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Garrett J, Chak C, Bullock T, Giesbrecht B. A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:82. [PMID: 39242965 PMCID: PMC11358546 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a potential intervention for enhancing cognitive function across the lifespan. However, while studies employing long-term exercise interventions consistently show positive effects on cognition, studies using single acute bouts have produced mixed results. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of acute exercise on cognitive task performance in healthy young adults. A Bayesian hierarchical model quantified probabilistic evidence for a modulatory relationship by synthesizing 651 effect sizes from 113 studies from PsychInfo and Google Scholar representing 4,390 participants. Publication bias was mitigated using the trim-and-fill method. Acute exercise was found to have a small beneficial effect on cognition (g = 0.13 ± 0.04; BF = 3.67) and decrease reaction time. A meta-analysis restricted to executive function tasks revealed improvements in working memory and inhibition. Meta-analytic estimates were consistent across multiple priors and likelihood functions. Physical activities were categorized based on exercise type (e.g., cycling) because many activities have aerobic and anaerobic components, but this approach may limit comparison to studies that categorize activities based on metabolic demands. The current study provides an updated synthesis of the existing literature and insights into the robustness of acute exercise-induced effects on cognition. Funding provided by the United States Army Research Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Garrett
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Carly Chak
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tom Bullock
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Pérez-Pacheco A, Rodríguez Morales FY, Misaghian K, Faubert J, Lugo Arce JE. Auditory Noise Facilitates Lower Visual Reaction Times in Humans. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:631. [PMID: 39194569 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Noise is commonly seen as a disturbance but can influence any system it interacts with. This influence may not always be desirable, but sometimes it can improve the system's performance. For example, stochastic resonance is a phenomenon where adding the right amount of noise to a weak signal makes it easier to detect. This is known as sub-threshold detection. This sub-threshold detection's natural fingerprint is the fact that the threshold values follow an inverse U-shaped curve as the noise intensity increases. The minimum threshold value is the point of maximum sensitivity and represents the optimal point that divides the dynamics in two. Below that point, we can find the beneficial noise branch, where the noise can facilitate better detection. Above that point, the common detrimental noise concept can be found: adding noise hinders signal detection. The nervous system controls the movements and bodily functions in the human body. By reducing the sensory thresholds, we can improve the balance of these functions. Additionally, researchers have wondered if noise could be applied to different senses or motor mechanisms to enhance our abilities. In this work, noise is used to improve human reaction times. We tested the hypothesis that visual reaction times decrease significantly when the subject's perception is in the beneficial noise branch and closer to the optimal point than outside of this condition. Auditory noise was introduced in 101 human subjects using an interface capable of searching for the right amount of noise to place the subject in the beneficial noise branch close to the optimal point. When comparing the results, the reaction times decreased when the subjects were at the optimal point compared to when the subjects were outside of such conditions. These results reveal the possibility of using this approach to enhance human performance in tasks requiring faster reaction times, such as sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Pérez-Pacheco
- Directorate of Research, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Research and Technological Development Unit (UIDT), Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Khashayar Misaghian
- Faubert Laboratory, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada
- Sage-Sentinel Smart Solutions, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Faubert Laboratory, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada
- Sage-Sentinel Smart Solutions, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jesus Eduardo Lugo Arce
- Faubert Laboratory, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada
- Sage-Sentinel Smart Solutions, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matematicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
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Parthimos TP, Schulpis KH, Karousi AD, Loukas YL, Dotsikas Y. The relationship between neurotransmission-related amino acid blood concentrations and neuropsychological performance following acute exercise. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:560-574. [PMID: 35227132 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2043327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid neurotransmitters, including glutamate, phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, and glycine, underlie the majority of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous system, and acute exercise has been shown to modulate their concentrations. We aimed to determine whether any correlation exists between the above-mentioned amino acid blood concentrations and the neuropsychological performance after an acute exercise intervention. Sixty basketball players were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: exercise or inactive resting. All participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and blood samples were taken on a Guthrie card before and after the end of the experimental conditions. Amino acid blood concentrations were significantly elevated and cognitive performance significantly improved post-exercise on specific neuropsychological assessments. Significant intervention × group interaction effects were apparent for Trail Making Test part-B [F(1,58) = 20.46, p < .0001, η2 = .26] and Digit Span Backwards [F(1,58) = 15.47, p < .0001, η2 = .21] neuropsychological assessments. Additionally, regression analysis indicated that tyrosine accounted for 38.0% of the variance in the Trail Making Test part-A test. These results suggest that elevated blood concentrations of neurotransmission-related amino acids are associated with improved neuropsychological performance after a single bout of high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Parthimos
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Kleopatra H Schulpis
- Institute of Child Health, Research Center, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra D Karousi
- Department of Psychology, Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Yannis L Loukas
- Laboratory of Pharm. Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis Dotsikas
- Laboratory of Pharm. Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gokeler A, Tosarelli F, Buckthorpe M, Della Villa F. Neurocognitive Errors and Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Professional Male Soccer Players. J Athl Train 2024; 59:262-269. [PMID: 37248515 PMCID: PMC10976343 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0209.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence is emerging that core neurocognitive functions such as working memory and inhibitory control (ie, motor-response and attentional inhibition) are linked to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. Research has been conducted in laboratory settings, but the contribution of neurocognition to actual ACL injuries under real-world conditions is unknown. OBJECTIVE To describe the possible neurocognitive errors involved in noncontact ACL injury mechanisms. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Soccer matches. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 47 professional male soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Three independent reviewers evaluated 47 videos of players sustaining noncontact ACL injuries. Neurocognitive errors in inhibitory control were operationalized as follows: (1) motor-response inhibition was scored when a player demonstrated poor decision-making and approached the opponent with high speed that reduced the ability to stop or change the intended action and (2) an attentional error was scored when a player shifted his selective attention away from the relevant task to irrelevant stimuli. RESULTS Of 47 noncontact ACL injuries, 26 (55%) were related to a pressing-type injury, 19 (73%) of which involved a deceiving action made by the opponent, suggesting poor inhibitory control of the defender. Of the remaining 21 noncontact ACL injuries (45%), 16 (76%) could be attributed to attentional errors. Agreement among the 3 raters was very good for all items except poor decision-making, which showed fair to good agreement (Fleiss κ = 0.71). Interrater reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Errors in motor-response inhibitory control and attentional inhibition were common during noncontact ACL injury events in professional male soccer players. The interrater agreement in detecting neurocognitive errors in general was very good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli Gokeler
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Germany
| | - Filippo Tosarelli
- Education & Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew Buckthorpe
- Education & Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Della Villa
- Education & Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
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Su Q, Wang F, Li J, Dai Q, Li B. Applying the multiple object juggling task to measure the attention of athletes: Evidence from female soccer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37113. [PMID: 38306511 PMCID: PMC10843239 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the presentation of targets can affect the performance of multiple object tracking and whether the difference between female soccer players and female college students is regulated by the presentation of targets. We enlisted a group of 20 Chinese female soccer players and another group of 20 non-players to complete a multiple object juggling (MOJ) task. The mean age was 20.24 ± 1.61 years in the athletes group and 21.35 ± 1.93 years in the non-athletes group. Accuracy was analyzed to examine the disparity between soccer players and non-players, as well as the disparity between 3 presentation conditions for targets (fixed, added, and dynamic). Regarding the MOJ task, female soccer players did not outperform non-players (F = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.14 to 6.02], P = .27). The performance of tracking in fixed conditions was superior to that in added and dynamic conditions (MD = 10.33%, 95% CI [4.93 to 15.71], P < .001; MD = 9.82%, 95% CI [4.43 to 15.21], P < .001). The tracking accuracy of female soccer players was significantly higher than non-players in dynamic condition (F = 7.26, 95% CI [2.19 to 14.59], P = .01). According to the findings, experts who specialize in team sports tend to exhibit a greater attention advantage in areas that are pertinent to their field of expertise. For future studies, it will be necessary to employ MOT conditions that are more representative of sport-specific characteristics to strengthen the task ecological validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Su
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Physical Education, Dankook University, Yongin City, Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Tongren Nursery Normal College, Tongren, China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Department of Psychological Counseling, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Baokun Li
- School of Physical Education, Dankook University, Yongin City, Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Tongren Nursery Normal College, Tongren, China
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Pedrosa GF, Kler OS, Rezende LFSP, Filho HLDS, Soares YM, Avelar ED, Souza JCLD, Cruz PWDS, Laporta L, Figueiredo LS. Upper and Lower Limbs Acute Fatigue Did Not Mitigate Male Trained Air Force Soldiers' Marksmanship. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:2343-2361. [PMID: 37670435 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231199813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of acute fatigue on pistol shooting performance among Air Force marksmen. We compared the accuracy, precision, speed-accuracy trade-off, shooting cycle time, and hits on a silhouette target among 12 Brazilian Air Force servicemen (M age = 21.5, SD - 1.6 years) under both fatigue and non-fatigue conditions in a crossover design. In the fatigued condition, the participants performed a fatigue protocol composed of side runs, vertical jumps, push-ups, running, and burpees exercises before shooting. Participants performed the countermovement jump and the plyometric push-ups tests on a contact mat before and immediately after the fatigue protocol to compare the heights achieved pre- and post-fatigue. Paired t-tests showed a significant performance reduction of 34.36% and 40.02% for the countermovement jump and plyometric push-ups, respectively, indicating that participants were fatigued in their lower and upper limbs. In the non-fatigued condition, no exercise was performed before shooting. Results indicated no significant differences between conditions on shooting precision (p = .125; ES: .54), speed-accuracy trade-off (p = .261; ES = .33), hits within the silhouette (p = .167; ES = .41), or shooting cycle times (p = .868; ES = .05); but accuracy was greater (p = .025; ES: .54) when fatigued. We concluded that overall shooting performance was not impaired by physical fatigue, and shooting accuracy appeared to be improved. Perhaps physical fatigue was not enough to impair shooting accuracy in this young adult group, as accuracy decline is expected instead when shooters are in an exhausted state. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and test this presumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa
- Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica, Força Aérea Brasileira, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
- Department of Individual Sports, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Oberdan Souza Kler
- Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica, Força Aérea Brasileira, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ytalo Mota Soares
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Erick Dias Avelar
- Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica, Força Aérea Brasileira, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Laporta
- Department of Individual Sports, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Möller F, Hoffmann U, Vogt T, Steinberg F. Exercise-Related Effects on Executive Functions During a Simulated Underwater Extravehicular Activity. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:1014-1028. [PMID: 34340575 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211032868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of cognitive performance during extravehicular activities (EVAs) in a space-analog setting. BACKGROUND EVAs performed by humans in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS) call for high cognitive performance during upper-body workload. Higher cardiovascular demands interact with cognitive performance, but no knowledge exists about EVA's special requirements. This study simulates EVA-training underwater to investigate its effects on the executive functions inhibition and switching. METHOD In a counterbalanced crossover design, 16 divers (age: 28 ± 2.4 years; eight females) performed two conditions (i.e., EVA vs. Inactivity [INACT]) in 3-5 m submersion (diving gear; not in a space-suit). EVA included 30 min of moderate-, followed by 30 min of high-intensity upper-body exercise intervals, paired with EVA-specific cognitive-motor tasks. INACT included no exercise in submersion and neutral buoyancy. Both conditions included cognitive testing at pre, mid (after the first 30 min), and post (after the second 30 min) on a tablet computer. Reaction times (RTs) and response accuracy (ACC) were calculated for both tasks. RESULTS ACC was significantly lower during EVA compared with INACT for inhibition (post: p = .009) and switching (mid: p = .019) at post (p = .005). RTs for inhibition were significantly faster during EVA (p = .022; ηp2 = 0.320). CONCLUSION Specific physical exercise, intensity, duration, and tasks performed during the EVA might differently affect the exercise-cognition interaction and need further investigation, especially for future long-term space travel. APPLICATION Future research might serve to improve mission success and safety for EVAs and long-term space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Vogt
- German Sport University Cologne, Germany
- Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Gambino G, Pia L, Ferraro G, Brighina F, Di Majo D, Di Giovanni F, Ciorli T, Sardo P, Giglia G. Reducing Visuospatial Pseudoneglect in Healthy Subjects by Active Video Gaming. Brain Sci 2023; 13:877. [PMID: 37371357 PMCID: PMC10296138 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoneglect phenomenon refers to a condition in which healthy subjects tend to perceive the left side of exactly bisected lines as being slightly longer than the right one. However, behavioural data showed that athletes practising an open-skill sport display less pseudoneglect than the general population. Given the fact that so-called exergames (also known as active video games) are platforms designed to fully mimic sport activity, this work intends to investigate whether and how a one-week training period of exergame open-skill sport can determine a similar decrease in pseudoneglect. Fifteen healthy participants (non-athletes) responded to a visuospatial attention task and a control memory task in basal conditions (t0: Pre-game) and after a short period (one week, one hour/day) of tennis exergaming (t1: Post-game). In the Post-game condition, subjects from this experimental group (ExerGame group: EG) reduced leftward space overestimation and made significantly fewer leftward errors compared to the Pre-game condition. Additionally, two other experimental groups were employed: one evaluated within the same conditions of the main experiment but using a non-exergame (Non-Exergame groups: NEG) and the other one without any video game stimulus (Sedentary group: SE). Our findings suggest that daily training of a tennis exergame seems to be able to improve visuospatial attention isotropy by reducing leftward space overestimation, whereas outcomes from non-exergaming and sedentary activity do not modify subjects' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Pia
- SAMBA—(SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness) Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (L.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Danila Di Majo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Di Giovanni
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Tommaso Ciorli
- SAMBA—(SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness) Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (L.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Pierangelo Sardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.); (F.B.); (D.D.M.); (F.D.G.); (P.S.); (G.G.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
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9
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Wang CH, Fu HL, Kao SC, Moreau D, Yang CT. Systems factorial technology provides novel insights into the cognitive processing characteristics of open-skill athletes. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102395. [PMID: 37665857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Sport expertise has been shown to modulate the cognitive advantage in open-skill athletes, with evidence for a greater advantage for athletes practicing interceptive sports relative to strategic sports. However, this conclusion is solely based on central tendency measures such as accuracy or mean reaction time (RT), dismissing important information embedded in the intra-individual temporal dynamics of cognitive performance. This study aimed to better understand the cognitive advantage associated with open-skill sports, with a non-parametric approach assessing cognitive process at the level of RT distribution (i.e., systems factorial technology, SFT). Twenty-eight interceptive sport athletes, 27 strategic sport athletes, and 26 physically active non-athletes performed a go/nogo version of the redundant target task to assess their processing capacity of simultaneously monitoring multiple information channels. SFT was applied to assess resilience capacity, an estimate of workload capacity underlying inhibitory control. Our findings showed that interceptive sport athletes exhibited shorter mean RT relative to non-athletes selectively in the task condition involving distracting information, while strategic sport athletes showed greater resilience capacity over earlier responses relative to the other groups. These findings suggest that the two types of open-skill sports may be associated with different processing specificity, possibly reflecting the domain-specific rules and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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Effect of Exercise Intensity on Psychomotor Vigilance During an Incremental Endurance Exercise in Under-19 Soccer Players. Motor Control 2022; 26:661-676. [PMID: 36007879 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of an incremental resistance test on psychomotor vigilance in 16 soccer players under-19 years old (age 16.42 ± 0.85 years). Borg 15-point subjective perception of effort scale, the psychomotor vigilance task test, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test were used. Four evaluation sessions were conducted with different intensities of efforts (30%-40%, 60%-75%, 80%-90%, and 100%) on different days (counterbalanced order). A repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed in the reaction time of the psychomotor vigilance task. The results showed that participants responded faster during efforts between 80% and 90% of maximal oxygen uptake (501.20 ± 70.77 ms). From that threshold, the players decreased their performance through a longer reaction time (601.23 ± 85.05 ms; p value < .001). The main findings were that the reaction time performance was worse at the lowest and highest effort conditions (5 and 17 km/hr, respectively). This fact helps to focus on the importance of designing and proposing training tasks with medium-high efforts to provoke optimal reaction times in young soccer players.
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE. A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise. Front Psychol 2022; 12:653158. [PMID: 34975602 PMCID: PMC8716584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Cantelon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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12
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Rentz LE, Brandmeir CL, Rawls BG, Galster SM. Reactive Task Performance Under Varying Loads in Division I Collegiate Soccer Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:707910. [PMID: 34723177 PMCID: PMC8548568 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.707910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify whether team-wide or positional differences exist in simple or choice reactivity of collegiate soccer athletes when completed under various loads. Much research exists surrounding the assessment of reaction time in the general population, but given variations in training, little insight exists surrounding how unique and elite populations may differ based upon performance demands and task translatability to training. Reactive performance was assessed using the Dynavision D2 in 24 female soccer players (19.73 ± 1.05 years old) from a team within a power five conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Evaluated loads included two conditions of simple reactivity (no additional load and with a concurrent lower body motor task) and three conditions of choice reactivity (no additional load, with a concurrent lower body motor task, and prolonged durations). Paired t-tests and ANOVAs were used to identify differences in task performance based upon load and positional group. No significant load-based or positional differences existed in measured simple reaction times. Performances in choice reaction tasks across the team were found to be slower when completed across extended durations (p < 0.0001) and faster when completed concurrent with an added balance task (p = 0.0108), as compared to performance under normal conditions. By assessment of positional differences, goalkeepers tended to be slower than other positions in reactivity during choice tasks, despite no differences existing in simple task performance. Given the unique population utilized herein, measured reactivity in different tasks suggests a strong relation to the training demands of soccer, as well as those of goalkeepers as compared to field positions. Findings suggest that sport and positional demands may be substantial contributors to population- and individual-based reactivity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Rentz
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Cheryl L Brandmeir
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.,Department of Human Performance, Division of Physical Therapy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Bobby G Rawls
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Scott M Galster
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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13
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Stereopsis in Sports: Visual Skills and Visuomotor Integration Models in Professional and Non-Professional Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111281. [PMID: 34769799 PMCID: PMC8583573 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Visual skills in sport are considered relevant variables of athletic performance. However, data on the specific contribution of stereopsis-as the ability to perceive depth-in sport performance are still scarce and scattered in the literature. The aim of this review is therefore to take stock of the effects of stereopsis on the athletic performance, also looking at the training tools to improve visual abilities and potential differences in the visuomotor integration processes of professional and non-professional athletes. Dynamic stereopsis is mainly involved in catching or interceptive actions of ball sports, whereas strategic sports use different visual skills (peripheral and spatial vision) due to the sport-specific requirements. As expected, professional athletes show better visual skills as compared to non-professionals. However, both non-professional and professional athletes should train their visual skills by using sensory stations and light boards systems. Non-professional athletes use the visual inputs as the main method for programming motor gestures. In contrast, professional athletes integrate visual information with sport expertise, thus, they encode the match (or the athletic performance) through a more complex visuomotor integration system. Although studies on visual skills and stereopsis in sports still appear to be in their early stages, they show a large potential for both scientific knowledge and technical development.
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14
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Dodwell G, Liesefeld HR, Conci M, Müller HJ, Töllner T. EEG evidence for enhanced attentional performance during moderate-intensity exercise. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13923. [PMID: 34370887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research on attentional control within real-world contexts has become substantially more feasible and thus frequent over the past decade. However, relatively little is known regarding how these processes may be influenced by common naturalistic behaviors such as engaging in physical activity, which is thought to modulate the availability of neurometabolic resources. Here, we used an event-related potential (ERP) approach to determine whether various intensities of aerobic exercise might affect the concurrent performance of attentional control mechanisms. Participants performed an additional-singleton visual search task across three levels of aerobic activity while seated on a stationary bicycle: at rest, during moderate-intensity exercise, and during vigorous-intensity exercise. In addition to behavioral measures, attentional processing was assessed via lateralized ERPs referencing target selection (PCN) and distractor suppression (PD ) mechanisms. Whereas engaging in exercise resulted in speeded response times overall, moderate-intensity exercise was found to uniquely eliminate the expression of distractor interference by the PCN while also giving rise to an unanticipated distractor-elicited Ppc. These findings demonstrate workload-specific and object-selective influences of aerobic exercise on attentional processing, providing insights not only for approaching attention in real-world contexts but also for understanding how attentional resources are used overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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15
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Lorenzo Calvo J, Fei X, Domínguez R, Pareja-Galeano H. Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030868. [PMID: 33800853 PMCID: PMC8000732 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functions are essential in any form of exercise. Recently, interest has mounted in addressing the relationship between caffeine intake and cognitive performance during sports practice. This review examines this relationship through a structured search of the databases Medline/PubMed and Web of Science for relevant articles published in English from August 1999 to March 2020. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were defined according to the PICOS model. The identified records reported on randomized cross-over studies in which caffeine intake (as drinks, capsules, energy bars, or gum) was compared to an identical placebo situation. There were no filters on participants’ training level, gender, or age. For the systematic review, 13 studies examining the impacts of caffeine on objective measures of cognitive performance or self-reported cognitive performance were selected. Five of these studies were also subjected to meta-analysis. After pooling data in the meta-analysis, the significant impacts of caffeine only emerged on attention, accuracy, and speed. The results of the 13 studies, nevertheless, suggest that the intake of a low/moderate dose of caffeine before and/or during exercise can improve self-reported energy, mood, and cognitive functions, such as attention; it may also improve simple reaction time, choice reaction time, memory, or fatigue, however, this may depend on the research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lorenzo Calvo
- Sports Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Xueyin Fei
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-153-6930-8755
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Wang CH, Lin CC, Moreau D, Yang CT, Liang WK. Neural correlates of cognitive processing capacity in elite soccer players. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107971. [PMID: 33091450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in our understanding of perceptual-cognitive expertise in team sports, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying such cognitive advantage in the face of multiple, sometimes conflicting, channels of information are not well understood. Two electroencephalographic indices associated with perceptual decisions, the P3 component of event-related potential and alpha inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC), were measured and compared across elite soccer players and non-athletic controls while performing a redundant-target task. Specifically, we adopted an effective diagnostic tool, Systems Factorial Technology, to assess participants' workload capacity. Soccer players exhibited larger workload capacity while making faster decisions compared with controls. Moreover, this larger workload capacity was associated with modulations of P3 and alpha ITPC when processing two targets relative to one target and one distractor, an effect that was not observed in controls. Together, the present findings offer a possible mechanistic explanation of perceptual-cognitive expertise in the context of team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chih-Chun Lin
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Kuang Liang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, 320, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Moratal C, Lupiáñez J, Ballester R, Huertas F. Deliberate Soccer Practice Modulates Attentional Functioning in Children. Front Psychol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32477207 PMCID: PMC7235161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to explore the association between the regular practice of open-skill sports (i.e., soccer) and executive control, along with other attentional functions (i.e., alerting and orienting) during preadolescence. The study was conducted on 131 participants (70 non-athletes and 61 soccer players). To measure cognitive performance, participants performed the Attentional Network Test—Interactions (ANT-I) task. Compared to non-athletes, soccer players showed overall faster responses and better executive control (e.g., reduced interference from distractors). Overall, our results provide new empirical evidence supporting the positive association between regular sports practice and cognitive performance, and more specifically executive functions. However, is important to note that the relationship between regular sport practice and cognition is complex and multifactorial. Our findings can be partly explained by the “cardiovascular fitness hypothesis” and the “cognitive component skills approach,” suggesting that an externally paced sport environment with high physical fitness and perceptual–cognitive demands may be an appropriate setting to optimize the development of cognitive functioning during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Moratal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Ballester
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Kunrath CA, Nakamura FY, Roca A, Tessitore A, Teoldo Da Costa I. How does mental fatigue affect soccer performance during small-sided games? A cognitive, tactical and physical approach. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1818-1828. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1756681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caito André Kunrath
- Department of Physical Education, Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer of Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - André Roca
- Expert Performance and Skill Acquisition Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - Israel Teoldo Da Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer of Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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19
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Caffeine intake modulates the functioning of the attentional networks depending on consumption habits and acute exercise demands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10043. [PMID: 31296908 PMCID: PMC6624295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consume of stimulants (as caffeine) is very usual in different contexts where the performers have to take quick and accurate decisions during physical effort. Decision-making processes are mediated by the attentional networks. An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of caffeine intake on attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control) as a function of consumption habit under two physical exertion conditions (rest vs. aerobic exercise). Two groups of participants with different caffeine consumption profiles (moderate consumers vs. low consumers) performed the Attention Network Test-Interactions under four different conditions regarding activity (rest vs. exercise) and intake (caffeine vs. placebo). Results showed that whereas exercise led to faster reaction times (RT) in all cases, caffeine intake accelerated RT but only at rest and in moderate caffeine consumers. More importantly, caffeine intake reduced the alertness effect in moderate consumers only at the rest condition. No interactions between Intake and Activity were observed in the other attentional networks, with exercise reducing orienting independently of caffeine intake, which suggests that physical exercise and caffeine are different modulators of attention but can interact. Caffeine intake had differential effects on reaction speed at rest and during physical exercise depending on the individual consumption habit. On the basis of these finding it seems that mainly alertness is modulated differently by internal and external "arousing" conditions.
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20
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Bello ML, Walker AJ, McFadden BA, Sanders DJ, Arent SM. The effects of TeaCrine® and caffeine on endurance and cognitive performance during a simulated match in high-level soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:20. [PMID: 30999897 PMCID: PMC6472067 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric-acid) is a pure alkaloid with a similar structure to caffeine and acts comparably as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Early studies have shown non-habituating effects, including increases in energy and focus in response to Teacrine®, the compound containing pure theacrine. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects of Teacrine® and caffeine on cognitive performance and time-to-exhaustion during a simulated soccer game in high-level male and female athletes. METHODS Male and female soccer players (N = 24; MAge = 20.96 ± 2.05y, MMaleVO2max = 55.31 ± 3.39 mL/O2/kg, MFemaleVO2max = 50.97 ± 3.90 mL/O2/kg) completed a 90-min simulated treadmill soccer match over four randomized sessions (TeaCrine®, caffeine, TeaCrine® + caffeine, placebo). Cognitive testing at halftime and end-of-game including simple reaction time (SRT), choice RT (CRT), and cognitive-load RT with distraction questions (COGRT/COGRTWrong) was performed, with a run time-to-exhaustion (TTE) at 85% VO2max following end-of-game cognitive testing. Session times and pre-exercise nutrition were controlled. RM-MANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted and significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS TTE trended towards significance in TeaCrine® and TeaCrine® + caffeine conditions compared to placebo (P < 0.052). A condition main effect (P < 0.05) occurred with faster CRT in caffeine and TeaCrine® + caffeine compared to placebo. COGRTWrong showed a significant time main effect, with better accuracy at end-of-game compared to halftime (P < 0.05). A time x condition interaction in SRT (P < 0.05) showed placebo improved from halftime to end-of-game. CONCLUSIONS The 27-38% improvements in TTE reflect increased performance capacity that may have important implications for overtime scenarios. These findings suggest TeaCrine® favorably impacts endurance and the combination with caffeine provides greater benefits on cognitive function than either supplement independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Bello
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Alan J Walker
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bridget A McFadden
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - David J Sanders
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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21
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Ballester R, Huertas F, Pablos-Abella C, Llorens F, Pesce C. Chronic participation in externally paced, but not self-paced sports is associated with the modulation of domain-general cognition. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1110-1119. [PMID: 30786834 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1580318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of chronic sport participation in the modulation of vigilance and inhibitory control. We also aimed to disentangle the relative contribution of different types of sport expertise and sport-related fitness to the exercise-cognition relationship. Three groups of young adults differing in their chronic sport expertise (externally-paced sports, n = 22, self-paced sports, n = 22, non-athletes, n = 22) took part in the study. Participants completed a cardiovascular fitness test, a hand-eye coordination test and two different types of vigilance tasks: (1) Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and (2) Oddball Task, which were designed to gain insight into the cognitive processes involved in sustaining attention over time and allocating selective attention by exerting inhibitory control, respectively. No differences were found in PVT performance between the two athlete groups and between self-paced sports athletes and non-athletes, whereas athletes from externally-paced sports outperformed non-athletes. Crucially, athletes from externally-paced sports also differed from those of self-paced sports and non-athletes in the Oddball task, showing less omission and commission errors. The sport expertise effect was independent of participant's cardiovascular fitness while hand-eye coordination modulated vigilance and inhibitory control performance. Our findings add novel empirical evidence to the role of expertise in cognitively demanding sports as an important factor in the relationship between exercise and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ballester
- a Department of Athletic Training , Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- a Department of Athletic Training , Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Carlos Pablos-Abella
- a Department of Athletic Training , Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Francesc Llorens
- b Department of Education , Valencian International University , Valencia , Spain
| | - Caterina Pesce
- c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , Italian University Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
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22
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Kiriishi K, Doi H, Magata N, Torisu T, Tanaka M, Ohkubo M, Haneda M, Okatomi M, Shinohara K, Ayuse T. Occlusal force predicts global motion coherence threshold in adolescent boys. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:331. [PMID: 30336772 PMCID: PMC6194662 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beneficial effects of mastication on cognitive abilities in the elderly have been shown in human studies. However, little is currently known about the effect of masticatory stimulation on cognitive and perceptual ability in younger populations. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influences of masticatory stimulation on perceptual ability in adolescent boys. Methods The present study examined the relationship between occlusal force (i.e., masticatory stimulation) and visual perception ability in adolescent boys. Visual perception ability was quantified by measuring global motion coherence threshold using psychophysical method. As an index of masticatory stimulation, occlusal force was measured by pressure sensitive film. We also measured participants’ athletic ability, e.g. aerobic capacity and grip strength, as potential confounding factor. Results The multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between global motion coherence threshold and occlusal force, which persisted after controlling for confounding factors such as age and aerobic capacity. Conclusions This finding indicates that masticatory stimulation enhances visual perception in adolescent boys, indicating the possibility that beneficial effects of masticatory stimulation are observed not only in the elderly but in developing population consistently with the findings of the previous animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiriishi
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Doi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Magata
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Torisu
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mihoko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuyuki Shinohara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takao Ayuse
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
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23
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Ballester R, Huertas F, Molina E, Sanabria D. Sport participation and vigilance in children: Influence of different sport expertise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:497-504. [PMID: 30450260 PMCID: PMC6226542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between different types of sport expertise (externally-paced vs. self-paced sports) and vigilance performance in children by evaluating the cardiovascular fitness level of the participants. METHODS Three groups of children (11.0 ± 0.2 years) differentiated in terms of their regular sport participation (football players, n = 20; track and field athletes, n = 20; non-athletic controls, n = 20) took part in the study. In one session, participants performed the Leger Multi-stage fitness test to estimate their aerobic fitness level. In another session, participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to evaluate their vigilance performance under 2 conditions of velocity demands (normal vs. speed). RESULTS The results revealed that both groups of sport practitioners had higher cardiovascular fitness than non-athlete controls. In contrast, no significant differences in the performance PVT were found between track and field athletes and controls. Crucially, football players showed better performance in the PVT than track and field athletes and controls. These between-group differences were not modulated by the speed demands of the task. CONCLUSION The major novel finding of this research points to a positive relationship between sport participation and vigilance performance during childhood. We discuss our results in terms of the different hypotheses put forward in the literature to explain the relationship between regular exercise and cognitive functioning: the "cardiovascular fitness" and the "cognitive component skills" hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ballester
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia 46900, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia 46900, Spain
| | - Enrique Molina
- Mind Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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24
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25
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Won J, Wu S, Ji H, Smith JC, Park J. Executive Function and the P300 after Treadmill Exercise and Futsal in College Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5040073. [PMID: 29910433 PMCID: PMC5969040 DOI: 10.3390/sports5040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although a body of evidence demonstrates that acute exercise improves executive function, few studies have compared more complex, laboratory-based modes of exercise, such as soccer that involve multiple aspects of the environment. (2) Methods: Twelve experienced soccer players (24.8 ± 2 years) completed three counterbalanced 20 min sessions of (1) seated rest; (2) moderate intensity treadmill exercise; and (3) a game of futsal. Once heart rate returned to within 10% of pre-activity levels, participants completed the Stroop Color Word Conflict Task while reaction time (RT) and P300 event-related potentials were measured. (3) Results: Reaction time during Stroop performance was significantly faster following the futsal game and treadmill exercise compared to the seated rest. The P300 amplitude during Stroop performance was significantly greater following futsal relative to both treadmill and seated-rest conditions. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that single bouts of indoor soccer among college-aged soccer players, compared to treadmill and seated-rest conditions, may engender the greatest effect on brain networks controlling attention allocation and classification speed during the performance of an inhibitory control task. Future research is needed to determine if cognitively engaging forms of aerobic exercise may differentially impact executive control processes in less experienced and older adult participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Hongquing Ji
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 27042, USA.
| | - Jungjun Park
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Browne SE, Flynn MJ, O'Neill BV, Howatson G, Bell PG, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Effects of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 234:161-187. [PMID: 29031462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity exercise is generally considered to have detrimental effects on cognition. However, high fitness levels are suggested to alleviate this effect. OBJECTIVES The specific objective of this review was to evaluate the literature on the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals. METHODS Studies were sourced through electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles, and manual searches of relevant reviews. Included studies examined trained participants, included a high-intensity exercise bout, used a control or comparison group/condition, and assessed cognitive performance via general laboratory tasks during or ≤10min following exercise cessation. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals is dependent on the specific cognitive domain being assessed. Generally, simple tasks were not affected, while the results on complex tasks remain ambiguous. Accuracy showed little tendency to be influenced by high-intensity exercise compared to measures of speed. CONCLUSION Multiple factors influence the acute exercise-cognition relationship and thus future research should be highly specific when outlining criteria such as fitness levels, exercise intensity, and exercise mode. Furthermore, greater research is needed assessing more cognitive domains, greater exercise durations/types, and trained populations at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Browne
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Flynn
- GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Phillip G Bell
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Condello G, Forte R, Falbo S, Shea JB, Di Baldassarre A, Capranica L, Pesce C. Steps to Health in Cognitive Aging: Effects of Physical Activity on Spatial Attention and Executive Control in the Elderly. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:107. [PMID: 28321187 PMCID: PMC5337815 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether physical activity (PA) habits may positively impact performance of the orienting and executive control networks in community-dwelling aging individuals and diabetics, who are at risk of cognitive dysfunction. To this aim, we tested cross-sectionally whether age, ranging from late middle-age to old adulthood, and PA level independently or interactively predict different facets of the attentional performance. Hundred and thirty female and male individuals and 22 adults with type 2 diabetes aged 55–84 years were recruited and their daily PA (steps) was objectively measured by means of armband monitors. Participants performed a multifunctional attentional go/no-go reaction time (RT) task in which spatial attention was cued by means of informative direct cues of different sizes followed by compound stimuli with local and global target features. The performance efficiency of the orienting networks was estimated by computing RT differences between validly and invalidly cued trials, that of the executive control networks by computing local switch costs that are RT differences between switch and non-switch trials in mixed blocks of global and local target trials. In regression analyses performed on the data of non-diabetic elderlies, overall RTs and orienting effects resulted jointly predicted by age and steps. Age predicted overall RTs in low-active individuals, but orienting effects and response errors in high-active individuals. Switch costs were predicted by age only, with larger costs at older age. In the analysis conducted with the 22 diabetics and 22 matched non-diabetic elderlies, diabetic status and daily steps predicted longer and shorter RTs, respectively. Results suggest that high PA levels exert beneficial, but differentiated effects on processing speed and attentional networks performance in aging individuals that partially counteract the detrimental effects of advancing age and diabetic status. In conclusion, adequate levels of overall PA may positively impinge on brain efficiency and attentional control and should be therefore promoted by actions that support lifelong PA participation and impact the built environment to render it more conducive to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Condello
- Sport Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Forte
- Exercise and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Falbo
- Exercise and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - John B Shea
- Ergonomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Sport Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Exercise and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
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Pinheiro FA, Santos TM, Pires FO. Conscious distance monitoring and perceived exertion in light-deprived cycling time trial. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:211-6. [PMID: 27477833 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The monitoring of distance is crucial to calculate the metabolic requirement and the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for a given exercise bout. Visual cues provide valuable information for distance estimation, navigation and orientation. The present study investigated if light deprivation may affect the conscious monitoring of distance, RPE and associative thoughts to exercise (ATE) during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT20km). Eleven male, endurance cyclists performed two TT20km in illuminated-control and light-deprived laboratory. They were asked to self-report RPE and ATE when they perceived they had completed each 2km. RESULTS The light deprivation resulted in elongated perceived distance at each actual 2km, rather than in illuminated-control trial (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in RPE when it was plotted as a function of the perceived distance, RPE was lowered in light-deprived environment when it was plotted as a function of the actual distance (P<0.05). Additionally, ATE was lowered during TT20km in light deprivation (P<0.01); however, pacing and performance were unaffected in light-deprived environment. CONCLUSION Results suggest that pacing and performance were regulated through a system which was unaffected in light-deprived environment, despite the altered conscious distance monitoring and perceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano A Pinheiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tony M Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Research Center for Performance and Health, Physical Education Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flávio O Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Research Center for Performance and Health, Physical Education Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Schapschröer M, Lemez S, Baker J, Schorer J. Physical Load Affects Perceptual-Cognitive Performance of Skilled Athletes: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:37. [PMID: 27747792 PMCID: PMC5020134 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Many researchers have considered the impact of physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performance. There have also been a substantial number of studies that have examined how perceptual-cognitive skills differ between elite athletes and non-athletes. However, the knowledge on how physical exercise interacts with perceptual-cognitive skill is limited. This systematic review aims to provide detailed information on how athletes’ perceptual-cognitive performance is influenced by acute physical exercise load and whether these effects differ between elite athletes and lesser skilled groups. Methods A systematic review was conducted using different combinations of the keywords physical load, acute, exercise, perception, cognition, perceptual, cognitive, sport, and athlete with the PubMed and SportDiscus databases. Additional articles were found through screening the references of these papers. Articles had to (a) be full journal articles written in English, (b) include an athlete sample, (c) examine acute effects of physical exercise, and (d) measure a perceptual-cognitive task as the dependent variable. Results Twenty-six articles matched the inclusion criteria. Results suggested the impact of acute physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performances of athletes depends on the specificity of the induced exercise and perceptual-cognitive task. Additionally, speed and accuracy were influenced differently by physical exercise. Furthermore, skilled athletes seem to be more positively influenced by acute physical exercise than novices. Conclusion Since many factors influence perceptual-cognitive expertise, future research should be highly precise (e.g., regarding the definition of variables, the intensity of the physical exercise) and specific (e.g., regarding the tasks used, the type of the physical exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schapschröer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - S Lemez
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Schorer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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Schapschröer M, Baker J, Schorer J. Effects of domain-specific exercise load on speed and accuracy of a domain-specific perceptual-cognitive task. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 48:121-31. [PMID: 27173640 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of perceptual-cognitive expertise it is important to know whether physiological loads influence perceptual-cognitive performance. This study examined whether a handball specific physical exercise load influenced participants' speed and accuracy in a flicker task. At rest and during a specific interval exercise of 86.5-90% HRmax, 35 participants (experts: n=8, advanced: n=13, novices, n=14) performed a handball specific flicker task with two types of patterns (structured and unstructured). For reaction time, results revealed moderate effect sizes for group, with experts reacting faster than advanced and advanced reacting faster than novices, and for structure, with structured videos being performed faster than unstructured ones. A significant interaction for structure×group was also found, with experts and advanced players faster for structured videos, and novices faster for unstructured videos. For accuracy, significant main effects were found for structure with structured videos solved more accurately. A significant interaction for structure×group was revealed, with experts and advanced more accurate for structured scenes and novices more accurate for unstructured scenes. A significant interaction was also found for condition×structure; at rest, unstructured and structured scenes were performed with the same accuracy while under physical exercise, structured scenes were solved more accurately. No other interactions were found. These results were somewhat surprising given previous work in this area, although the impact of a specific physical exercise on a specific perceptual-cognitive task may be different from those tested generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schapschröer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - J Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada.
| | - J Schorer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany.
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Schapschröer M, Baker J, Schorer J. Exploring the interaction of physical exercise load and pattern recall performance in female handball players. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1713-23. [PMID: 26873349 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining experts' superiority within domain-specific structured pattern recall tasks have typically had athletes perform them at rest, which is far different from how they are executed in their sport. The aim of this study was to investigate whether performing these tasks under different physical exercise intensities influenced pattern recall results of experts, advanced and novices. In two experiments, 68 participants (experiment 1: n = 33; experiment 2: n = 35) were tested using a handball-specific pattern recall task both at rest and during physical exercise. Physical exercises of 60 % heart rate reserve (constant workload: experiment 1) and of 86.5-90 % HRmax (handball-specific interval load: experiment 2) were induced. Results of both experiments revealed significant group differences with experts recalling patterns more accurately than novices but no significant within-subject differences for the two conditions and no interaction between both factors. Our findings replicate prior research concerning perceptual-cognitive expertise in structured specific pattern recall tasks. However, the lack of intergroup differences between the two conditions or interactions was surprising, suggesting sport-specific pattern recall skill is robust to changes in exercise stimuli. Future work is needed to further examine the impact of "physiological specificity" on perceptual-cognitive expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schapschröer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - J Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Schorer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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Shulder RJ, Hall EE, Miller PC. The Influence of Exercise and Caffeine on Cognitive Function in College Students. Health (London) 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.82018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huijgen BCH, Leemhuis S, Kok NM, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Elferink-Gemser MT, Visscher C. Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144580. [PMID: 26657073 PMCID: PMC4691195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soccer players are required to anticipate and react continuously in a changing, relatively unpredictable situation in the field. Cognitive functions might be important to be successful in soccer. The current study investigated the relationship between cognitive functions and performance level in elite and sub-elite youth soccer players aged 13–17 years. A total of 47 elite youth soccer players (mean age 15.5 years, SD = 0.9) and 41 sub-elite youth soccer players (mean age 15.2 years, SD = 1.2) performed tasks for “higher-level” cognitive functions measuring working memory (i.e., Visual Memory Span), inhibitory control (i.e., Stop-Signal Task), cognitive flexibility (i.e., Trail Making Test), and metacognition (i.e., Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Design Fluency Test). “Lower-level” cognitive processes, i.e., reaction time and visuo-perceptual abilities, were also measured with the previous tasks. ANOVA’s showed that elite players outscored sub-elite players at the “higher-level” cognitive tasks only, especially on metacognition (p < .05). Using stepwise discriminant analysis, 62.5% of subjects was correctly assigned to one of the groups based on their metacognition, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility performance. Controlling for training hours and academic level, MANCOVA’s showed differences in favor of the elite youth soccer players on inhibitory control (p = .001), and cognitive flexibility (p = .042), but not on metacognition (p = .27). No differences were found concerning working memory nor the “lower-level” cognitive processes (p > .05). In conclusion, elite youth soccer players have better inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and especially metacognition than their sub-elite counterparts. However, when training hours are taken into account, differences between elite and sub-elite youth soccer players remain apparent on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in contrast to metacognition. This highlights the need for longitudinal studies to further investigate the importance of “higher-level” cognitive functions for talent identification, talent development and performance in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. H. Huijgen
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Sander Leemhuis
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lot Verburgh
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije T. Elferink-Gemser
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Classical theories of skill acquisition propose that automatization (i.e., performance requires progressively less attention as experience is acquired) is a defining characteristic of expertise in a variety of domains (e.g., Fitts & Posner, 1967 ). Automaticity is believed to enhance smooth and efficient skill execution by allowing performers to focus on strategic elements of performance rather than on the mechanical details that govern task implementation ( Williams & Ford, 2008 ). By contrast, conscious processing (i.e., paying conscious attention to one's action during motor execution) has been found to disrupt skilled movement and performance proficiency (e.g., Beilock & Carr, 2001 ). On the basis of this evidence, researchers have tended to extol the virtues of automaticity. However, few researchers have considered the wide range of empirical evidence which indicates that highly automated behaviors can, on occasion, lead to a series of errors that may prove deleterious to skilled performance. Therefore, the purpose of the current paper is to highlight the perils, rather than the virtues, of automaticity. We draw on Reason's (1990) classification scheme of everyday errors to show how an overreliance on automated procedures may lead to 3 specific performance errors (i.e., mistakes, slips, and lapses) in a variety of skill domains (e.g., sport, dance, music). We conclude by arguing that skilled performance requires the dynamic interplay of automatic processing and conscious processing in order to avoid performance errors and to meet the contextually contingent demands that characterize competitive environments in a range of skill domains.
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Mekari S, Fraser S, Bosquet L, Bonnéry C, Labelle V, Pouliot P, Lesage F, Bherer L. The relationship between exercise intensity, cerebral oxygenation and cognitive performance in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2189-97. [PMID: 26063061 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between exercise intensity, cerebral HbO2 and cognitive performance (Executive and non-Executive) in young adults. METHODS We measured reaction time (RT) and accuracy, during a computerized Stroop task, in 19 young adults (7 males and 12 females). Their mean ± SD age, height, body mass and body mass index (BMI) were 24 ± 4 years, 1.67 ± 0.07 m, 72 ± 14 kg and 25 ± 3 kg m(-2), respectively. Each subject performed the Stroop task at rest and during cycling at exercise of low intensity [40% of peak power output (PPO)], moderate intensity (60% of PPO) and high intensity (85% of PPO). Cerebral oxygenation was monitored during the resting and exercise conditions over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS High-intensity exercise slowed RT in both the Naming (p = 0.04) and the Executive condition (p = 0.04). The analysis also revealed that high-intensity exercise was associated with a decreased accuracy when compared to low-intensity exercise (p = 0.021). Neuroimaging results confirm a decrease of cerebral oxygenation during high-intensity exercise in comparison to low- (p = 0.004) and moderate-intensity exercise (p = 0.003). Correlations revealed that a lower cerebral HbO2 in the prefrontal cortex was associated with slower RT in the Executive condition only (p = 0.04, g = -0.72). CONCLUSION Results of the present study suggest that low to moderate exercise intensity does not alter Executive functioning, but that exercise impairs cognitive functions (Executive and non-Executive) when the physical workload becomes heavy. The cerebral HbO2 correlation suggests that a lower availability of HbO2 was associated with slower RT in the Executive condition only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd Mekari
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Laboratoire LESCA, 4565, Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada. .,Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada.
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Laboratoire LESCA, 4565, Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université de Québec à Montreal, C.P. 8888 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Laboratoire LESCA, 4565, Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada.,Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Université de Poitiers, 8, allée Jean Monnet, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Bonnéry
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Laboratoire LESCA, 4565, Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada.,Département de Génie Biomédical, École Polytechnique, CP 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3A7, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Labelle
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Laboratoire LESCA, 4565, Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université de Québec à Montreal, C.P. 8888 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Département de Génie Biomédical, École Polytechnique, CP 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3A7, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, 5000, rue Bélanger, Montréal, H1T 1C8, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Département de Génie Biomédical, École Polytechnique, CP 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3A7, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, 5000, rue Bélanger, Montréal, H1T 1C8, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Laboratoire LESCA, 4565, Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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Chang YK, Pesce C, Chiang YT, Kuo CY, Fong DY. Antecedent acute cycling exercise affects attention control: an ERP study using attention network test. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:156. [PMID: 25914634 PMCID: PMC4391039 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the after-effects of an acute bout of moderate intensity aerobic cycling exercise on neuroelectric and behavioral indices of efficiency of three attentional networks: alerting, orienting, and executive (conflict) control. Thirty young, highly fit amateur basketball players performed a multifunctional attentional reaction time task, the attention network test (ANT), with a two-group randomized experimental design after an acute bout of moderate intensity spinning wheel exercise or without antecedent exercise. The ANT combined warning signals prior to targets, spatial cueing of potential target locations and target stimuli surrounded by congruent or incongruent flankers, which were provided to assess three attentional networks. Event-related brain potentials and task performance were measured during the ANT. Exercise resulted in a larger P3 amplitude in the alerting and executive control subtasks across frontal, central and parietal midline sites that was paralleled by an enhanced reaction speed only on trials with incongruent flankers of the executive control network. The P3 latency and response accuracy were not affected by exercise. These findings suggest that after spinning, more resources are allocated to task-relevant stimuli in tasks that rely on the alerting and executive control networks. However, the improvement in performance was observed in only the executively challenging conflict condition, suggesting that whether the brain resources that are rendered available immediately after acute exercise translate into better attention performance depends on the cognitive task complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”Rome, Italy
| | - Yi-Te Chiang
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuh Kuo
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yang Fong
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
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The relationship between regular sports participation and vigilance in male and female adolescents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123898. [PMID: 25849873 PMCID: PMC4388493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between regular sport participation (soccer) and vigilance performance. Two groups of male and female adolescents differentiated in terms of their sport participation (athletes, n = 39, and non-athletes, n = 36) took part in the study. In one session, participants performed the Leger Multi-stage fitness test to estimate their aerobic fitness level. In the other session, participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to evaluate their vigilance performance. Perceived arousal prior to the task and motivation toward the task were also measured in the PVT session. The results revealed that athletes had better cardiovascular fitness and showed better performance in the PVT. However, correlation analyses did not show any significant relationship between cardiovascular fitness and performance in the PVT. Athletes showed larger scores in motivation and perceived arousal measures with respect to non-athletes, although, once again, these variables were not correlated with PVT performance. Gender differences were observed only in the Leger test, with males showing greater fitness level than females. The major outcome of this research points to a positive relationship between regular sport participation and vigilance during adolescence. This relationship did not seem to be influenced by gender, perceived arousal, motivation toward the task or cardiovascular fitness. We discuss our results in terms of the different hypotheses put forward in the literature to explain the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning.
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Vidal EG, Zarricueta EF, Cheein FA. Human-inspired sound environment recognition system for assistive vehicles. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:016012. [PMID: 25588030 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/1/016012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human auditory system acquires environmental information under sound stimuli faster than visual or touch systems, which in turn, allows for faster human responses to such stimuli. It also complements senses such as sight, where direct line-of-view is necessary to identify objects, in the environment recognition process. This work focuses on implementing human reaction to sound stimuli and environment recognition on assistive robotic devices, such as robotic wheelchairs or robotized cars. These vehicles need environment information to ensure safe navigation. APPROACH In the field of environment recognition, range sensors (such as LiDAR and ultrasonic systems) and artificial vision devices are widely used; however, these sensors depend on environment constraints (such as lighting variability or color of objects), and sound can provide important information for the characterization of an environment. In this work, we propose a sound-based approach to enhance the environment recognition process, mainly for cases that compromise human integrity, according to the International Classification of Functioning (ICF). Our proposal is based on a neural network implementation that is able to classify up to 15 different environments, each selected according to the ICF considerations on environment factors in the community-based physical activities of people with disabilities. MAIN RESULTS The accuracy rates in environment classification ranges from 84% to 93%. This classification is later used to constrain assistive vehicle navigation in order to protect the user during daily activities. This work also includes real-time outdoor experimentation (performed on an assistive vehicle) by seven volunteers with different disabilities (but without cognitive impairment and experienced in the use of wheelchairs), statistical validation, comparison with previously published work, and a discussion section where the pros and cons of our system are evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed sound-based system is very efficient at providing general descriptions of the environment. Such descriptions are focused on vulnerable situations described by the ICF. The volunteers answered a questionnaire regarding the importance of constraining the vehicle velocities in risky environments, showing that all the volunteers felt comfortable with the system and its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo González Vidal
- Autonomous and Industrial Robotics Research Group (GRAI), Advanced Center of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
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Baati H, Shell Hmani M, Jarraya M, Chtourou H, Masmoudi L, Trabelsi K, Hakim A, Marrakchi R, Moalla W. Effect of total sleep deprivation on egocentric distance estimation following a fatiguing task. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.985003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Caffeine promotes global spatial processing in habitual and non-habitual caffeine consumers. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:694. [PMID: 24146646 PMCID: PMC3797965 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing is generally biased toward global cues, often at the expense of local information. Equivocal extant data suggests that arousal states may accentuate either a local or global processing bias, at least partially dependent on the nature of the manipulation, task, and stimuli. To further differentiate the conditions responsible for such equivocal results we varied caffeine doses to alter physiological arousal states and measured their effect on tasks requiring the retrieval of local versus global spatial knowledge. In a double-blind, repeated-measures design, non-habitual (Experiment 1; N = 36, M = 42.5 ± 28.7 mg/day caffeine) and habitual (Experiment 2; N = 34, M = 579.5 ± 311.5 mg/day caffeine) caffeine consumers completed four test sessions corresponding to each of four caffeine doses (0, 100, 200, 400 mg). During each test session, participants consumed a capsule containing one of the three doses of caffeine or placebo, waited 60 min, and then completed two spatial tasks, one involving memorizing maps and one spatial descriptions. A spatial statement verification task tested local versus global spatial knowledge by differentially probing memory for proximal versus distal landmark relationships. On the map learning task, results indicated that caffeine enhanced memory for distal (i.e., global) compared to proximal (i.e., local) comparisons at 100 (marginal), 200, and 400 mg caffeine in non-habitual consumers, and marginally beginning at 200 mg caffeine in habitual consumers. On the spatial descriptions task, caffeine enhanced memory for distal compared to proximal comparisons beginning at 100 mg in non-habitual but not habitual consumers. We thus provide evidence that caffeine-induced physiological arousal amplifies global spatial processing biases, and these effects are at least partially driven by habitual caffeine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University , Medford, MA , USA
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41
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Labelle V, Bosquet L, Mekary S, Bherer L. Decline in executive control during acute bouts of exercise as a function of exercise intensity and fitness level. Brain Cogn 2013; 81:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation. Brain Cogn 2012; 80:338-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res 2012; 1453:87-101. [PMID: 22480735 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1015] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial body of literature related to the effects of a single session of exercise on cognitive performance. The premise underlying this research is that physiological changes in response to exercise have implications for cognitive function. This literature has been reviewed both narratively and meta-analytically and, although the research findings are mixed, researchers have generally concluded that there is a small positive effect. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide an updated comprehensive analysis of the extant literature on acute exercise and cognitive performance and to explore the effects of moderators that have implications for mechanisms of the effects. Searches of electronic databases and examinations of reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 79 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Consistent with past findings, analyses indicated that the overall effect was positive and small (g=0.097 n=1034). Positive and small effects were also found in all three acute exercise paradigms: during exercise (g=0.101; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.041-0.160), immediately following exercise (g=0.108; 95% CI; 0.069-0.147), and after a delay (g=0.103; 95% CI; 0.035-0.170). Examination of potential moderators indicated that exercise duration, exercise intensity, type of cognitive performance assessed, and participant fitness were significant moderators. In conclusion, the effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance are generally small; however, larger effects are possible for particular cognitive outcomes and when specific exercise parameters are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Chaddock L, Neider MB, Voss MW, Gaspar JG, Kramer AF. Do athletes excel at everyday tasks? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:1920-6. [PMID: 21407125 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318218ca74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive enhancements are associated with sport training. We extended the sport-cognition literature by using a realistic street crossing task to examine the multitasking and processing speed abilities of collegiate athletes and nonathletes. METHODS Pedestrians navigated trafficked roads by walking on a treadmill in a virtual world, a challenge that requires the quick and simultaneous processing of multiple streams of information. RESULTS Athletes had higher street crossing success rates than nonathletes, as reflected by fewer collisions with moving vehicles. Athletes also showed faster processing speed on a computer-based test of simple reaction time, and shorter reaction times were associated with higher street crossing success rates. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that participation in athletics relates to superior street crossing multitasking abilities and that athlete and nonathlete differences in processing speed may underlie this difference. We suggest that cognitive skills trained in sport may transfer to performance on everyday fast-paced multitasking abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chaddock
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 60801, USA.
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Furley P, Memmert D. Studying cognitive adaptations in the field of sport: broad or narrow transfer? A comment on Allen, Fioratou, and McGeorge (2011). Percept Mot Skills 2012; 113:481-8. [PMID: 22185062 DOI: 10.2466/05.23.pms.113.5.481-488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This commentary addresses Allen, Fioratou, and McGeorge (2011), drawing attention to the important topic of how humans cognitively adapt to activities they engage in on a daily basis. We elaborate on the critique and suggestions made by Allen, et al. by reviewing research on the relationship of sport and cognition and argue that publication bias may be an issue when studying cognitive adaptations as a function of sport engagement. Implications for future research on the sport-cognition relationship are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Furley
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany.
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Giglia G, Brighina F, Zangla D, Bianco A, Chiavetta E, Palma A, Fierro B. Visuospatial attention lateralization in volleyball players and in rowers. Percept Mot Skills 2011; 112:915-25. [PMID: 21853778 DOI: 10.2466/05.22.27.pms.112.3.915-925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, differences in visuospatial attention lateralization were evaluated in athletes engaged in open-compared to closed-skill sports and sedentary nonathletes. 23 volleyball players (open skill; Italian national level and regional level), 10 rowers (closed skill, Italian national level), and 23 sedentary participants responded to a computerized line-length judgment task. Five lines, differing in the length of their right and left segments, were randomly presented; the respondent made a forced-choice decision about the respective length of the two segments. Volleyball players responded significantly faster; those at the higher competitive level were also more accurate, making a statistically significantly lower number of leftward errors as compared with rowers and controls. If such responses are due to training rather than self-selection of ability, then the results may suggest the possibility of changing the distribution of visuospatial attention by training in open-skill sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giglia
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Italy
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Spierer DK, Petersen RA, Duffy K. Response time to stimuli in division I soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1134-41. [PMID: 20664362 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d09e4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of auditory stimuli (AS) and visual stimuli (VS) on sprint time, sprint speed, and reaction time in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male soccer players. Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age 22.1 ± 1.6 years) volunteered for the study. This experiment was conducted on a regulation soccer field, using a wireless timing system. Subjects stood on a touch-and-release pad and were instructed a prompt (AS: "go" command via a microphone interface, VS: movement of a player located 10 m from the start) to run 20 m through the finish line timing gates without decelerating. After 3 submaximal sprint trials at 50%, conditions (AS and VS) were randomized and performed 3 times by each subject. The best sprint time, sprint speed, and reaction time were recorded. Paired t-tests were conducted on dependent variables to determine statistically significant differences. An alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Sprint time was reduced in response to VS as compared to AS (3.76 ± 0.16 seconds vs. 3.85 ± 0.15 seconds, p = 0.001). Sprint speed (distance covered) was greater in VS compared to AS (5.3 ± 0.21 m · s vs. 5.1 ± 0.19 m · s, p < 0.001), and reaction time was reduced in VS compared to AS (0.53 ± 0.048 seconds vs. 0.61 ± 0.044 seconds, p = 0.001). These data show that VS rather than AS improve sprint response times in collegiate male soccer athletes. The data suggest that performance on the field may be improved if coaches and players strategize to integrate visual cues (e.g., gestures and signals) during practices and games.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Spierer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Division of Sports Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Giles G, Lieberman HR, Taylor HA. Caffeine-induced physiological arousal accentuates global processing biases. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ando S, Kokubu M, Yamada Y, Kimura M. Does cerebral oxygenation affect cognitive function during exercise? Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1973-82. [PMID: 21249389 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether cerebral oxygenation affects cognitive function during exercise. We measured reaction times (RT) of 12 participants while they performed a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task, at rest and while cycling. In the exercise condition, participants performed the cognitive task at rest and while cycling at three workloads [40, 60, and 80% of peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text])]. In the control condition, the workload was fixed at 20 W. RT was divided into premotor and motor components based on surface electromyographic recordings. The premotor component of RT (premotor time) was used to evaluate the effects of acute exercise on cognitive function. Cerebral oxygenation was monitored during the cognitive task over the right frontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. In the exercise condition, we found that premotor time significantly decreased during exercise at 60% peak [Formula: see text] relative to rest. However, this improvement was not observed during exercise at 80% peak [Formula: see text]. In the control condition, premotor time did not change during exercise. Cerebral oxygenation during exercise at 60% peak [Formula: see text] was not significantly different from that at rest, while cerebral oxygenation substantially decreased during exercise at 80% peak [Formula: see text]. The present results suggest that an improvement in cognitive function occurs during moderate exercise, independent of cerebral oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- School of Nursing, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Pesce C, Cereatti L, Forte R, Crova C, Casella R. Acute and Chronic Exercise Effects on Attentional Control in Older Road Cyclists. Gerontology 2011; 57:121-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000314685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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