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Jiang D, Nan H, Chen Z, Zou WQ, Wu L. Genetic insights into drug targets for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Integrative multi-omics analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106599. [PMID: 38996988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a fatal rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective therapeutic interventions. We aimed to identify potential genetically-supported drug targets for sCJD by integrating multi-omics data. METHODS Multi-omics-wide association studies, Mendelian randomization, and colocalization analyses were employed to explore potential therapeutic targets using expression, single-cell expression, DNA methylation, and protein quantitative trait locus data from blood and brain tissues. Outcome data was from a case-control genome-wide association study, which included 4110 sCJD patients and 13,569 controls. Further investigations encompassed druggability, potential side effects, and associated biological pathways of the identified targets. RESULTS Integrative multi-omics analysis identified 23 potential therapeutic targets for sCJD, with five targets (STX6, XYLT2, PDIA4, FUCA2, KIAA1614) having higher levels of evidence. One target (XYLT2) shows promise for repurposing, two targets (XYLT2, PDIA4) are druggable, and three (STX6, KIAA1614, and FUCA2) targets represent potential future breakthrough points. The expression level of STX6 and XYLT2 in neurons and oligodendrocytes was closely associated with an increased risk of sCJD. Brain regions with high expression of STX6 or causal links to sCJD were often those areas commonly affected by sCJD. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified five potential therapeutic targets for sCJD. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the new targets for developing disease therapies or initiate clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitian Nan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Lu Z, Wu P, Liang Z, Yu Z, Ni K, Ma L. The Transpeptidase Sortase A Binds Nucleic Acids and Mediates Mammalian Cell Labeling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305605. [PMID: 38581131 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Wild-type sortase A is an important virulence factor displaying a diverse array of proteins on the surface of bacteria. This protein display relies on the transpeptidase activity of sortase A, which is widely engineered to allow protein ligation and protein engineering based on the interaction between sortase A and peptides. Here an unknown interaction is found between sortase A from Staphylococcus aureus and nucleic acids, in which exogenously expressed engineered sortase A binds oligonucleotides in vitro and is independent of its canonical transpeptidase activity. When incubated with mammalian cells, engineered sortase A further mediates oligonucleotide labeling to the cell surface, where sortase A attaches itself and is part of the labeled moiety. The labeling reaction can also be mediated by many classes of wild-type sortases as well. Cell surface GAG appears involved in sortase-mediated oligonucleotide cell labeling, as demonstrated by CRISPR screening. This interaction property is utilized to develop a technique called CellID to facilitate sample multiplexing for scRNA-seq and shows the potential of using sortases to label cells with diverse oligonucleotides. Together, the binding between sortase A and nucleic acids opens a new avenue to understanding the virulence of wild-type sortases and exploring the application of sortases in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhike Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhaohui Liang
- AIdit Therapeutics, 1 Yunmeng Road, Building 1, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhenxing Yu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Ke Ni
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- AIdit Therapeutics, 1 Yunmeng Road, Building 1, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Lijia Ma
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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3
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Bourgeais M, Fouladkar F, Weber M, Boeri-Erba E, Wild R. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of tetrasaccharide linker peptides to study the divergent step in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae016. [PMID: 38401165 PMCID: PMC11031135 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are extended linear polysaccharides present on cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix that play crucial roles in various biological processes. Two prominent glycosaminoglycans, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are covalently linked to proteoglycan core proteins through a common tetrasaccharide linker comprising glucuronic acid, galactose, galactose, and xylose moities. This tetrasaccharide linker is meticulously assembled step by step by four Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases. The addition of the fifth sugar moiety, either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, initiates further chain elongation, resulting in the formation of heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate, respectively. Despite the fundamental significance of this step in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, its regulatory mechanisms have remained elusive. In this study, we detail the expression and purification of the four linker-synthesizing glycosyltransferases and their utilization in the production of fluorescent peptides carrying the native tetrasaccharide linker. We generated five tetrasaccharide peptides, mimicking the core proteins of either heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. These peptides were readily accepted as substrates by the EXTL3 enzyme, which adds an N-acetylglucosamine moiety, thereby initiating heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Importantly, EXTL3 showed a preference towards peptides mimicking the core proteins of heparan sulfate proteoglycans over the ones from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. This suggests that EXTL3 could play a role in the decision-making step during glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. The innovative strategy for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of fluorescent-labeled linker-peptides promises to be instrumental in advancing future investigations into the initial steps and the divergent step of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bourgeais
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Farah Fouladkar
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Margot Weber
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Rebekka Wild
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
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Kleine A, Kühle M, Kuhn J, Ly TD, Schmidt V, Faust-Hinse I, Knabbe C, Fischer B. A novel SPE-UPLC-MS/MS-based assay for the selective, simultaneous quantification of xylosyltransferase-I and -II activity. Biochimie 2024; 218:127-136. [PMID: 37689257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylosyltransferase-I and -II (XT-I, -II) possess a central role during the glycosylation of proteoglycans (PGs). They catalyze the formation of an O-glycosidic bond between the xylosyl residue of uridinediphosphate-xylose and the core protein of a PG. Thereafter, three following glycosyltransferases lead to the generation of a tetrasaccharide linker, which connects the PG core protein to the respective glycosaminoglycan. The selective quantification of XT-I and XT-II activity is of biological and clinical interest due to their association with fibrotic processes and skeletal dysplasia. There is no assay available to date that simultaneously determines the activity of the two XT isoforms. Although an XT-I selective UPLC MS/MS-based assay was published by Fischer et al., in 2021, the determination of XT-II activity can only be performed simultaneously by the improved assay presented here. To establish the assay, two synthetic peptides, selectively xylosylated by the respective isoform, were identified and the associated measurement parameters for the mass spectrometer were optimized. In addition, the quantitative range of the xylosylated peptides were validated, and the incubation time of the enzyme reaction was optimized for cell culture samples and human sera. The specific enzyme kinetics (KM and Vmax) of the respective XT isoform for the two peptides were also determined. Subsequently, a mathematical model was developed, allowing the simultaneous determination of XT-I and XT-II activity from the chromatographic results. Summarized, a mass spectrometric method suitable for the simultaneous analysis of XT-I and XT-II activity in cell culture lysates, supernatants and human sera was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Kleine
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kühle
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust-Hinse
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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5
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Histories of Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase and Dermatan 4- O-Sulfotransferase from Discovery of Their Enzymes and Genes to Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:509. [PMID: 36833436 PMCID: PMC9957132 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and its proteoglycans are essential for the assembly of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Various transporters and biosynthetic enzymes for nucleotide sugars, glycosyltransferases, epimerase, and sulfotransferases, are involved in the biosynthesis of DS. Among these enzymes, dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotranserase (D4ST) are rate-limiting factors of DS biosynthesis. Pathogenic variants in human genes encoding DSE and D4ST cause the musculocontractural type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, characterized by tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and skin hyperextensibility. DS-deficient mice exhibit perinatal lethality, myopathy-related phenotypes, thoracic kyphosis, vascular abnormalities, and skin fragility. These findings indicate that DS is essential for tissue development as well as homeostasis. This review focuses on the histories of DSE as well as D4ST, and their knockout mice as well as human congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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6
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Schmidt V, Ohmes J, Ly TD, Fischer B, Kleine A, Knabbe C, Faust-Hinse I. Human Xylosyltransferase I-An Important Linker between Acute Senescence and Fibrogenesis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020460. [PMID: 36830996 PMCID: PMC9953725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human xylosyltransferase isoform XT-I catalyzes the initial step in proteoglycan biosynthesis and represents a biomarker of myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, XT-I overexpression is associated with fibrosis, whereby a fibrotic process initially develops from a dysregulated wound healing. In a physiologically wound healing process, extracellular matrix-producing myofibroblasts enter acute senescence to protect against fibrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of XT-I in acute senescent proto-myofibroblasts. Normal human dermal fibroblasts were seeded in a low cell density to promote myofibroblast differentiation and treated with H2O2 to induce acute senescence. Initiation of the acute senescence program in human proto-myofibroblasts resulted in a suppression of XYLT mRNA expression compared to the control, whereby the isoform XYLT1 was more affected than XYLT2. Moreover, the XT-I protein expression and enzyme activity were also reduced in H2O2-treated cells compared to the control. The examination of extracellular matrix remodeling revealed reduced expression of collagen I, fibronectin and decorin. In summary, acute senescent proto-myofibroblasts formed an anti-fibrotic phenotype, and suppression of XT-I during the induction process of acute senescence significantly contributed to subsequent ECM remodeling. XT-I therefore plays an important role in the switch between physiological and pathological wound healing.
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7
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Plaas AHK, Moran MM, Sandy JD, Hascall VC. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes - Then and Now. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:3-29. [PMID: 37052843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoprotein network. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a "metabolic rheostat" during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from 'big data' approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H K Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M Moran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Syx D, Delbaere S, Bui C, De Clercq A, Larson G, Mizumoto S, Kosho T, Fournel-Gigleux S, Malfait F. Alterations in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1843-C1859. [PMID: 35993517 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a core protein substituted with one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains and execute versatile functions during many physiological and pathological processes. The biosynthesis of GAG chains is a complex process that depends on the concerted action of a variety of enzymes. Central to the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) GAG chains is the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker region followed by biosynthesis of HS or CS/DS-specific repeating disaccharide units, which then undergo modifications and epimerization. The importance of these biosynthetic enzymes is illustrated by several severe pleiotropic disorders that arise upon their deficiency. The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) constitute a special group among these disorders. Although most EDS types are caused by defects in fibrillar types I, III, or V collagen, or their modifying enzymes, a few rare EDS types have recently been linked to defects in GAG biosynthesis. Spondylodysplastic EDS (spEDS) is caused by defective formation of the tetrasaccharide linker region, either due to β4GalT7 or β3GalT6 deficiency, whereas musculocontractural EDS (mcEDS) results from deficiency of D4ST1 or DS-epi1, impairing DS formation. This narrative review highlights the consequences of GAG deficiency in these specific EDS types, summarizes the associated phenotypic features and the molecular spectrum of reported pathogenic variants, and defines the current knowledge on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms based on studies in patient-derived material, in vitro analyses, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Delbaere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Ostend, Belgium
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Marques C, Poças J, Gomes C, Faria-Ramos I, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Glycosyltransferases EXTL2 and EXTL3 cellular balance dictates Heparan Sulfate biosynthesis and shapes gastric cancer cell motility and invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102546. [PMID: 36181793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are abundant glycoconjugates in cells' glycocalyx and Extracellular Matrix (ECM). By acting as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, HSPGs modulate extracellular ligand gradients, cell signaling networks, and cell-ECM crosstalk. Aberrant expression of HSPGs and enzymes involved in HSPG biosynthesis and processing has been reported in tumors, with impact in cancer cell behavior and tumor microenvironment properties. However, the roles of specific glycosyltransferases in the deregulated biosynthesis of HSPGs are not fully understood. In this study, we established glycoengineered gastric cancer cell models lacking either Exostosin Like glycosyltransferase 2 (EXTL2) or EXTL3, and revealed their regulatory roles in both Heparan Sulfate (HS) and Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) biosynthesis and structural features. We showed that EXTL3 is key for initiating the synthesis of HS chains in detriment of CS biosynthesis, intervening in the fine-tuned balance of the HS/CS ratio in cells, while EXTL2 functions as a negative regulator of HS biosynthesis, with impact over the glycoproteome of gastric cancer cells. We demonstrated that knock-out of EXTL2 enhanced HS levels along with concomitant upregulation of Syndecan-4, which is a major cell-surface carrier of HS. This aberrant HS expression profile promoted a more aggressive phenotype, characterized by higher cellular motility and invasion, and impaired activation of Ephrin type-A 4 cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. Our findings uncover the biosynthetic roles of EXTL2 and EXTL3 in the regulation of cancer cell GAGosylation and proteoglycans expression, and unravel the functional consequences of aberrant HS/CS balance in cellular malignant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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The Specific Role of Dermatan Sulfate as an Instructive Glycosaminoglycan in Tissue Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137485. [PMID: 35806490 PMCID: PMC9267682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial roles of dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in tissue development of the cutis, blood vessels, and bone through construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Although DS classically exerts physiological functions via interaction with collagens, growth factors, and heparin cofactor-II, new functions have been revealed through analyses of human genetic disorders as well as of knockout mice with loss of DS-synthesizing enzymes. Mutations in human genes encoding the epimerase and sulfotransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including spondylodysplastic type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. DS-deficient mice show perinatal lethality, skin fragility, vascular abnormalities, thoracic kyphosis, myopathy-related phenotypes, acceleration of nerve regeneration, and impairments in self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells. These findings suggest that DS is essential for tissue development in addition to the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that DS-deficient knockout mice can be utilized as models of human genetic disorders that involve impairment of DS biosynthesis. This review highlights a novel role of DS in tissue development studies from the past decade.
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Fischer B, Schmidt V, Ly TD, Kleine A, Knabbe C, Faust-Hinse I. First Characterization of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Showing a Decreased Xylosyltransferase-I Expression Induced by the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5045. [PMID: 35563435 PMCID: PMC9100032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylosyltransferases-I and II (XT-I and XT-II) catalyze the initial and rate limiting step of the proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis and therefore have an import impact on the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The reason for the occurrence of two XT-isoforms in all higher organisms remains unknown and targeted genome-editing strategies could shed light on this issue. METHODS XT-I deficient neonatal normal human dermal fibroblasts were generated by using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) 9 system. We analyzed if a reduced XT-I activity leads to abnormalities regarding ECM-composition, myofibroblast differentiation, cellular senescence and skeletal and cartilage tissue homeostasis. RESULTS We successfully introduced compound heterozygous deletions within exon 9 of the XYLT1 gene. Beside XYLT1, we detected altered gene-expression levels of further, inter alia ECM-related, genes. Our data further reveal a dramatically reduced XT-I protein activity. Abnormal myofibroblast-differentiation was demonstrated by elevated alpha-smooth muscle actin expression on both, mRNA- and protein level. In addition, wound-healing capability was slightly delayed. Furthermore, we observed an increased cellular-senescence of knockout cells and an altered expression of target genes knowing to be involved in skeletonization. CONCLUSION Our data show the tremendous relevance of the XT-I isoform concerning myofibroblast-differentiation and ECM-homeostasis as well as the pathophysiology of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (V.S.); (T.-D.L.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (I.F.-H.)
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12
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Smith CA, Humphreys PA, Bates N, Naven MA, Cain SA, Dvir‐Ginzberg M, Kimber SJ. SIRT1 activity orchestrates ECM expression during hESC-chondrogenic differentiation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22314. [PMID: 35416346 PMCID: PMC9322318 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200169r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification is a key driver of differentiation, and the deacetylase Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is an established regulator of cell function, ageing, and articular cartilage homeostasis. Here we investigate the role of SIRT1 during development of chondrocytes by using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HESC-chondroprogenitors were treated with SIRT1 activator; SRT1720, or inhibitor; EX527, during differentiation. Activation of SIRT1 early in 3D-pellet culture led to significant increases in the expression of ECM genes for type-II collagen (COL2A1) and aggrecan (ACAN), and chondrogenic transcription factors SOX5 and ARID5B, with SOX5 ChIP analysis demonstrating enrichment on the chondrocyte specific -10 (A1) enhancer of ACAN. Unexpectedly, when SIRT1 was activated, while ACAN was enhanced, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were reduced, paralleled by down regulation of gene expression for N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase type 1 (GALNT1) responsible for GAG chain initiation/elongation. A positive correlation between ARID5B and COL2A1 was observed, and co-IP assays indicated association of ARID5B with SIRT1, further suggesting that COL2A1 expression is promoted by an ARID5B-SIRT1 interaction. In conclusion, SIRT1 activation positively impacts on the expression of the main ECM proteins, while altering ECM composition and suppressing GAG content during human cartilage development. These results suggest that SIRT1 activity has a differential effect on GAGs and proteins in developing hESC-chondrocytes and could only be beneficial to cartilage development and matrix protein synthesis if balanced by addition of positive GAG mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Smith
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Paul A. Humphreys
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Nicola Bates
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Mark A. Naven
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Stuart A. Cain
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Mona Dvir‐Ginzberg
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyFaculty of Dental MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Susan J. Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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13
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. An Overview of in vivo Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Revealed by Their Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764781. [PMID: 34901009 PMCID: PMC8652114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans in their biosynthetic pathways. They are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases as well as sulfotransferases. Structural diversities of CS/DS and HS are essential for their various biological activities including cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with a variety of growth factors as well as cytokines. Studies using mice deficient in enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the CS/DS and HS chains of proteoglycans have demonstrated their essential functions. Chondroitin synthase 1-deficient mice are viable, but exhibit chondrodysplasia, progression of the bifurcation of digits, delayed endochondral ossification, and reduced bone density. DS-epimerase 1-deficient mice show thicker collagen fibrils in the dermis and hypodermis, and spina bifida. These observations suggest that CS/DS are essential for skeletal development as well as the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that their respective knockout mice can be utilized as models for human genetic disorders with mutations in chondroitin synthase 1 and DS-epimerase 1. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mice deficient in CS/DS biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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14
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Marques C, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778752. [PMID: 34858858 PMCID: PMC8632541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients' stratification and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Orts DJB, Arcisio-Miranda M. Cell glycosaminoglycans content modulates human voltage-gated proton channel (H V 1) gating. FEBS J 2021; 289:2593-2612. [PMID: 34800064 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated proton channels (HV 1) have been found in many mammalian cells and play a crucial role in the immune system, male fertility, and cancer progression. Glycosaminoglycans play a significant role in various aspects of cell physiology, including the modulation of membrane receptors and ion channel function. We present here evidence that mechanosensitivity of the dimeric HV 1 channel transduce changes on cell membrane fluidity related to the defective biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-745) cells into a leftward shift in the activation voltage dependence. This effect was accompanied by an increase in the H+ current, and an acceleration of the activation kinetics, under symmetrical or asymmetrical pH gradient (ΔpH) conditions. Similar gating alterations were evoked by two naturally occurring HV 1 N-terminal truncated isoforms expressed in wild-type CHO-K1 and CHO-745 cells. On three different monomeric HV 1 constructs, no alterations in the biophysical parameters were observed. Moreover, we have shown that HV 1 gating can be modulated by manipulating CHO-K1 cell membrane fluidity. Our results suggest that the defective biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate on CHO-745 cell increases membrane fluidity and allosterically modulates the coupling between voltage- and ΔpH-sensing through the dimeric HV 1 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J B Orts
- Departamento de Biofísica, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Estrutural e Funcional (LaNEF), Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brasil
| | - Manoel Arcisio-Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Estrutural e Funcional (LaNEF), Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brasil
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16
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Huang YF, Mizumoto S, Fujita M. Novel Insight Into Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis Based on Gene Expression Profiles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709018. [PMID: 34552927 PMCID: PMC8450405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate, except for hyaluronan that is a free polysaccharide, are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. More than 50 gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of GAGs. We recently developed a comprehensive glycosylation mapping tool, GlycoMaple, for visualization and estimation of glycan structures based on gene expression profiles. Using this tool, the expression levels of GAG biosynthetic genes were analyzed in various human tissues as well as tumor tissues. In brain and pancreatic tumors, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be upregulated. In breast cancerous tissues, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, which are consistent with biochemical findings published in the literature. In addition, the expression levels of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican and the dermatan sulfate-proteoglycan decorin were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These findings may provide new insight into GAG profiles in various human diseases including cancerous tumors as well as neurodegenerative disease using GlycoMaple analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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17
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Kai Y, Yoneyama H, Yoshikawa M, Kimura H, Muro S. Chondroitin sulfate in tissue remodeling: Therapeutic implications for pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Investig 2021; 59:576-588. [PMID: 34176780 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, while idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by dysregulated tissue repair and remodeling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, and antifibrotic drugs, like pirfenidone and nintedanib, are used in IPF therapy. However, their limited effects suggest that single mediators are inadequate to control IPF. Therefore, therapies targeting the multifactorial cascades that regulate tissue remodeling in fibrosis could provide alternate solutions. ECM molecules have been shown to modulate various biological functions beyond tissue structure support and thus, could be developed into novel therapeutic targets for modulating tissue remodeling. Among ECM molecules, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are linear polysaccharides consisting of repeated disaccharides, which regulate cell-matrix interactions. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), one of the major GAGs, binds to multifactorial mediators in the ECM and reportedly participates in tissue remodeling in various diseases; however, to date, its biological functions have drawn considerably less attention than other GAGs, like heparan sulfate. In the present review, we discuss the involvement and regulation of CS in tissue remodeling and pulmonary fibrotic diseases, its role in pulmonary fibrosis, and the therapeutic approaches targeting CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Minami-Nara General Medical Center, 8-1 Fukugami, Oyodo-cho, Yoshino-gun, Nara, 638-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- TME Therapeutics Inc., 2-16-1 Higashi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0021, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-city, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
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19
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Reungoat E, Grigorov B, Zoulim F, Pécheur EI. Molecular Crosstalk between the Hepatitis C Virus and the Extracellular Matrix in Liver Fibrogenesis and Early Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092270. [PMID: 34065048 PMCID: PMC8125929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the era of direct-acting antivirals against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), curing chronic hepatitis C has become a reality. However, while replicating chronically, HCV creates a peculiar state of inflammation and oxidative stress in the infected liver, which fuels DNA damage at the onset of HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This cancer, the second leading cause of death by cancer, remains of bad prognosis when diagnosed. This review aims to decipher how HCV durably alters elements of the extracellular matrix that compose the liver microenvironment, directly through its viral proteins or indirectly through the induction of cytokine secretion, thereby leading to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, ultimately, HCC. Abstract Chronic infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases, predisposing to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis is characterized by an overly abundant accumulation of components of the hepatic extracellular matrix, such as collagen and elastin, with consequences on the properties of this microenvironment and cancer initiation and growth. This review will provide an update on mechanistic concepts of HCV-related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and early stages of carcinogenesis, with a dissection of the molecular details of the crosstalk during disease progression between hepatocytes, the extracellular matrix, and hepatic stellate cells.
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20
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Fischer B, Kuhn J, Ly TD, Schmidt V, Kleine A, Hendig D, Knabbe C, Faust I. Development of a xylosyltransferase-I-selective UPLC MS/MS activity assay using a specific acceptor peptide. Biochimie 2021; 184:88-94. [PMID: 33609631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylosyltransferases-I and -II (XT-I and -II) play an important role regarding the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. Both enzymes catalyze the initial step of the proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis by the transfer of xylose from their natural substrate uridine diphosphate (UDP) -xylose to a PG-core protein. The subsequent addition of further sugars, catalyzed by different glycosyltransferases, leads to the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker, which connects the PG-core protein and glycosaminoglycans. The reason for the appearance of two XT isoforms in all higher organisms is not known and remarkable, as both enzymes are able to initiate PG biosynthesis. The determination of the XT-I activity is of clinical importance because it can be used as a biomarker of several PG-associated fibrotic diseases. Since previous assays did not adequately differentiate between both XT-isoforms, the aim of this study was to develop an XT-I selective mass spectrometric (MS) assay. For this purpose, we initially used isoform-specific supernatants to successfully identify a synthetic acceptor peptide which was xylosylated much more selectively by the XT-I when compared to the XT-II isoform. The assay was further optimized concerning methodical parameters such as the injection volume and the incubation time of the reaction-mixture. By using samples covering a broad XT-activity spectrum, we successfully validated the assay to be used not only for the quantification of cell culture samples but also human serum specimens. Compared to previously used XT-activity assays, our newly developed test is more selective and sensitive, less expensive and easier to perform in high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Anika Kleine
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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21
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Drabavicius G, Daelemans D. Intermedilysin cytolytic activity depends on heparan sulfates and membrane composition. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33577603 PMCID: PMC7906465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), of which intermedilysin (ILY) is an archetypal member, are a group of pore-forming toxins secreted by a large variety of pathogenic bacteria. These toxins, secreted as soluble monomers, oligomerize upon interaction with cholesterol in the target membrane and transect it as pores of diameters of up to 100 to 300 Å. These pores disrupt cell membranes and result in cell lysis. The immune receptor CD59 is a well-established cellular factor required for intermedilysin pore formation. In this study, we applied genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out screening to reveal additional cellular co-factors essential for ILY-mediated cell lysis. We discovered a plethora of genes previously not associated with ILY, many of which are important for membrane constitution. We show that heparan sulfates facilitate ILY activity, which can be inhibited by heparin. Furthermore, we identified hits in both protein and lipid glycosylation pathways and show a role for glucosylceramide, demonstrating that membrane organization is important for ILY activity. We also cross-validated identified genes with vaginolysin and pneumolysin and found that pneumolysin's cytolytic activity strongly depends on the asymmetric distribution of membrane phospholipids. This study shows that membrane-targeting toxins combined with genetic screening can identify genes involved in biological membrane composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Drabavicius
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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22
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Schneider WM, Luna JM, Hoffmann HH, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Leal AA, Ashbrook AW, Le Pen J, Ricardo-Lax I, Michailidis E, Peace A, Stenzel AF, Lowe SW, MacDonald MR, Rice CM, Poirier JT. Genome-Scale Identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Pan-coronavirus Host Factor Networks. Cell 2020; 184:120-132.e14. [PMID: 33382968 PMCID: PMC7796900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed the lives of over one million people worldwide. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses that can cause respiratory infections of varying severity. The cellular host factors and pathways co-opted during SARS-CoV-2 and related coronavirus life cycles remain ill defined. To address this gap, we performed genome-scale CRISPR knockout screens during infection by SARS-CoV-2 and three seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E). These screens uncovered host factors and pathways with pan-coronavirus and virus-specific functional roles, including major dependency on glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) signaling, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis, as well as a requirement for several poorly characterized proteins. We identified an absolute requirement for the VMP1, TMEM41, and TMEM64 (VTT) domain-containing protein transmembrane protein 41B (TMEM41B) for infection by SARS-CoV-2 and three seasonal coronaviruses. This human coronavirus host factor compendium represents a rich resource to develop new therapeutic strategies for acute COVID-19 and potential future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph M Luna
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - H-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Andrew A Leal
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alison W Ashbrook
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jérémie Le Pen
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Ricardo-Lax
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Avery Peace
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ansgar F Stenzel
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - John T Poirier
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Ferencz B, Condac E, Poudel N, Munteanu MC, Sivasami P, Choudhury B, Naidu NN, Zhang F, Breshears M, Linhardt RJ, Hinsdale ME. Xylosyltransferase 2 deficiency and organ homeostasis. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:755-765. [PMID: 32965647 PMCID: PMC9248025 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we characterize the function of Xylosyltransferase 2 (XylT2) in different tissues to investigate the role XylT2 has in the proteoglycan (PG) biochemistry of multiple organs. The results show that in all organs examined there is a widespread and significant decrease in total XylT activity in Xylt2 knock out mice (Xylt2-/-). This decrease results in increased organ weight differences in lung, heart, and spleen. These findings, in addition to our previous findings of increased liver and kidney weight with loss of serum XylT activity, suggest systemic changes in organ function due to loss of XylT2 activity. The Xylt2-/- mice have splenomegaly due to enlargement of the red pulp area and enhanced pulmonary response to bacterial liposaccharide. Tissue glycosaminoglycan composition changes are also found. These results demonstrate a role of XylT2 activity in multiple organs and their PG content. Because the residual XylT activity in the Xylt2-/- is due to xylosyltransferase 1 (XylT1), these studies indicate that both XylT1 and XylT2 have important roles in PG biosynthesis and organ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Ferencz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Eduard Condac
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Nabin Poudel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | | | - Pulavendran Sivasami
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Glycotechnology Core Lab, Cellular and Molecular Medicine East, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
| | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Melanie Breshears
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Myron E Hinsdale
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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24
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Ly TD, Kleine A, Fischer B, Schmidt V, Hendig D, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Faust I. Identification of Putative Non-Substrate-Based XT-I Inhibitors by Natural Product Library Screening. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1467. [PMID: 33096778 PMCID: PMC7589200 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases are characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components leading to organ dysfunction. This process is characterized by an increase in myofibroblast content and enzyme activity of xylosyltransferase-I (XT-I), the initial enzyme in proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis. Therefore, the inhibition of XT-I could be a promising treatment for fibrosis. We used a natural product-inspired compound library to identify non-substrate-based inhibitors of human XT-I by UPLC-MS/MS. We combined this cell-free approach with virtual and molecular biological analyses to confirm and prioritize the inhibitory potential of the compounds identified. The characterization for compound potency in TGF-β1-driven XYLT1 transcription regulation in primary dermal human fibroblasts (key cells in ECM remodeling) was addressed by gene expression analysis. Consequently, we identified amphotericin B and celastrol as new non-substrate-based XT-I protein inhibitors. Their XT-I inhibitory effects were mediated by an uncompetitive or a competitive inhibition mode, respectively. Both compounds reduced the cellular XYLT1 expression level and XT-I activity. We showed that these cellular inhibitor-mediated changes involve the TGF-β and microRNA-21 signaling pathway. The results of our study provide a strong rationale for the further optimization and future usage of the XT-I inhibitors identified as promising therapeutic agents of fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.-D.L.); (A.K.); (B.F.); (V.S.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (C.K.)
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25
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Schneider WM, Luna JM, Hoffmann HH, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Leal AA, Ashbrook AW, Le Pen J, Michailidis E, Ricardo-Lax I, Peace A, Stenzel AF, Lowe SW, MacDonald MR, Rice CM, Poirier JT. Genome-scale identification of SARS-CoV-2 and pan-coronavirus host factor networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33052332 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.07.326462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed the lives of more than one million people worldwide. The causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, is a member of the Coronaviridae family, which are viruses that cause respiratory infections of varying severity. The cellular host factors and pathways co-opted by SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the execution of their life cycles remain ill-defined. To develop an extensive compendium of host factors required for infection by SARS-CoV-2 and three seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E), we performed parallel genome-scale CRISPR knockout screens. These screens uncovered multiple host factors and pathways with pan-coronavirus and virus-specific functional roles, including major dependency on glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, SREBP signaling, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis, as well as an unexpected requirement for several poorly characterized proteins. We identified an absolute requirement for the VTT-domain containing protein TMEM41B for infection by SARS-CoV-2 and all other coronaviruses. This human Coronaviridae host factor compendium represents a rich resource to develop new therapeutic strategies for acute COVID-19 and potential future coronavirus spillover events. HIGHLIGHTS Genome-wide CRISPR screens for SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E coronavirus host factors.Parallel genome-wide CRISPR screening uncovered host factors and pathways with pan-coronavirus and virus-specific functional roles.Coronaviruses co-opt multiple biological pathways, including glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, SREBP signaling, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis and anchoring, among others.TMEM41B - a poorly understood factor with roles in autophagy and lipid mobilization - is a critical pan-coronavirus host factor.
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26
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Hirose T, Mizumoto S, Hashimoto A, Takahashi Y, Yoshizawa T, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Takahashi N, Nakayama J, Takehana K, Okada T, Nomura Y, Yamada S, Kosho T, Watanabe T. Systematic investigation of the skin in Chst14-/- mice: A model for skin fragility in musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by CHST14 variants (mcEDS-CHST14). Glycobiology 2020; 31:137-150. [PMID: 32601684 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in CHST14 cause a dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase deficiency named musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-CHST14 (mcEDS-CHST14), resulting in complete depletion of the dermatan sulfate moiety of decorin glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which is replaced by chondroitin sulfate. Recently, we uncovered structural alteration of GAG chains in the skin of patients with mcEDS-CHST14. Here, we conducted the first systematic investigation of Chst14 gene-deleted homozygote (Chst14-/-) mice. We used skin samples of wild-type (Chst14+/+) and Chst14-/- mice. Mechanical fragility of the skin was measured with a tensile test. Pathology was observed using light microscopy, decorin immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy (EM) including cupromeronic blue (CB) staining. Quantification of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was performed using enzymatic digestion followed by anion-exchange HPLC. In Chst14-/- mice, skin tensile strength was significantly decreased compared with that in Chst14+/+ mice. EM showed that collagen fibrils were oriented in various directions to form disorganized collagen fibers in the reticular layer. Through EM-based CB staining, rod-shaped linear GAG chains were found to be attached at one end to collagen fibrils and protruded outside of the fibrils, in contrast to them being round and wrapping the collagen fibrils in Chst14+/+ mice. A very low level of dermatan sulfate disaccharides was detected in the skin of Chst14-/- mice by anion-exchange chromatography. Chst14-/- mice, exhibiting similar abnormalities in the GAG structure of decorin and collagen networks in the skin, could be a reasonable model for skin fragility of patients with mcEDS-CHST14, shedding light on the role of dermatan sulfate in maintaining skin strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hirose
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ayana Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Schoolof Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazushige Takehana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan.,Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Department of Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Schoolof Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.,Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.,Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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27
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Ly TD, Riedel L, Fischer B, Schmidt V, Hendig D, Distler J, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Faust I. microRNA-145 mediates xylosyltransferase-I induction in myofibroblasts via suppression of transcription factor KLF4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:1001-1006. [PMID: 31973816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Remodelling of the extracellular matrix by myofibroblasts is crucial for wound repair, but if deregulated, it might contribute to the development of fibrosis. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation is promoted by aberrant microRNA-145-5p (miR-145) expression in response to transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). One of several myofibroblast markers is human xylosyltransferase-I (XT-I), which is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of proteoglycan biosynthesis. Increased serum XT activity was quantified in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), but the underlying cellular mechanism of this disease remains unknown. This study aims to determine the underlying molecular basis of XT-I induction by considering the miR-mediated regulation of XT-I. We found that miR-145 is upregulated in TGFβ1-treated dermal fibroblasts and correlates with an increased cellular XYLT1 expression and XT activity. Overexpression of miR-145 in dermal fibroblasts induced XYLT1 expression and XT activity and enhanced TGFβ1-promoted XT activity increase. Since direct XYLT1 3'-UTR targeting by miR-145 could be experimentally excluded, an indirect effect of miR-145 on XT-I regulation was indicated. We identified six transcription factor-binding sites for Krueppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a zinc-finger transcription regulator and putative miR-145 target, in the XYLT1 promoter in silico. A suppressive role of KLF4 on XYLT1 expression was confirmed by targeted gene silencing in dermal fibroblasts and the quantification of KLF4 expression in SSc fibroblasts. Taken together, this study improves the mechanistic understanding of fibrotic remodelling in SSc by identifying a hitherto unknown miR-145/KLF4 pathway mediating the fibrogenic XT-I induction. This knowledge on XYLT1 may lead to the development of novel approaches in the therapy of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Lara Riedel
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jörg Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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28
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Fischer B, Ly TD, Schmidt V, Hendig D, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Faust I. Xylosyltransferase-deficient human HEK293 cells show a strongly reduced proliferation capacity and viability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:507-513. [PMID: 31677793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human xylosyltransferases-I and -II (XT-I and XT-II) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step in proteoglycan (PG)-biosynthesis. Because PG are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), an alternated XT expression is associated with the manifestation of ECM-related diseases. While Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans only harbor one XT-isoform, all higher organisms contain two isoforms, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The reason for the appearance of two isoenzymes remains unexplained and remarkable, as all other enzymes involved in the synthesis of the tetrasaccharid linker, which connects the PG core protein with attached glycosaminoglycans, only show one isoform. In human, mutations in the XYLT genes cause diseases affecting the homeostasis of the ECM, such as skeletal dysplasias. We investigated for the first time whether already XT-I-deficient human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells can compensate for decreased expression levels of both XT-isoforms. A siRNA-mediated XYLT2 mRNA knockdown led to reduced cellular proliferation rates and a partially increased cellular senescence of treated HEK293 cells. These results were verified by conducting a stable CRISPR/Cas9-mediated XYLT2 knockout, which revealed that only cells expressing at least partially functional XT-II proteins remain proliferative. Our study, therefore, shows for the first time that cells lacking both XT-isoforms are not viable and clearly indicates the importance of the XT concerning the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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30
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Characterization of C. elegans Chondroitin Proteoglycans and Their Large Functional and Structural Heterogeneity; Evolutionary Aspects on Structural Differences Between Humans and the Nematode. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:155-170. [PMID: 32185697 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans regulate important cellular pathways in essentially all metazoan organisms. While considerable effort has been devoted to study structural and functional aspects of proteoglycans in vertebrates, the knowledge of the core proteins and proteoglycan-related functions in invertebrates is relatively scarce, even for C.elegans. This nematode produces a large amount of non-sulfated chondroitin in addition to small amount of low-sulfated chondroitin chains (Chn and CS chains, respectively). Until recently, 9 chondroitin core proteins (CPGs) had been identified in C.elegans, none of which showed any homology to vertebrate counterparts or to other invertebrate core proteins. By using a glycoproteomic approach, we recently characterized the chondroitin glycoproteome of C.elegans, resulting in the identification of 15 novel CPG core proteins in addition to the 9 previously established. Three of the novel core proteins displayed homology to human proteins, indicating that CPG and CSPG core proteins may be more conserved throughout evolution than previously perceived. Bioinformatic analysis of the primary amino acid sequences revealed that the core proteins contained a broad range of functional domains, indicating that specialization of proteoglycan-mediated functions may have evolved early in metazoan evolution. This review specifically discusses our recent data in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans, and point out both converging and diverging aspects of proteoglycan evolution.
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31
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Hwang HS, Lee MH, Kim HA. Fibronectin fragment inhibits xylosyltransferase-1 expression by regulating Sp1/Sp3- dependent transcription in articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:833-843. [PMID: 30685487 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of 29-kDa amino-terminal fibronectin fragment (29-kDa FN-f) on xylosyltransferase-1 (XT-1), an essential anabolic enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-determining step in glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis, in human primary chondrocytes. METHODS Proteoglycan and XT-1 expression in cartilage tissue was analyzed using safranin O staining and immunohistochemistry. The effects of 29-kDa FN-f on XT-1 expression and its relevant signaling pathway were analyzed by quantitative real-time-PCR, immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and immunoprecipitation assays. The receptors for 29-kDa FN-f were investigated using small interference RNA and blocking antibodies. RESULTS The expression of XT-1 was significantly lower in human osteoarthritis cartilage than in normal cartilage. Intra-articular injection of 29-kDa FN-f reduced proteoglycan levels and XT-1 expression in murine cartilage. In addition, in 29-kDa FN-f-treated cells, XT-1 expression was significantly suppressed at both the mRNA and protein levels, modulated by the transcription factors specificity protein 1 (Sp1), Sp3, and activator protein 1 (AP-1). The 29-kDa FN-f suppressed the binding of Sp1 to the promoter region of XT-1 and enhanced the binding of Sp3 and AP-1. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways restored the 29-kDa FN-f-inhibited XT-1 expression, along with the altered expression of Sp1 and Sp3. Blockading toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and integrin α5β1 via siRNA and blocking antibodies revealed that the effects of 29-kDa FN-f on XT-1 expression were mediated through the TLR-2 and integrin α5β1 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that 29-kDa FN-f negatively affects cartilage anabolism by regulating glycosaminoglycan formation through XT-1.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/enzymology
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/enzymology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Fibronectins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/enzymology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/genetics
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Pentosyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pentosyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Pentosyltransferases/genetics
- Pentosyltransferases/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sp3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Sp3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- UDP Xylose-Protein Xylosyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hwang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 431-070, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea.
| | - M H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 431-070, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea.
| | - H A Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 431-070, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea.
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32
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Riedel L, Fischer B, Ly TD, Hendig D, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Faust I. microRNA-29b mediates fibrotic induction of human xylosyltransferase-I in human dermal fibroblasts via the Sp1 pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17779. [PMID: 30542210 PMCID: PMC6290791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diminished microRNA-29b levels have recently been revealed to provoke increased expression and accumulation of extracellular matrix molecules, such as collagens in fibrotic remodeling. Subsequently, the aim of this study was to find out whether microRNA-29b might also regulate human xylosyltransferase (XT)-I expression. XT-I has been characterized previously as a fibrosis biomarker catalyzing the key step of proteoglycan biosynthesis. While we demonstrate that XYLT1 is neither a target of microRNA-29b identified in silico nor a direct 3' untranslated region binding partner of microRNA-29b, transfection of normal human dermal fibroblasts with microRNA-29b inhibitor strongly increased XYLT1 mRNA expression and XT activity. Combined results of the target prediction analysis and additional transfection experiments pointed out that microRNA-29b exerts indirect influence on XT-I by targeting the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1). We could confirm our hypothesis due to the decrease in XYLT1 promoter activity after Sp1 binding site mutation and the approval of occupancy of these binding sites by Sp1 in vitro. Taken together, a hitherto unidentified pathway of XT-I regulation via microRNA-29b/Sp1 was determined in this study. Our observations will facilitate the understanding of complex molecular fibrotic pathways and provide new opportunities to investigate microRNA-based antifibrotic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Riedel
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Kamato D, Burch M, Zhou Y, Mohamed R, Stow JL, Osman N, Zheng W, Little PJ. Individual Smad2 linker region phosphorylation sites determine the expression of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesizing genes. Cell Signal 2018; 53:365-373. [PMID: 30423352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors such as thrombin and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β facilitate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain hyperelongation on proteoglycans, a phenomenon that increases lipoprotein binding in the vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. TGF-β signals via canonical carboxy terminal phosphorylation of R-Smads and also non-canonical linker region phosphorylation of R-Smads. The G protein coupled receptor agonist, thrombin, can transactivate the TGF-β receptor leading to both canonical and non-canonical Smad signalling. Linker region phosphorylation drives the expression of genes for the synthesis of the proteoglycan, biglycan. Proteoglycan synthesis involves core protein synthesis, the initiation of GAG chains and the subsequent elongation of GAG chains. We have explored the relationship between the thrombin stimulated phosphorylation of individual serine and threonine sites in the linker region of Smad2 and the expression of GAG initiation xylosyltransferase-1 (XT-1) and GAG elongation chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1) and chondroitin synthase-1 (CHSY-1) genes. Thrombin stimulated the phosphorylation of all four target residues (Thr220, Ser245, Ser250 and Ser255 residues) with a similar temporal pattern - phosphorylation was maximal at 15 min (the earliest time point studied) and the level of the phospho-proteins declined thereafter over the following 4 h. Jnk, p38 and PI3K, selectively mediated the phosphorylation of the Thr220 residue whereas the serine residues were variously phosphorylated by multiple kinases. Thrombin stimulated the expression of all three genes - XT-1, C4ST-1 and CHSY-1. The three pathways mediating Thr220 phosphorylation were also involved in the expression of XT-1. The target pathways (excluding Jnk) were involved in the expression of the GAG elongation genes (C4ST-1 and CHSY-1). These findings support the contention that individual Smad linker region phosphorylation sites are linked to the expression of genes for the initiation and elongation of GAG chains on proteoglycans. The context of this work is that a specific inhibitor of GAG elongation represents a potential therapeutic agent for preventing GAG elongation and lipid binding and the results indicate that the specificity of the pathways is such that it might be therapeutically feasible to specifically target GAG elongation without interfering with other physiological processes with which proteoglycans are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Micah Burch
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
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Matsuo K, Atsumi G. Xylosylation of proteins by expression of human xylosyltransferase 2 in plants. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:371-378. [PMID: 29657126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Through the years, the post-translational modification of plant-made recombinant proteins has been a considerable problem. Protein glycosylation is arguably the most important post-translational modification; thus, for the humanization of protein glycosylation in plants, the introduction, repression, and knockout of many glycosylation-related genes has been carried out. In addition, plants lack mammalian-type protein O-glycosylation pathways; thus, for the synthesis of mammalian O-glycans in plants, the construction of these pathways is necessary. In this study, we successfully xylosylated the recombinant human proteoglycan core protein, serglycin, by transient expression of human xylosyltransferase 2 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. When human serglycin was co-expressed with human xylosyltransferase 2 in plants, multiple serine residues of eight xylosylation candidates were xylosylated. From the results of carbohydrate assays for total soluble proteins, some endogenous plant proteins also appeared to be xylosylated, likely through the actions of xylosyltransferase 2. The xylosylation of core proteins is the initial step of the glycosaminoglycan part of the synthesis of proteoglycans. In the future, these novel findings may lead to whole mammalian proteoglycan synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuo
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Go Atsumi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
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Mizumoto S. Defects in Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans Cause Hereditary Bone, Skin, Heart, Immune, and Neurological Disorders. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1812.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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Umair M, Eckstein G, Rudolph G, Strom T, Graf E, Hendig D, Hoover J, Alanay J, Meitinger T, Schmidt H, Ahmad W. Homozygous XYLT2 variants as a cause of spondyloocular syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 93:913-918. [PMID: 29136277 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloocular syndrome (SOS) is a rare autosomal recessive, skeletal disorder. Two recent studies have shown that it is the result of biallelic sequence variants in the XYLT2 gene with pleiotropic effects in multiple organs, including retina, heart muscle, inner ear, cartilage, and bone. The XYLT2 gene encodes xylosyltransferase 2, which catalyzes the transfer of xylose (monosaccharide) to the core protein of proteoglycans (PGs) leading to initiating the process of PG assembly. SOS was originally characterized in 2 families A and B of Iraqi and Turkish origin, respectively. Using DNA from affected members of the same 2 families, we performed whole exome sequencing, which revealed 2 novel homozygous missense variants (c.1159C > T, p.Arg387Trp) and (c.2548G > C, p.Asp850His). Our findings extend the body of evidence that SOS is caused by homozygous variants in the XYLT2 gene. In addition, this report has extended the phenotypic description of SOS by adding follow-up data from 5 affected individuals in one of the two families, presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umair
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - G Eckstein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Rudolph
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - T Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Hendig
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes, Center North Rhine-Westphalia, University Hospital of the Ruhr University, Ruhr, Germany
| | - J Hoover
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Munich, Germany
| | - J Alanay
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - T Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Ihse E, Yamakado H, van Wijk XM, Lawrence R, Esko JD, Masliah E. Cellular internalization of alpha-synuclein aggregates by cell surface heparan sulfate depends on aggregate conformation and cell type. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9008. [PMID: 28827536 PMCID: PMC5566500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregates found in the brain of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are thought to spread to increasingly larger areas of the brain through a prion-like seeding mechanism. Not much is known about which cell surface receptors may be involved in the cell-to-cell transfer, but proteoglycans are of interest due to their well-known propensity to interact with amyloid aggregates. In this study, we investigated the involvement of plasma membrane-bound heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in cellular uptake of aggregates consisting of α-synuclein, a protein forming amyloid aggregates in Parkinson's disease. We show, using a pH-sensitive probe, that internalization of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils in neuroblastoma cells is dependent on heparan sulfate, whereas internalization of smaller non-amyloid oligomers is not. We also show that α-synuclein fibril uptake in an oligodendrocyte-like cell line is equally dependent on heparan sulfate, while astrocyte- and microglia-like cell lines have other means to internalize the fibrils. In addition, we analyzed the interaction between the α-synuclein amyloid fibrils and heparan sulfate and show that overall sulfation of the heparan sulfate chains is more important than sulfation at particular sites along the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Ihse
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xander M van Wijk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Grigorov B, Reungoat E, Gentil Dit Maurin A, Varbanov M, Blaising J, Michelet M, Manuel R, Parent R, Bartosch B, Zoulim F, Ruggiero F, Pécheur EI. Hepatitis C virus infection propagates through interactions between Syndecan-1 and CD81 and impacts the hepatocyte glycocalyx. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12711. [PMID: 27930836 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes after binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, in particular Syndecan-1, followed by recognition of the tetraspanin CD81 and other receptors. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found in a specific microenvironment coating the hepatocyte surface called the glycocalyx and are receptors for extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, growth factors, lipoproteins, and infectious agents. We investigated the mutual influence of HCV infection on the glycocalyx and revealed new links between Syndecan-1 and CD81. Hepatocyte infection by HCV was inhibited after knocking down Syndecan-1 or Xylosyltransferase 2, a key enzyme of Syndecan-1 biosynthesis. Simultaneous knockdown of Syndecan-1 and CD81 strongly inhibited infection, suggesting their cooperative action. At early infection stages, Syndecan-1 and virions colocalized at the plasma membrane and were internalized in endosomes. Direct interactions between Syndecan-1 and CD81 were revealed in primary and transformed hepatocytes by immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays. Expression of Syndecan-1 and Xylosyltransferase 2 was altered within days post-infection, and the remaining Syndecan-1 pool colocalized poorly with CD81. The data indicate a profound reshuffling of the hepatocyte glycocalyx during HCV infection, possibly required for establishing optimal conditions of viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Grigorov
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Emma Reungoat
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
| | | | | | - Julie Blaising
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Maud Michelet
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Rachel Manuel
- IGFL, ENS Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Romain Parent
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Birke Bartosch
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- CRCL, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, France
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Pathophysiological Significance of Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycans Revealed by Human Genetic Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020034. [PMID: 28346368 PMCID: PMC5490391 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensable roles of dermatan sulfate-proteoglycans (DS-PGs) have been demonstrated in various biological events including construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling through interactions with collagen and transforming growth factor-β, respectively. Defects in the core proteins of DS-PGs such as decorin and biglycan cause congenital stromal dystrophy of the cornea, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, and Meester-Loeys syndrome. Furthermore, mutations in human genes encoding the glycosyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility, and by severe skeletal disorders such as kyphoscoliosis, short trunk, dislocation, and joint laxity. Glycobiological approaches revealed that mutations in DS-biosynthetic enzymes cause reductions in enzymatic activities and in the amount of synthesized DS and also disrupt the formation of collagen bundles. This review focused on the growing number of glycobiological studies on recently reported genetic diseases caused by defects in the biosynthesis of DS and DS-PGs.
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van Wijk XM, Döhrmann S, Hallström BM, Li S, Voldborg BG, Meng BX, McKee KK, van Kuppevelt TH, Yurchenco PD, Palsson BO, Lewis NE, Nizet V, Esko JD. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Invasion-Resistant Cells Identifies Laminin α2 as a Host Factor for Bacterial Invasion. mBio 2017; 8:e02128-16. [PMID: 28074024 PMCID: PMC5225314 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02128-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of glycosaminoglycans in bacterial cellular invasion, xylosyltransferase-deficient mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were created using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated gene 9 (CRISPR-cas9) gene targeting. When these mutants were compared to the pgsA745 cell line, a CHO xylosyltransferase mutant generated previously using chemical mutagenesis, an unexpected result was obtained. Bacterial invasion of pgsA745 cells by group B Streptococcus (GBS), group A Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus was markedly reduced compared to the invasion of wild-type cells, but newly generated CRISPR-cas9 mutants were only resistant to GBS. Invasion of pgsA745 cells was not restored by transfection with xylosyltransferase, suggesting that an additional mutation conferring panresistance to multiple bacteria was present in pgsA745 cells. Whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) uncovered a deletion in the gene encoding the laminin subunit α2 (Lama2) that eliminated much of domain L4a. Silencing of the long Lama2 isoform in wild-type cells strongly reduced bacterial invasion, whereas transfection with human LAMA2 cDNA significantly enhanced invasion in pgsA745 cells. The addition of exogenous laminin-α2β1γ1/laminin-α2β2γ1 strongly increased bacterial invasion in CHO cells, as well as in human alveolar basal epithelial and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Thus, the L4a domain in laminin α2 is important for cellular invasion by a number of bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic bacteria penetrate host cellular barriers by attachment to extracellular matrix molecules, such as proteoglycans, laminins, and collagens, leading to invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells. Here, we show that cellular invasion by the human pathogens group B Streptococcus, group A Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus depends on a specific domain of the laminin α2 subunit. This finding may provide new leads for the molecular pathogenesis of these bacteria and the development of novel antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander M van Wijk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Simon Döhrmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Björn M Hallström
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shangzhong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bjørn G Voldborg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Brandon X Meng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen K McKee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Yurchenco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Taylan F, Costantini A, Coles N, Pekkinen M, Héon E, Şıklar Z, Berberoğlu M, Kämpe A, Kıykım E, Grigelioniene G, Tüysüz B, Mäkitie O. Spondyloocular Syndrome: Novel Mutations in XYLT2 Gene and Expansion of the Phenotypic Spectrum. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1577-85. [PMID: 26987875 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spondyloocular syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder with spinal compression fractures, osteoporosis, and cataract. Mutations in XYLT2, encoding isoform of xylosyltransferase, were recently identified as the cause of the syndrome. We report on 4 patients, 2 unrelated patients and 2 siblings, with spondyloocular syndrome and novel mutations in XYLT2. Exome sequencing revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation, NM_022167.3(XYLT2): c.2188C>T, resulting in a premature stop codon (p.Arg730*) in a female patient. The patient presents visual impairment, generalized osteoporosis, short stature with short trunk, spinal compression fractures, and increased intervertebral disc space and hearing loss. We extended our XYLT2 analysis to a cohort of 22 patients with generalized osteoporosis, mostly from consanguineous families. In this cohort, we found by Sanger sequencing 2 siblings and 1 single patient who were homozygous for missense mutations in the XYLT2 gene (p.Arg563Gly and p.Leu605Pro). The patients had osteoporosis, compression fractures, cataracts, and hearing loss. Bisphosphonate treatment in 1 patient resulted in almost complete normalization of vertebral structures by adolescence, whereas treatment response in the others was variable. This report together with a previous study shows that mutations in the XYLT2 gene result in a variable phenotype dominated by spinal osteoporosis, cataract, and hearing loss. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Coles
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology of Metabolism, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elise Héon
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology of Metabolism, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zeynep Şıklar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anders Kämpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ertuğrul Kıykım
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Medicine School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Giedre Grigelioniene
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medicine School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Epitope mapping by a Wnt-blocking antibody: evidence of the Wnt binding domain in heparan sulfate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26245. [PMID: 27185050 PMCID: PMC4869111 DOI: 10.1038/srep26245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a polysaccharide known to modulate many important biological processes, including Wnt signaling. However, the biochemical interaction between HS and Wnt molecules is not well characterized largely due to the lack of suitable methods. To determine the Wnt binding domain in HS, we used a Wnt signaling-inhibitory antibody (HS20) and a panel of synthetic HS oligosaccharides with distinct lengths and sulfation modifications. We found that the binding of HS20 to heparan sulfate required sulfation at both the C2 position (2-O-sulfation) and C6 position (6-O-sulfation). The oligosaccharides with the greatest competitive effect for HS20 binding were between six and eight saccharide residues in length. Additionally, a four residue-long oligosaccharide could also be recognized by HS20 if an additional 3-O-sulfation modification was present. Furthermore, similar oligosaccharides with 2-O, 6-O and 3-O-sulfations showed inhibition for Wnt activation. These results have revealed that HS20 and Wnt recognize a HS structure containing IdoA2S and GlcNS6S, and that the 3-O-sulfation in GlcNS6S3S significantly enhances the binding of both HS20 and Wnt. This study provides the evidence for identifying the Wnt binding domain in HS and suggests a therapeutic approach to target the interaction of Wnt and HS in cancer and other diseases.
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Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M. Heparan Sulfate: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:215-73. [PMID: 27241222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs) are ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, having essential functions in development and homeostasis, as well as playing various roles in disease processes. The functions of HSPGs are mainly dependent on interactions between the HS-side chains with a variety of proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors. In a given HS polysaccharide, negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups are arranged in various types of domains, generated through strictly regulated biosynthetic reactions and with enormous potential for structural variability. The mode of HS-protein interactions is assessed through binding experiments using saccharides of defined composition in vitro, signaling assays in cell models where HS structures are manipulated, and targeted disruption of genes for biosynthetic enzymes in animals (mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans) followed by phenotype analysis. Whereas some protein ligands appear to require strictly defined HS structure, others bind to variable saccharide domains without apparent dependence on distinct saccharide sequence. These findings raise intriguing questions concerning the functional significance of regulation in HS biosynthesis and the potential for development of therapeutics targeting HS-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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A Haploid Genetic Screen Identifies Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Supporting Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 90:1414-23. [PMID: 26581979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02055-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes recurrent insect-borne epizootics throughout the African continent, and infection of humans can lead to a lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome. Deep mutagenesis of haploid human cells was used to identify host factors required for RVFV infection. This screen identified a suite of enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biogenesis and transport, including several components of the cis-oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, one of the central components of Golgi complex trafficking. In addition, disruption of PTAR1 led to RVFV resistance as well as reduced heparan sulfate surface levels, consistent with recent observations that PTAR1-deficient cells exhibit altered Golgi complex morphology and glycosylation defects. A variety of biochemical and genetic approaches were utilized to show that both pathogenic and attenuated RVFV strains require GAGs for efficient infection on some, but not all, cell types, with the block to infection being at the level of virion attachment. Examination of other members of the Bunyaviridae family for GAG-dependent infection suggested that the interaction with GAGs is not universal among bunyaviruses, indicating that these viruses, as well as RVFV on certain cell types, employ additional unidentified virion attachment factors and/or receptors. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging pathogen that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. Epizootics among livestock populations lead to high mortality rates and can be economically devastating. Human epidemics of Rift Valley fever, often initiated by contact with infected animals, are characterized by a febrile disease that sometimes leads to encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. The global burden of the pathogen is increasing because it has recently disseminated beyond Africa, which is of particular concern because the virus can be transmitted by widely distributed mosquito species. There are no FDA-licensed vaccines or antiviral agents with activity against RVFV, and details of its life cycle and interaction with host cells are not well characterized. We used the power of genetic screening in human cells and found that RVFV utilizes glycosaminoglycans to attach to host cells. This furthers our understanding of the virus and informs the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Mutations in Biosynthetic Enzymes for the Protein Linker Region of Chondroitin/Dermatan/Heparan Sulfate Cause Skeletal and Skin Dysplasias. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:861752. [PMID: 26582078 PMCID: PMC4637088 DOI: 10.1155/2015/861752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans, including chondroitin, dermatan, and heparan sulfate, have various roles in a wide range of biological events such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Their polysaccharides covalently attach to the serine residues on specific core proteins through the common linker region tetrasaccharide, -xylose-galactose-galactose-glucuronic acid, which is produced through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by four distinct glycosyltransferases. Mutations in the human genes encoding the glycosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of the linker region tetrasaccharide cause a number of genetic disorders, called glycosaminoglycan linkeropathies, including Desbuquois dysplasia type 2, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Larsen syndrome. This review focused on recent studies on genetic diseases caused by defects in the biosynthesis of the common linker region tetrasaccharide.
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Fernández-Vega I, García-Suárez O, García B, Crespo A, Astudillo A, Quirós LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans undergo differential expression alterations in right sided colorectal cancer, depending on their metastatic character. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:742. [PMID: 26482785 PMCID: PMC4617710 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules involved in the growth, invasion and metastatic properties of cancerous cells. This study analyses the alterations in the expression patterns of these molecules in right sided colorectal cancer (CRC), both metastatic and non-metastatic. Methods Twenty right sided CRCs were studied. A transcriptomic approach was used, employing qPCR to analyze both the expression of the enzymes involved in heparan sulfate (HS) chains biosynthesis, as well as the proteoglycan core proteins. Since some of these proteoglycans can also carry chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, we include the study of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of these glycosaminoglycans. Immunohistochemical techniques were also used to analyze tissue expression of particular genes showing significant expression differences, of potential interest. Results Changes in proteoglycan core proteins differ depending on their location; those located intracellularly or in the extracellular matrix show very similar alteration patterns, while those located on the cell surface vary greatly depending on the nature of the tumor: glypicans 1, 3, 6 and betaglycan are affected in the non-metastatic tumors, whereas in the metastatic, only glypican-1 and syndecan-1 are modified, the latter showing opposing alterations in levels of RNA and of protein, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation in these tumors. Furthermore, in non-metastatic tumors, polymerization of glycosaminoglycan chains is modified, particularly affecting the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker and the initiation and elongation of CS chains, HS chains being less affected. Regarding the enzymes responsible for the modificaton of the HS chains, alterations were only found in non-metastatic tumors, affecting N-sulfation and the isoforms HS6ST1, HS3ST3B and HS3ST5. In contrast, synthesis of the CS chains suggests changes in epimerization and sulfation of the C4 and C2 in both types of tumor. Conclusions Right sided CRCs show alterations in the expression of HSPGs, including the expression of the cell surface core proteins, many glycosiltransferases and some enzymes that modify the HS chains depending on the metastatic nature of the tumor, resulting more affected in non-metastatic ones. However, matrix proteoglycans and enzymes involved in CS fine structure synthesis are extensively modified independetly of the presence of lymph node metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1724-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Fernández-Vega
- Servicio de Patología. Hospital Universitario de Araba, Álava, 01009, Spain.
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Beatriz García
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. .,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ainara Crespo
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. .,Department of Pathology, Hospital, Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Quirós
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. .,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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Faust I, Traut P, Nolting F, Petschallies J, Neumann E, Kunisch E, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Human xylosyltransferases--mediators of arthrofibrosis? New pathomechanistic insights into arthrofibrotic remodeling after knee replacement therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12537. [PMID: 26219087 PMCID: PMC4517395 DOI: 10.1038/srep12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a common therapeutic option to restore joint functionality in chronic inflammatory joint diseases. Subsequent arthrofibrotic remodeling occurs in 10%, but the underlying pathomechanisms remain unclear. We evaluated the association of xylosyltransferases (XT), fibrotic mediators catalyzing glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, leading to arthrofibrosis as well as the feasibility of using serum XT activity as a diagnostic marker. For this purpose, synovial fibroblasts (SF) were isolated from arthrofibrotic and control synovial biopsies. Basal α-smooth muscle actin expression revealed a high fibroblast-myofibroblast transition rate in arthrofibrotic fibroblasts. Fibrotic remodeling marked by enhanced XT activity, α-SMA protein expression as well as xylosyltransferase-I, collagen type III-alpha-1 and ACTA2 mRNA expression was stronger in arthrofibrotic than in control fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Otherwise, no differences between serum levels of XT-I activity or common fibrosis markers (galectin-3 and growth differentiation factor-15 levels (GDF-15)) were found between 95 patients with arthrofibrosis and 132 controls after TKR. In summary, XT-I was initially investigated as a key cellular mediator of arthrofibrosis and a target for therapeutic intervention. However, the blood-synovial-barrier makes arthrofibrotic molecular changes undetectable in serum. Future studies on monitoring or preventing arthrofibrotic remodeling should therefore rely on local instead of systemic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Petschallies
- Orthopaedicum Hannover, Zentrum für orthopädische Chirurgie, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Kerckhoff-Klinik Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elke Kunisch
- Universitätsklinikum Jena, Rudolf-Elle Waldkrankenhaus Eisenberg, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Jones KL, Schwarze U, Adam MP, Byers PH, Mefford HC. A homozygous B3GAT3 mutation causes a severe syndrome with multiple fractures, expanding the phenotype of linkeropathy syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2691-6. [PMID: 26086840 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Linkeropathies are a group of syndromes characterized by short stature, radio-ulnar synostosis, decreased bone density, congenital contractures and dislocations, joint laxity, broad digits, brachycephaly, small mouth, prominent eyes, short or webbed neck, congenital heart defects and mild developmental delay. Linkeropathies are due to enzymatic defects in the synthesis of the common linker region that joins the core proteins to their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. The enzyme glucuronyltransferase 1, encoded by B3GAT3, adds the last four saccharides comprising the linker region. Mutations in B3GAT3 have been reported in two unrelated families with the same homozygous mutation (c.830G>A, p.Arg277Gln). We report on a patient with a novel homozygous B3GAT3 (c.667G>A, p.Gly223Ser) mutation and a history of multiple fractures, blue sclerae, and glaucoma. Our patient was a 12-month-old boy born to consanguineous parents and, like previously reported patients, he had bilateral radio-ulnar synostosis, severe osteopenia, an increased gap between first and second toes, bilateral club feet, and atrial and ventricular septal defects. He had the additional features of bilateral glaucoma, hypertelorism, upturned nose with anteverted nares, a small chest, a diaphragmatic hernia, multiple fractures, arachnodactyly, overlapping fingers with ulnar deviation, lymphedema, hypotonia, hearing loss, and perinatal cerebral infarction with bilateral supra- and infratentorial subdural hematomas. We highlight the extended phenotypic range of B3GAT3 mutations and a provide comparative overview of the phenotypic features of the linkeropathies associated with mutations in XYLT1, B4GALT7, B3GALT6, and B3GAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Jones
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ulrike Schwarze
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter H Byers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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Budde BS, Mizumoto S, Kogawa R, Becker C, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Rüschendorf F, Toliat MR, Kaleschke G, Hämmerle JM, Höhne W, Sugahara K, Nürnberg P, Kennerknecht I. Skeletal dysplasia in a consanguineous clan from the island of Nias/Indonesia is caused by a novel mutation in B3GAT3. Hum Genet 2015; 134:691-704. [PMID: 25893793 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a large family with disproportionate short stature and bone dysplasia from Nias in which we observed differences in severity when comparing the phenotypes of affected individuals from two remote branches. We conducted a linkage scan in the more severely affected family branch and determined a critical interval of 4.7 cM on chromosome 11. Sequencing of the primary candidate gene TBX10 did not reveal a disease-causing variant. When performing whole exome sequencing we noticed a homozygous missense variant in B3GAT3, c.419C>T [p.(Pro140Leu)]. B3GAT3 encodes β-1,3-glucuronyltransferase-I (GlcAT-I). GlcAT-I catalyzes an initial step of proteoglycan synthesis and the mutation p. (Pro140Leu) lies within the donor substrate-binding subdomain of the catalytic domain. In contrast to the previously published mutation in B3GAT3, c.830G>A [p.(Arg277Gln)], no heart phenotype could be detected in our family. Functional studies revealed a markedly reduced GlcAT-I activity in lymphoblastoid cells from patients when compared to matched controls. Moreover, relative numbers of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains were decreased in patient cells. We found that Pro140Leu-mutant GlcAT-I cannot efficiently transfer GlcA to the linker region trisaccharide. This failure results in a partial deficiency of both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate chains. Since the phenotype of the Nias patients differs from the Larsen-like syndrome described for patients with mutation p.(Arg277Gln), we suggest mutation B3GAT3:p.(Pro140Leu) to cause a different type of GAG linkeropathy showing no involvement of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit S Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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The role of laquinimod in modulation of the immune response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Lessons from gene expression signatures. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 283:11-6. [PMID: 26004150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laquinimod, is a potential oral immunomodulatory drug, for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We analyzed the blood-transcriptional changes in RRMS patients (who participated in the ALLEGRO clinical trial) at one and six months after laquinimod treatment using gene expression microarrays. The molecular effects of laquinimod were enhanced by duration of treatment and showed down-regulation of inflammatory responses mainly via TGFb signaling, and of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as of cellular movement, including adhesion, migration and leukocyte extravasation signaling. Our results demonstrate that laquinimod suppresses inflammation through down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and arrest of leukocyte extravasation and thereby could attenuate disease activity in RRMS patients.
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