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Cross DL, Layton ED, Yu KK, Smith MT, Aguilar MS, Li S, Wilcox EC, Chapuis AG, Mayanja-Kizza H, Stein CM, Boom WH, Hawn TR, Bradley P, Newell EW, Seshadri C. MR1-restricted T cell clonotypes are associated with "resistance" to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e166505. [PMID: 38716731 PMCID: PMC11141901 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells are required for protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We recently described a cohort of Ugandan household contacts of tuberculosis cases who appear to "resist" M. tuberculosis infection (resisters; RSTRs) and showed that these individuals harbor IFN-γ-independent T cell responses to M. tuberculosis-specific peptide antigens. However, T cells also recognize nonprotein antigens via antigen-presenting systems that are independent of genetic background, known as donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs). We used tetramer staining and flow cytometry to characterize the association between DURTs and "resistance" to M. tuberculosis infection. Peripheral blood frequencies of most DURT subsets were comparable between RSTRs and latently infected controls (LTBIs). However, we observed a 1.65-fold increase in frequency of MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells among RSTRs in comparison with LTBIs. Single-cell RNA sequencing of 18,251 MR1T cells sorted from 8 donors revealed 5,150 clonotypes that expressed a common transcriptional program, the majority of which were private. Sequencing of the T cell receptor α/T cell receptor δ (TCRα/δ) repertoire revealed several DURT clonotypes were expanded among RSTRs, including 2 MR1T clonotypes that recognized mycobacteria-infected cells in a TCR-dependent manner. Overall, our data reveal unexpected donor-specific diversity in the TCR repertoire of human MR1T cells as well as associations between mycobacteria-reactive MR1T clonotypes and resistance to M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Cross
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erik D. Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krystle K.Q. Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Malisa T. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa S. Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shamin Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and
| | - Elise C. Wilcox
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aude G. Chapuis
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Bradley
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Xiao MH, Wu S, Liang P, Ma D, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhong Z, Liu J, Jiang H, Feng X, Luo Z. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote ductular reaction through amphiregulin in biliary atresia. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105138. [PMID: 38678809 PMCID: PMC11077624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy with ductular reaction as a key pathogenic feature predicting poor survival. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in human liver and display multiple roles in liver diseases. We aimed to investigate the function of MAIT cells in BA. METHODS First, we analyzed correlations between liver MAIT cell and clinical parameters (survival, alanine transaminase, bilirubin, histological inflammation and fibrosis) in two public cohorts of patients with BA (US and China). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and spearman correlation analysis were employed for survival data and other clinical parameters, respectively. Next, we obtained liver samples or peripheral blood from BA and control patients for bulk RNA sequencing, flow cytometry analysis, immunostaning and functional experiments of MAIT cells. Finally, we established two in vitro co-culture systems, one is the rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infected co-culture system to model immune dysfunction of human BA which was validated by single cell RNA sequencing and the other is a multicellular system composed of biliary organoids, LX-2 and MAIT cells to evaluate the role of MAIT cells on ductular reaction. FINDINGS Liver MAIT cells in BA were positively associated with low survival and ductular reaction. Moreover, liver MAIT cells were activated, exhibited a wound healing signature and highly expressed growth factor Amphiregulin (AREG) in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner. Antagonism of AREG abrogated the proliferative effect of BA MAIT cells on both cholangiocytes and biliary organoids. A RRV infected co-culture system, recapitulated immune dysfunction of human BA, disclosed that RRV-primed MAIT cells promoted cholangiocyte proliferation via AREG, and further induced inflammation and fibrosis in the multicellular system. INTERPRETATION MAIT cells exhibit a wound healing signature depending on TCR signaling and promote ductular reaction via AREG, which is associated with advanced fibrosis and predictive of low survival in BA. FUNDING This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant (82001589 and 92168108), National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1801600) and by Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong (2020A1515110921).
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Huan Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Peishi Liang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Dong Ma
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Huadong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhihai Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Xuyang Feng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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3
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Fazzone B, Anderson EM, Rozowsky JM, Yu X, O’Malley KA, Robinson S, Scali ST, Cai G, Berceli SA. Short-Term Dietary Restriction Potentiates an Anti-Inflammatory Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cell Response. Nutrients 2024; 16:1245. [PMID: 38674935 PMCID: PMC11053749 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Short-term protein-calorie dietary restriction (StDR) is a promising preoperative strategy for modulating postoperative inflammation. We have previously shown marked gut microbial activity during StDR, but relationships between StDR, the gut microbiome, and systemic immunity remain poorly understood. Mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAITs) are enriched on mucosal surfaces and in circulation, bridge innate and adaptive immunity, are sensitive to gut microbial changes, and may mediate systemic responses to StDR. Herein, we characterized the MAIT transcriptomic response to StDR using single-cell RNA sequencing of human PBMCs and evaluated gut microbial species-level changes through sequencing of stool samples. Healthy volunteers underwent 4 days of DR during which blood and stool samples were collected before, during, and after DR. MAITs composed 2.4% of PBMCs. More MAIT genes were differentially downregulated during DR, particularly genes associated with MAIT activation (CD69), regulation of pro-inflammatory signaling (IL1, IL6, IL10, TNFα), and T-cell co-stimulation (CD40/CD40L, CD28), whereas genes associated with anti-inflammatory IL10 signaling were upregulated. Stool analysis showed a decreased abundance of multiple MAIT-stimulating Bacteroides species during DR. The analyses suggest that StDR potentiates an anti-inflammatory MAIT immunophenotype through modulation of TCR-dependent signaling, potentially secondary to gut microbial species-level changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fazzone
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Erik M. Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Jared M. Rozowsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Xuanxuan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Kerri A. O’Malley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Scott Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Salvatore T. Scali
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Guoshuai Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Scott A. Berceli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (B.F.); (E.M.A.); (K.A.O.); (S.R.); (S.T.S.)
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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4
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Yigit M, Basoglu OF, Unutmaz D. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in cancer: dual roles, complex interactions and therapeutic potential. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369236. [PMID: 38545100 PMCID: PMC10965779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play diverse roles in cancer, infectious diseases, and immunotherapy. This review explores their intricate involvement in cancer, from early detection to their dual functions in promoting inflammation and mediating anti-tumor responses. Within the solid tumor microenvironment (TME), MAIT cells can acquire an 'exhausted' state and secrete tumor-promoting cytokines. On the other hand, MAIT cells are highly cytotoxic, and there is evidence that they may have an anti-tumor immune response. The frequency of MAIT cells and their subsets has also been shown to have prognostic value in several cancer types. Recent innovative approaches, such as programming MAIT cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), provide a novel and exciting approach to utilizing these cells in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Because MAIT cells have a restricted T cell receptor (TCR) and recognize a common antigen, this also mitigates potential graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and opens the possibility of using allogeneic MAIT cells as off-the-shelf cell therapies in cancer. Additionally, we outline the interactions of MAIT cells with the microbiome and their critical role in infectious diseases and how this may impact the tumor responses of these cells. Understanding these complex roles can lead to novel therapeutic strategies harnessing the targeting capabilities of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Yigit
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Omer Faruk Basoglu
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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5
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Nelson AG, Wang H, Dewar PM, Eddy EM, Li S, Lim XY, Patton T, Zhou Y, Pediongco TJ, Meehan LJ, Meehan BS, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Stent AW, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Eckle SBG, Corbett AJ, Souter MNT, Chen Z. Synthetic 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil paired with inflammatory stimuli facilitates MAIT cell expansion in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1109759. [PMID: 37720229 PMCID: PMC10500299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1109759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like T cells, which mediate host immunity to microbial infection by recognizing metabolite antigens derived from microbial riboflavin synthesis presented by the MHC-I-related protein 1 (MR1). Namely, the potent MAIT cell antigens, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) and 5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OE-RU), form via the condensation of the riboflavin precursor 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) with the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (G), respectively. Although MAIT cells are abundant in humans, they are rare in mice, and increasing their abundance using expansion protocols with antigen and adjuvant has been shown to facilitate their study in mouse models of infection and disease. Methods Here, we outline three methods to increase the abundance of MAIT cells in C57BL/6 mice using a combination of inflammatory stimuli, 5-A-RU and MG. Results Our data demonstrate that the administration of synthetic 5-A-RU in combination with one of three different inflammatory stimuli is sufficient to increase the frequency and absolute numbers of MAIT cells in C57BL/6 mice. The resultant boosted MAIT cells are functional and can provide protection against a lethal infection of Legionella longbeachae. Conclusion These results provide alternative methods for expanding MAIT cells with high doses of commercially available 5-A-RU (± MG) in the presence of various danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Phoebe M. Dewar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor M. Eddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Songyi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xin Yi Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy Patton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Troi J. Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy J. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael N. T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Awad W, Ciacchi L, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J. Molecular insights into metabolite antigen recognition by mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102351. [PMID: 37276819 PMCID: PMC11056607 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite-based T-cell immunity is emerging as a major player in antimicrobial immunity, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here, small-molecule metabolites were identified to be captured and presented by the major histocompatibility complex class-I-related molecule (MR1) to T cells, namely mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Both MR1 and MAIT are evolutionarily conserved in many mammals, suggesting important roles in host immunity. Rational chemical modifications of these naturally occurring metabolites, termed altered metabolite ligands (AMLs), have advanced our understanding of the molecular correlates of MAIT T cell receptor (TCR)-MR1 recognition. This review provides a generalized framework for metabolite recognition and modulation of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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7
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Shamsara J, Schüürmann G. Improvement of binding pose prediction of the MR1 covalent ligands by inclusion of simple pharmacophore constraints and structural waters in the docking process. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:279. [PMID: 37483466 PMCID: PMC10356737 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03694-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule, MR1, is a key component of the immune system, presenting antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) and modulating the immune response against various antigens. MR1 possesses a compact ligand-binding pocket despite its ability to interact with ligands that can have either agonistic or antagonistic effects on the immune system. Agonistic ligands can stimulate the immune response, while antagonistic ligands do not elicit an immune response. In most cases, ligand binding to MR1 is mediated through a covalent bond with Lys43. However, recent studies have suggested that a variety of small molecules can interact with the MR1-binding site. In this study, we have used several approaches to improve the binding pose prediction of covalent ligands to MR1, including docking in mutated receptors, and imposing simple pharmacophore constraints and structural water molecules. The careful assignment of pharmacophore constraints and inclusion of structural water molecules in the challenging docking process of covalent docking improved the binding pose prediction and virtual screening performance. In a retrospective virtual screening, the proposed approach exhibited EF1% and EF2% values of 7.4 and 5.5, respectively. Conversely, when using the mutated receptor, both EF1% and EF2% were recorded as 0 for the conventional docking method. The performance of the pharmacophore constraints was also evaluated on other covalent docking cases, and compared to previously reported results for common covalent docking methods. The proposed approach achieved an average RMSD of 2.55, while AutoDock4, CovDock, FITTED, GOLD, ICM-Pro, and MOE exhibited average RMSD values of 3.0, 2.93, 3.04, 4.93, 2.44, and 3.36, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of simple pharmacophore constraints and structural waters can improve the prediction of binding poses of covalent ligands to MR1, which can aid in the discovery of novel immunotherapeutic agents. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03694-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Shamsara
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
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8
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Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. New cell sources for CAR-based immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2023; 11:49. [PMID: 37147740 PMCID: PMC10163725 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient's own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved striking success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Despite impressive clinical outcomes, concerns about treatment failure associated with low efficacy or high cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells remain. While the main focus has been on improving CAR-T cells, exploring alternative cellular sources for CAR generation has garnered growing interest. In the current review, we comprehensively evaluated other cell sources rather than conventional T cells for CAR generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Driver JP. Die Kämpfe únd schláchten-the struggles and battles of innate-like effector T lymphocytes with microbes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117825. [PMID: 37168859 PMCID: PMC10165076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The large majority of lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system, which are made up of B2 B cells and the αβ T cells; these are the effectors in an adaptive immune response. A multitudinous group of lymphoid lineage cells does not fit the conventional lymphocyte paradigm; it is the unconventional lymphocytes. Unconventional lymphocytes-here called innate/innate-like lymphocytes, include those that express rearranged antigen receptor genes and those that do not. Even though the innate/innate-like lymphocytes express rearranged, adaptive antigen-specific receptors, they behave like innate immune cells, which allows them to integrate sensory signals from the innate immune system and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector responses. Here, we review natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells-two prototypic innate-like T lymphocytes, which sense their local environment and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector cells to actuate an appropriate host response that confers immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Service, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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10
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Ruf B, Greten TF, Korangy F. Innate lymphoid cells and innate-like T cells in cancer - at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:351-371. [PMID: 37081117 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting conventional T cells have revolutionized systemic treatment for many cancers, yet only a subset of patients benefit from these approaches. A better understanding of the complex immune microenvironment of tumours is needed to design the next generation of immunotherapeutics. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and innate-like T cells (ILTCs) are abundant, tissue-resident lymphocytes that have recently been shown to have critical roles in many types of cancers. ILCs and ILTCs rapidly respond to changes in their surrounding environment and act as the first responders to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. This places ILCs and ILTCs as pivotal orchestrators of the final antitumour immune response. In this Review, we outline hallmarks of ILCs and ILTCs and discuss their emerging role in antitumour immunity, as well as the pathophysiological adaptations leading to their pro-tumorigenic function. We explore the pleiotropic, in parts redundant and sometimes opposing, mechanisms that underlie the delicate interplay between the different subsets of ILCs and ILTCs. Finally, we highlight their role in amplifying and complementing conventional T cell functions and summarize immunotherapeutic strategies for targeting ILCs and ILTCs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruf
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Firouzeh Korangy
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Mehta H, Tasin I, Hackstein CP, Willberg C, Klenerman P. Prostaglandins differentially modulate mucosal-associated invariant T-cell activation and function according to stimulus. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:262-272. [PMID: 36541521 PMCID: PMC10152717 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T-cell type conserved in many mammals and especially abundant in humans. Their semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes the major histocompatibility complex-like molecule MR1 presenting riboflavin intermediates associated with microbial metabolism. Full MAIT cell triggering requires costimulation via cytokines, and the cells can also be effectively triggered in a TCR-independent manner by cytokines [e.g. interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 in combination]. Thus, triggering of MAIT cells is highly sensitive to local soluble mediators. Suppression of MAIT cell activation has not been well explored and could be very relevant to their roles in infection, inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandins (PG) are major local mediators of these microenvironments which can have regulatory roles for T cells. Here, we explored whether prostaglandins suppressed MAIT cell activation in response to TCR-dependent and TCR-independent signals. We found that protaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and to a lesser extent protaglandin D2 (PGD2 ), but not leukotrienes, suppressed MAIT cell responses to Escherichia coli or TCR triggers. However, there was no impact on cytokine-induced triggering. The inhibition was blocked by targeting the signaling mediated via PG receptor 2 (PTGER2) and 4 (PTGER4) receptors in combination. These data indicate that prostaglandins can potentially modulate local MAIT cell functions in vivo and indicate distinct regulation of the TCR-dependent and TCR-independent pathways of MAIT cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Mehta
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Irene Tasin
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Christian Willberg
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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12
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Li YR, Zhou K, Wilson M, Kramer A, Zhu Y, Dawson N, Yang L. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:631-646. [PMID: 36463401 PMCID: PMC10014234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by their expression of an invariant TCR α chain Vα7.2-Jα33/Jα20/Jα12 paired with a restricted TCR β chain. MAIT cells recognize microbial peptides presented by the highly conserved MHC class I-like molecule MR1 and bridge the innate and acquired immune systems to mediate augmented immune responses. Upon activation, MAIT cells rapidly proliferate, produce a variety of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, and trigger efficient antitumor immunity. Administration of a representative MAIT cell ligand 5-OP-RU effectively activates MAIT cells and enhances their antitumor capacity. In this review, we introduce MAIT cell biology and their importance in antitumor immunity, summarize the current development of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived and stem cell-derived MAIT cell products for cancer treatment, and discuss the potential of genetic engineering of MAIT cells for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuangyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niels Dawson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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13
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Jin H, Ladd NA, Peev AM, Swarbrick GM, Cansler M, Null M, Boughter CT, McMurtrey C, Nilsen A, Dobos KM, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Deaza-modification of MR1 ligands modulates recognition by MR1-restricted T cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22539. [PMID: 36581641 PMCID: PMC9800373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells recognize microbial small molecule metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1 and have been implicated in early effector responses to microbial infection. As a result, there is considerable interest in identifying chemical properties of metabolite ligands that permit recognition by MR1T cells, for consideration in therapeutic or vaccine applications. Here, we made chemical modifications to known MR1 ligands to evaluate the effect on MR1T cell activation. Specifically, we modified 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityllumazine (DMRL) to generate 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityldeazalumazine (DZ), and then further derivatized DZ to determine the requirements for retaining MR1 surface stabilization and agonistic properties. Interestingly, the IFN-γ response toward DZ varied widely across a panel of T cell receptor (TCR)-diverse MR1T cell clones; while one clone was agnostic toward the modification, most displayed either an enhancement or depletion of IFN-γ production when compared with its response to DMRL. To gain insight into a putative mechanism behind this phenomenon, we used in silico molecular docking techniques for DMRL and its derivatives and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes. In assessing the dynamics of each ligand in the MR1 pocket, we found that DMRL and DZ exhibit differential dynamics of both the ribityl moiety and the aromatic backbone, which may contribute to ligand recognition. Together, our results support an emerging hypothesis for flexibility in MR1:ligand-MR1T TCR interactions and enable further exploration of the relationship between MR1:ligand structures and MR1T cell recognition for downstream applications targeting MR1T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Jin
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andrew M Peev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Aaron Nilsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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14
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Gatsios A, Kim CS, York AG, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. Cellular Stress-Induced Metabolites in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2626-2640. [PMID: 36346625 PMCID: PMC9949963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates commonly inhabit the human microbiota, yet the majority of E. coli's small-molecule repertoire remains uncharacterized. We previously employed erythromycin-induced translational stress to facilitate the characterization of autoinducer-3 (AI-3) and structurally related pyrazinones derived from "abortive" tRNA synthetase reactions in pathogenic, commensal, and probiotic E. coli isolates. In this study, we explored the "missing" tryptophan-derived pyrazinone reaction and characterized two other families of metabolites that were similarly upregulated under erythromycin stress. Strikingly, the abortive tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase reaction leads to a tetracyclic indole alkaloid metabolite (1) rather than a pyrazinone. Furthermore, erythromycin induced two naphthoquinone-functionalized metabolites (MK-hCys, 2; and MK-Cys, 3) and four lumazines (7-10). Using genetic and metabolite analyses coupled with biomimetic synthesis, we provide support that the naphthoquinones are derived from 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), an intermediate in the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway, and the amino acids homocysteine and cysteine. In contrast, the lumazines are dependent on a flavin intermediate and α-ketoacids from the aminotransferases AspC and TyrB. We show that one of the lumazine members (9), an indole-functionalized analogue, possesses antioxidant properties, modulates the anti-inflammatory fate of isolated TH17 cells, and serves as an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. These three systems described here serve to illustrate that new metabolic branches could be more commonly derived from well-established primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gatsios
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Quantitative affinity measurement of small molecule ligand binding to major histocompatibility complex class-I-related protein 1 MR1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102714. [PMID: 36403855 PMCID: PMC9764189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents small molecule metabolites, drugs, and drug-like molecules that are recognized by MR1-reactive T cells. While we have an understanding of how antigens bind to MR1 and upregulate MR1 cell surface expression, a quantitative, cell-free, assessment of MR1 ligand-binding affinity was lacking. Here, we developed a fluorescence polarization-based assay in which fluorescent MR1 ligand was loaded into MR1 protein in vitro and competitively displaced by candidate ligands over a range of concentrations. Using this assay, ligand affinity for MR1 could be differentiated as strong (IC50 < 1 μM), moderate (1 μM < IC50 < 100 μM), and weak (IC50 > 100 μM). We demonstrated a clear correlation between ligand-binding affinity for MR1, the presence of a covalent bond between MR1 and ligand, and the number of salt bridge and hydrogen bonds formed between MR1 and ligand. Using this newly developed fluorescence polarization-based assay to screen for candidate ligands, we identified the dietary molecules vanillin and ethylvanillin as weak bona fide MR1 ligands. Both upregulated MR1 on the surface of C1R.MR1 cells and the crystal structure of a MAIT cell T cell receptor-MR1-ethylvanillin complex revealed that ethylvanillin formed a Schiff base with K43 of MR1 and was buried within the A'-pocket. Collectively, we developed and validated a method to quantitate the binding affinities of ligands for MR1 that will enable an efficient and rapid screening of candidate MR1 ligands.
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16
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Sterling KG, Dodd GK, Alhamdi S, Asimenios PG, Dagda RK, De Meirleir KL, Hudig D, Lombardi VC. Mucosal Immunity and the Gut-Microbiota-Brain-Axis in Neuroimmune Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13328. [PMID: 36362150 PMCID: PMC9655506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have opened the door to a wellspring of information regarding the composition of the gut microbiota. Leveraging NGS technology, early metagenomic studies revealed that several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, and myalgic encephalomyelitis, are characterized by alterations in the diversity of gut-associated microbes. More recently, interest has shifted toward understanding how these microbes impact their host, with a special emphasis on their interactions with the brain. Such interactions typically occur either systemically, through the production of small molecules in the gut that are released into circulation, or through signaling via the vagus nerves which directly connect the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system. Collectively, this system of communication is now commonly referred to as the gut-microbiota-brain axis. While equally important, little attention has focused on the causes of the alterations in the composition of gut microbiota. Although several factors can contribute, mucosal immunity plays a significant role in shaping the microbiota in both healthy individuals and in association with several diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the components of mucosal immunity that impact the gut microbiota and then discuss how altered immunological conditions may shape the gut microbiota and consequently affect neuroimmune diseases, using a select group of common neuroimmune diseases as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Griffin Kutler Dodd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Shatha Alhamdi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ruben K. Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Dorothy Hudig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Vincent C. Lombardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Dogan M, Karhan E, Kozhaya L, Placek L, Chen X, Yigit M, Unutmaz D. Engineering Human MAIT Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Cancer Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1523-1531. [PMID: 36165183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineering immune cells with chimeric Ag receptors (CARs) is a promising technology in cancer immunotherapy. Besides classical cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, innate cell types such as NK cells have also been used to generate CAR-T or CAR-NK cells. In this study, we devised an approach to program a nonclassical cytotoxic T cell subset called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells into effective CAR-T cells against B cell lymphoma and breast cancer cells. Accordingly, we expressed anti-CD19 and anti-Her2 CARs in activated primary human MAIT cells and CD8+ T cells, expanded them in vitro, and compared their cytotoxicity against tumor cell targets. We show upon activation through CARs that CAR-MAIT cells exhibit high levels of cytotoxicity toward target cells, comparable to CD8+ CAR-T cells, but interestingly expressed lower levels of IFN-γ than conventional CAR CD8+ T cells. Additionally, in the presence of vitamin B2 metabolite 5-ARU (5-amino-4-d-ribitylaminouracil dihydrochloride), which is a conserved compound that activates MAIT cells through MHC class I-related (MR1) protein, MAIT cells killed MR1-expressing target breast cancer and B cell lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, MAIT cells can be genetically edited as CAR-T cells or mobilized and expanded by MR1 ligands as an off-the-shelf novel approach to cell-based cancer immunotherapy strategies while being comparable to conventional methods in effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Dogan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Ece Karhan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Lindsey Placek
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Xin Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Mesut Yigit
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and .,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
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18
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Song ZY, Yuan D, Zhang SX. Role of the microbiome and its metabolites in ankylosing spondylitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010572. [PMID: 36311749 PMCID: PMC9608452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic condition that commonly influences the spine and sacroiliac joints, usually progresses to stiffness and progressive functional limitation. Its fundamental etiology and pathogenesis are likely multifactorial and remain elusive. As environmental factors, gut microbiota performs critical functions in the pathogenesis of AS through various mechanisms, including interacting with genes, enhancing intestinal permeability, activating the gut mucosa immune system, and affecting the intestinal microbiota metabolites. This review provides an overview of recent advances in investigating gut microbiota in AS pathogenesis and discusses potential methods for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Song
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Duo Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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19
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Li YR, Wilson M, Yang L. Target tumor microenvironment by innate T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:999549. [PMID: 36275727 PMCID: PMC9582148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains one of the most prevailing barriers obstructing the implementation of effective immunotherapy against solid-state cancers. Eminently composed of immunosuppressive tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) among others, the TME attenuates the effects of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies, mandating a novel therapy capable of TME remediation. In this review we explore the potential of three innate-like T cell subsets, invariant natural killer T (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and gamma delta T (γδT) cells, that display an intrinsic anti-TAM/MDSC capacity. Exhibiting both innate and adaptive properties, innate-like T cell types express a subset-specific TCR with distinct recombination, morphology, and target cell recognition, further supplemented by a variety of NK activating receptors. Both NK activating receptor and TCR activation result in effector cell cytotoxicity against targeted immunosuppressive cells for TME remediation. In addition, innate-like T cells showcase moderate levels of tumor cell killing, providing dual antitumor and anti-TAM/MDSC function. This latent antitumor capacity can be further bolstered by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering for recognition of tumor specific antigens to enhance antitumor targeting. In contrast with established CAR-T cell therapies, adoption of these innate-like cell types provides an enhanced safety profile without the risk of graft versus host disease (GvHD), due to their non-recognition of mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, for use as widely accessible, allogeneic “off-the-shelf” cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lili Yang,
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20
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Akuzum B, Lee JY. Context-Dependent Regulation of Type17 Immunity by Microbiota at the Intestinal Barrier. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e46. [PMID: 36627936 PMCID: PMC9807962 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper-17 (Th17) cells and related IL-17-producing (type17) lymphocytes are abundant at the epithelial barrier. In response to bacterial and fungal infection, the signature cytokines IL-17A/F and IL-22 mediate the antimicrobial immune response and contribute to wound healing of injured tissues. Despite their protective function, type17 lymphocytes are also responsible for various chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis associated cancer (CAC). A deeper understanding of type17 regulatory mechanisms could ultimately lead to the discovery of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders and the prevention of cancer. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the development and function of type17 immune cells at the intestinal barrier, focusing on the impact of microbiota-immune interactions on intestinal barrier homeostasis and disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Akuzum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - June-Yong Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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21
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Moreira MDL, Borges-Fernandes LO, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Ribeiro ÁL, Pereira VHS, Pediongco T, Araújo MSDS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Carvalho AL, Mourão MVA, Campos FA, Borges M, Carneiro M, Chen Z, Saunders E, McConville M, Tsuji M, McCluskey J, Martins-Filho OA, Eckle SBG, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Peruhype-Magalhães V. The role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926446. [PMID: 36189274 PMCID: PMC9521739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are restricted by MR1 and are known to protect against bacterial and viral infections. Our understanding of the role of MAIT cells in parasitic infections, such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by protozoan parasites of Leishmania donovani, is limited. This study showed that in response to L. infantum, human peripheral blood MAIT cells from children with leishmaniasis produced TNF and IFN-γ in an MR1-dependent manner. The overall frequency of MAIT cells was inversely correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels, a specific marker of liver damage strongly associated with severe hepatic involvement in VL. In addition, there was a positive correlation between total protein levels and the frequency of IL-17A+ CD8+ MAIT cells, whereby reduced total protein levels are a marker of liver and kidney damage. Furthermore, the frequencies of IFN-γ+ and IL-10+ MAIT cells were inversely correlated with hemoglobin levels, a marker of severe anemia. In asymptomatic individuals and VL patients after treatment, MAIT cells also produced IL-17A, a cytokine signature associated with resistance to visceral leishmaniasis, suggesting that MAIT cells play important role in protecting against VL. In summary, these results broaden our understanding of MAIT-cell immunity to include protection against parasitic infections, with implications for MAIT-cell-based therapeutics and vaccines. At last, this study paves the way for the investigation of putative MAIT cell antigens that could exist in the context of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Lima Moreira
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ágata Lopes Ribeiro
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Troi Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Lucchesi de Carvalho
- João Paulo II Children’s Hospital, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Alves Campos
- João Paulo II Children’s Hospital, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marineide Borges
- João Paulo II Children’s Hospital, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Parasitology Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sidonia Barbara Guiomar Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães, ; ; Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis, ;
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães, ; ; Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis, ;
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22
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Boonpattanaporn N, Kongkaew T, Sengprasert P, Souter MNT, Lakananurak N, Rerknimitr R, Corbett AJ, Reantragoon R. Human mucosal Vα7.2 + CD161 hi T cell distribution at physiologic state and in Helicobacter pylori infection. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:717-732. [PMID: 35704477 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0421-223rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like, unconventional T cells that are present in peripheral blood and mucosal surfaces. A clear understanding of how MAIT cells in the mucosae function and their role in host immunity is still lacking. Therefore, our aim was to investigate MAIT cell distribution and their characteristics in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal tissue based on Vα7.2+ CD161hi identification. We showed that Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells are present in both intraepithelial layer and lamina propriae of the GI mucosa, but have different abundance at each GI site. Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells were most abundant in the duodenum, but had the lowest reactivity to MR1-5-OP-RU tetramers when compared with Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells at other GI tissue sites. Striking discrepancies between MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer reactive cells and Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells were observed along each GI tissue sites. Vα7.2+ CD161hi TCR repertoire was most diverse in the ileum. Similar dominant profiles of TRBV usage were observed among peripheral blood, duodenum, ileum, and colon. Some TRBV chains were detected at certain intestinal sites and not elsewhere. The frequency of peripheral blood Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells correlated with mucosal Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells in lamina propriae ileum and lamina propriae colon. The frequency of peripheral blood Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals was significantly lower than uninfected individuals, but this was not observed with gastric Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells. This study illustrates the biology of Vα7.2+ CD161hi T cells in the GI mucosa and provides a basis for understanding MAIT cells in the mucosa and MAIT-related GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norasate Boonpattanaporn
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Kongkaew
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panjana Sengprasert
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Narisorn Lakananurak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rangsima Reantragoon
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Skeletal Disorders and Enzyme Reaction Mechanism, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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23
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Johnson DN, Ruan Z, Petley EV, Devi S, Holz LE, Uldrich AP, Mak JYW, Hor JL, Mueller SN, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Darcy PK, Beavis PA, Heath WR, Godfrey DI. Differential location of NKT and MAIT cells within lymphoid tissue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4034. [PMID: 35260653 PMCID: PMC8904549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that express semi-invariant αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) through which they recognise CD1d and MR1 molecules, respectively, in complex with specific ligands. These cells play important roles in health and disease in many organs, but their precise intra-organ location is not well established. Here, using CD1d and MR1 tetramer staining techniques, we describe the precise location of NKT and MAIT cells in lymphoid and peripheral organs. Within the thymus, NKT cells were concentrated in the medullary side of the corticomedullary junction. In spleen and lymph nodes, NKT cells were mainly localised within T cell zones, although following in vivo activation with the potent NKT-cell ligand α-GalCer, they expanded throughout the spleen. MAIT cells were clearly detectable in Vα19 TCR transgenic mice and were rare but detectable in lymphoid tissue of non-transgenic mice. In contrast to NKT cells, MAIT cells were more closely associated with the B cell zone and red pulp of the spleen. Accordingly, we have provided an extensive analysis of the in situ localisation of NKT and MAIT cells and suggest differences between the intra-organ location of these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl N Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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24
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Healthy Immunity on Preventive Medicine for Combating COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051004. [PMID: 35267980 PMCID: PMC8912522 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation is influenced by the consumption of nutrients, and healthy immunity is pivotal to defending an individual from a variety of pathogens. The immune system is a network of intricately regulated biological processes that is comprised of many organs, cellular structures, and signaling molecules. A balanced diet, rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, is key to a strengthened immune system and, thus, crucial to proper functioning of various physiological activities. Conversely, deficiencies of these micronutrients, involving impaired immunity, are linked to numerous health complications, along with a host of pathologies. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a β-form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its genomic variants, which enter host cells upon binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors, and is associated with substantial morbidities and mortalities globally. Patients afflicted with COVID-19 display asymptomatic to severe symptoms, occurrences of which are multifactorial and include diverse immune responses, sex and gender differences, aging, and underlying medical conditions. Geriatric populations, especially men in comparison to women, regardless of their states, are most vulnerable to severe COVID-19-associated infections and complications, with fatal outcomes. Advances in genomic and proteomic technologies help one understand molecular events, including host–pathogen interactions and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and, subsequently, have developed a variety of preventive measures urgently, ranging from mask wearing to vaccination to medication. Despite these approaches, no unique strategy is available today that can effectively prevent and/or treat this hostile disease. As a consequence, the maintenance of a boosted immune system could be considered a high priority of preventive medicine for combating COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the current level of understanding underlining the contribution of healthy immunity and its relevance to COVID-19 molecular pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies, in the management of this devastating disease.
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25
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Wong Fok Lung T, Chan LC, Prince A, Yeaman MR, Archer NK, Aman MJ, Proctor RA. Staphylococcus aureus adaptive evolution: Recent insights on how immune evasion, immunometabolic subversion and host genetics impact vaccine development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1060810. [PMID: 36636720 PMCID: PMC9831658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite meritorious attempts, a S. aureus vaccine that prevents infection or mitigates severity has not yet achieved efficacy endpoints in prospective, randomized clinical trials. This experience underscores the complexity of host-S. aureus interactions, which appear to be greater than many other bacterial pathogens against which successful vaccines have been developed. It is increasingly evident that S. aureus employs strategic countermeasures to evade or exploit human immune responses. From entering host cells to persist in stealthy intracellular reservoirs, to sensing the environmental milieu and leveraging bacterial or host metabolic products to reprogram host immune responses, S. aureus poses considerable challenges for the development of effective vaccines. The fact that this pathogen causes distinct types of infections and can undergo transient genetic, transcriptional or metabolic adaptations in vivo that do not occur in vitro compounds challenges in vaccine development. Notably, the metabolic versatility of both bacterial and host immune cells as they compete for available substrates within specific tissues inevitably impacts the variable repertoire of gene products that may or may not be vaccine antigens. In this respect, S. aureus has chameleon phenotypes that have alluded vaccine strategies thus far. Nonetheless, a number of recent studies have also revealed important new insights into pathogenesis vulnerabilities of S. aureus. A more detailed understanding of host protective immune defenses versus S. aureus adaptive immune evasion mechanisms may offer breakthroughs in the development of effective vaccines, but at present this goal remains a very high bar. Coupled with the recent advances in human genetics and epigenetics, newer vaccine technologies may enable such a goal. If so, future vaccines that protect against or mitigate the severity of S. aureus infections are likely to emerge at the intersection of precision and personalized medicine. For now, the development of S. aureus vaccines or alternative therapies that reduce mortality and morbidity must continue to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana C Chan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine and Medical Microbiology/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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26
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Krause JL, Engelmann B, Nunes da Rocha U, Pierzchalski A, Chang HD, Zenclussen AC, von Bergen M, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Herberth G. MAIT cell activation is reduced by direct and microbiota-mediated exposure to bisphenols. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106985. [PMID: 34991247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral uptake is the primary route of human bisphenol exposure, resulting in an exposure of the intestinal microbiota and intestine-associated immune cells. Therefore, we compared the impact of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) on (i) intestinal microbiota, (ii) microbiota-mediated immunomodulatory effects and (iii) direct effects on mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in vitro. We acutely exposed human fecal microbiota, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Escherichia coli to BPA and its analogues BPF and BPS referring to the European tolerable daily intake (TDI), i.e. 2.3 µg/mL, 28.3 µg/mL and 354.0 µg/mL. Growth and viability of E. coli was most susceptible to BPF, whereas B.thetaiotaomicron and fecal microbiota were affected by BPA > BPF > BPS. At 354.0 µg/mL bisphenols altered microbial diversity in compound-specific manner and modulated microbial metabolism, with BPA already acting on metabolism at 28.3 µg/mL. Microbiota-mediated effects on MAIT cells were observed for the individual bacteria at 354.0 µg/mL only. However, BPA and BPF directly modulated MAIT cell responses at low concentrations, whereby bisphenols at concentrations equivalent for the current TDI had no modulatory effects for microbiota or for MAIT cells. Our findings indicate that acute bisphenol exposure may alter microbial metabolism and impact directly on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Krause
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; present address: German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute - DRFZ, Schwiete laboratory for microbiota and inflammation, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Engelmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Nunes da Rocha
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Pierzchalski
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H D Chang
- present address: German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute - DRFZ, Schwiete laboratory for microbiota and inflammation, Berlin, Germany; Chair of Cytometry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - A C Zenclussen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M von Bergen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Rolle-Kampczyk
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Herberth
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.
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27
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Phetsouphanh C, Phalora P, Hackstein CP, Thornhill J, Munier CML, Meyerowitz J, Murray L, VanVuuren C, Goedhals D, Drexhage L, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Fidler S, Kelleher AD, Frater J, Klenerman P. Human MAIT cells respond to and suppress HIV-1. eLife 2021; 10:e50324. [PMID: 34951583 PMCID: PMC8752121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human MAIT cells sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, are polyfunctional and are capable of killing pathogen infected cells via recognition of the Class IB molecule MR1. MAIT cells have recently been shown to possess an antiviral protective role in vivo and we therefore sought to explore this in relation to HIV-1 infection. There was marked activation of MAIT cells in vivo in HIV-1-infected individuals, which decreased following ART. Stimulation of THP1 monocytes with R5 tropic HIVBAL potently activated MAIT cells in vitro. This activation was dependent on IL-12 and IL-18 but was independent of the TCR. Upon activation, MAIT cells were able to upregulate granzyme B, IFNγ and HIV-1 restriction factors CCL3, 4, and 5. Restriction factors produced by MAIT cells inhibited HIV-1 infection of primary PBMCs and immortalized target cells in vitro. These data reveal MAIT cells to be an additional T cell population responding to HIV-1, with a potentially important role in controlling viral replication at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lyle Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory ServiceFree StateSouth Africa
| | - Linnea Drexhage
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey YW Mak
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | | | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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28
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Distinct Metabolomic Signatures in Preclinical and Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112950. [PMID: 34831173 PMCID: PMC8616419 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart disease with poor risk prediction due to incomplete penetrance and a lack of clear genotype–phenotype correlations. Advanced imaging techniques have shown altered myocardial energetics already in preclinical gene variant carriers. To determine whether disturbed myocardial energetics with the potential to serve as biomarkers are also reflected in the serum metabolome, we analyzed the serum metabolome of asymptomatic carriers in comparison to healthy controls and obstructive HCM patients (HOCM). We performed non-quantitative direct-infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics on serum from fasted asymptomatic gene variant carriers, symptomatic HOCM patients and healthy controls (n = 31, 14 and 9, respectively). Biomarker panels that discriminated the groups were identified by performing multivariate modeling with gradient-boosting classifiers. For all three group-wise comparisons we identified a panel of 30 serum metabolites that best discriminated the groups. These metabolite panels performed equally well as advanced cardiac imaging modalities in distinguishing the groups. Seven metabolites were found to be predictive in two different comparisons and may play an important role in defining the disease stage. This study reveals unique metabolic signatures in serum of preclinical carriers and HOCM patients that may potentially be used for HCM risk stratification and precision therapeutics.
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29
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Coker MO, Cairo C, Garzino-Demo A. HIV-Associated Interactions Between Oral Microbiota and Mucosal Immune Cells: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676669. [PMID: 34616391 PMCID: PMC8488204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with sustained use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of systemic comorbid conditions and oral pathologies, including opportunistic infections, oral mucosal inflammation, and gingival and periodontal diseases. The immune-mediated mechanisms that drive this increased risk, in the context of sustained viral suppression, are unclear. HIV infection, even when controlled, alters microbial communities contributing to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that underlies these non-HIV co-morbidities. The higher prevalence of dental caries, and mucosal and periodontal inflammation reported in HIV-infected individuals on ART is often associated with differentially abundant oral microbial communities, possibly leading to a heightened susceptibility to inflammation. This mini-review highlights current gaps in knowledge regarding the microbe-mediated oral mucosal immunity with HIV infection while discussing opportunities for future research investigations and implementation of novel approaches to elucidate these gaps. Interventions targeting both inflammation and microbial diversity are needed to mitigate oral inflammation-related comorbidities, particularly in HIV-infected individuals. More broadly, additional research is needed to bolster general models of microbiome-mediated chronic immune activation and aid the development of precise microbiota-targeted interventions to reverse or mitigate adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe O Coker
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine at Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health at Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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30
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Abstract
To resolve the growing problem of drug resistance in the treatment of bacterial and fungal pathogens, specific cellular targets and pathways can be used as targets for new antimicrobial agents. Endogenous riboflavin biosynthesis is a conserved pathway that exists in most bacteria and fungi. In this review, the roles of endogenous and exogenous riboflavin in infectious disease as well as several antibacterial agents, which act as analogues of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, are summarized. In addition, the effects of exogenous riboflavin on immune cells, cytokines, and heat shock proteins are described. Moreover, the immune response of endogenous riboflavin metabolites in infectious diseases, recognized by MHC-related protein-1, and then presented to mucosal associated invariant T cells, is highlighted. This information will provide a strategy to identify novel drug targets as well as highlight the possible clinical use of riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Lei
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyan Xin
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbi Chen
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou People's Republic of China
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31
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Petley EV, Koay HF, Henderson MA, Sek K, Todd KL, Keam SP, Lai J, House IG, Li J, Zethoven M, Chen AXY, Oliver AJ, Michie J, Freeman AJ, Giuffrida L, Chan JD, Pizzolla A, Mak JYW, McCulloch TR, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Kearney CJ, Millen R, Ramsay RG, Huntington ND, McCluskey J, Oliaro J, Fairlie DP, Neeson PJ, Godfrey DI, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. MAIT cells regulate NK cell-mediated tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4746. [PMID: 34362900 PMCID: PMC8346465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in tumor immunity is unclear. Here we show that MAIT cell-deficient mice have enhanced NK cell-dependent control of metastatic B16F10 tumor growth relative to control mice. Analyses of this interplay in human tumor samples reveal that high expression of a MAIT cell gene signature negatively impacts the prognostic significance of NK cells. Paradoxically, pre-pulsing tumors with MAIT cell antigens, or activating MAIT cells in vivo, enhances anti-tumor immunity in B16F10 and E0771 mouse tumor models, including in the context of established metastasis. These effects are associated with enhanced NK cell responses and increased expression of both IFN-γ-dependent and inflammatory genes in NK cells. Importantly, activated human MAIT cells also promote the function of NK cells isolated from patient tumor samples. Our results thus describe an activation-dependent, MAIT cell-mediated regulation of NK cells, and suggest a potential therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Tumour Suppression and Cancer Sex Disparity Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Freeman
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy R McCulloch
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Conor J Kearney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Millen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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32
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Intestinal Microbial Metabolites in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153354. [PMID: 34362137 PMCID: PMC8347740 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of axial joints and the pelvis. It is known that intestinal dysbiosis may exert direct pathogenic effects on gut homeostasis and may act as a triggering factor for the host innate immune system to activate and cause inflammation in extraintestinal sites in the so-called "gut-joint axis", contributing to AS pathogenesis. However, although the intestinal microbiota's influence on the clinical manifestation of AS is widely accepted, the mechanisms mediating the cross-talk between the intestinal lumen and the immune system are still not completely defined. Recent evidence suggests that the metabolism of microbial species may be a source of metabolites and small molecules participating in the complex network existing between bacteria and host cells. These findings may give inputs for further research of novel pharmacological targets and pave the way to applying dietary interventions to prevent the onset and ameliorate the clinical presentation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the role of some of the biological mediators of microbial origin, with a particular focus on short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan and vitamin B derivatives, and their role in barrier integrity and type 3 immunity in the context of AS.
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33
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Tao H, Pan Y, Chu S, Li L, Xie J, Wang P, Zhang S, Reddy S, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Differential controls of MAIT cell effector polarization by mTORC1/mTORC2 via integrating cytokine and costimulatory signals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2029. [PMID: 33795689 PMCID: PMC8016978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have important functions in immune responses against pathogens and in diseases, but mechanisms controlling MAIT cell development and effector lineage differentiation remain unclear. Here, we report that IL-2/IL-15 receptor β chain and inducible costimulatory (ICOS) not only serve as lineage-specific markers for IFN-γ-producing MAIT1 and IL-17A-producing MAIT17 cells, but are also important for their differentiation, respectively. Both IL-2 and IL-15 induce mTOR activation, T-bet upregulation, and subsequent MAIT cell, especially MAIT1 cell, expansion. By contrast, IL-1β induces more MAIT17 than MAIT1 cells, while IL-23 alone promotes MAIT17 cell proliferation and survival, but synergizes with IL-1β to induce strong MAIT17 cell expansion in an mTOR-dependent manner. Moreover, mTOR is dispensable for early MAIT cell development, yet pivotal for MAIT cell effector differentiation. Our results thus show that mTORC2 integrates signals from ICOS and IL-1βR/IL-23R to exert a crucial role for MAIT17 differentiation, while the IL-2/IL-15R-mTORC1-T-bet axis ensures MAIT1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuai Chu
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jinhai Xie
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Srija Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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MAIT Cells: Partners or Enemies in Cancer Immunotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071502. [PMID: 33805904 PMCID: PMC8037823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Unconventional T cells have recently come under intense scrutiny because of their innate-like effector functions and unique antigen specificity, suggesting their potential importance in antitumor immunity. MAIT cells, one such population of unconventional T cell, have been shown to significantly influence bacterial infections, parasitic and fungal infections, viral infections, autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases, and, as discussed thoroughly in this review, various cancers. This review aims to merge accumulating evidence, tease apart the complexities of MAIT cell biology in different malignancies, and discuss how these may impact clinical outcomes. While it is clear that MAIT cells can impact the tumor microenvironment, the nature of these interactions varies depending on the type of cancer, subset of MAIT cell, patient demographic, microbiome composition, and the type of therapy administered. This review examines the impact of these variables on MAIT cells and discusses outstanding questions within the field. Abstract A recent boom in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell research has identified relationships between MAIT cell abundance, function, and clinical outcomes in various malignancies. As they express a variety of immune checkpoint receptors and ligands, and possess strong cytotoxic functions, MAIT cells are an attractive new subject in the field of tumor immunology. MAIT cells are a class of innate-like T cells that express a semi-invariant T cell antigen receptor (TCR) that recognizes microbially derived non-peptide antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class-1 like molecule, MR1. In this review, we outline the current (and often contradictory) evidence exploring MAIT cell biology and how MAIT cells impact clinical outcomes in different human cancers, as well as what role they may have in cancer immunotherapy.
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35
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Ming S, Zhang M, Liang Z, Li C, He J, Chen P, Zhang S, Niu X, Deng S, Geng L, Zhang G, Gong S, Wu Y. OX40L/OX40 Signal Promotes IL-9 Production by Mucosal MAIT Cells During Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626017. [PMID: 33777009 PMCID: PMC7990886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastritis by promoting mucosal inflammation and aggravating mucosal injuries (1, 2). However, the underlying mechanism and key molecules involved are still uncertain. Here we identified OX40, a co-stimulatory molecule mainly expressed on T cells, as a critical regulator to promote proliferation and IL-9 production by MAIT cells and facilitate mucosal inflammation in H. pylori-positive gastritis patients. Serum examination revealed an increased level of IL-9 in gastritis patients. Meanwhile, OX40 expression was increased in mucosal MAIT cells, and its ligand OX40L was also up-regulated in mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) of gastritis patients, compared with healthy controls. Further results demonstrated that activation of the OX40/OX40L pathway promoted IL-9 production by MAIT cells, and MAIT cells displayed a highly-activated phenotype after the cross-linking of OX40 and OX40L. Moreover, the level of IL-9 produced by MAIT cells was positively correlated with inflammatory indexes in the gastric mucosa, suggesting the potential role of IL-9-producing MAIT cells in mucosal inflammation. Taken together, we elucidated that OX40/OX40L axis promoted mucosal MAIT cell proliferation and IL-9 production in H. pylori-induced gastritis, which may provide potential targeting strategies for gastritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ming
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zibin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Chunna Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Peiyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunxian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Niu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Deng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Augmentation of the Riboflavin-Biosynthetic Pathway Enhances Mucosa-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Activation and Diminishes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence. mBio 2021; 13:e0386521. [PMID: 35164552 PMCID: PMC8844931 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03865-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in antimicrobial defense. Despite increased understanding of their mycobacterial ligands and the clinical association of MAIT cells with tuberculosis (TB), their function in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpressing key genes of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway potentiates MAIT cell activation and results in attenuation of M. tuberculosis virulence in vivo. Further, we observed greater control of M. tuberculosis infection in MAIThi CAST/EiJ mice than in MAITlo C57BL/6J mice, highlighting the protective role of MAIT cells against TB. We also endogenously adjuvanted Mycobacterium bovis BCG with MR1 ligands via overexpression of the lumazine synthase gene ribH and evaluated its protective efficacy in the mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that MAIT cells confer host protection against TB and that overexpression of genes in the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway attenuates M. tuberculosis virulence. Enhancing MAIT cell-mediated immunity may also offer a novel approach toward improved vaccines against TB. IMPORTANCE Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an important subset of innate lymphocytes that recognize microbial ligands derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and mediate antimicrobial immune responses. Modulated MAIT cell responses have been noted in different forms of tuberculosis. However, it has been unclear if increased MAIT cell abundance is protective against TB disease. In this study, we show that augmentation of the mycobacterial MAIT cell ligands leads to higher MAIT cell activation with reduced M. tuberculosis virulence and that elevated MAIT cell abundance confers greater control of M. tuberculosis infection. Our study also highlights the potential of endogenously adjuvanting the traditional BCG vaccine with MR1 ligands to augment MAIT cell activation. This study increases current knowledge on the roles of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway and MAIT cell activation in M. tuberculosis virulence and host immunity against TB.
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Gebru YA, Choi MR, Raja G, Gupta H, Sharma SP, Choi YR, Kim HS, Yoon SJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020296. [PMID: 33535703 PMCID: PMC7912788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) present as TCR Vα7.2-Jα33 in humans and TCR Vα19-Jα33 in mice. They are activated by ligands produced during microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin that is presented by major histocompatibility complex class I-related (MR1) molecules on antigen-presenting cells. MAIT cells also possess interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 receptors and can be activated by the respective cytokines released from microbially stimulated antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, MAIT cells can be involved in bacterial and viral defenses and are a significant part of the human immune system. They are particularly abundant in the liver, an organ serving as the second firewall of gut microbes next to the intestinal barrier. Therefore, the immune functions of MAIT cells are greatly impacted by changes in the gut-microbiota and play important roles in the gut-liver pathogenesis axis. In this review, we discuss the nature and mechanisms of MAIT cell activation and their dynamics during different types of liver pathogenesis conditions. We also share our perspectives on important aspects that should be explored further to reveal the exact roles that MAIT cells play in liver pathogenesis in the context of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ki Tae Suk
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-5365-5700; Fax: +82-033-248-5826
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38
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The burgeoning role of MR1-restricted T-cells in infection, cancer and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 69:10-17. [PMID: 33434741 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MR1 is a ubiquitously expressed, monomorphic antigen presenting molecule that has been largely preserved throughout mammalian evolution. The primary role of MR1 is to present conserved microbial metabolites to highly abundant mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The role of MAIT cells and other MR1-restricted T cells (MR1T) has been recently extended to immunomodulation during cancer. MR1Ts have also been implicated in autoimmune disease. The highly conserved nature of MR1 across the human population is in stark contrast to the MHC molecules recognised by conventional αβ T-cells, therefore MR1Ts may form fertile ground for the development of pan-population T-cell immunotherapeutics for a wide range of important morbidities.
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39
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Translating Unconventional T Cells and Their Roles in Leukemia Antitumor Immunity. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6633824. [PMID: 33506055 PMCID: PMC7808823 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cell-mediated immune response in malignant neoplasms has become the focus in immunotherapy against cancer. However, in leukemia, most studies on the cytotoxic potential of T cells have concentrated only on T cells that recognize peptide antigens (Ag) presented by polymorphic molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This ignores the great potential of unconventional T cell populations, which include gamma-delta T cells (γδ), natural killer T cells (NKT), and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT). Collectively, these T cell populations can recognize lipid antigens, specially modified peptides and small molecule metabolites, in addition to having several other advantages, which can provide more effective applications in cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, these cell populations have been associated with a repertoire of anti- or protumor responses and play important roles in the dynamics of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, thus, encouraging the development of new investigations in the area. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the role of unconventional T cell populations in the antitumor immune response in leukemia and discusses why further studies on the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells are needed.
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Van Kaer L. Natural Killer T Lymphocytes Integrate Innate Sensory Information and Relay Context to Effector Immune Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:55-88. [PMID: 35381143 PMCID: PMC11078124 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that a group of lymphoid lineage cells, collectively called innate-like effector lymphocytes, have evolved to integrate information relayed by the innate sensory immune system about the state of the local tissue environment and to pass on this context to downstream effector innate and adaptive immune responses. Thereby, innate functions engrained into such innate-like lymphoid lineage cells during development can control the quality and magnitude of an immune response to a tissue-altering pathogen and facilitate the formation of memory engrams within the immune system. These goals are accomplished by the innate lymphoid cells that lack antigen-specific receptors, γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-expressing T cells, and several αβ TCR-expressing T cell subsets-such as natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, et cetera. Whilst we briefly consider the commonalities in the origins and functions of these diverse lymphoid subsets to provide context, the primary topic of this review is to discuss how the semi-invariant natural killer T cells got this way in evolution through lineage commitment and onward ontogeny. What emerges from this discourse is the question: Has a "limbic immune system" emerged (screaming quietly in plain sight!) out of what has been dubbed "in-betweeners"?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were first identified as specific for bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal organisms, which detect microbially-derived biosynthetic ligands presented by MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). More recently two unexpected, additional roles have been identified for these ancient and abundant cells: a TCR-depen-dent role in tissue repair and a TCR-independent role in antiviral host defence. Data from several classes of viral disease shows their capability for activation by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, IL-18, and type I interferon. MAIT cells are abundant at mucosal surfaces, particularly in the lung, and it seems likely a primary reason for their striking evolutionary conservation is an important role in early innate defence against respiratory infections, including both bacteria and viruses. Here we review evidence for their TCR-independent activation, observational human data for their activation in influenza A virus, and in vivo murine evidence of their protection against severe influenza A infection, mediated at least partially via IFN-gamma. We then survey evidence emerging from other respiratory viral infections including recent evidence for an important adjuvant role in adenovirus infection, specifically chimpanzee adenoviruses used in recent coronavirus vaccines, and data for strong associations between MAIT cell responses and adverse outcomes from coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) disease. We speculate on potential translational implications of these findings, either using corticosteroids or inhibitory ligands to suppress deleterious MAIT cell responses, or the potential utility of stimulatory MR1 ligands to boost MAIT cell frequencies to enhance innate viral defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Long
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxfordshire, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy SC Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxfordshire, UK
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McWilliam HEG, Salio M. Understanding and modulating the MR1 metabolite antigen presentation pathway. Mol Immunol 2020; 129:121-126. [PMID: 33293099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I-related protein, MR1, presents small metabolite antigens to an unusual subset of innate-like T cells. Herein, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of MR1's unique antigen presenting pathway, with features of both MHC class I and class II antigen presentation, as highlighted during the EMBO Workshop: CD1-MR1, Beyond MHC-restricted lymphocytes, Oxford, 2019. There is increasing evidence for a role of MR1 restricted T cells in several immune contexts, from cancer to autoimmunity and infections, and therapeutic harnessing of this important biological axis through generation of agonist and antagonist MR1 ligands requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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Matsuoka T, Motozono C, Hattori A, Kakeya H, Yamasaki S, Oishi S, Ohno H, Inuki S. The effects of 5-OP-RU stereochemistry on its stability and MAIT-MR1 axis. Chembiochem 2020; 22:672-678. [PMID: 33034934 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant subset of innate-like T lymphocytes. MAIT cells are activated by microbial riboflavin-derived antigens, such as 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), when presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related protein (MR1). We have synthesized all stereoisomers of 5-OP-RU to investigate the effects of its stereochemistry on the MR1-dependent MAIT cell activation and MR1 upregulation. The analysis of MAIT cell activation by these 5-OP-RU isomers revealed that the stereocenters at the 2'- and 3'-OH groups in the ribityl tail are crucial for the recognition of MAIT-TCR, whereas that of 4'-OH group does not significantly affect the regulation of MAIT cell activity. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of complex formation between the ligands and MR1 suggested that 5-OP-RU forms a covalent bond to MR1 in cells within 1 hour. These findings provide guidelines for designing ligands that regulate MAIT cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Hattori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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44
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de Lima Moreira M, Souter MNT, Chen Z, Loh L, McCluskey J, Pellicci DG, Eckle SBG. Hypersensitivities following allergen antigen recognition by unconventional T cells. Allergy 2020; 75:2477-2490. [PMID: 32181878 PMCID: PMC11056244 DOI: 10.1111/all.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional T cells recognise protein-derived antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and class II molecules and provide anti-microbial and anti-tumour immunity. Conventional T cells have also been implicated in type IV (also termed delayed-type or T cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions in response to protein-derived allergen antigens. In addition to conventional T cells, subsets of unconventional T cells exist, which recognise non-protein antigens in the context of monomorphic MHC class I-like molecules. These include T cells that are restricted to the cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family members, known as CD1-restricted T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) that are restricted to the MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). Compared with conventional T cells, much less is known about the immune functions of unconventional T cells and their role in hypersensitivities. Here, we review allergen antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules, their recognition by unconventional T cells, and the potential role of unconventional T cells in hypersensitivities. We also speculate on possible scenarios of allergen antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules to unconventional T cells, the hallmarks of such responses, and the expected frequencies of hypersensitivities within the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Lima Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael N. T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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45
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A machine learning approach to discriminate MR1 binders: The importance of the phenol and carbonyl fragments. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Pavlovic M, Gross C, Chili C, Secher T, Treiner E. MAIT Cells Display a Specific Response to Type 1 IFN Underlying the Adjuvant Effect of TLR7/8 Ligands. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2097. [PMID: 33013883 PMCID: PMC7509539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells constitute a highly conserved subset of effector T cells with innate-like recognition of a wide array of bacteria and fungi in humans. Harnessing the potential of these cells could represent a major advance as a new immunotherapy approach to fight difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. However, despite recent advances in the design of potent agonistic ligands for MAIT cells, it has become increasingly evident that adjuvants are required to elicit potent antimicrobial effector functions by these cells, such as IFNγ production and cytotoxicity. Indeed, TCR triggering alone elicits mostly barrier repair functions in MAIT cells, whereas an inflammatory milieu is required to drive the antibacterial functions. Cytokines such as IL-7, IL-12 and IL-18, IL-15 or more recently type 1 IFN all display an apparently similar ability to synergize with TCR stimulation to induce IFNγ production and/or cytotoxic functions in vitro, but their mechanisms of action are not well established. Herein, we show that MAIT cells feature a build-in mechanism to respond to IFNα. We confirm that IFNα acts directly and specifically on MAIT cells and synergizes with TCR/CD3 triggering to induce maximum cytokine production and cytotoxic functions. We provide evidences suggesting that the preferential activation of the Stat4 pathway is involved in the high sensitivity of MAIT cells to IFNα stimulation. Finally, gene expression data confirm the specific responsiveness of MAIT cells to IFNα and pinpoints specific pathways that could be the target of this cytokine. Altogether, these data highlight the potential of IFNα-inducing adjuvants to maximize MAIT cells responsiveness to purified ligands in order to induce potent anti-infectious responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pavlovic
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Gross
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Chahinaize Chili
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Secher
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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47
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Kulicke C, Karamooz E, Lewinsohn D, Harriff M. Covering All the Bases: Complementary MR1 Antigen Presentation Pathways Sample Diverse Antigens and Intracellular Compartments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2034. [PMID: 32983150 PMCID: PMC7492589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed, monomorphic MHC class Ib molecule MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. However, recent work demonstrates that both the ligands bound by MR1 and the T cells restricted by it are more diverse than originally thought. It is becoming increasingly clear that MR1 is capable of presenting a remarkable variety of both microbial and non-microbial small molecule antigens to a diverse group of MR1-restricted T cells (MR1Ts) and that the antigen presentation pathway differs between exogenously delivered antigen and intracellular microbial infection. These distinct antigen presentation pathways suggest that MR1 shares features of both MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation, enabling it to sample diverse intracellular compartments and capture antigen of both intracellular and extracellular origin. Here, we review recent developments and new insights into the cellular mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation with a focus on microbial MR1T cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kulicke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Microbial Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melanie Harriff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Microbial Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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48
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Corbett AJ, Awad W, Wang H, Chen Z. Antigen Recognition by MR1-Reactive T Cells; MAIT Cells, Metabolites, and Remaining Mysteries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32973800 PMCID: PMC7482426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize vitamin B-based antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1). Both MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) and MR1 are highly conserved among mammals, suggesting an important, and conserved, immune function. For many years, the antigens they recognize were unknown. The discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B-based small molecule ligands resulted in a rapid expansion of research in this area, which has yielded information on the role of MAIT cells in immune protection, autoimmune disease and recently in homeostasis and cancer. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the diverse nature of the small molecule ligands that can bind MR1, with several less potent antigens and small molecule drugs that can bind MR1 being identified. Complementary structural information has revealed the complex nature of interactions defining antigen recognition. Additionally, we now view MAIT cells (defined here as MR1-riboflavin-Ag reactive, TRAV1-2+ cells) as one subset of a broader family of MR1-reactive T cells (MR1T cells). Despite these advances, we still lack a complete understanding of how MR1 ligands are generated, presented and recognized in vivo. The biological relevance of these MR1 ligands and the function of MR1T cells in infection and disease warrants further investigation with new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Souter MNT, Eckle SBG. Biased MAIT TCR Usage Poised for Limited Antigen Diversity? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1845. [PMID: 33013835 PMCID: PMC7461848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like antigen-presenting molecule known as MHC class I related protein 1 (MR1). Since their rise from obscurity in the early 1990s, the study of MAIT cells has grown substantially, accelerating our fundamental understanding of these cells and their possible roles in immunity. In the context of recent advances, we review here the relationship between MR1, antigen, and TCR usage among MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells and provide a speculative discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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50
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Ioannidis M, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The Immune Modulating Properties of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1556. [PMID: 32903532 PMCID: PMC7438542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the highly conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like molecule, MR1. The vitamin B metabolites are produced by several commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast, but not viruses. Nevertheless, viral infections can trigger MAIT cell activation in a TCR-independent manner, through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). MAIT cells belong to the innate like T family of cells with a memory phenotype, which allows them to rapidly release Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and in some circumstances Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10, exerting an immunomodulatory role on the ensuing immune response, akin to iNKT cells and γδ T cells. Recent studies implicate MAIT cells in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and in cancer. In addition, through the analysis of the transcriptome of MAIT cells activated in different experimental conditions, an important function in tissue repair and control of immune homeostasis has emerged, shared with other innate-like T cells. In this review, we discuss these recent findings, focussing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning MAIT cell activation and effector function in health and disease, which ultimately will aid in clinically harnessing this unique, not donor-restricted cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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