 35833136 PMCID: PMC9271835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) allow to control molecular and cellular functions in response to specific signals and changes in the microenvironment of cells. They regulate structure, localization, stability, and function of proteins in a spatial and temporal manner. Among them, specific thiol modifications of cysteine (Cys) residues facilitate rapid signal transduction. In fact, Cys is unique because it contains the highly reactive thiol group that can undergo different reversible and irreversible modifications. Upon inflammation and changes in the cellular microenvironment, many extracellular soluble and membrane proteins undergo thiol modifications, particularly dithiol–disulfide exchange, S-glutathionylation, and S-nitrosylation. Among others, these thiol switches are essential for inflammatory signaling, regulation of gene expression, cytokine release, immunoglobulin function and isoform variation, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, also the redox state of bacterial and viral proteins depends on host cell-mediated redox reactions that are critical for invasion and infection. Here, we highlight mechanistic thiol switches in inflammatory pathways and infections including cholera, diphtheria, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Ren T, Lin W, He S, Yang X, Xian M, Zhang Z, Luo W, Nie Q, Zhang X. Integrative Analysis of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Data Reveals the Antioxidant Potential of Dietary Lutein in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:906853. [PMID: 35812876 PMCID: PMC9260106 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.906853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein can increase the body's skin color and has antioxidant potential. However, how it affects lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in chickens remains unknown. In this study, 74-day-old male chickens raised on feed supplemented with lutein had higher hip, back, breast, leg, shin and abdominal fat yellowness than the control group, and the livers of chickens in the lutein group had higher superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and lower malondialdehyde activities. To clarify the potential regulatory network regulated by lutein, we used RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics to detect changes in the male chicken liver and plasma, respectively. A total of 243 differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathways, among others. A total of 237 significantly different metabolites were enriched in lysine biosynthesis and degradation and glycerophospholipid metabolism signaling pathways, among others. Finally, we comprehensively analyzed metabolome and transcriptome data and found that many differentially expressed genes and significantly different metabolites play crucial roles in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. In summary, dietary lutein can improve male chicken skin yellowness and antioxidant indices and affect liver gene expression and plasma metabolites and may help improve the health of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanhui Ren
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wujian Lin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizi He
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxian Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Xian
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiquan Zhang
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Amorim M, Martins B, Caramelo F, Gonçalves C, Trindade G, Simão J, Barreto P, Marques I, Leal EC, Carvalho E, Reis F, Ribeiro-Rodrigues T, Girão H, Rodrigues-Santos P, Farinha C, Ambrósio AF, Silva R, Fernandes R. Putative Biomarkers in Tears for Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:873483. [PMID: 35692536 PMCID: PMC9174990 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.873483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tear fluid biomarkers may offer a non-invasive strategy for detecting diabetic patients with increased risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR) or increased disease progression, thus helping both improving diagnostic accuracy and understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we assessed the tear fluid of nondiabetic individuals, diabetic patients with no DR, and diabetic patients with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) or with proliferative DR (PDR) to find putative biomarkers for the diagnosis and staging of DR. Methods Tear fluid samples were collected using Schirmer test strips from a cohort with 12 controls and 54 Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) patients, and then analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS)-based shotgun proteomics and bead-based multiplex assay. Tear fluid-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Western Blotting, and nano tracking. Results Proteomics analysis revealed that among the 682 reliably quantified proteins in tear fluid, 42 and 26 were differentially expressed in NPDR and PDR, respectively, comparing to the control group. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033101. By multicomparison analyses, we also found significant changes in 32 proteins. Gene ontology (GO) annotations showed that most of these proteins are associated with oxidative stress and small EVs. Indeed, we also found that tear fluid is particularly enriched in small EVs. T2D patients with NPDR have higher IL-2/-5/-18, TNF, MMP-2/-3/-9 concentrations than the controls. In the PDR group, IL-5/-18 and MMP-3/-9 concentrations were significantly higher, whereas IL-13 was lower, compared to the controls. Conclusions Overall, the results show alterations in tear fluid proteins profile in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Promising candidate biomarkers identified need to be validated in a large sample cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madania Amorim
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jorge Simão
- Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Barreto
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Marques
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ermelindo Carreira Leal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Carvalho
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Farinha
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rufino Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Rosa Fernandes
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Tsukahara Y, Ferran B, Minetti ET, Chong BSH, Gower AC, Bachschmid MM, Matsui R. Administration of Glutaredoxin-1 Attenuates Liver Fibrosis Caused by Aging and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:867. [PMID: 35624731 PMCID: PMC9138033 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a sign of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression towards steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis and is accelerated by aging. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) controls redox signaling by reversing protein S-glutathionylation, induced by oxidative stress, and its deletion causes fatty liver in mice. Although Glrx regulates various pathways, including metabolism and apoptosis, the impact of Glrx on liver fibrosis has not been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the role of Glrx in liver fibrosis induced by aging or by a high-fat, high-fructose diet. We found that: (1) upregulation of Glrx expression level inhibits age-induced hepatic apoptosis and liver fibrosis. In vitro studies indicate that Glrx regulates Fas-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes; (2) diet-induced NASH leads to reduced expression of Glrx and higher levels of S-glutathionylated proteins in the liver. In the NASH model, hepatocyte-specific adeno-associated virus-mediated Glrx overexpression (AAV-Hep-Glrx) suppresses fibrosis and apoptosis and improves liver function; (3) AAV-Hep-Glrx significantly inhibits transcription of Zbtb16 and negatively regulates immune pathways in the NASH liver. In conclusion, the upregulation of Glrx is a potential therapeutic for the reversal of NASH progression by attenuating inflammatory and fibrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tsukahara
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Erika T. Minetti
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Brian S. H. Chong
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Adam C. Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (Y.T.); (B.F.); (E.T.M.); (B.S.H.C.); (M.M.B.)
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Chen Y, Xia Q, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Regulations of Retinal Inflammation: Focusing on Müller Glia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898652. [PMID: 35573676 PMCID: PMC9091449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent retinal diseases. While microglia are one of the most studied cell types regarding retinal inflammation, growing evidence shows that Müller glia play critical roles in the regulation of retinal inflammation. Müller glia express various receptors for cytokines and release cytokines to regulate inflammation. Müller glia are part of the blood-retinal barrier and interact with microglia in the inflammatory responses. The unique metabolic features of Müller glia in the retina makes them vital for retinal homeostasis maintenance, regulating retinal inflammation by lipid metabolism, purine metabolism, iron metabolism, trophic factors, and antioxidants. miRNAs in Müller glia regulate inflammatory responses via different mechanisms and potentially regulate retinal regeneration. Novel therapies are explored targeting Müller glia for inflammatory retinal diseases treatment. Here we review new findings regarding the roles of Müller glia in retinal inflammation and discuss the related novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghong Xia
- Operating Room of Anesthesia Surgery Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Meixia Zhang,
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Nonarath HJ, Hall AE, SenthilKumar G, Abroe B, Eells JT, Liedhegner ES. 670nm photobiomodulation modulates bioenergetics and oxidative stress, in rat Müller cells challenged with high glucose. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260968. [PMID: 34860856 PMCID: PMC8641888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with oxidative stress, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) activation, and excess production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Muller glial cells, spanning the entirety of the retina, are involved in DR inflammation. Mitigation of DR pathology currently occurs via invasive, frequently ineffective therapies which can cause adverse effects. The application of far-red to near-infrared (NIR) light (630-1000nm) reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we hypothesize that 670nm light treatment will diminish oxidative stress preventing downstream inflammatory mechanisms associated with DR initiated by Muller cells. In this study, we used an in vitro model system of rat Müller glial cells grown under normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose conditions and treated with a 670 nm light emitting diode array (LED) (4.5 J/cm2) or no light (sham) daily. We report that a single 670 nm light treatment diminished reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and preserved mitochondrial integrity in this in vitro model of early DR. Furthermore, treatment for 3 days in culture reduced NFκB activity to levels observed in normal glucose and prevented the subsequent increase in ICAM-1. The ability of 670nm light treatment to prevent early molecular changes in this in vitro high glucose model system suggests light treatment could mitigate early deleterious effects modulating inflammatory signaling and diminishing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Nonarath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexandria E. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Betsy Abroe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Janis T. Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Liedhegner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ashour A, Xue M, Al-Motawa M, Thornalley PJ, Rabbani N. Glycolytic overload-driven dysfunction of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in high glucose concentration, corrected by glyoxalase 1 inducer. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/2/e001458. [PMID: 33115819 PMCID: PMC7594206 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with diabetes have increased risk of periodontal disease, with increased risk of weakening of periodontal ligament and tooth loss. Periodontal ligament is produced and maintained by periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs). We hypothesized that metabolic dysfunction of PDLFs in hyperglycemia produces an accumulation of the reactive glycating agent, methylglyoxal (MG), leading to increased formation of the major advanced glycation endproduct, MG-H1 and PDLF dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess if there is dicarbonyl stress and functional impairment of human PDLFs in primary culture in high glucose concentration-a model of hyperglycemia, to characterize the metabolic drivers of it and explore remedial intervention by the glyoxalase 1 inducer dietary supplement, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Human PDLFs were incubated in low and high glucose concentration in vitro. Metabolic and enzymatic markers of MG and glucose control were quantified and related changes in the cytoplasmic proteome and cell function-binding to collagen-I, assessed. Reversal of PDLF dysfunction by tRES-HESP was explored. RESULTS In high glucose concentration cultures, there was a ca. twofold increase in cellular MG, cellular protein MG-H1 content and decreased attachment of PDLFs to collagen-I. This was driven by increased hexokinase-2 linked glucose metabolism and related increased MG formation. Proteomics analysis revealed increased abundance of chaperonins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum transport and ubiquitin E3 ligases involved in misfolded protein degradation in high glucose concentration, consistent with activation of the unfolded protein response by increased misfolded MG-modified proteins. PDLF dysfunction was corrected by tRES-HESP. CONCLUSIONS Increased hexokinase-2 linked glucose metabolism produces dicarbonyl stress, increased MG-modified protein, activation of the unfolded protein response and functional impairment of PDLFs in high glucose concentration. tRES-HESP resolves this at source by correcting increased glucose metabolism and may be of benefit in prevention of diabetic periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ashour
- Speciality Clinics, University Dental Hospital, Taif Dental College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, UK
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Motawa
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, UK
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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11
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Burns M, Rizvi SHM, Tsukahara Y, Pimentel DR, Luptak I, Hamburg NM, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6803. [PMID: 32948023 PMCID: PMC7555996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and as rates continue to increase, discovering mechanisms and therapeutic targets become increasingly important. An underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases is believed to be excess reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Glutathione, the most abundant cellular antioxidant, plays an important role in the body's reaction to oxidative stress by forming reversible disulfide bridges with a variety of proteins, termed glutathionylation (GSylation). GSylation can alter the activity, function, and structure of proteins, making it a major regulator of cellular processes. Glutathione-protein mixed disulfide bonds are regulated by glutaredoxins (Glrxs), thioltransferase members of the thioredoxin family. Glrxs reduce GSylated proteins and make them available for another redox signaling cycle. Glrxs and GSylation play an important role in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, and atherosclerosis. This review primarily concerns the role of GSylation and Glrxs, particularly glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), in cardiovascular diseases and the potential of Glrx as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannix Burns
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Syed Husain Mustafa Rizvi
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Yuko Tsukahara
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
| | - David R. Pimentel
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivan Luptak
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
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12
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Ahmad MI, Ijaz MU, Haq IU, Li C. The Role of Meat Protein in Generation of Oxidative Stress and Pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndromes. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:1-10. [PMID: 31970326 PMCID: PMC6957445 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various processing methods have a great impact on the physiochemical and nutritional properties of meat that are of health concern. Hence, the postmortem processing of meat by different methods is likely to intensify the potential effects on protein oxidation. The influence of meat protein oxidation on the modulation of the systemic redox status and underlying mechanism is well known. However, the effects of processed meat proteins isolated from different sources on gut microbiota, oxidative stress biomarkers, and metabolomic markers associated with metabolic syndromes are of growing interest. The application of advanced methodological approaches based on OMICS, and mass spectrometric technologies has enabled to better understand the molecular basis of the effect of processed meat oxidation on human health and the aging process. Animal studies indicate the involvement of dietary proteins isolated from different sources on health disorders, which emphasizes the impact of processed meat protein on the richness of bacterial taxa such as (Mucispirillum, Oscillibacter), accompanied by increased expression of lipogenic genes. This review explores the most recent evidences on meat processing techniques, meat protein oxidation, underlying mechanisms, and their potential effects on nutritional value, gut microbiota composition and possible implications on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and
Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University,
210095, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing
Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- College of Food Science and Technology,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ijaz
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and
Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University,
210095, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing
Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- College of Food Science and Technology,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
| | - Ijaz ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and
Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University,
210095, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing
Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- College of Food Science and Technology,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and
Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University,
210095, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing
Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
- College of Food Science and Technology,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing,
China
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13
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Yura Y, Chong BSH, Johnson RD, Watanabe Y, Tsukahara Y, Ferran B, Murdoch CE, Behring JB, McComb ME, Costello CE, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Cohen RA, Bachschmid MM, Matsui R. Endothelial cell-specific redox gene modulation inhibits angiogenesis but promotes B16F0 tumor growth in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:14147-14158. [PMID: 31647879 PMCID: PMC6894059 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900786r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a small cytosolic enzyme that removes S-glutathionylation, glutathione adducts of protein cysteine residues, thus modulating redox signaling and gene transcription. Although Glrx up-regulation prevented endothelial cell (EC) migration and global Glrx transgenic mice had impaired ischemic vascularization, the effects of cell-specific Glrx overexpression remained unknown. Here, we examined the role of EC-specific Glrx up-regulation in distinct models of angiogenesis; namely, hind limb ischemia and tumor angiogenesis. EC-specific Glrx transgenic (EC-Glrx TG) overexpression in mice significantly impaired EC migration in Matrigel implants and hind limb revascularization after femoral artery ligation. Additionally, ECs migrated less into subcutaneously implanted B16F0 melanoma tumors as assessed by decreased staining of EC markers. Despite reduced angiogenesis, EC-Glrx TG mice unexpectedly developed larger tumors compared with control mice. EC-Glrx TG mice showed higher levels of VEGF-A in the tumors, indicating hypoxia, which may stimulate tumor cells to form vascular channels without EC, referred to as vasculogenic mimicry. These data suggest that impaired ischemic vascularization does not necessarily associate with suppression of tumor growth, and that antiangiogenic therapies may be ineffective for melanoma tumors because of their ability to implement vasculogenic mimicry during hypoxia.-Yura, Y., Chong, B. S. H., Johnson, R. D., Watanabe, Y., Tsukahara, Y., Ferran, B., Murdoch, C. E., Behring, J. B., McComb, M. E., Costello, C. E., Janssen-Heininger, Y. M. W., Cohen, R. A., Bachschmid, M. M., Matsui, R. Endothelial cell-specific redox gene modulation inhibits angiogenesis but promotes B16F0 tumor growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Yura
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian S. H. Chong
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan D. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuko Tsukahara
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colin E. Murdoch
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica B. Behring
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Abstract
Redox proteomics is a field of proteomics that is concerned with the characterization of the oxidation state of proteins to gain information about their modulated structure, function, activity, and involvement in different physiological pathways. Oxidative modifications of proteins have been shown to be implicated in normal physiological processes of cells as well as in pathomechanisms leading to the development of cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and some rare hereditary metabolic diseases, like classic galactosemia. Reactive oxygen species generate a variety of reversible and irreversible modifications in amino acid residue side chains and within the protein backbone. These oxidative post-translational modifications (Ox-PTMs) can participate in the activation of signal transduction pathways and mediate the toxicity of harmful oxidants. Thus the application of advanced redox proteomics technologies is important for gaining insights into molecular mechanisms of diseases. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics is one of the most powerful methods that can be used to give detailed qualitative and quantitative information on protein modifications and allows us to characterize redox proteomes associated with diseases. This Review illustrates the role and biological consequences of Ox-PTMs under basal and oxidative stress conditions by focusing on protein carbonylation and S-glutathionylation, two abundant modifications with an impact on cellular pathways that have been intensively studied during the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Mannaa
- Borg AlArab Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology , New Borg AlArab City , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty , University of Cologne , Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52 , 50931 Cologne , Germany
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15
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Production of adeno-associated virus vectors for in vitro and in vivo applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13601. [PMID: 31537820 PMCID: PMC6753157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering and expressing a gene of interest in cells or living animals has become a pivotal technique in biomedical research and gene therapy. Among viral delivery systems, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are relatively safe and demonstrate high gene transfer efficiency, low immunogenicity, stable long-term expression, and selective tissue tropism. Combined with modern gene technologies, such as cell-specific promoters, the Cre/lox system, and genome editing, AAVs represent a practical, rapid, and economical alternative to conditional knockout and transgenic mouse models. However, major obstacles remain for widespread AAV utilization, such as impractical purification strategies and low viral quantities. Here, we report an improved protocol to produce serotype-independent purified AAVs economically. Using a helper-free AAV system, we purified AAVs from HEK293T cell lysates and medium by polyethylene glycol precipitation with subsequent aqueous two-phase partitioning. Furthermore, we then implemented an iodixanol gradient purification, which resulted in preparations with purities adequate for in vivo use. Of note, we achieved titers of 1010-1011 viral genome copies per µl with a typical production volume of up to 1 ml while requiring five times less than the usual number of HEK293T cells used in standard protocols. For proof of concept, we verified in vivo transduction via Western blot, qPCR, luminescence, and immunohistochemistry. AAVs coding for glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) shRNA successfully inhibited Glrx expression by ~66% in the liver and skeletal muscle. Our study provides an improved protocol for a more economical and efficient purified AAV preparation.
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16
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Ahmad MI, Zou X, Ijaz MU, Hussain M, Liu C, Xu X, Zhou G, Li C. Processed Meat Protein Promoted Inflammation and Hepatic Lipogenesis by Upregulating Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in Glrx-Deficient Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8794-8809. [PMID: 31345023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress may play a critical role in the progression of liver disorders. Increasing interest has been given to the associations among diet, oxidative stress, gut-liver axis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we investigated the effects of processed meat proteins on biomarkers of lipid homeostasis, hepatic metabolism, antioxidant functions, and gut microbiota composition in glutaredoxin1 deficient (Glrx1-/-) mice. The wild-type (WT) and Glrx1-/- mice were fed a soy protein diet (SPD), a dry-cured pork protein diet (DPD), a braised pork protein diet (BPD), and a cooked pork protein diet (CPD) at a dose of 20% of protein for 3 months. Serum and hepatic total cholesterol, serum endotoxin, hepatic liver droplet %, and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased in the CPD fed WT mice. In addition, CPD fed Glrx1-/- mice significantly increased total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and pro-inflammatory cytokines which are accompanied by higher steatosis scores, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and altered gene expression associated with lipid metabolism. Furthermore, hepatic gene expression of Nrf2/keap1 signaling pathway and its downstream signaling targets were determined using RT-qPCR. Glrx1 deficiency increased Nrf2 activity and expression of its target genes (GPx, catalase, SOD1, G6pd, and Bbc3), which was exacerbated by intake of CPD. Metagenomic analyses revealed that Glrx1-/- mice fed meat protein diets had higher abundances of Mucispirillum, Oscillibacter, and Mollicutes but lower abundances of Bacteroidales S24-7 group_norank, Blautia, and Anaerotruncus than their wild-type counterparts. In summary, Glrx1 deficiency induced an increase in serum biomarkers for lipid homeostasis, gut microbiota imbalance, and upregulation of Nrf2/Keap1 and antioxidant defense genes, which was aggravated by cooked meat protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Xiaoyou Zou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ijaz
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Muzahir Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , 210095 , China
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17
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Gorelenkova Miller O, Mieyal JJ. Critical Roles of Glutaredoxin in Brain Cells-Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1352-1368. [PMID: 29183158 PMCID: PMC6391617 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutaredoxin (Grx)1, an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous enzyme, regulates redox signal transduction and protein redox homeostasis by catalyzing reversible S-glutathionylation. Grx1 plays different roles in different cell types. In Parkinson's disease (PD), Grx1 regulates apoptosis signaling in dopaminergic neurons, so that loss of Grx1 leads to increased cell death; in microglial cells, Grx1 regulates proinflammatory signaling, so that upregulation of Grx1 promotes cytokine production. Here we examine the regulatory roles of Grx1 in PD with a view toward therapeutic innovation. Recent Advances: In postmortem midbrain PD samples, Grx1 was decreased relative to controls, specifically within dopaminergic neurons. In Caenorhabditis elegans models of PD, loss of the Grx1 homologue led to exacerbation of the neurodegenerative phenotype. This effect was partially relieved by overexpression of neuroprotective DJ-1, consistent with regulation of DJ-1 content by Grx1. Increased GLRX copy number in PD patients was associated with earlier PD onset; and Grx1 levels correlated with levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse and human brain samples. In vitro studies showed Grx1 to be upregulated on proinflammatory activation of microglia. Direct overexpression of Grx1 increased microglial activation; silencing Grx1 diminished activation. Grx1 upregulation in microglia corresponded to increased neuronal cell death in coculture. Overall, these studies identify competing roles of Grx1 in PD etiology. CRITICAL ISSUES The dilemma regarding Grx1 as a PD therapeutic target is whether to stimulate its upregulation for neuroprotection or inhibit its proinflammatory activity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation is needed to understand the preponderant role of Grx1 regarding dopaminergic neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorelenkova Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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18
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Young A, Gill R, Mailloux RJ. Protein S-glutathionylation: The linchpin for the transmission of regulatory information on redox buffering capacity in mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 299:151-162. [PMID: 30537466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation reactions are a ubiquitous oxidative modification required to control protein function in response to changes in redox buffering capacity. These reactions are rapid and reversible and are, for the most part, enzymatically mediated by glutaredoxins (GRX) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Protein S-glutathionylation has been found to control a range of cell functions in response to different physiological cues. Although these reactions occur throughout the cell, mitochondrial proteins seem to be highly susceptible to reversible S-glutathionylation, a feature attributed to the unique physical properties of this organelle. Indeed, mitochondria contain a number of S-glutathionylation targets which includes proteins involved in energy metabolism, solute transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, proton leaks, apoptosis, antioxidant defense, and mitochondrial fission and fusion. Moreover, it has been found that conjugation and removal of glutathione from proteins in mitochondria fulfills a number of important physiological roles and defects in these reactions can have some dire pathological consequences. Here, we provide an updated overview on mitochondrial protein S-glutathionylation reactions and their importance in cell functions and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Robert Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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19
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Tinkov AA, Bjørklund G, Skalny AV, Holmgren A, Skalnaya MG, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. The role of the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system in the metabolic syndrome: towards a possible prognostic marker? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1567-1586. [PMID: 29327078 PMCID: PMC11105605 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with three existing isoenzymes (TrxR1, TrxR2, and TrxR3), which is found primarily intracellularly but also in extracellular fluids. The main substrate thioredoxin (Trx) is similarly found (as Trx1 and Trx2) in various intracellular compartments, in blood plasma, and is the cell's major disulfide reductase. Thioredoxin reductase is necessary as a NADPH-dependent reducing agent in biochemical reactions involving Trx. Genetic and environmental factors like selenium status influence the activity of TrxR. Research shows that the Trx/TrxR system plays a significant role in the physiology of the adipose tissue, in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production and sensitivity, blood pressure regulation, inflammation, chemotactic activity of macrophages, and atherogenesis. Based on recent research, it has been reported that the modulation of the Trx/TrxR system may be considered as a new target in the management of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, as well as in the treatment of hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this review evidence about a possible role of this system as a marker of the metabolic syndrome is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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Yu SM, Choi YJ, Kim SJ. PEP-1-glutaredoxin-1 induces dedifferentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes by the endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent ERK-1/2 pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum stress-independent p38 kinase and PI-3 kinase pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:1059-1066. [PMID: 29366902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin-1 (GRX-1), belonging to the oxidoreductase family, is a component of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PEP-1-GRX-1 in rabbit articular chondrocytes. We found that PEP-1-GRX-1 causes a loss of the differentiated chondrocyte phenotype. PEP-1-GRX-1-treated cells exhibited decreases in type II collagen expression and sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PEP-1-GRX-1 causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, as evidenced by increases in ER stress marker proteins, i.e., glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78, GRP 94, and phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) α. These effects were inhibited by ER stress inhibitors. PEP-1-GRX-1 increased the phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, and p38. Inhibition of ERK-1/2 by PD98059 prevented PEP-1-GRX-1-induced dedifferentiation and inhibited ER stress. The blockage of PI-3K/Akt or p38 kinase with SB203580 and LY294002 accelerated PEP-1-GRX-1-induced dedifferentiation, but did not have any effect on PEP-GRX-1-induced ER stress. Our results indicate that the ERK-1/2 pathway mediates chondrocyte dedifferentiation by PEP-GRX-1-induced ER stress. The PI-3K and p38 kinase pathways regulate PEP-1-GRX-1-induced chondrocyte dedifferentiation by an ER stress-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Mi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Gorelenkova Miller O, Cole KS, Emerson CC, Allimuthu D, Golczak M, Stewart PL, Weerapana E, Adams DJ, Mieyal JJ. Novel chloroacetamido compound CWR-J02 is an anti-inflammatory glutaredoxin-1 inhibitor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187991. [PMID: 29155853 PMCID: PMC5695812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (Grx1) is a ubiquitously expressed thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that specifically catalyzes reduction of S-glutathionylated substrates. Grx1 is known to be a key regulator of pro-inflammatory signaling, and Grx1 silencing inhibits inflammation in inflammatory disease models. Therefore, we anticipate that inhibition of Grx1 could be an anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy. We used a rapid screening approach to test 504 novel electrophilic compounds for inhibition of Grx1, which has a highly reactive active-site cysteine residue (pKa 3.5). From this chemical library a chloroacetamido compound, CWR-J02, was identified as a potential lead compound to be characterized. CWR-J02 inhibited isolated Grx1 with an IC50 value of 32 μM in the presence of 1 mM glutathione. Mass spectrometric analysis documented preferential adduction of CWR-J02 to the active site Cys-22 of Grx1, and molecular dynamics simulation identified a potential non-covalent binding site. Treatment of the BV2 microglial cell line with CWR-J02 led to inhibition of intracellular Grx1 activity with an IC50 value (37 μM). CWR-J02 treatment decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene transcription in the microglial cells in a parallel concentration-dependent manner, documenting the anti-inflammatory potential of CWR-J02. Exploiting the alkyne moiety of CWR-J02, we used click chemistry to link biotin azide to CWR-J02-adducted proteins, isolating them with streptavidin beads. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis identified many CWR-J02-reactive proteins, including Grx1 and several mediators of inflammatory activation. Taken together, these data identify CWR-J02 as an intracellularly effective Grx1 inhibitor that may elicit its anti-inflammatory action in a synergistic manner by also disabling other pro-inflammatory mediators. The CWR-J02 molecule provides a starting point for developing more selective Grx1 inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorelenkova Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kyle S. Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Corey C. Emerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Phoebe L. Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Drew J. Adams
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John J. Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Shao D, Han J, Hou X, Fry J, Behring JB, Seta F, Long MT, Roy HK, Cohen RA, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Glutaredoxin-1 Deficiency Causes Fatty Liver and Dyslipidemia by Inhibiting Sirtuin-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:313-327. [PMID: 27958883 PMCID: PMC5563925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is a common liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes that is rising in prevalence worldwide. Various molecular perturbations of key regulators and enzymes in hepatic lipid metabolism cause NAFL. However, redox regulation through glutathione (GSH) adducts in NAFL remains largely elusive. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a small thioltransferase that removes protein GSH adducts without having direct antioxidant properties. The liver contains abundant Glrx but its metabolic function is unknown. RESULTS Here we report that normal diet-fed Glrx-deficient mice (Glrx-/-) spontaneously develop obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis by 8 months of age. Adenoviral Glrx repletion in the liver of Glrx-/- mice corrected lipid metabolism. Glrx-/- mice exhibited decreased sirtuin-1 (SirT1) activity that leads to hyperacetylation and activation of SREBP-1 and upregulation of key hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. We found that GSH adducts inhibited SirT1 activity in Glrx-/- mice. Hepatic expression of nonoxidizable cysteine mutant SirT1 corrected hepatic lipids in Glrx-/- mice. Wild-type mice fed high-fat diet develop metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and NAFL within several months. Glrx deficiency accelerated high-fat-induced NAFL and progression to steatohepatitis, manifested by hepatic damage and inflammation. INNOVATION These data suggest an essential role of hepatic Glrx in regulating SirT1, which controls protein glutathione adducts in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION We provide a novel redox-dependent mechanism for regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, and propose that upregulation of hepatic Glrx may be a beneficial strategy for NAFL. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 313-327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shao
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingyan Han
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiuyun Hou
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Fry
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica B Behring
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Seta
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle T Long
- 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hemant K Roy
- 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A Cohen
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Matsui
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- 1 Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Petry SF, Sharifpanah F, Sauer H, Linn T. Differential expression of islet glutaredoxin 1 and 5 with high reactive oxygen species production in a mouse model of diabesity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176267. [PMID: 28542222 PMCID: PMC5443478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset and progression of diabetes mellitus type 2 is highly contingent on the amount of functional beta-cell mass. An underlying cause of beta-cell decay in diabetes is oxidative stress, which markedly affects the insulin producing pancreatic cells due to their poor antioxidant defence capacity. Consequently, disturbances of cellular redox signaling have been implicated to play a major role in beta-cell loss in diabetes mellitus type 2. There is evidence suggesting that the glutaredoxin (Grx) system exerts a protective role for pancreatic islets, but the exact mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In this study, a mouse model for diabetes mellitus type 2 was used to gain further insight into the significance of Grx for the islets of Langerhans in the diabetic metabolism. We have observed distinct differences in the expression levels of Grx in pancreatic islets between obese, diabetic db mice and lean, non-diabetic controls. This finding is the first report about a decrease of Grx expression levels in pancreatic islets of diabetic mice which was accompanied by declining insulin secretion, increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production level, and cell cycle alterations. These data demonstrate the essential role of the Grx system for the beta-cell during metabolic stress which may provide a new target for diabetes mellitus type 2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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24
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Redox regulation of ischemic limb neovascularization - What we have learned from animal studies. Redox Biol 2017; 12:1011-1019. [PMID: 28505880 PMCID: PMC5430575 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hindlimb ischemia has been widely used as a model to study peripheral artery disease. Genetic modulation of the enzymatic source of oxidants or components of the antioxidant system reveal that physiological levels of oxidants are essential to promote the process of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis after femoral artery occlusion, although mice with diabetes or atherosclerosis may have higher deleterious levels of oxidants. Therefore, fine control of oxidants is required to stimulate vascularization in the limb muscle. Oxidants transduce cellular signaling through oxidative modifications of redox sensitive cysteine thiols. Of particular importance, the reversible modification with abundant glutathione, called S-glutathionylation (or GSH adducts), is relatively stable and alters protein function including signaling, transcription, and cytoskeletal arrangement. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme which catalyzes reversal of GSH adducts, and does not scavenge oxidants itself. Glrx may control redox signaling under fluctuation of oxidants levels. In ischemic muscle increased GSH adducts through Glrx deletion improves in vivo limb revascularization, indicating endogenous Glrx has anti-angiogenic roles. In accordance, Glrx overexpression attenuates VEGF signaling in vitro and ischemic vascularization in vivo. There are several Glrx targets including HIF-1α which may contribute to inhibition of vascularization by reducing GSH adducts. These animal studies provide a caution that excess antioxidants may be counter-productive for treatment of ischemic limbs, and highlights Glrx as a potential therapeutic target to improve ischemic limb vascularization.
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25
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Gorelenkova Miller O, Behring JB, Siedlak SL, Jiang S, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM, Zhu X, Mieyal JJ. Upregulation of Glutaredoxin-1 Activates Microglia and Promotes Neurodegeneration: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:967-982. [PMID: 27224303 PMCID: PMC5175443 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroinflammation and redox dysfunction are recognized factors in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis, and diabetes is implicated as a potentially predisposing condition. Remarkably, upregulation of glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1) is implicated in regulation of inflammatory responses in various disease contexts, including diabetes. In this study, we investigated the potential impact of Grx1 upregulation in the central nervous system on dopaminergic (DA) viability. RESULTS Increased GLRX copy number in PD patients was associated with earlier PD onset, and Grx1 levels correlated with levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in mouse and human brain samples, prompting mechanistic in vitro studies. Grx1 content/activity in microglia was upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or TNF-α, treatment. Adenoviral overexpression of Grx1, matching the extent of induction by LPS, increased microglial activation; Grx1 silencing diminished activation. Selective inhibitors/probes of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation revealed glrx1 induction to be mediated by the Nurr1/NF-κB axis. Upregulation of Grx1 in microglia corresponded to increased death of neuronal cells in coculture. With a mouse diabetes model of diet-induced insulin resistance, we found upregulation of Grx1 in brain was associated with DA loss (decreased tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]; diminished TH-positive striatal axonal terminals); these effects were not seen with Grx1-knockout mice. INNOVATION Our results indicate that Grx1 upregulation promotes neuroinflammation and consequent neuronal cell death in vitro, and synergizes with proinflammatory insults to promote DA loss in vivo. Our findings also suggest a genetic link between elevated Grx1 and PD development. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo data suggest Grx1 upregulation promotes neurotoxic neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to PD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 967-982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorelenkova Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Belle Behring
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra L. Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sirui Jiang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J. Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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26
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Joly S, Dodd DA, Grewe BF, Pernet V. Reticulon 4A/Nogo-A influences the distribution of Kir4.1 but is not essential for potassium conductance in retinal Müller glia. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:168-77. [PMID: 27276652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the adult retina, we have previously shown that Nogo-A was highly expressed in Müller glia. However, the role of Nogo-A in the glial cell physiology is not clear. In this study, we investigated the possible influence that Nogo-A may exert on other polarized molecules in Müller cells, in particular inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) that respectively control potassium and water exchange in glial cells. Our results showed that adenovirus-mediated Nogo-A overexpression with AdNogo-A increased the immunofluorescent signal of Kir4.1 in rat Müller cell line 1 (rMC-1) cells but did not change its expression level by Western blotting. In vivo, AdNogo-A induced ectopic Kir4.1 immunoreactivity throughout the radial processes of Müller cells compared with AdLacZ control virus. Surprisingly, AdNogo-A did not modify the distribution of Dp71 and AQP4 that are common binding partners for Kir4.1 in the dystrophin-associated protein (DAP) complex anchored at the plasma membrane of Müller glia. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed molecular interactions between Nogo-A and Kir4.1. In Nogo-A KO mouse retinae, the distribution of Kir4.1 was not different from that observed in Wild-Type (WT) animals. In addition, potassium conductance did not change in freshly dissociated Nogo-A KO Müller glia compared with WT cells. In summary, the increase of Nogo-A expression can selectively influence the distribution of Kir4.1 in glia but is not essential for Kir4.1-mediated potassium conductance at the plasma membrane in physiological conditions. Nogo-A-Kir4.1 interactions may, however, contribute to pathological processes taking place in the retina, for instance, after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Joly
- CUO-Recherche, Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada; Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Dana A Dodd
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Microbiology, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche, Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada; Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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27
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Watanabe Y, Cohen RA, Matsui R. Redox Regulation of Ischemic Angiogenesis - Another Aspect of Reactive Oxygen Species. Circ J 2016; 80:1278-84. [PMID: 27151566 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are expected to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) by eliminating oxidative stress, but clinical trials have not shown promising results in chronic CVD. Animal studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exacerbate acute CVDs in which high levels of ROS are observed. However, ROS are also necessary for angiogenesis after ischemia, because ROS not only damage cells but also stimulate the cell signaling required for angiogenesis. ROS affect signaling by protein modifications, especially of cysteine amino acid thiols. Although there are several cysteine modifications, S-glutathionylation (GSH adducts; -SSG), a reversible cysteine modification by glutathione (GSH), plays an important role in angiogenic signal transduction by ROS. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme that specifically removes GSH adducts in vivo. Overexpression of Glrx inhibits, whereas deletion of Glrx improves revascularization after mouse hindlimb ischemia. These studies indicate that increased levels of GSH adducts in ischemic muscle are beneficial in promoting angiogenesis. The underlying mechanism can be explained by multiple targets of S-gluathionylation, which mediate the angiogenic effects in ischemia. Increments in the master angiogenic transcriptional factor, HIF-1α, reduction of the anti-angiogenic factor sFlt1, activation of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)pump, SERCA, and inhibition of phosphatases may occur as a consequence of enhanced S-glutathionylation in ischemic tissue. In summary, inducing S-glutathionylation by inhibiting Glrx may be a therapeutic strategy to improve ischemic angiogenesis in CVD. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1278-1284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine
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28
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Yoshioka J. Thioredoxin superfamily and its effects on cardiac physiology and pathology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:513-30. [PMID: 25880503 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A precise control of oxidation/reduction of protein thiols is essential for intact cardiac physiology. Irreversible oxidative modifications have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance of redox homeostasis with diminution of antioxidant capacities predisposes the heart to oxidant injury. There is growing interest in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cardiovascular field, since perturbation of redox homeostasis in the ER is sufficient to cause ER stress. Because a number of human diseases are related to altered redox homeostasis and defects in protein folding, many research efforts have been devoted in recent years to understanding the structure and enzymatic properties of the thioredoxin superfamily. The thioredoxin superfamily has been well documented as thiol oxidoreductases to exert a role in various cell signaling pathways. The redox properties of the thioredoxin motif account for the different functions of several members of the thioredoxin superfamily. While thioredoxin and glutaredoxin primarily act as antioxidants by reducing protein disulfides and mixed disulfide, another member of the superfamily, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), can act as an oxidant by forming intrachain disulfide bonds that contribute to proper protein folding. Increasing evidence suggests a pivotal role of PDI in the survival pathway that promotes cardiomyocyte survival and leads to more favorable cardiac remodeling. Thus, the thiol redox state is important for cellular redox signaling and survival pathway in the heart. This review summarizes the key features of major members of the thioredoxin superfamily directly involved in cardiac physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshioka
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Glutathionyl systems and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:858-68. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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30
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Kalinina EV, Chernov NN, Novichkova MD. Role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox-dependent processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1562-83. [PMID: 25749165 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade fundamentally new features have been revealed for the participation of glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin) in cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein folding, and cell signaling. Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in maintaining cellular redox status by participating in thiol-disulfide exchange, which regulates a number of cell functions including gene expression and the activity of individual enzymes and enzyme systems. Maintaining optimum GSH/GSSG ratio is essential to cell viability. Decrease in the ratio can serve as an indicator of damage to the cell redox status and of changes in redox-dependent gene regulation. Disturbance of intracellular GSH balance is observed in a number of pathologies including cancer. Consequences of inappropriate GSH/GSSG ratio include significant changes in the mechanism of cellular redox-dependent signaling controlled both nonenzymatically and enzymatically with the participation of isoforms of glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin. This review summarizes recent data on the role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in the regulation of cellular redox-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kalinina
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
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31
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Regulation of neovascularization by S-glutathionylation via the Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1665-70. [PMID: 25399587 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
S-glutathionylation occurs when reactive oxygen or nitrogen species react with protein-cysteine thiols. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a cytosolic enzyme which enzymatically catalyses the reduction in S-glutathionylation, conferring reversible signalling function to proteins with redox-sensitive thiols. Glrx can regulate vascular hypertrophy and inflammation by regulating the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and actin polymerization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell (EC) migration is inhibited by Glrx overexpression. In mice overexpressing Glrx, blood flow recovery, exercise function and capillary density were significantly attenuated after hindlimb ischaemia (HLI). Wnt5a and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were enhanced in the ischaemic-limb muscle and plasma respectively from Glrx transgenic (TG) mice. A Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway had been described in myeloid cells controlling retinal blood vessel development. Interestingly, a Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway was found also to play a role in EC to inhibit network formation. S-glutathionylation of NF-κB components inhibits its activation. Up-regulated Glrx stimulated the Wnt5a/sFlt-1 pathway through enhancing NF-κB signalling. These studies show a novel role for Glrx in post-ischaemic neovascularization, which could define a potential target for therapy of impaired angiogenesis in pathological conditions including diabetes.
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33
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Ibrahim AS, Tawfik AM, Hussein KA, Elshafey S, Markand S, Rizk N, Duh EJ, Smith SB, Al-Shabrawey M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits retinal microvascular dysfunction induced by 12/15-lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:290-8. [PMID: 25562624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) derived metabolites, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), contribute to diabetic retinopathy (DR) via NADPH oxidase (NOX) and disruption of the balance in retinal levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Here, we test whether PEDF ameliorates retinal vascular injury induced by HETEs and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we pursue the causal relationship between LOX-NOX system and regulation of PEDF expression during DR. For these purposes, we used an experimental eye model in which normal mice were injected intravitreally with 12-HETE with/without PEDF. Thereafter, fluorescein angiography (FA) was used to evaluate the vascular leakage, followed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess the presence of angiogenesis. FA and OCT reported an increased vascular leakage and pre-retinal neovascularization, respectively, in response to 12-HETE that were not observed in the PEDF-treated group. Moreover, PEDF significantly attenuated the increased levels of vascular cell and intercellular adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, elicited by 12-HETE injection. Accordingly, the direct relationship between HETEs and PEDF has been explored through in-vitro studies using Müller cells (rMCs) and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). The results showed that 12- and 15-HETEs triggered the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as activation of NFκB in rMCs and significantly increased permeability and reduced zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) immunoreactivity in HRECs. All these effects were prevented in PEDF-treated cells. Furthermore, interest in PEDF regulation during DR has been expanded to include NOX system. Retinal PEDF was significantly restored in diabetic mice treated with NOX inhibitor, apocynin, or lacking NOX2 up to 80% of the control level. Collectively, our findings suggest that interfering with LOX-NOX signaling opens up a new direction for treating DR by restoring endogenous PEDF that carries out multilevel vascular protective functions.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/pharmacology
- Acetophenones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/genetics
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Ependymoglial Cells/drug effects
- Ependymoglial Cells/metabolism
- Ependymoglial Cells/pathology
- Eye Proteins/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Intravitreal Injections
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retinal Neovascularization/drug therapy
- Retinal Neovascularization/genetics
- Retinal Neovascularization/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/pathology
- Serpins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/genetics
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Amany M Tawfik
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Khaled A Hussein
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sally Elshafey
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shanu Markand
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nasser Rizk
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elia J Duh
- Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Ophthalmology, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA; Ophthalmology, MCG, GRU, Augusta, GA, USA.
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34
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Chou CC, Chiang BY, Lin JCY, Pan KT, Lin CH, Khoo KH. Characteristic tandem mass spectral features under various collision chemistries for site-specific identification of protein S-glutathionylation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:120-132. [PMID: 25374333 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation is a reversible post-translational modification widely implicated in redox regulated biological functions. Conventional biochemical methods, however, often do not allow such a mixed disulfide modification to be reliably identified on specific cysteine residues or be distinguished from other related oxidized forms. To develop more efficient mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical strategies for this purpose, we first investigated the MS/MS fragmentation pattern of S-glutathionylated peptides under various dissociation modes, including collision-induced dissociation (CID), higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD), and electron transfer dissociation (ETD), using synthetic peptides derived from protein tyrosine phosphatase as models. Our results indicate that a MALDI-based high energy CID MS/MS on a TOF/TOF affords the most distinctive spectral features that would facilitate rapid and unambiguous identification of site-specific S-glutathionylation. For more complex proteomic samples best tackled by LC-MS/MS approach, we demonstrate that HCD performed on an LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid instrument fairs better than trap-based CID and ETD in allowing more protein site-specific S-glutathionylation to be confidently identified by direct database searching of the generated MS/MS dataset using Mascot. Overall, HCD afforded more peptide sequence-informative fragment ions retaining the glutathionyl modification with less neutral losses of side chains to compromise scoring. In conjunction with our recently developed chemo-enzymatic tagging strategy, our nanoLC-HCD-MS/MS approach is sufficiently sensitive to identify endogenous S-glutathionylated peptides prepared from non-stressed cells. It is anticipated that future applications to global scale analysis of protein S-glutathionylation will benefit further from current advances in both speed and mass accuracy afforded by HCD MS/MS mode on the Orbitrap series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chi Chou
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan,
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Boesten DMPHJ, Elie AGIM, Drittij-Reijnders MJ, den Hartog GJM, Bast A. Effect of Nɛ-carboxymethyllysine on oxidative stress and the glutathione system in beta cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:973-980. [PMID: 28962310 PMCID: PMC5598217 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications is the formation of excessive levels of advanced glycation end (AGE) products. Nɛ-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is one of the best-characterized AGEs. Because little is known about the effects of AGEs on pancreatic beta cells, we investigated the effect of CML on human pancreatic cells and determined the activity and gene expression of glutathione system components. CML at a concentration of 0.5 mM induced cell death in human pancreatic beta cells, which was accompanied by increased intracellular oxidative stress. No changes in the gene expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) were found, although an increase in the level of a target cytokine of RAGE after CML exposure was observed. Additionally we found that CML lowered the levels of GSH and affected the activity and expression of other components of the glutathione system. These changes indicate that the cells are even more vulnerable for oxidative stress after exposure to CML. Since beta cells are low in antioxidant enzymes and repair for oxidized DNA, CML, but most likely also other AGEs, accelerates beta cell dysfunction and increases beta cell death during chronic hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atlanta G I M Elie
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Anathy V, Aesif SW, Hoffman SM, Bement JL, Guala AS, Lahue KG, Leclair LW, Suratt BT, Cool CD, Wargo MJ, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Glutaredoxin-1 attenuates S-glutathionylation of the death receptor fas and decreases resolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:463-74. [PMID: 24325366 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201310-1905oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The death receptor Fas is critical for bacterial clearance and survival of mice after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. OBJECTIVES Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptosis is augmented by S-glutathionylation of Fas (Fas-SSG), which can be reversed by glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the interplay between Grx1 and Fas in regulating the clearance of P. aeruginosa infection. METHODS Lung samples from patients with bronchopneumonia were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Primary tracheal epithelial cells, mice lacking the gene for Grx1 (Glrx1(-/-)), Glrx1(-/-) mice treated with caspase inhibitor, or transgenic mice overexpressing Grx1 in the airway epithelium were analyzed after infection with P. aeruginosa. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patient lung samples positive for P. aeruginosa infection demonstrated increased Fas-SSG compared with normal lung samples. Compared with wild-type primary lung epithelial cells, infection of Glrx1(-/-) cells with P. aeruginosa showed enhanced caspase 8 and 3 activities and cell death in association with increases in Fas-SSG. Infection of Glrx1(-/-) mice with P. aeruginosa resulted in enhanced caspase activity and increased Fas-SSG as compared with wild-type littermates. Absence of Glrx1 significantly enhanced bacterial clearance, and decreased mortality postinfection with P. aeruginosa. Inhibition of caspases significantly decreased bacterial clearance postinfection with P. aeruginosa, in association with decreased Fas-SSG. In contrast, transgenic mice that overexpress Grx1 in lung epithelial cells had significantly higher lung bacterial loads, enhanced mortality, decreased caspase activation, and Fas-SSG in the lung after infection with P. aeruginosa, compared with wild-type control animals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that S-glutathionylation of Fas within the lung epithelium enhances epithelial apoptosis and promotes clearance of P. aeruginosa and that glutaredoxin-1 impairs bacterial clearance and increases the severity of pneumonia in association with deglutathionylation of Fas.
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Murdoch CE, Shuler M, Haeussler DJF, Kikuchi R, Bearelly P, Han J, Watanabe Y, Fuster JJ, Walsh K, Ho YS, Bachschmid MM, Cohen RA, Matsui R. Glutaredoxin-1 up-regulation induces soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, attenuating post-ischemia limb revascularization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8633-44. [PMID: 24482236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a cytosolic enzyme that regulates diverse cellular function by removal of GSH adducts from S-glutathionylated proteins including signaling molecules and transcription factors. Glrx is up-regulated during inflammation and diabetes, and Glrx overexpression inhibits VEGF-induced EC migration. The aim was to investigate the role of up-regulated Glrx in EC angiogenic capacities and in vivo revascularization in the setting of hind limb ischemia. Glrx-overexpressing EC from Glrx transgenic (TG) mice showed impaired migration and network formation and secreted higher levels of soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt), an antagonizing factor to VEGF. After hind limb ischemia surgery Glrx TG mice demonstrated impaired blood flow recovery, associated with lower capillary density and poorer limb motor function compared with wild type littermates. There were also higher levels of anti-angiogenic sFlt expression in the muscle and plasma of Glrx TG mice after surgery. Noncanonical Wnt5a is known to induce sFlt. Wnt5a was highly expressed in ischemic muscles and EC from Glrx TG mice, and exogenous Wnt5a induced sFlt expression and inhibited network formation in human microvascular EC. Adenoviral Glrx-induced sFlt in EC was inhibited by a competitive Wnt5a inhibitor. Furthermore, Glrx overexpression removed GSH adducts on p65 in ischemic muscle and EC and enhanced NF-κB activity, which was responsible for Wnt5a-sFlt induction. Taken together, up-regulated Glrx induces sFlt in EC via NF-κB-dependent Wnt5a, resulting in attenuated revascularization in hind limb ischemia. The Glrx-induced sFlt explains part of the mechanism of redox-regulated VEGF signaling.
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Abstract
In general protein posttranslation modifications (PTMs) involve the covalent addition of functional groups or molecules to specific amino acid residues in proteins. These modifications include phosphorylation, glycosylation, S-nitrosylation, acetylation, lipidation, among others (Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 44(45):7342-7372, 2005). Although other amino acids can undergo different kinds of oxidative posttranslational modifications (oxPTMs) (Exp Gerontol 36(9):1495-1502, 2001), in this chapter oxPTM will be considered specifically related to Cysteine oxidation, and redox proteomics here is translated as a comprehensive investigation of oxPTMs, in biological systems, using diverse technical approaches. Protein Cysteine residues are not the only amino acid that can be target for oxidative modifications in proteins (Exp Gerontol 36(9):1495-1502, 2001; Biochim Biophys Acta 1814(12):1785-1795, 2011), but certainly it is among the most reactive amino acid (Nature 468(7325):790-795, 2010). Interestingly, it is one of the least abundant amino acid, but it often occurs in the functional sites of proteins (J Mol Biol 404(5):902-916, 2010). In addition, the majority of the Cysteine oxidations are reversible, indicating potential regulatory mechanism of proteins. The global analysis of oxPTMs has been increasingly recognized as an important area of proteomics, because not only maps protein caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), but also explores protein modulation involving ROS/RNS. Furthermore, the tools and strategies to study this type oxidation are also very abundant and developed, offering high degree of accuracy on the results. As a consequence, the redox proteomics field focuses very much on analyzing Cysteine oxidation in proteins under several experimental conditions and diseases states. Therefore, the identification and localization of oxPTMs within cellular milieu became critical to understand redox regulation of proteins in physiological and pathological conditions, and consequently an important information to develop better strategies for treatment and prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.There is a wide range of techniques available to investigate oxPTMs, including gel-based and non-gel-based separation approaches to be combined with sophisticated methods of detection, identification, and quantification of these modifications. The strategies and approaches to study oxPTMs and the respective applications related to physiological and pathological conditions will be discussed in more detail in this chapter.
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Szabadfi K, Pinter E, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:1-121. [PMID: 24952915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most important sensory modality for many species, including humans. Damage to the retina results in vision loss or even blindness. One of the most serious complications of diabetes, a disease that has seen a worldwide increase in prevalence, is diabetic retinopathy. This condition stems from consequences of pathological metabolism and develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% with type 2 diabetes. The development of novel protective drugs is essential. In this review we provide a description of the disease and conclude that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes lead to the same retinopathy. We evaluate existing experimental models and recent developments in finding effective compounds against this disorder. In our opinion, the best models are the long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and spontaneously diabetic Torii rats, while the most promising substances are topically administered somatostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor analogs, antivasculogenic substances, and systemic antioxidants. Future drug development should focus on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pinter
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE MTA Lendulet-PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Hanschmann EM, Godoy JR, Berndt C, Hudemann C, Lillig CH. Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and peroxiredoxins--molecular mechanisms and health significance: from cofactors to antioxidants to redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1539-605. [PMID: 23397885 PMCID: PMC3797455 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and "antioxidants". Today, these redox catalysts are increasingly recognized for their specific role in redox signaling. The number of publications published on the functions of these proteins continues to increase exponentially. The field is experiencing an exciting transformation, from looking at a general redox homeostasis and the pathological oxidative stress model to realizing redox changes as a part of localized, rapid, specific, and reversible redox-regulated signaling events. This review summarizes the almost 50 years of research on these proteins, focusing primarily on data from vertebrates and mammals. The role of Trx fold proteins in redox signaling is discussed by looking at reaction mechanisms, reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, and characterized interaction partners. On the basis of this analysis, the specific regulatory functions are exemplified for the cellular processes of apoptosis, proliferation, and iron metabolism. The importance of Trxs, Grxs, and Prxs for human health is addressed in the second part of this review, that is, their potential impact and functions in different cell types, tissues, and various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - José Rodrigo Godoy
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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Picklo MJ, Idso JP, Jackson MI. S-Glutathionylation of hepatic and visceral adipose proteins decreases in obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:297-305. [PMID: 23404913 PMCID: PMC3610808 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A number of clinical and biochemical studies demonstrate that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increases in oxidative stress and inflammation. Paradoxically, insulin sensitivity can be enhanced by oxidative inactivation of cysteine residues of phosphatases, and inflammation can be reduced by S-glutathionylation with formation of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides (PSSG). Although oxidation of protein-bound thiols (PSH) is increased in multiple diseases, it is not known whether there are changes in PSH oxidation species in obesity. OBJECTIVE In this work, the hypothesis that obesity is associated with decreased levels of proteins containing oxidized protein thiols was tested. DESIGN AND METHODS The tissue levels of protein sulfenic acids (PSOH) and PSSG in liver, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle derived from glucose intolerant, obese-prone Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. RESULTS The data in this study indicate that decreases in PSSG content occurred in liver (44%) and adipose (26%) but not skeletal muscle in obese rats that were fed a 45% fat-calorie diet versus lean rats that were fed a 10% fat-calorie diet. PSOH content did not change in the tissue between the two groups. The activity of the enzyme glutaredoxin (GLRX) responsible for reversal of PSSG formation did not change in muscle and liver between the two groups. However, levels of GLRX1 were elevated 70% in the adipose tissue of the obese, 45% fat calorie-fed rats. CONCLUSION These are the first data to link changes in S-glutathionylation and GLRX1 to adipose tissue in the obese and demonstrate that redox changes in thiol status occur in adipose tissue as a result of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.
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42
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Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Cell Biology of the Müller Cell. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rodriguez-Rocha H, Garcia Garcia A, Zavala-Flores L, Li S, Madayiputhiya N, Franco R. Glutaredoxin 1 protects dopaminergic cells by increased protein glutathionylation in experimental Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1676-93. [PMID: 22816731 PMCID: PMC3474191 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic exposure to environmental toxicants, such as paraquat, has been suggested as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Although dopaminergic cell death in PD is associated with oxidative damage, the molecular mechanisms involved remain elusive. Glutaredoxins (GRXs) utilize the reducing power of glutathione to modulate redox-dependent signaling pathways by protein glutathionylation. We aimed to determine the role of GRX1 and protein glutathionylation in dopaminergic cell death. RESULTS In dopaminergic cells, toxicity induced by paraquat or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was inhibited by GRX1 overexpression, while its knock-down sensitized cells to paraquat-induced cell death. Dopaminergic cell death was paralleled by protein deglutathionylation, and this was reversed by GRX1. Mass spectrometry analysis of immunoprecipitated glutathionylated proteins identified the actin binding flightless-1 homolog protein (FLI-I) and the RalBP1-associated Eps domain-containing protein 2 (REPS2/POB1) as targets of glutathionylation in dopaminergic cells. Paraquat induced the degradation of FLI-I and REPS2 proteins, which corresponded with the activation of caspase 3 and cell death progression. GRX1 overexpression reduced both the degradation and deglutathionylation of FLI-I and REPS2, while stable overexpression of REPS2 reduced paraquat toxicity. A decrease in glutathionylated proteins and REPS2 levels was also observed in the substantia nigra of mice treated with paraquat. INNOVATION We have identified novel protein targets of glutathionylation in dopaminergic cells and demonstrated the protective role of GRX1-mediated protein glutathionylation against paraquat-induced toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a protective role for GRX1 and increased protein glutathionylation in dopaminergic cell death induced by paraquat, and identify a novel protective role for REPS2.
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Bachi A, Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A. Redox Proteomics: Chemical Principles, Methodological Approaches and Biological/Biomedical Promises. Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300073p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bachi
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
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Nakamoto M, Hirose M, Kawakatsu M, Nakayama T, Urata Y, Kamata K, Kaminogo M, Li TS, Nagata I. Serum S-glutathionylated proteins as a potential biomarker of carotid artery stenosis. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1331-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Kil IS, Shin SW, Park JW. S-glutathionylation regulates GTP-binding of Rac2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:892-6. [PMID: 22902632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phagocyte NADPH oxidase catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide and is essential for defense against microbes. Rac2 is a low molecular weight GTP-binding protein that has been implicated in the regulation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Here we report that Cys(157) of Rac2 is a target of S-glutathionylation and that this modification is reversed by dithiothreitol as well as enzymatically by thioltransferase in the presence of GSH. S-glutathionylated Rac2 enhanced the binding of GTP, presumably due to structural alterations. These results elucidate the redox regulation of cysteine in Rac2 and a possible mechanism for regulating NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sup Kil
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702701, Republic of Korea
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Kadiyala CSR, Zheng L, Du Y, Yohannes E, Kao HY, Miyagi M, Kern TS. Acetylation of retinal histones in diabetes increases inflammatory proteins: effects of minocycline and manipulation of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25869-80. [PMID: 22648458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.375204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation was significantly increased in retinas from diabetic rats, and this acetylation was inhibited in diabetics treated with minocycline, a drug known to inhibit early diabetic retinopathy in animals. Histone acetylation and expression of inflammatory proteins that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy were increased likewise in cultured retinal Müller glia grown in a diabetes-like concentration of glucose. Both the acetylation and induction of the inflammatory proteins in elevated glucose levels were significantly inhibited by inhibitors of histone acetyltransferase (garcinol and antisense against the histone acetylase, p300) or activators of histone deacetylase (theophylline and resveratrol) and were increased by the histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberolylanilide hydroxamic acid. We conclude that hyperglycemia causes acetylation of retinal histones (and probably other proteins) and that the acetylation contributes to the hyperglycemia-induced up-regulation of proinflammatory proteins and thereby to the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Coorey NJ, Shen W, Chung SH, Zhu L, Gillies MC. The role of glia in retinal vascular disease. Clin Exp Optom 2012; 95:266-81. [PMID: 22519424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular diseases collectively represent a leading cause of blindness. Unsurprisingly, pathological characterisation and treatment of retinal 'vascular' diseases have primarily focused on the aetiology and consequences of vascular dysfunction. Far less research has addressed the contribution of neuronal and glial dysfunction to the disease process of retinal vascular disorders. Ample evidence now suggests that retinal vasculopathy only uncommonly occurs in isolation, usually existing in concert with neuropathy and gliopathy. Retinal glia (Müller cells, astrocytes and microglia) have been reported to exhibit morphological and functional changes in both early and advanced phases of almost every retinal vascular disease. It is anticipated that identifying the causes of glial activation and dysfunction, and their contribution to loss of vision in retinal vascular disease, will lead to a better understanding of retinal vascular diseases, which might ultimately be translated into novel clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Coorey
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Sabens Liedhegner EA, Gao XH, Mieyal JJ. Mechanisms of altered redox regulation in neurodegenerative diseases--focus on S--glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:543-66. [PMID: 22066468 PMCID: PMC3270051 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of neurons. A common feature is oxidative stress, which arises when reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling. An imbalance in ROS/RNS alters functionality of cysteines and perturbs thiol-disulfide homeostasis. Many cysteine modifications may occur, but reversible protein mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH) likely represents the common steady-state derivative due to cellular abundance of GSH and ready conversion of cysteine-sulfenic acid and S-nitrosocysteine precursors to S-glutathionylcysteine disulfides. Thus, S-glutathionylation acts in redox signal transduction and serves as a protective mechanism against irreversible cysteine oxidation. Reversal of protein-S-glutathionylation is catalyzed specifically by glutaredoxin which thereby plays a critical role in cellular regulation. This review highlights the role of oxidative modification of proteins, notably S-glutathionylation, and alterations in thiol homeostatic enzyme activities in neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights for therapeutic intervention. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies show that dysregulation of redox signaling and sulfhydryl homeostasis likely contributes to onset/progression of neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress alters the thiol-disulfide status of key proteins that regulate the balance between cell survival and cell death. CRITICAL ISSUES Much of the current information about redox modification of key enzymes and signaling intermediates has been gleaned from studies focused on oxidative stress situations other than the neurodegenerative diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The findings in other contexts are expected to apply to understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms. Identification of selectively glutathionylated proteins in a quantitative fashion will provide new insights about neuropathological consequences of this oxidative protein modification.
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Berner AK, Brouwers O, Pringle R, Klaassen I, Colhoun L, McVicar C, Brockbank S, Curry JW, Miyata T, Brownlee M, Schlingemann RO, Schalkwijk C, Stitt AW. Protection against methylglyoxal-derived AGEs by regulation of glyoxalase 1 prevents retinal neuroglial and vasodegenerative pathology. Diabetologia 2012; 55:845-54. [PMID: 22143324 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Methylglyoxal (MG) is an important precursor for AGEs. Normally, MG is detoxified by the glyoxalase (GLO) enzyme system (including component enzymes GLO1 and GLO2). Enhanced glycolytic metabolism in many cells during diabetes may overpower detoxification capacity and lead to AGE-related pathology. Using a transgenic rat model that overexpresses GLO1, we investigated if this enzyme can inhibit retinal AGE formation and prevent key lesions of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Transgenic rats were developed by overexpression of full length GLO1. Diabetes was induced in wild-type (WT) and GLO1 rats and the animals were killed after 12 or 24 weeks of hyperglycaemia. N ε)-(Carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and MG-derived-hydroimidazalone-1 (MG-H1) were determined by immunohistochemistry and by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS). Müller glia dysfunction was determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and by spatial localisation of the potassium channel Kir4.1. Acellular capillaries were quantified in retinal flat mounts. RESULTS GLO1 overexpression prevented CEL and MG-H1 accumulation in the diabetic retina when compared with WT diabetic counterparts (p < 0.01). Diabetes-related increases in Müller glial GFAP levels and loss of Kir4.1 at the vascular end-feet were significantly prevented by GLO1 overexpression (p < 0.05) at both 12- and 24-week time points. GLO1 diabetic animals showed fewer acellular capillaries than WT diabetic animals (p < 0.001) at 24 weeks' diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Detoxification of MG reduces AGE adduct accumulation, which, in turn, can prevent formation of key retinal neuroglial and vascular lesions as diabetes progresses. MG-derived AGEs play an important role in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Berner
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK
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