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Rakina M, Larionova I, Kzhyshkowska J. Macrophage diversity in human cancers: New insight provided by single-cell resolution and spatial context. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28332. [PMID: 38571605 PMCID: PMC10988020 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
M1/M2 paradigm of macrophage plasticity has existed for decades. Now it becomes clear that this dichotomy doesn't adequately reflect the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major population of innate immune cells in the TME that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastatic niche formation, as well as response to anti-tumor therapy. However, the fundamental restriction in therapeutic TAM targeting is the limited knowledge about the specific TAM states in distinct human cancer types. Here we summarized the results of the most recent studies that use advanced technologies (e.g. single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics) allowing to decipher novel functional subsets of TAMs in numerous human cancers. The transcriptomic profiles of these TAM subsets and their clinical significance were described. We emphasized the characteristics of specific TAM subpopulations - TREM2+, SPP1+, MARCO+, FOLR2+, SIGLEC1+, APOC1+, C1QC+, and others, which have been most extensively characterized in several cancers, and are associated with cancer prognosis. Spatial transcriptomics technologies defined specific spatial interactions between TAMs and other cell types, especially fibroblasts, in tumors. Spatial transcriptomics methods were also applied to identify markers of immunotherapy response, which are expressed by macrophages or in the macrophage-abundant regions. We highlighted the perspectives for novel techniques that utilize spatial and single cell resolution in investigating new ligand-receptor interactions for effective immunotherapy based on TAM-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Militsa Rakina
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
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2
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Dave M, Dev A, Somoza RA, Zhao N, Viswanath S, Mina PR, Chirra P, Obmann VC, Mahabeleshwar GH, Menghini P, Durbin-Johnson B, Nolta J, Soto C, Osme A, Khuat LT, Murphy WJ, Caplan AI, Cominelli F. MSCs mediate long-term efficacy in a Crohn's disease model by sustained anti-inflammatory macrophage programming via efferocytosis. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:6. [PMID: 38245543 PMCID: PMC10799947 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are novel therapeutics for the treatment of Crohn's disease. However, their mechanism of action is unclear, especially in disease-relevant chronic models of inflammation. Thus, we used SAMP-1/YitFc (SAMP), a chronic and spontaneous murine model of small intestinal inflammation, to study the therapeutic effects and mechanism of action of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSC). hMSC dose-dependently inhibited naïve T lymphocyte proliferation via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion and reprogrammed macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We found that the hMSCs promoted mucosal healing and immunologic response early after administration in SAMP when live hMSCs are present (until day 9) and resulted in a complete response characterized by mucosal, histological, immunologic, and radiological healing by day 28 when no live hMSCs are present. hMSCs mediate their effect via modulation of T cells and macrophages in the mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN). Sc-RNAseq confirmed the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and identified macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic hMSCs as a mechanism that explains their long-term efficacy. Taken together, our findings show that hMSCs result in healing and tissue regeneration in a chronic model of small intestinal inflammation and despite being short-lived, exert long-term effects via sustained anti-inflammatory programming of macrophages via efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Dave
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Atul Dev
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Somoza
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Satish Viswanath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pooja Rani Mina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Prathyush Chirra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Verena Carola Obmann
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ganapati H Mahabeleshwar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paola Menghini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jan Nolta
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Division of Malignant Hematology/Cell and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
| | - Christopher Soto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lam T Khuat
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Division of Malignant Hematology/Cell and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Fuior EV, Zvintzou E, Filippatos T, Giannatou K, Mparnia V, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV, Kypreos KE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α in Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2696. [PMID: 37893070 PMCID: PMC10604751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of ligand-binding transcription factors with pivotal action in regulating pleiotropic signaling pathways of energetic metabolism, immune responses and cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant body of evidence indicates that the PPARα receptor is an important modulator of plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, with pluripotent effects influencing the lipid and apolipoprotein cargo of both atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins and their functionality. Clinical evidence supports an important role of PPARα agonists (fibric acid derivatives) in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, although the effects of clinical trials are contradictory and point to a reduction in the risk of nonfatal and fatal myocardial infarction events. In this manuscript, we provide an up-to-date critical review of the existing relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Valeria Fuior
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Evangelia Zvintzou
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Theodosios Filippatos
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Katerina Giannatou
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Mparnia
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Kyriakos E. Kypreos
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Giannone AA, Sellitto C, Rosati B, McKinnon D, White TW. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis of the Early Postnatal Mouse Lens Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:37. [PMID: 37870847 PMCID: PMC10599162 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The lens epithelium maintains the overall health of the organ. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology to assess transcriptional heterogeneity between cells in the postnatal day 2 (P2) epithelium and identify distinct epithelial cell subtypes. Analysis of these data was used to better understand lens growth, differentiation, and homeostasis on P2. Methods scRNA-seq on P2 mouse lenses was performed using the 10x Genomics Chromium Single Cell 3' Kit (v3.1) and short-read Illumina sequencing. Sequence alignment and preprocessing of data were conducted using 10x Genomics Cell Ranger software. Seurat was employed for preprocessing, quality control, dimensionality reduction, and cell clustering, and Monocle was utilized for trajectory analysis to understand the developmental progression of the lens cells. CellChat and GO analyses were used to explore cell-cell communication networks and signaling interactions. Results Lens epithelial cells (LECs) were divided into seven subclusters, classified by specific gene markers. The expression of crystallin, cell-cycle, and metabolic genes was not uniform, indicating distinct functional roles of LECs. Trajectory analysis predicted a bifurcation of differentiating and cycling cells from an Igfbp5+ progenitor pool. We also identified heterogeneity in signaling molecules and pathways, suggesting that cycling and progenitor subclusters have prominent roles in coordinating crosstalk. Conclusions scRNA-seq corroborated many known markers of epithelial differentiation and proliferation while providing further insight into the pathways and genes directing these processes. Interestingly, we demonstrated that the developing epithelium can be divided into distinct subpopulations. These clusters reflect the transcriptionally diverse roles of the epithelium in proliferation, signaling, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne A. Giannone
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Caterina Sellitto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Barbara Rosati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States
| | - David McKinnon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Thomas W. White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
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Dave M, Dev A, Somoza RA, Zhao N, Viswanath S, Mina PR, Chirra P, Obmann VC, Mahabeleshwar GH, Menghini P, Johnson BD, Nolta J, Soto C, Osme A, Khuat LT, Murphy W, Caplan AI, Cominelli F. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of Crohn's disease via the mesentery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541829. [PMID: 37292753 PMCID: PMC10245893 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are novel therapeutics for treatment of Crohn's disease. However, their mechanism of action is unclear, especially in disease-relevant chronic models of inflammation. Thus, we used SAMP-1/YitFc, a chronic and spontaneous murine model of small intestinal inflammation, to study the therapeutic effect and mechanism of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSC). Design hMSC immunosuppressive potential was evaluated through in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction, ELISA, macrophage co-culture, and RT-qPCR. Therapeutic efficacy and mechanism in SAMP were studied by stereomicroscopy, histopathology, MRI radiomics, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, small animal imaging, and single-cell RNA sequencing (Sc-RNAseq). Results hMSC dose-dependently inhibited naïve T lymphocyte proliferation in MLR via PGE 2 secretion and reprogrammed macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. hMSC promoted mucosal healing and immunologic response early after administration in SAMP model of chronic small intestinal inflammation when live hMSCs are present (until day 9) and resulted in complete response characterized by mucosal, histological, immunologic, and radiological healing by day 28 when no live hMSCs are present. hMSC mediate their effect via modulation of T cells and macrophages in the mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN). Sc-RNAseq confirmed the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and identified macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic hMSCs as a mechanism of action that explains their long-term efficacy. Conclusion hMSCs result in healing and tissue regeneration in a chronic model of small intestinal inflammation. Despite being short-lived, exert long-term effects via macrophage reprogramming to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Data Transparency Statement Single-cell RNA transcriptome datasets are deposited in an online open access repository 'Figshare' (DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21453936.v1 ).
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Gabrielli AP, Weidling I, Ranjan A, Wang X, Novikova L, Chowdhury SR, Menta B, Berkowicz A, Wilkins HM, Peterson KR, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondria Profoundly Influence Apolipoprotein E Biology. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:591-604. [PMID: 36776072 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria can trigger Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated molecular phenomena, but how mitochondria impact apolipoprotein E (APOE; apoE) is not well known. OBJECTIVE Consider whether and how mitochondrial biology influences APOE and apoE biology. METHODS We measured APOE expression in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells with different forms of mitochondrial dysfunction including total, chronic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion (ρ0 cells); acute, partial mtDNA depletion; and toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. We further assessed intracellular and secreted apoE protein levels in the ρ0 cells and interrogated the impact of transcription factors and stress signaling pathways known to influence APOE expression. RESULTS SH-SY5Y ρ0 cells exhibited a 65-fold increase in APOE mRNA, an 8-fold increase in secreted apoE protein, and increased intracellular apoE protein. Other models of primary mitochondrial dysfunction including partial mtDNA-depletion, toxin-induced respiratory chain inhibition, and chemical-induced manipulations of the mitochondrial membrane potential similarly increased SH-SY5Y cell APOE mRNA. We explored potential mediators and found in the ρ0 cells knock-down of the C/EBPα and NFE2L2 (Nrf2) transcription factors reduced APOE mRNA. The activity of two mitogen-activated protein kinases, JNK and ERK, also strongly influenced ρ0 cell APOE mRNA levels. CONCLUSION Primary mitochondrial dysfunction either directly or indirectly activates APOE expression in a neuronal cell model by altering transcription factors and stress signaling pathways. These studies demonstrate mitochondrial biology can influence the biology of the APOE gene and apoE protein, which are implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gabrielli
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ian Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Amol Ranjan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lesya Novikova
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Subir Roy Chowdhury
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alexandra Berkowicz
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kenneth R Peterson
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer's disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell-cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabine C. Konings
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Lluís Camprubí-Ferrer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José Luís Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Henrietta M. Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Tudorache IF, Bivol VG, Dumitrescu M, Fenyo IM, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. Synthetic lipoproteins based on apolipoprotein E coupled to fullerenol have anti-atherosclerotic properties. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:684-695. [PMID: 35790693 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an anti-atherosclerotic protein associated with almost all plasma lipoproteins. Fullerenol (Full-OH) contains the fullerene hydrophobic cage and several hydroxyl groups that could be derivatized to covalently bind various molecules. Herein, we aimed to produce fullerenol-based nanoparticles carrying apoE3 (Full-apoE) and test their anti-atherosclerotic effects. METHODS Full-apoE nanoparticles were obtained from Full-OH activated to reactive cyanide ester fullerenol derivative that was further reacted with apoE protein. To test their effect, the nanoparticles were administered to apoE-deficient mice for 24 h or 3 weeks. ApoE part of the nanoparticles was determined by Western Blot and quantified by ELISA. Atherosclerotic plaque size was evaluated after Oil Red O staining and the gene expression was determined by Real-Time PCR. RESULTS Full-apoE nanoparticles were detected mainly in the liver, and to a lesser extent in the kidney, lung, and brain. In the plasma of the Full-apoE-treated mice, apoE was found associated with very-low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins. Treatment for 3 weeks with Full-apoE nanoparticles decreased plasma cholesterol levels, increased the expression of apolipoprotein A-I, ABCA1 transporter, scavenger receptor-B1, and sortilin, and reduced the evolution of the atheromatous plaques in the atherosclerotic mice. CONCLUSIONS In experimental atherosclerosis, the administration of Full-apoE nanoparticles limits the evolution of the atheromatous plaques by decreasing the plasma cholesterol level and increasing the expression of major proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Thus, they represent a novel promising strategy for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madalina Dumitrescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "N. Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "N. Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "N. Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania.
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Apolipoprotein A-II, a Player in Multiple Processes and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071578. [PMID: 35884883 PMCID: PMC9313276 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) is the second most abundant apolipoprotein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, playing an important role in lipid metabolism. Human and murine apoA-II proteins have dissimilar properties, partially because human apoA-II is dimeric whereas the murine homolog is a monomer, suggesting that the role of apoA-II may be quite different in humans and mice. As a component of HDL, apoA-II influences lipid metabolism, being directly or indirectly involved in vascular diseases. Clinical and epidemiological studies resulted in conflicting findings regarding the proatherogenic or atheroprotective role of apoA-II. Human apoA-II deficiency has little influence on lipoprotein levels with no obvious clinical consequences, while murine apoA-II deficiency causes HDL deficit in mice. In humans, an increased plasma apoA-II concentration causes hypertriglyceridemia and lowers HDL levels. This dyslipidemia leads to glucose intolerance, and the ensuing high blood glucose enhances apoA-II transcription, generating a vicious circle that may cause type 2 diabetes (T2D). ApoA-II is also used as a biomarker in various diseases, such as pancreatic cancer. Herein, we provide a review of the most recent findings regarding the roles of apoA-II and its functions in various physiological processes and disease states, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, amyloidosis, hepatitis, insulin resistance, obesity, and T2D.
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10
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Luan W, Qi X, Liang F, Zhang X, Jin Z, Shi L, Luo B, Dai X. Microglia Impede Oligodendrocyte Generation in Aged Brain. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6813-6831. [PMID: 34924766 PMCID: PMC8674668 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related increase in myelin loss may be responsible for brain atrophy, and the mechanism is not completely understood. We aim to comprehensively delineate oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in young and aged mice and to reveal the underlying mechanism for myelin loss during aging. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging and immunofluorescent staining were performed to verify the demyelination in the aged brains of both rodents and human. Further, the single-cell RNA sequencing data of all brain cells from young and aged mice were deeply analyzed to identify the subsets of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Cell-to-cell interaction analysis was performed to detect the mechanism of observed changes in oligodendrocyte generation. Results Oligodendrocytes were observed to up-regulate several senescence associated genes in aged brain. Four clusters of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were identified in both young and aged brains. The number of those OPCs in basal state was significantly increased, while the OPCs in the procedure of differentiation were immensely decreased in aged brain. Furthermore, it was identified that activated microglia in the aged brain released inflammatory factors to suppress OPC differentiation. Stat1 might be a potential target to transform senescent microglia into tissue repair type to promote oligodendrocyte generation. Conclusion These results provided a perspective on how age activated microglia could impede remyelination and might give a new therapeutic target for age-related remyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Luan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqian Qi
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of T.C.M., Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Dai
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yang J, Liu L, Yang X, Duan Y, Zeng P, Yang S, Ma C, Li X, Han J, Chen Y. Combination of MEK1/2 inhibitor and LXR ligand synergistically inhibit atherosclerosis in LDLR deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:512-517. [PMID: 31784089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Combined LXR ligand (T0901317) and MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) not only reduces atherosclerosis in apoE deficient mice, but also blocks LXR ligand-induced fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia. However, the atheroprotective function of combined T0901317 and U0126 should be further investigated in LDLR deficient (LDLR-/-) mice since deficiency of LDLR not apoE can occur to humans with a high frequency. Herein, we validated the effectiveness of this combinational therapy on the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice to demonstrate its potential application in clinic. We found although T0901317 or U0126 alone reduced atherosclerotic plaques in en face and aortic root areas in HFD-fed LDLR-/- mice, their combination inhibited lesions in a synergistic manner. Combined U0126 and T0901317 had no effect on serum total cholesterol levels. T0901317 deceased HDL-cholesterol levels, which was restored by combined U0126. Meanwhile, U0126 alleviated T0901317-induced triglyceride accumulation, the major adverse effect of T0901317 which limits its clinical utility. Mechanistically, U0126 reduced fatty acid de novo synthesis by inhibiting hepatic fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression, thereby correcting T0901317-induced triglyceride overproduction. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that combination of MEK1/2 inhibitor and LXR ligand can synergistically reduce atherosclerosis in LDLR deficient mice without lipogenic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lipei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanrui Ma
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jihong Han
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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12
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Trusca VG, Dumitrescu M, Fenyo IM, Tudorache IF, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. The Mechanism of Bisphenol A Atherogenicity Involves Apolipoprotein A-I Downregulation through NF-κB Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6281. [PMID: 31842455 PMCID: PMC6941038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), mediating many of its atheroprotective properties. Increasing data reveal the pro-atherogenic effects of bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most prevalent environmental chemicals. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which BPA exerts pro-atherogenic effects. For this, LDLR-/- mice were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with 50 µg BPA/kg body weight by gavage. After two months of treatment, the area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were significantly increased, while HDL-cholesterol was decreased in BPA-treated LDLR-/- mice as compared to control mice. Real-Time PCR data showed that BPA treatment decreased hepatic apoA-I expression. BPA downregulated the activity of the apoA-I promoter in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was mediated by MEKK1/NF-κB signaling pathways. Transfection experiments using apoA-I promoter deletion mutants, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and protein-DNA interaction assays demonstrated that treatment of hepatocytes with BPA induced NF-κB signaling and thus the recruitment of p65/50 proteins to the multiple NF-κB binding sites located in the apoA-I promoter. In conclusion, BPA exerts pro-atherogenic effects downregulating apoA-I by MEKK1 signaling and NF-κB activation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anca V. Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (V.G.T.); (M.D.); (I.M.F.); (I.F.T.); (M.S.)
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13
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Taghizadeh E, Taheri F, Renani PG, Reiner Ž, Navashenaq JG, Sahebkar A. Macrophage: A Key Therapeutic Target in Atherosclerosis? Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3165-3174. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and a leading cause of coronary artery
disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Lipid-laden macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes
and form fatty streaks as the first step of atherogenesis.
Methods:
An electronic search in major databases was performed to review new therapeutic opportunities for
influencing the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis based on monocytes/macrophages targeting.
Results:
In the past two decades, macrophages have been recognized as the main players in atherogenesis but also
in its thrombotic complications. There is a growing interest in immunometabolism and recent studies on metabolism
of macrophages have created new therapeutic options to treat atherosclerosis. Targeting recruitment, polarization,
cytokine profile extracellular matrix remodeling, cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory
activity and non-coding RNAs of monocyte/macrophage have been proposed as potential therapeutic approaches
against atherosclerosis.
Conclusion:
Monocytes/macrophages have a crucial role in progression and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Therefore, targeting monocyte/macrophage therapy in order to achieve anti-inflammatory effects might be a good
option for prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Forough Taheri
- Sharekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sharekord, Iran
| | | | - Željko Reiner
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Department of Internal Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jamshid G. Navashenaq
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Gao T, Jernigan J, Raza SA, Dammer EB, Xiao H, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Rangaraju S. Transcriptional regulation of homeostatic and disease-associated-microglial genes by IRF1, LXRβ, and CEBPα. Glia 2019; 67:1958-1975. [PMID: 31301160 PMCID: PMC7190149 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia transform from homeostatic to disease-associated-microglia (DAM) profiles in neurodegeneration. Within DAM, we recently identified distinct pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory sub-profiles although transcriptional regulators of homeostatic and distinct DAM profiles remain unclear. Informed by these studies, we nominated CEBPα, IRF1, and LXRβ as likely regulators of homeostatic, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory DAM states and performed in-vitro siRNA studies in primary microglia to identify roles of each transcriptional factor (TF) in regulating microglial activation, using an integrated transcriptomics, bioinformatics and experimental validation approach. Efficient (>70%) silencing of TFs in microglia revealed reciprocal regulation between each TF specifically following pro-inflammatory activation. Neuroinflammatory transcriptomic profiling of microglia coupled with qPCR validation revealed distinct gene clusters with unique patterns of regulation by each TF, which were independent of LPS stimulation. While all three TFs (especially IRF1 and LXRβ) positively regulated core DAM genes (Apoe, Axl, Clec7a, Tyrobp, and Trem2) as well as homeostatic and pro-inflammatory DAM genes, LPS, and IFNγ increased pro-inflammatory DAM but suppressed homeostatic and anti-inflammatory DAM gene expression via an Erk1/2-dependent signaling pathway. IRF1 and LXRβ silencing suppressed microglial phagocytic activity for polystyrene microspheres as well as fAβ42 while IRF1 silencing strongly suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS. Our studies reveal complex transcriptional regulation of homeostatic and DAM profiles whereby IRF1, LXRβ, and CEBPα positively regulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory DAM genes while activating stimuli independently augment pro-inflammatory DAM responses and suppress homeostatic and anti-inflammatory responses via Erk signaling. This framework can guide development of therapeutic immuno-modulatory strategies for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | | | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Tian Y, Wen H, Qi X, Mao X, Shi Z, Li J, He F, Yang W, Zhang X, Li Y. Analysis of apolipoprotein multigene family in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) and their expression profiles in response to Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:111-118. [PMID: 31176005 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins (Apos), which are the protein components of plasma lipoproteins, play important roles in lipid transport in vertebrates. It has been demonstrated that in teleosts, several Apos display antimicrobial activity and play crucial roles in innate immunity. Despite their importance, apo genes have not been systematically characterized in many aquaculture fish species. In our study, a complete set of 23 apo genes was identified and annotated from spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Phylogenetic and homology analyses provided evidence for their annotation and evolutionary relationships. To investigate their potential roles in the immune response, the expression patterns of 23 apo genes were determined in the liver and intestine by qRT-PCR after Vibrio harveyi infection. After infection, a total of 20 differentially expressed apo genes were observed, and their expression profiles varied among the genes and tissues. 5 apo genes (apoA1, apoA4a.1, apoC2, apoF and apoO) were dramatically induced or suppressed (log2 fold change >4, P < 0.05), suggesting their involvement in the immune response of spotted sea bass. Our study provides a valuable foundation for future studies aimed at uncovering the specific roles of each apo gene during bacterial infection in spotted sea bass and other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xuebin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Zhijie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Wenzhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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16
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The Opposite Effect of c-Jun Transcription Factor on Apolipoprotein E Gene Regulation in Hepatocytes and Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061471. [PMID: 30909560 PMCID: PMC6471215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is mainly secreted by hepatocytes and incorporated into most plasma lipoproteins. Macrophages, which accumulate cholesterol and are critical for the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, are also an important, albeit smaller, apoE source. Distal regulatory elements control cell-specific activity of the apoE promoter: multienhancers (ME.1/2) in macrophages and hepatic control regions (HCR-1/2) in hepatocytes. A member of AP-1 cell growth regulator, c-Jun regulates the transcription of various apolipoproteins and proinflammatory molecules implicated in atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the effect of c-Jun on apoE expression in macrophages versus hepatocytes and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein we show that c-Jun had an opposite, cell-specific effect on apoE expression: downregulation in macrophages but upregulation in hepatocytes. Transient transfections using ME.2 deletion mutants and DNA pull-down (DNAP) assays showed that the inhibitory effect of c-Jun on the apoE promoter in macrophages was mediated by a functional c-Jun binding site located at 301/311 on ME.2. In hepatocytes, c-Jun overexpression strongly increased apoE expression, and this effect was due to c-Jun binding at the canonical site located at -94/-84 on the apoE proximal promoter, identified by transient transfections using apoE deletion mutants, DNAP, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Overall, the dual effect of c-Jun on apoE gene expression led to decreased cholesterol efflux in macrophages resident in the atherosclerotic plaque synergized with an increased level of systemic apoE secreted by the liver to exacerbate atherogenesis.
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17
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Speidell AP, Demby T, Lee Y, Rodriguez O, Albanese C, Mandelblatt J, Rebeck GW. Development of a Human APOE Knock-in Mouse Model for Study of Cognitive Function After Cancer Chemotherapy. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:291-303. [PMID: 30284204 PMCID: PMC6333492 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients exposed to multi-agent chemotherapy regimens is associated with the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele. However, it is difficult to determine the effects of specific agents on cognitive impairment in human studies. We describe the development of a human APOE knock-in congenic C57BL/6J mouse model to study cancer-related cognitive impairment. Female APOE3 and APOE4 homozygous mice were either left untreated or treated with the most commonly used breast cancer therapeutic agent, doxorubicin. APOE3 and APOE4 mice had similar behaviors in exploratory and anxiety assays, which were affected transiently by doxorubicin treatment. Spatial learning and memory were measured in a Barnes maze: after 4 days of training, control APOE3 and APOE4 mice were able to escape with similar latencies. In contrast, doxorubicin-treated APOE4 mice had markedly impaired learning compared to doxorubicin-treated APOE3 mice at all time points. Voxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance images revealed that doxorubicin treatment caused significant changes in the cortex and hippocampus of in both APOE3 and APOE4 mouse brains, but the differences were significantly greater in the APOE4 brains. The results indicate that doxorubicin-exposed APOE4 mice recapitulate key aspects of human cancer-related cognitive impairment. These data support the usefulness of this novel preclinical model for future elucidation of the genetic and molecular interactions of APOE genotype with chemotherapy; this model can also allow extension to prospective studies of older mice to study these interactions in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Speidell
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tamar Demby
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yichien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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18
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Menta BW, Swerdlow RH. An Integrative Overview of Non-Amyloid and Non-Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:12-21. [PMID: 30084096 PMCID: PMC6347553 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that devastates the lives of its victims, and challenges the family members and health care infrastructures that care for them. Clinically, attempts to understand AD have focused on trying to predict the presence of, and more recently demonstrate the presence of, its characteristic amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathologies. Fundamental research has also traditionally focused on understanding the generation, content, and pathogenicity of plaques and tangles, but in addition to this there is now an emerging independent interest in other molecular phenomena including apolipoprotein E, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. While studies emphasizing the role of these phenomena have provided valuable AD insights, it is interesting that at the molecular level these entities extensively intertwine and interact. In this review, we provide a brief overview of why apolipoprotein E, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial research have become increasingly ascendant in the AD research field, and present the case for studying these phenomena from an integrated perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise W Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, KS, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Landon Center on Aging, MS 2012, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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19
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Siddiqui R, Suzu S, Ueno M, Nasser H, Koba R, Bhuyan F, Noyori O, Hamidi S, Sheng G, Yasuda-Inoue M, Hishiki T, Sukegawa S, Miyagi E, Strebel K, Matsushita S, Shimotohno K, Ariumi Y. Apolipoprotein E is an HIV-1-inducible inhibitor of viral production and infectivity in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007372. [PMID: 30496280 PMCID: PMC6289579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) belongs to a class of cellular proteins involved in lipid metabolism. ApoE is a polymorphic protein produced primarily in macrophages and astrocytes. Different isoforms of ApoE have been associated with susceptibility to various diseases including Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases. ApoE expression has also been found to affect susceptibility to several viral diseases, including Hepatitis C and E, but its effect on the life cycle of HIV-1 remains obscure. In this study, we initially found that HIV-1 infection selectively up-regulated ApoE in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Interestingly, ApoE knockdown in MDMs enhanced the production and infectivity of HIV-1, and was associated with increased localization of viral envelope (Env) proteins to the cell surface. Consistent with this, ApoE over-expression in 293T cells suppressed Env expression and viral infectivity, which was also observed with HIV-2 Env, but not with VSV-G Env. Mechanistic studies revealed that the C-terminal region of ApoE was required for its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 Env expression. Moreover, we found that ApoE and Env co-localized in the cells, and ApoE associated with gp160, the precursor form of Env, and that the suppression of Env expression by ApoE was cancelled by the treatment with lysosomal inhibitors. Overall, our study revealed that ApoE is an HIV-1-inducible inhibitor of viral production and infectivity in macrophages that exerts its anti-HIV-1 activity through association with gp160 Env via the C-terminal region, which results in subsequent degradation of gp160 Env in the lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Siddiqui
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (YA)
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hesham Nasser
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ryota Koba
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sofiane Hamidi
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Yasuda-Inoue
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sukegawa
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eri Miyagi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Klaus Strebel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ariumi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (YA)
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Yang X, Chen S, Shao Z, Li Y, Wu H, Li X, Mao L, Zhou Z, Bai L, Mei X, Liu C. Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Exacerbates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice: Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Mediated by NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 29875635 PMCID: PMC5974465 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological trauma that involves complex pathological processes. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress are prevalent during the second injury and can influence the functional recovery of SCI. Specially, Apolipoprotein E (APOE) induces neuronal repair and nerve regeneration, and the deficiency of Apoe impairs spinal cord-blood-barrier and reduces functional recovery after SCI. However, the mechanism by which Apoe mediates signaling pathways of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in SCI remains largely elusive. This study was designed to investigate the signaling pathways that regulate Apoe deficiency-dependent inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the acute stage of SCI. In the present study, Apoe−/− mice retarded functional recovery and had a larger lesion size when compared to wild-type mice after SCI. Moreover, deficiency of Apoe induced an exaggerated inflammatory response by increasing expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and increased oxidative stress by reducing expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Furthermore, lack of Apoe promoted neuronal apoptosis and decreased neuronal numbers in the anterior horn of the spinal cord after SCI. Mechanistically, we found that the absence of Apoe increased inflammation and oxidative stress through activation of NF-κB after SCI. In contrast, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB; Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) alleviates these changes. Collectively, these results indicate that a critical role for activation of NF-κB in regulating Apoe-deficiency dependent inflammation and oxidative stress is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhenya Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - He Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zipeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liangjie Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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21
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34-kDa glycoprotein that is secreted from many cells throughout the body. ApoE is best known for its role in lipoprotein metabolism. Recent studies underline the association of circulating lipoprotein-associated apoE levels and the development for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides its well-established role in pathology of CVD, it is also implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and recent new data on adipose-produced apoE point to a novel metabolic role for apoE in obesity. The regulation of apoE production and secretion is remarkably cell and tissue specific. Here, we summarize recent insights into the differential regulation apoE production and secretion by hepatocytes, monocytes/macrophages, adipocytes, and the central nervous system and relevant variations in apoE biochemistry and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kockx
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mathew Traini
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia.
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22
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Gil-Pulido J, Zernecke A. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Cai G, Chen B, Li Z, Wei W, Wang P, Dong W. The different expressed serum proteins in rhCygb treated rat model of liver fibrosis by the optimized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177968. [PMID: 28662027 PMCID: PMC5490966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, a common pathological process of chronic liver diseases, is the final stage of liver dysfunction that has severely deleterious impact on human health. Cytoglobin was first discovered in 2001 by proteomic analysis in rat stellate cells and was reported to play an important role in controlling tissue fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which cytoglobin inhibits or reverses the progression of fibrosis remains unclear. The present study examines the effect of recombinant human cytoblobin (rhCygb) in a rat model of liver fibrosis. Proteomic approaches were employed to identify differentially expressed proteins in the fibrosis model. Optimized conditions for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were developed to provide improved protein detection and separation. A total of 43 spots were obtained and, through the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 30 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Gene ontology term annotation and KEGG pathway analysis allowed us to explore the function of the represented proteins. Based on these results, we provide a theory of the molecular mechanism related to rhCygb reversion of fibrosis and which will assist in the identification of biomarkers in patient serum to improve early diagnosis of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaotai Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bohong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
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24
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Tudorache IF, Trusca VG, Gafencu AV. Apolipoprotein E - A Multifunctional Protein with Implications in Various Pathologies as a Result of Its Structural Features. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:359-365. [PMID: 28660014 PMCID: PMC5476973 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 34 kDa glycoprotein, mediates hepatic and extrahepatic uptake of plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden macrophages. In humans, three structural different apoE isoforms occur, with subsequent functional changes and pathological consequences. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of apoE structural domains and isoforms in normal and altered lipid metabolism, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as stress-related pathological states. Studies using truncated apoE forms provided valuable information regarding the regions and residues responsible for its properties. ApoE3 renders protection against cardiovascular diseases by maintaining lipid homeostasis, while apoE2 is associated with dysbetalipoproteinemia. ApoE4 is a recognized risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanism of the disease initiation and progression is not entirely elucidated. ApoE is also implicated in infections with herpes simplex type-1, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses. Interacting with both viral and host molecules, apoE isoforms differently interfere with the viral life cycle. ApoE exerts anti-inflammatory effects, switching macrophage phenotype from the proinflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2, suppressing CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and reducing IL-2 production. The anti-oxidative properties of apoE are isoform-dependent, modulating the levels of various molecules (Nrf2 target genes, metallothioneins, paraoxonase). Mimetic peptides were designed to exploit apoE beneficial properties. The "structure correctors" which convert apoE4 into apoE3-like molecules have pharmacological potential. Despite no successful strategy is yet available for apoE-related disorders, several promising candidates deserve further improvement and exploitation.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ApoE
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HLP, phospholipid transfer protein
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type-1
- Isoform
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPG, lipoprotein glomerulopathy
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Mimetic peptide
- NS5A, nonstructural protein 5A
- PLTP, type III hyperlipoproteinemia
- Structural domain
- TG, triglyceride
- Truncated molecule
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 8 B. P. Hasdeu Street, Sector 5, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
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25
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Trusca VG, Fuior EV, Fenyo IM, Kardassis D, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. Differential action of glucocorticoids on apolipoprotein E gene expression in macrophages and hepatocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174078. [PMID: 28355284 PMCID: PMC5371326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has anti-atherosclerotic properties, being involved in the transport and clearance of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins as well as in cholesterol efflux from cells. We hypothesized that glucocorticoids may exert anti-inflammatory properties by increasing the level of macrophage-derived apoE. Our data showed that glucocorticoids increased apoE expression in macrophages in vitro as well as in vivo. Dexamethasone increased ~6 fold apoE mRNA levels in cultured peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Administered to C57BL/6J mice, dexamethasone induced a two-fold increase in apoE expression in peritoneal macrophages. By contrast, glucocorticoids did not influence apoE expression in hepatocytes, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, dexamethasone enhanced apoE promoter transcriptional activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but not in HepG2 cells, as tested by transient transfections. Analysis of apoE proximal promoter deletion mutants, complemented by protein-DNA interaction assays demonstrated the functionality of a putative glucocorticoid receptors (GR) binding site predicted by in silico analysis in the -111/-104 region of the human apoE promoter. In hepatocytes, GR can bind to their specific site within apoE promoter but are not able to modulate the gene expression. The modulatory blockade in hepatocytes is a consequence of partial involvement of transcription factors and other signaling molecules activated through MEK1/2 and PLA2/PLC pathways. In conclusion, our study indicates that glucocorticoids (1) differentially target apoE gene expression; (2) induce a significant increase in apoE level specifically in macrophages. The local increase of apoE gene expression in macrophages at the level of the atheromatous plaque may have therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Georgeta Trusca
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Valeria Fuior
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Yang Y, Fu Q, Zhou T, Li Y, Liu S, Zeng Q, Wang X, Jin Y, Tian C, Qin Z, Dunham R, Liu Z. Analysis of apolipoprotein genes and their involvement in disease response of channel catfish after bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:464-470. [PMID: 27640368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are protein component of plasma lipoproteins. They exert crucial roles in lipoprotein metabolism and serve as enzyme cofactors, receptor ligands, and lipid transfer carriers in mammals. In teleosts, apolipoproteins are also involved in diverse processes including embryonic and ontogenic development, liver and digestive system organogenesis, and innate immunity. In this study, we identified a set of 19 apolipoprotein genes in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Phylogenetic analysis and syntenic analysis were conducted to determine their identities and evolutionary relationships. The expression signatures of apolipoproteins in channel catfish were determined in healthy tissues and after infections with two major bacterial pathogens, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare. In healthy channel catfish, most apolipoprotein genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns in channel catfish. After ESC and columnaris infections, 5 and 7 apolipoprotein genes were differentially expressed respectively, which presented a pathogen-specific and time-dependent pattern of regulation. After ESC infection, three exchangeable apolipoproteins (apoA-IB, apoC-I, and apoE-B) were suppressed in catfish intestine, while two nonexchangeable apolipoproteins (apoB-A and apoB-B) were slightly up-regulated. After columnaris infection, apoB-B, apoD-B, and apoE-A were significantly down-regulated in catfish gill, while apoF, apoL-IV, apoO-like, and apo-14 kDa showed significantly up-regulation. Taken together, these results suggested that apolipoprotein genes may play significant roles in innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yun Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Qifan Zeng
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yulin Jin
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Changxu Tian
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhenkui Qin
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Rex Dunham
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies have shown that chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The mechanism by which inflammation increases cardiovascular disease is likely multifactorial but changes in HDL structure and function that occur during inflammation could play a role. RECENT FINDINGS HDL levels decrease with inflammation and there are marked changes in HDL-associated proteins. Serum amyloid A markedly increases whereas apolipoprotein A-I, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesterol ester transfer protein, paraoxonase 1, and apolipoprotein M decrease. The exact mechanism by which inflammation decreases HDL levels is not defined but decreases in apolipoprotein A-I production, increases in serum amyloid A, increases in endothelial lipase and secretory phospholipase A2 activity, and decreases in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity could all contribute. The changes in HDL induced by inflammation reduce the ability of HDL to participate in reverse cholesterol transport and protect LDL from oxidation. SUMMARY During inflammation multiple changes in HDL structure occur leading to alterations in HDL function. In the short term, these changes may be beneficial resulting in an increase in cholesterol in peripheral cells to improve host defense and repair but over the long term these changes may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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28
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Wang X, Bu HF, Liu SXL, De Plaen IG, Tan XD. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of the MFG-E8 Gene Promoter Activity in Physiological and Inflammatory Conditions. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1867-79. [PMID: 25711369 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) is expressed by macrophages and plays an important role in attenuating inflammation and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Previously, we and others found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits MFG-E8 gene expression in macrophages. Here, we characterized the 5'-flanking region of the mouse MFG-E8 gene. To functionally analyze the upstream regulatory region of the MFG-E8 gene, a series of luciferase reporter gene constructs containing deleted or mutated regulatory elements were prepared. Using the luciferase assay, we revealed that Sp1 binding motifs within the proximal promoter region were necessary for full activity of the MFG-E8 promoter, whereas AP-1 like binding sequence at -372 played a role in governing the promoter activity at a homeostatic level. With chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we showed that Sp1 and c-Jun physically interact with the MFG-E8 promoter region in vivo. In addition, Sp1 was found to regulate the MFG-E8 promoter activity positively and c-Jun negatively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LPS inhibited MFG-E8 promoter activity via targeting Sp1 and AP-1-like motifs in the 5'-flanking region. Collectively, our data indicate that Sp1 and AP-1-related factors are involved in the regulation of MFG-E8 gene transcription by targeting their binding sites in the 5'-flanking region under physiological and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heng-Fu Bu
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shirley X L Liu
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Research & Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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29
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Krüppel-like factor 4 synergizes with CREB to increase the activity of apolipoprotein E gene promoter in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:66-72. [PMID: 26546821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a critical regulator of monocyte differentiation and macrophage polarization, and it also plays an important role in several vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an essential anti-atherosclerotic glycoprotein involved in lipid metabolism, expressed by the liver, macrophages and other cell types. We hypothesized that KLF4 is involved in apoE gene regulation in macrophages. Our experiments showed that differentiation of THP-1 monocytes to macrophages using PMA was associated with a robust induction of both KLF4 and apoE genes. KLF4 bound to the apoE promoter, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA pull-down (DNAP) assays, and transactivated the apoE promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Using a series of apoE promoter deletion mutants we revealed the biological activity of multiple KLF4 binding sites located in the [-500/-100] region of apoE promoter. Moreover, overexpression of cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) further increased KLF4 up-regulatory effect on apoE promoter. Despite the fact that no putative CREB binding sites were predicted in silico, we found that in macrophages CREB bound to apoE proximal promoter in the region -200/+4 and even more strongly on -350/-274 region. In similar DNAP experiments using cell extracts obtained from monocytes (lacking KLF4), a very weak binding of CREB was detected, indicating that interaction of CREB with apoE promoter takes place indirectly. In conclusion our results show: (i) a robust synchronized induction of KLF4 and apoE expression during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages; (ii) KLF4 up-regulates apoE gene in a dose-dependent manner; (iii) biologically active KLF4 binding sites are present on apoE promoter and (iv) the interaction of KLF4 with CREB results in an enhanced up-regulatory effect of KLF4 on apoE promoter. Taken together these data provide novel knowledge on apoE gene regulation mechanism in macrophages, and offer insight into the therapeutic potential of KLF4 in atherosclerosis.
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30
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Roman C, Fuior EV, Trusca VG, Kardassis D, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. Thyroid hormones upregulate apolipoprotein E gene expression in astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:190-5. [PMID: 26519880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a protein mainly involved in lipid metabolism, is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Despite numerous attempts to elucidate apoE gene regulation in the brain, the exact mechanism is still uncovered. The mechanism of apoE gene regulation in the brain involves the proximal promoter and multienhancers ME.1 and ME.2, which evolved by gene duplication. Herein we questioned whether thyroid hormones and their nuclear receptors have a role in apoE gene regulation in astrocytes. Our data showed that thyroid hormones increase apoE gene expression in HTB14 astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This effect can be intermediated by the thyroid receptor β (TRβ) which is expressed in these cells. In the presence of triiodothyronine (T3) and 9-cis retinoic acid, in astrocytes transfected to overexpress TRβ and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), apoE promoter was indirectly activated through the interaction with ME.2. To determine the location of TRβ/RXRα binding site on ME.2, we performed DNA pull down assays and found that TRβ/RXRα complex bound to the region 341-488 of ME.2. This result was confirmed by transient transfection experiments in which a series of 5'- and 3'-deletion mutants of ME.2 were used. These data support the existence of a biologically active TRβ binding site starting at 409 in ME.2. In conclusion, our data revealed that ligand-activated TRβ/RXRα heterodimers bind with high efficiency on tissue-specific distal regulatory element ME.2 and thus modulate apoE gene expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Roman
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena V Fuior
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Violeta G Trusca
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca V Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania.
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31
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Chen HH, Keyhanian K, Zhou X, Vilmundarson RO, Almontashiri NAM, Cruz SA, Pandey NR, Lerma Yap N, Ho T, Stewart CA, Huang H, Hari A, Geoffrion M, McPherson R, Rayner KJ, Stewart AFR. IRF2BP2 Reduces Macrophage Inflammation and Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2015. [PMID: 26195219 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation impairs macrophage cholesterol clearance from vascular tissues and promotes atherosclerosis. Inflammatory macrophages suppress expression of the transcription cofactor interferon regulatory factor 2-binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2), and genetic variants near IRF2BP2 associate with ischemic heart disease progression in humans. OBJECTIVES To test whether IRF2BP2 in macrophages affects atherosclerosis in mice and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mice that delete IRF2BP2 in macrophages. IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages worsened atherosclerosis in irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor null-recipient mice and in apolipoprotein E null mice. IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages were inflammatory and had impaired cholesterol efflux because of their inability to activate the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in response to cholesterol loading. Their expression of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 was markedly reduced. Promoter studies revealed that IRF2BP2 is required for MEF2-dependent activation of Krüppel-like factor 2. Importantly, restoring Krüppel-like factor 2 in IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages attenuated M1 inflammatory and rescued M2 anti-inflammatory gene activation and improved the cholesterol efflux deficit by restoring ABCA1 activation in response to cholesterol loading. In a cohort of 1066 angiographic cases and 1011 controls, homozygous carriers of a deletion polymorphism (rs3045215) in the 3' untranslated region sequence of human IRF2BP2 mRNA had a higher risk of coronary artery disease (recessive model, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=1.560 [1.179-2.065], P=1.73E-03) and had lower IRF2BP2 (and Krüppel-like factor 2) protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The effect of this deletion polymorphism to suppress protein expression was confirmed in luciferase reporter studies. CONCLUSION Ablation of IRF2BP2 in macrophages worsens atherosclerosis in mice, and a deletion variant that lowers IRF2BP2 expression predisposes to coronary artery disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Huei Chen
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.).
| | - Kianoosh Keyhanian
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Xun Zhou
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Ragnar O Vilmundarson
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Naif A M Almontashiri
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Shelly A Cruz
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Nihar R Pandey
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Nida Lerma Yap
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Tiffany Ho
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Chloe A Stewart
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Hua Huang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Aswin Hari
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Ruth McPherson
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.)
| | - Alexandre F R Stewart
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.-H.C., K.K., X.Z., S.A.C., N.R.P., C.A.S., H.H., A.H.); the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.O.V., N.A.M.A., N.L.Y., T.H., M.G., R.M., K.J.R., A.F.R.S.); and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.H.C., R.M., A.F.R.S.).
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Attenuation of Acute Rat Renal Allograft Rejection by Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic Peptide. Transplantation 2015; 99:925-34. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Metformin reduces the endotoxin-induced down-regulation of apolipoprotein E gene expression in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:435-40. [PMID: 25899745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The atheroprotective role of macrophage-derived apolipoprotein E (apoE) is well known. Our previous reports demonstrated that inflammatory stress down-regulates apoE expression in macrophages, aggravating atherogenesis. Metformin, extensively used as an anti-diabetic drug, has also anti-inflammatory properties, and thus confers vascular protection. In this study, we questioned whether metformin could have an effect on apoE expression in macrophages in normal conditions or under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stress. The results showed that metformin slightly increases the apoE expression only at high doses (5-10 mM). Low doses of metformin (1-3 mM) significantly reduce the LPS down-regulatory effect on apoE expression in macrophages. Our experiments demonstrated that LPS-induced NF-κB binds to the macrophage-specific distal regulatory element of apoE gene, namely to the multienhancer 2 (ME.2) and its 5'-deletion fragments. The NF-κB binding on ME.2 and apoE promoter has a down-regulatory effect. In addition, data revealed that metformin impairs NF-κB nuclear translocation, and thus, improves the apoE levels in macrophages under inflammatory stress. The positive effect of metformin in the inflammatory states, its clinical safety and low cost, make this drug a potential adjuvant in the therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:113-179. [PMID: 25522987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HDL regulation is exerted at multiple levels including regulation at the level of transcription initiation by transcription factors and signal transduction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. The above mechanisms have drastic effects on several HDL-mediated processes including HDL biogenesis, remodeling, cholesterol efflux and uptake, as well as atheroprotective functions on the cells of the arterial wall. The emphasis is on mechanisms that operate in physiologically relevant tissues such as the liver (which accounts for 80% of the total HDL-C levels in the plasma), the macrophages, the adrenals, and the endothelium. Transcription factors that have a significant impact on HDL regulation such as hormone nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factors are extensively discussed both in terms of gene promoter recognition and regulation but also in terms of their impact on plasma HDL levels as was revealed by knockout studies. Understanding the different modes of regulation of this complex lipoprotein may provide useful insights for the development of novel HDL-raising therapies that could be used to fight against atherosclerosis which is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece,
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Al-Ali A, Singh N, Manshian B, Wilkinson T, Wills J, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. Quantum dot induced cellular perturbations involving varying toxicity pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QD) with varying surface chemistry can have an impact on cellular uptake and a range of indicators for cell perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Ali
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Neenu Singh
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Bella Manshian
- Biomedical NMR unit-MoSAIC
- Department of Medicine
- KU Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Tom Wilkinson
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - John Wills
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | | | - Shareen H. Doak
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
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36
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Murphy AJ, Dragoljevic D, Tall AR. Cholesterol efflux pathways regulate myelopoiesis: a potential link to altered macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:490. [PMID: 25352845 PMCID: PMC4195367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the blood vessels that can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke. The major cell in the atherosclerotic lesion, the macrophage, is thought to be an important contributor to the production of inflammatory mediators that exacerbate this disease. Macrophages are generally derived from circulating monocytes, which are in turn produced by hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow and other medullary organs. Recent studies suggest that disruption in cholesterol homeostasis or prolonged exposure to a hypercholesterolemic environment can influence HSPCs to over-produce monocytes, resulting in monocytosis. These monocytes may carry a pre-programed ability to become M1-like macrophages once they enter the atherosclerotic lesion. Future studies may help to differentiate the role of such pre-programing versus responses to local environmental cues in determining M1, M2, or other macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew James Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Alan Richard Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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Apolipoprotein E, amyloid-beta, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:317-30. [PMID: 24652457 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Neuroinflammation occurs in the AD brain and plays a critical role in the neurodegenerative pathology. Particularly, Aβ evokes an inflammatory response that leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) proteins are involved in cholesterol transport, Aβ binding and clearance, and synaptic functions in the brain. The ApoE4 isoform is a key risk factor for AD, while the ApoE2 isoform has a neuroprotective effect. However, studies have reached different conclusions about the roles of the isoforms; some show that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 have anti-inflammatory effects, while others show that ApoE4 causes a predisposition to inflammation or promotes an inflammatory response following lipopolysaccharide treatment. These discrepancies may result from the differences in models, cell types, experimental conditions, and inflammatory stimuli used. Further, little was known about the role of ApoE isoforms in the Aβ-induced inflammatory response and in the neuroinflammation of AD. Our recent work showed that ApoE isoforms differentially regulate and modify the Aβ-induced inflammatory response in neural cells, with ApoE2 suppressing and ApoE4 promoting the response. In this article, we review the roles, mechanisms, and interrelations among Aβ, ApoE, and neuroinflammation in AD.
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Li Z, Li W, Gui J. Apolipoprotein C1 regulates epiboly during gastrulation in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:975-84. [PMID: 24203452 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C1 (Apoc1) is associated with lipoprotein metabolism, but its physiological role during embryogenesis is largely unknown. We reveal a new function of Apoc1b, a transcript isoform of Apoc1, in epiboly during zebrafish gastrulation. Apoc1b is expressed in yolk syncytial layers and in deep cells of the ventral and lateral region of the embryos. It displays a radial gradient with high levels in the interior layer and low levels in the superficial layer. Knockdown of Apoc1b by injecting antisense morpholino (MO) caused the epiboly arrest in deep cells. Moreover, we show that the radial intercalation and the radial gradient distribution of E-cadherin are disrupted both in Apoc1b knockdown and overexpressed embryos. Therefore, Apoc1b controls epiboly via E-cadherin-mediated radial intercalation in a gradient-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Hannaford J, Guo H, Chen X. Involvement of cathepsins B and L in inflammation and cholesterol trafficking protein NPC2 secretion in macrophages. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1586-95. [PMID: 23666609 PMCID: PMC6445554 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and its related chronic inflammation are the major risk factors for developing metabolic disturbances. The roles of cathepsin cysteine proteases have been tied to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cathepsins are important functional links between inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis in obesity. NPC2, a lysosomal protein, plays an important role in cholesterol trafficking. The objective of this study was to examine the regulation of cathepsins and NPC2 in adipose tissue and macrophages in obesity and the effect of modifying cathepsin activity in cholesterol metabolism and trafficking in macrophages. DESIGN AND METHODS Cathepsins and NPC2 mRNA expression and protein secretion were detected in obese adipose tissue as well as 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Raw 264.7 macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli and cathepsin inhibitors. RESULTS It was found that high-fat diet feeding altered the mRNA and protein expression levels of cathepsins B and L (CtB and CtL) and NPC2 in adipose tissue in mice; the differential regulation of these proteins was observed between adipose depots. In vitro studies showed that TNF-α reduces intracellular protein levels of CtB, CtL, and NPC2, but increases their secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Likewise, LPS stimulated the secretion of CtB and NPC2 in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Using the inhibitors of cathepsin enzymatic activity, it was found that CtB and CtL regulate TNF-α production, the expression and secretion of NPC2 protein, and the mRNA levels of the genes involved in cholesterol trafficking in macrophages. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CtB and CtL have a significant involvement in mediating the inflammatory response, in cholesterol trafficking, and in regulating NPC2 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hannaford
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Fenyo IM, Gafencu AV. The involvement of the monocytes/macrophages in chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1376-84. [PMID: 23886694 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic disease of large and medium arteries, characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Monocytes and macrophages are key factors in lesion development, participating to the processes that mediate the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque (lipid accumulation, secretion of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors, extracellular matrix remodeling). The recruitment of the monocytes in the vascular wall represents a hallmark in the pathology of the atherosclerotic lesion. Monocyte adhesion and transmigration are dependent on the complementary adhesion molecules expressed on the endothelial surface, whose expression is modulated by chemical mediators. The atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by a heterogeneous population of macrophages reflecting the complexity and diversity of the micro-environment to which cells are exposed after entering the arterial wall. Within the atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages differentiate, proliferate and undergo apoptosis. Taking into account that their behavior has a direct and critical influence on all lesional stages, the development of therapeutic approaches to target monocytes/macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque became a focal interest point for researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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Binding and repressive activities of apolipoprotein E3 and E4 isoforms on the human ApoD promoter. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:669-80. [PMID: 23715769 PMCID: PMC7090986 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) gene expression is increased in several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis. We previously showed that transgenic mice that overexpress human ApoD show a better resistance against paraquat or OC43 coronavirus-induced neurodegeneration. Here, we identified several nuclear factors from the cortex of control and OC43-infected mice which bind a fragment of the proximal ApoD promoter in vitro. Of interest, we detected apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Human ApoE consists of three isoforms (E2, E3, and E4) with the E4 and E2 alleles representing a greater and a lower risk for developping AD, respectively. Our results show that ApoE is located in the nucleus and on the ApoD promoter in human hepatic and glioblastoma cells lines. Furthermore, overexpression of ApoE3 and ApoE4 isoforms but not ApoE2 significantly inhibited the ApoD promoter activity in U87 cells (E3/E3 genotype) cultured under normal or different stress conditions while ApoE knock-down by siRNA had a converse effect. Consistent with these results, we also demonstrated by ChIP assay that E3 and E4 isoforms, but not E2, bind the ApoD promoter. Moreover, using the Allen Brain Atlas in situ hybridization database, we observed an inverse correlation between ApoD and ApoE mRNA expression during development and in several regions of the mouse brain, notably in the cortex, hippocampus, plexus choroid, and cerebellum. This negative correlation was also observed for cortex layers IV–VI based on a new Transcriptomic Atlas of the Mouse Neocortical Layers. These findings reveal a new function for ApoE by regulating ApoD gene expression.
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Zhang J, Jia J, Qin W, Wang S. Combination of plasma tumor necrosis factor receptors signaling proteins, beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E for the detection of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:99-104. [PMID: 23500026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Activation of inflammatory processes has been observed within the brain as well as periphery of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among several putative neuroinflammatory mechanisms, the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling system plays a central role. TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) does not only cleave pro-TNF-α but also TNF receptors, however, whether the TACE activity and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFRs) were changed in the plasma were not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether the levels of TACE activity and sTNFRs are sufficiently altered in the plasma of AD patients to be helpful in AD diagnosis. We examined TACE levels in the plasma of 153 patients with AD, 98 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 53 patients with vascular dementia (VaD), and 120 age-matched healthy control subjects, and found TACE activity and sTNFRs were significantly higher in patients with AD and aMCI compared with control subjects (TACE: P<0.001, P<0.01; sTNFR1: P<0.001, P<0.001; sTNFR2: P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively). The TACE activity and sTNFRs levels in VaD patients were significantly higher than the levels observed in AD patients (TACE activity: P<0.001, sTNFR1: P<0.01, sTNFR2: P<0.01). In the plasma of AD patients, the levels of both TACE activity and sTNFRs positively correlated with the levels of Aβ40 and negatively correlated with the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40. AD patients with at least one copy of the ApoEε4 allele showed higher TACE activity and sTNFR plasma levels compared with patients without the ApoEε4 allele. We then combined the data on plasma TACE activity, sTNFRs, and Aβ with the presence of the APOEε4 allele and found that this biomarker panel exhibited a high sensitivity and specificity for discriminating AD patients from non-demented control subjects and VaD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kang J, Rivest S. Lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: a role for liver X receptors. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:715-46. [PMID: 22766509 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are nuclear receptors that have emerged as key regulators of lipid metabolism. In addition to their functions as cholesterol sensors, LXR have also been found to regulate inflammatory responses in macrophages. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cognitive decline associated with inflammation. Evidence indicates that the initiation and progression of AD is linked to aberrant cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Activation of LXR can regulate neuroinflammation and decrease amyloid-β peptide accumulation. Here, we highlight the role of LXR in orchestrating lipid homeostasis and neuroinflammation in the brain. In addition, diabetes mellitus is also briefly discussed as a significant risk factor for AD because of the appearing beneficial effects of LXR on glucose homeostasis. The ability of LXR to attenuate AD pathology makes them potential therapeutic targets for this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, State Education Ministry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Trusca VG, Florea IC, Kardassis D, Gafencu AV. STAT1 interacts with RXRα to upregulate ApoCII gene expression in macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40463. [PMID: 22808166 PMCID: PMC3395716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein CII (apoCII) is a specific activator of lipoprotein lipase and plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism. The aim of our work was to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved in apoCII gene modulation in macrophages. Using Chromosome Conformation Capture we demonstrated that multienhancer 2 (ME.2) physically interacts with the apoCII promoter and this interaction facilitates the transcriptional enhancement of the apoCII promoter by the transcription factors bound on ME.2. We revealed that the transcription factor STAT1, previously shown to bind to its specific site on ME.2, is functional for apoCII gene upregulation. We found that siRNA-mediated inhibition of STAT1 gene expression significantly decreased the apoCII levels, while STAT1 overexpression in RAW 264.7 macrophages increased apoCII gene expression. Using transient transfections, DNA pull down and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we revealed a novel STAT1 binding site in the −500/−493 region of the apoCII promoter, which mediates apoCII promoter upregulation by STAT1. Interestingly, STAT1 could not exert its upregulatory effect when the RXRα/T3Rβ binding site located on the apoCII promoter was mutated, suggesting physical and functional interactions between these factors. Using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that STAT1 physically interacts with RXRα. Taken together, these data revealed that STAT1 bound on ME.2 cooperates with RXRα located on apoCII promoter and upregulates apoCII expression only in macrophages, due to the specificity of the long-range interactions between the proximal and distal regulatory elements. Moreover, we showed for the first time that STAT1 and RXRα physically interact to exert their regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta G. Trusca
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina C. Florea
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anca V. Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
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Reale M, Kamal MA, Velluto L, Gambi D, Di Nicola M, Greig NH. Relationship between inflammatory mediators, Aβ levels and ApoE genotype in Alzheimer disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9:447-57. [PMID: 22272623 PMCID: PMC5215089 DOI: 10.2174/156720512800492549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of inflammatory processes is observed within the brain as well as periphery of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether or not inflammation represents a possible cause of AD or occurs as a consequence of the disease process, or, alternatively, whether the inflammatory response might be beneficial to slow the disease progression remains to be elucidated. The cytokine IL-18 shares with IL-1 the same pro-inflammatory features. Consequent to these similarities, IL-18 and its endogenous inhibitor, IL-18BP, were investigated in the plasma of AD patients versus healthy controls (HC). An imbalance of IL-18 and IL-18BP was observed in AD, with an elevated IL-18/IL-18BP ratio that might be involved in disease pathogenesis. As part of the inflammatory response, altered levels of RANTES, MCP-1 and ICAM- 1, molecules involved in cell recruitment to inflammatory sites, were observed in AD. Hence, correlations between IL-18 and other inflammatory plasma markers were analyzed. A negative correlation was observed between IL-18 and IL-18BP in both AD and HC groups. A positive correlation was observed between IL-18 and ICAM-1 in AD patients, whereas a negative correlation was evident in the HC group. IL-18 positively correlated with Aβ in both groups, and no significant correlations were observed between IL-18, RANTES and MCP-1. An important piece of evidence supporting a pathophysiologic role for inflammation in AD is the number of inflammatory mediators that have been found to be differentially regulated in AD patients, and specific ones may provide utility as part of a biomarker panel to not only aid early AD diagnosis, but follow its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reale
- Dept. of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Immunodiagnostic, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
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Magnesium sulfate reduces bacterial LPS-induced inflammation at the maternal–fetal interface. Placenta 2012; 33:392-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Toms TE, Smith JP, Panoulas VF, Blackmore H, Douglas KMJ, Kitas GD. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms are strong predictors of inflammation and dyslipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2011; 39:218-25. [PMID: 22174202 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a condition with a strong genetic etiology, is associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dyslipidemia in RA may be driven by inflammation and genetic factors. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is important for the regulation of lipid levels and CVD risk and immune function in the general population. We compared the frequency of 2 ApoE single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in patients with RA and controls, and studied the relationship of ApoE genotypes with lipids and inflammation in RA. METHODS A total of 387 patients with well-characterized RA and 420 non-RA controls were studied. Two ApoE SNP, rs7412 (ApoE2) and rs429358 (ApoE4), were identified. RESULTS Genotypic (p = 0.908) and allelic (p = 0.894) frequencies did not differ between RA and controls. Within RA, the E2 allele was associated with the lowest and E4 allele with the highest levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.007), low-density lipoproteins (p = 0.004), and apolipoprotein B (p = 0.009). The E4 allele was also associated with lower C-reactive protein (p = 0.007), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.001), and Disease Activity Score (p = 0.015) compared to the E3 allele. E2 or E4 alleles were not associated with CVD in RA, although a trend was observed (p = 0.074). CONCLUSION The frequency of ApoE polymorphisms did not differ between patients with RA and controls. ApoE genotypes are strongly linked to inflammation and lipid levels in RA, raising interest in the prognostic implications of ApoE genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Toms
- Department of Rheumatology, Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Trust, Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, DY1 2HQ, UK
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Niculescu LS, Robciuc MR, Sanda GM, Sima AV. Apolipoprotein A–I stimulates cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein E secretion from lipid-loaded macrophages; the role of NF-κB and PKA signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:497-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Age-Related Binding of Proximal Region of ApoE Promoter to Nuclear Proteins of Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vougioukalaki M, Kanellis DC, Gkouskou K, Eliopoulos AG. Tpl2 kinase signal transduction in inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 304:80-9. [PMID: 21377269 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is critically involved in inflammatory and oncogenic events. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2), also known as COT and MAP3 kinase 8 (MAP3K8), is a serine-threonine kinase with an important physiological role in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, CD40, Toll-like receptor and G protein-coupled receptor-mediated ERK MAPK signaling. Whilst the full characterization of the biochemical events that lead to the activation of Tpl2 still represent a major challenge, genetic and molecular evidence has highlighted interesting interactions with the NF-κB network. Here, we provide an overview of the multifaceted functions of Tpl2 and the molecular mechanisms that govern its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vougioukalaki
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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