1
|
Rubín L, Mitáš J, Vorlíček M, Dygrýn J, Suchomel A, Lang JJ, Tomkinson GR. Normative-referenced values for health-related fitness among Czech youth: Physical fitness data from the study IPEN Adolescent Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 2023; 31:279-286. [PMID: 38309706 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to developed sex- and age-specific normative-referenced percentile values for health-related fitness among 12 to 18 years old Czech youth. METHODS This study included cross-sectional data from 1,173 participants (50.7% boys) collected between 2013 and 2016. Participants were recruited from 32 elementary or secondary schools across eight cities located in the Czech Republic. Health-related fitness was objectively measured using both anthropometric (height, body mass, and sum of skinfolds) and performance (20-m shuttle run for cardiorespiratory endurance, modified push-ups for muscular strength/endurance, and V sit-and-reach for flexibility) tests. Sex- and age-specific normative values were calculated using the Lambda Mu Sigma method. Sex- and age-related differences in means were expressed as standardized effect sizes. RESULTS Normative percentiles were tabulated and displayed as smoothed curves. Among boys, measures of health-related fitness generally increased with age, except for an age-related decline in the sum of skinfolds and a plateau in V sit-and-reach. Among girls, most measures of health-related fitness increased from age 12 to 16 years before stabilizing, except for the sum of skinfolds, which remained stable from age 12 to 18 years. The sex-related differences were large with boys having higher cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular strength/endurance than girls. Girls compared to boys had higher flexibility. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the most up-to-date sex- and age-specific normative-referenced percentile values for health-related fitness among Czech youth. Normative values may be useful for fitness and public health screening and surveillance, for example, by helping to identify youth with low fitness who might benefit from a fitness-enhancing intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Rubín
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Mitáš
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vorlíček
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dygrýn
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Suchomel
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, College of Education and Human Development, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blagus R, Jurak G, Starc G, Leskošek B. Centile Reference Curves of the SLOfit Physical Fitness Tests for School-Aged Children and Adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:328-336. [PMID: 35900799 PMCID: PMC9872862 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Blagus, R, Jurak, G, Starc, G, and Leskošek, B. Centile reference curves of the SLOfit physical fitness tests for school-aged children and adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 328-336, 2023-The study provides sex- and age-specific centile norms of Slovenian children and youth. Physical fitness was assessed using the SLOfit test battery on population data, including 185,222 children, aged 6-19 years, measured in April and May 2018. Centile curves for both sexes and 12 test items were constructed using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Boys generally achieved higher scores in most of the physical fitness tests, except in stand and reach, but this was not consistent throughout childhood and adolescence, nor did it pertain to the entire range of performance. Girls outperformed boys in the arm-plate tapping test throughout childhood; the poorest performing girls outperformed the poorest performing boys in the 600-m run, 60-m dash, backward obstacle course, and standing broad jump. The shapes and trends of physical fitness curves adequately reflect the effects of growth and development on boys' and girls' physical performance. Comparing the existing reference fitness curves showed that Slovenian children and adolescents display higher fitness levels than their peers from other countries. This study provides the most up-to-date sex- and age-specific reference fitness centile curves of Slovenian children, which can be used as benchmark values for health and fitness monitoring and surveillance systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rok Blagus
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
- Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sagat P, Štefan L, Petrić V, Štemberger V, Blažević I. Normative values of cardiorespiratory fitness in Croatian children and adolescents. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284410. [PMID: 37093827 PMCID: PMC10124836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although defining normative values of cardiorespiratory fitness have been the topic of many Western societies, little evidence has been provided for less developed countries like Croatia. Since cardiorespiratory fitness rapidly declines in Croatian children and adolescents, the newly established normative values would help health-related professionals and physical education teachers to detect 'talented' groups and direct them towards sport and 'risky' groups for planning special interventions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to determine normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness. A total of 1,612 children and adolescents aged 7-14 years (mean±SD; age 9.7±2.4 years; stature 151.0±17.6 cm; body mass 45.1±19.1 kg; 52.5% girls) participated in this cross-sectional study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test and the performance was expressed as the number of stages. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated by equations. Smoothed percentile curves were calculated. Boys outperformed girls in the maximal number of levels achieved after the 20-m shuttle run test and in the VO2max values at each age category. In boys, a gradually higher level of performance between ages 11 and 14 was observed, while in girls the values started to rise after the age of 8. Our study provides one of the first sex- and age-specific normative values for cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test in Croatian children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagat
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lovro Štefan
- Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Educational Studies, Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vilko Petrić
- Department of Educational Studies, Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vesna Štemberger
- Department of Primary Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Blažević
- Department of Primary Teacher Education, Faculty of Educational Science, University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin X, Zhang F, Sun P, Liu Y, Guo Y. The Multistage 20-Meter Shuttle Run Test Reference Values for Tibetan Children and Adolescents in Tibet, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12703. [PMID: 36232003 PMCID: PMC9565077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) reference data for Tibetan (Zang ethnicity) children and adolescents at high altitudes in Tibet of China are lacking. The present study aimed to develop sex- and age-specific 20mSRT norms for Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents at high altitudes. METHOD A total of 4667 participants from Lhasa (3650 m), Nagqu (4500 m), and Amdo (4700 m) were selected by a stratified random cluster sampling method in two stages. The 20 m SRT test was used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness. The 20 m SRT norms were developed by the lambda, mu, and sigma method (LMS). RESULTS The 20 m SRT laps, completed stages/minutes, and the speed at the last complete stage of Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents aged 7-18 years increased with age. CONCLUSION Given the importance of CRF for children and adolescents' health, the government should strengthen the monitoring of the CRF of Tibetan children and adolescents in high-altitude areas, strengthen physical education curriculum reform, and increase the level of physical activity in order to improve the level of CRF in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yaru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparing cross-sectional and longitudinal tracking to establish percentile data and assess performance progression in swimmers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10292. [PMID: 35717501 PMCID: PMC9206680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide percentile curves for short-course swimming events, including 5 swimming strokes, 6 race distances, and both sexes, as well as to compare differences in race times between cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal tracking, a total of 31,645,621 race times of male and female swimmers were analyzed. Two percentile datasets were established from individual swimmers’ annual best times and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences between cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal tracking. A software-based percentile calculator was provided to extract the exact percentile for a given race time. Longitudinal tracking reduced the number of annual best times that were included in the percentiles by 98.35% to 262,071 and showed faster mean race times (P < 0.05) compared to the cross-sectional analysis. This difference was found in the lower percentiles (1st to 20th) across all age categories (P < 0.05); however, in the upper percentiles (80th to 99th), longitudinal tracking showed faster race times during early and late junior age only (P < 0.05), after which race times approximated cross-sectional tracking. The percentile calculator provides quick and easy data access to facilitate practical application of percentiles in training or competition. Longitudinal tracking that accounts for drop-out may predict performance progression towards elite age, particularly for high-performance swimmers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Born DP, Lomax I, Rüeger E, Romann M. Normative data and percentile curves for long-term athlete development in swimming. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:266-271. [PMID: 34764012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide normative data and establish percentile curves for long-course (50 m pool length) swimming events and to compare progression of race times longitudinally for the various swimming strokes and race distances. DESIGN Descriptive approach with longitudinal tracking of performance data. METHODS A total of 2,884,783 race results were collected from which 169,194 annual best times from early junior to elite age were extracted. To account for drop-outs during adolescence, only swimmers still competing at age of peak performance (21-26 years) were included and analyzed retrospectively. Percentiles were established with z-scores around the median and the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method applied to account for potential skewness. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure and between-subject factor was applied to compare race times across the various events and age groups. RESULTS Percentile curves were established based on longitudinal tracking of race times specific to sex, swimming stroke, and race distance. Comparing performance progression, race times of freestyle sprint events showed an early plateau with no further significant improvement (p > 0.05) after late junior age (15-17 years). However, the longer the race distance, the later the race times plateaued (p < 0.05). Female swimmers generally showed an earlier performance plateau than males. Backstroke and freestyle showed an earlier performance plateau compared to the other swimming strokes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Performance progression varied between sex, swimming strokes, and race distances. Percentile curves based on longitudinal tracking may allow an objective assessment of swimming performance, help discover individual potentials, and facilitate realistic goal setting for talent development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Swimming Federation, Section for High-Performance Sports, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Department for Elite Sport, Switzerland.
| | - Ishbel Lomax
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Department for Elite Sport, Switzerland
| | - Eva Rüeger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Department for Elite Sport, Switzerland
| | - Michael Romann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Department for Elite Sport, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beale N, Eldridge E, Delextrat A, Esser P, Bushnell O, Curtis E, Wassenaar T, Wheatley C, Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H. Exploring activity levels in physical education lessons in the UK: a cross-sectional examination of activity types and fitness levels. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000924. [PMID: 33768961 PMCID: PMC7944978 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish pupil fitness levels, and the relationship to global norms and physical education (PE) enjoyment. To measure and describe physical activity (PA) levels during secondary school PE lessons, in the context of recommended levels, and how levels vary with activity and lesson type. METHODS A cross-sectional design; 10 697 pupils aged 12.5 (SD 0.30) years; pupils who completed a multistage fitness test and wore accelerometers to measure PA during PE lessons. Multilevel models estimated fitness and PE activity levels, accounting for school and class-level clustering. RESULTS Cardiorespiratory fitness was higher in boys than girls (ß=-0.48; 95% CI -0.56 to -0.39, p<0.001), within absolute terms 51% of boys and 54% of girls above the 50th percentile of global norms. On average, pupils spent 23.8% of PE lessons in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and 7.1% in vigorous PA (VPA). Fitness-focused lessons recorded most VPA in co-educational (ß=1.09; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.74) and boys-only lessons (ß=0.32; 95% CI -0.21 to 0.85). In girls-only lessons, track athletics recorded most VPA (ß=0.13; 95% CI -0.50 to 0.75) and net/wall/racket games (ß=0.97; 95% CI 0.12 to 1.82) the most MVPA. For all lesson types, field athletics was least active (ß=-0.85; 95% CI -1.33 to -0.36). There was a relationship of enjoyment of PE to fitness (ß=1.03; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.23), and this relationship did not vary with sex (ß=-0.14 to 0.23; 95% CI -0.16 to 0.60). CONCLUSIONS PE lessons were inactive compared with current guidelines. We propose that if we are to continue to develop a range of sporting skills in schools at the same time as increasing levels of fitness and PA, there is a need to introduce additional sessions of PE activity focused on increasing physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03286725.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Beale
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Emma Eldridge
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Patrick Esser
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Oliver Bushnell
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Emily Curtis
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas Wassenaar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Catherine Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Sousa MM, Pimentel MDS, Sobreira IDA, Barros RDJ, Borghi-Silva A, Mazzoli-Rocha F. Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Aerobic Capacity in Amateur Indoor Football Players. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:456-463. [PMID: 33307554 DOI: 10.1055/a-1255-3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inspiratory muscle training represents a recommended clinical practice to improve physical performance of healthy individuals, athletes, and those with chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate whether high- and low-intensity inspiratory muscle training interferes with the aerobic capacity of indoor soccer players. Volunteers were equally and randomly divided into CON (control group, no inspiratory muscle training); HIG (high-intensity group, inspiratory muscle training at 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure, 3 sets of 12 repetitions); and LIG (low-intensity group, inspiratory muscle training at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure, 2 sets of 20 repetitions). Before and after inspiratory muscle training, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, the incremental shuttle run test, and the 3-min step test were evaluated. Both inspiratory muscle training protocols improved maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and indirect maximal oxygen consumption and distance traveled in the shuttle test compared to CON. However, only HIG achieved significant increases of indirect oxygen consumption and frequency of step rise in the 3-min step test (p<0.05). Inspiratory muscle training is an important tool to enhance maximal inspiratory pressure and exercise tolerance with potential benefits on submaximal aerobic capacity. However, high-intensity inspiratory muscle training improved aerobic capacity in amateur indoor soccer players in both submaximal tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Martins de Sousa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Teresopolis, Serra dos Orgaos University Centre Centre of Health Sciences, Teresopolis
| | - Matheus Dos Santos Pimentel
- Department of Physiotherapy, Teresopolis, Serra dos Orgaos University Centre Centre of Health Sciences, Teresopolis
| | - Isabela de Andrade Sobreira
- Department of Physiotherapy, Teresopolis, Serra dos Orgaos University Centre Centre of Health Sciences, Teresopolis
| | - Rondineli de Jesus Barros
- Department of Physiotherapy, Teresopolis, Serra dos Orgaos University Centre Centre of Health Sciences, Teresopolis
| | | | - Flavia Mazzoli-Rocha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Teresopolis, Serra dos Orgaos University Centre Centre of Health Sciences, Teresopolis.,Physiotherapy, UFSCar, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo.,Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muggeo VM, Torretta F, Eilers PHC, Sciandra M, Attanasio M. Multiple smoothing parameters selection in additive regression quantiles. STAT MODEL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1471082x20929802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We propose an iterative algorithm to select the smoothing parameters in additive quantile regression, wherein the functional forms of the covariate effects are unspecified and expressed via B-spline bases with difference penalties on the spline coefficients. The proposed algorithm relies on viewing the penalized coefficients as random effects from the symmetric Laplace distribution, and it turns out to be very efficient and particularly attractive with multiple smooth terms. Through simulations we compare our proposal with some alternative approaches, including the traditional ones based on minimization of the Schwarz Information Criterion. A real-data analysis is presented to illustrate the method in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito M.R. Muggeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Torretta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Sciandra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Attanasio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vanhelst J, Ternynck C, Ovigneur H, Deschamps T. Normative health-related fitness values for French children: The Diagnoform Programme. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:690-699. [PMID: 31778590 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to establish sex- and age-specific physical fitness percentiles for French children. The secondary aim was to assess sex, weight status, and age differences for physical fitness levels in French children. A sample of 31 484 children (16 023 boys, 15 461 girls) aged 6-11 years participated in the Diagnoform programme. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, speed, flexibility, and agility were assessed in this national programme. Percentile values were estimated as a function of age stratified by sex using a parametric method providing smooth centile curves and explicit formulae for the centile estimates. Values from the 10th to the 90th percentile are reported. The influence of body weight according to sex on the physical fitness level was also examined using an analysis of covariance adjusted for age. Physical fitness levels were slightly better in boys, except for agility and flexibility, in which girls performed better (Cohen's coefficient, 0.20-0.45; P < .001). All physical fitness tests were significantly associated with age (P < .0001). In general, overweight and obese children had a significantly poorer physical fitness level compared with their normal-weight counterparts (P < .05). No difference was found between thin and normal-weight boys and girls, except for agility (P < .05). Reference values provide normative data for French children, and these data should be useful for identifying special needs for appropriate intervention programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Vanhelst
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC -Lille Inflammation Research International Center, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Ternynck
- CHU Lille, EA 2694 - Public Health: Epidemiology and Quality of Care, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Núñez JL, Mahbubani L, Huéscar E, León J. Relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, inhibition, and math fluency: A cluster analysis. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2660-2666. [PMID: 31448693 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1654594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study identified clusters of adolescents who share similar cardiorespiratory fitness levels and analysed the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, inhibition, and math fluency in each of the clusters. The subjects were 490 high-school students aged 10-16 years. The mean age was 13.82 years (SD = 1.12). Latent class analysis identified three clusters with high, medium, and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. The high-fitness cluster achieved higher scores in inhibition and math fluency than the low-fitness cluster. Path analysis revealed that the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on inhibition was non-existent in the three clusters. The effect of inhibition on math fluency was positive and significant in all three cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Cardiorespiratory fitness had a direct, positive, and significant effect on math fluency only in the high-fitness cluster. Therefore, a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness is a significant determining factor in the explanation of math fluency. These results indicate that inhibition does not mediate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and math fluency. However, the benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness affect math fluency, which has important implications for the educational environment and the teaching/learning process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Núñez
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Social Work, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Spain
| | - Luis Mahbubani
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Social Work, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Spain
| | - Elisa Huéscar
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University of Elche , Alicante , Spain
| | - Jaime León
- Department of Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The 20-m Shuttle Run: Assessment and Interpretation of Data in Relation to Youth Aerobic Fitness and Health. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:152-163. [PMID: 30885058 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a good summative measure of the body's ability to perform continuous, rhythmic, dynamic, large-muscle group physical activity, and exercise. In children, CRF is meaningfully associated with health, independent of physical activity levels, and it is an important determinant of sports and athletic performance. Although gas-analyzed peak oxygen uptake is the criterion physiological measure of children's CRF, it is not practical for population-based testing. Field testing offers a simple, cheap, practical alternative to gas analysis. The 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT)-a progressive aerobic exercise test involving continuous running between 2 lines 20 m apart in time to audio signals-is probably the most widely used field test of CRF. This review aims to clarify the international utility of the 20mSRT by synthesizing the evidence describing measurement variability, validity, reliability, feasibility, and the interpretation of results, as well as to provide future directions for international surveillance. The authors show that the 20mSRT is an acceptable, feasible, and scalable measure of CRF and functional/exercise capacity, and that it has moderate criterion validity and high to very high reliability. The assessment is pragmatic, easily interpreted, and results are transferable to meaningful and understandable situations. The authors recommend that CRF, assessed by the 20mSRT, be considered as an international population health surveillance measure to provide additional insight into pediatric population health.
Collapse
|
13
|
A Preliminary Study of Physical Fitness in 8- to 10-Year-Old Primary School Children From North East England in Comparison With National and International Data. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:229-237. [PMID: 30651046 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Despite recent updates to international normative values for physical fitness in young people, contemporary data sets from England are sparse with no published data available from the North East. We compared physical fitness in children from one primary school in North East England to International and European reference data, and other English regions. Methods: Eighty participants (mean age [SD]: 9.1 [0.6] y) completed a testing battery of 20-m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, standing broad jump, and sit-and-reach. Scores for each component were assessed against International or European age- and sex-specific centiles, then grouped into quintiles. Differences between our sample and European and English data sets were explored using z scores and t tests. Results: For all components, ≥58% of participants were classified as having "moderate" or lower levels. Twenty-meter shuttle run test performance was not substantially different compared with other English data sets. For handgrip and sit-and-reach, our sample scored significantly worse than South East children. Standing broad jump distance in girls, and handgrip in boys and girls, was significantly lower than North West equivalents. Conclusion: Physical fitness levels in primary school children from North East England are suboptimal, highlighting a need for large-scale monitoring studies to build on our preliminary findings.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lang JJ, Tomkinson GR, Janssen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Léger L, Tremblay MS. Making a Case for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Surveillance Among Children and Youth. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:66-75. [PMID: 29346159 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We review the evidence that supports cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as an important indicator of current and future health among school-aged children and youth, independent of physical activity levels. We discuss the merit of CRF measurement for population health surveillance and propose the development of CRF guidelines to help support regional, national, and international surveillance efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Léger
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tabacchi G, Faigenbaum A, Jemni M, Thomas E, Capranica L, Palma A, Breda J, Bianco A. Profiles of Physical Fitness Risk Behaviours in School Adolescents from the ASSO Project: A Latent Class Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091933. [PMID: 30189647 PMCID: PMC6163564 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to describe profiles of adolescents’ fitness level, identify latent classes of fitness-related risk behaviours, and describe their sociodemographic and environmental predictors. In total, 883 adolescents (16.4 ± 1.4 years; 167.3 ± 10.4 cm; 62.8 ± 13.5 kg; 62.2% males) were assessed for personal and lifestyle information and for physical fitness components. Eleven possible fitness determinants and seven predictors were included. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine fitness-related risk behaviours. Logistic regressions predicted class membership and assessed associations with fitness levels and fitness components. Five latent classes were recognised: 1—virtuous, 30.7% of respondents; 2—low physical activity/sport, 18.8%; 3—incorrect alcohol/food habits, 25.8%; 4—health risk/overweight, 15.9%; 5—malaise/diseases, 8.8%. Sex, age, parents’ overweightness/obesity and education, and school type predicted most classes significantly. Compared to class 1, class 2 had higher odds of having all poor fitness components except upper body maximal strength; class 4 had higher risk of low muscular endurance; and class 5 was likely to have lower maximal strength, muscular endurance, and speed/agility. Educating adolescents to reach a sufficient practice of PA/sport could help decreasing the risk of low health-related fitness more than discouraging them from using alcohol, addressing proper food behaviours and habits, and helping them understand their psychophysical malaise symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garden Tabacchi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Unit, SPPF Department, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Avery Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
| | - Monèm Jemni
- ISAFA-International Science and Football Association, 13 Musker Pl, Papworth Everard, Cambridge CB23 3LE, UK.
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Unit, SPPF Department, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, P.za Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Unit, SPPF Department, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Joao Breda
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, DK, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Unit, SPPF Department, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Domone S, Mann S, Sandercock G, Wade M, Beedie C. A Method by Which to Assess the Scalability of Field-Based Fitness Tests of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Schoolchildren. Sports Med 2018; 46:1819-1831. [PMID: 27229897 PMCID: PMC5097078 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has reported the validity and reliability of a range of field-based tests of children’s cardiorespiratory fitness. These two criteria are critical in ensuring the integrity and credibility of data derived through such tests. However, the criterion of scalability has received little attention. Scalability determines the degree to which tests developed on small samples in controlled settings might demonstrate real-world value, and is of increasing interest to policymakers and practitioners. The present paper proposes a method by which the scalability of cardiorespiratory field-based tests suitable for school-aged children might be assessed. We developed an algorithm to estimate scalability based on a six-component model; delivery, evidence of operating at scale, effectiveness, costs, resource requirements and practical implementation. We tested the algorithm on data derived through a systematic review of research that has used relevant fitness tests. A total of 229 studies that had used field based cardiorespiratory fitness tests to measure children’s fitness were identified. Initial analyses indicated that the 5-min run test did not meet accepted criteria for reliability, whilst the 6-min walk test likewise failed to meet the criteria for validity. Of the remainder, a total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria, 22 reporting the 20-m shuttle-run and seven the 1-mile walk/run. Using the scalability algorithm we demonstrate that the 20-m shuttle run test is substantially more scalable than the 1-mile walk/run test, with tests scoring 34/48 and 25/48, respectively. A comprehensive analysis of scalability was prohibited by the widespread non-reporting of data, for example, those relating to cost-effectiveness. Of all sufficiently valid and reliable candidate tests identified, using our algorithm the 20-m shuttle run test was identified as the most scalable. We hope that the algorithm will prove useful in the examination of scalability in either new data relating to existing tests or in data pertaining to new tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Domone
- ukactive Research Institute, 26-28 Bedford Row, London, WC1R 4HE, UK.
| | - Steven Mann
- ukactive Research Institute, 26-28 Bedford Row, London, WC1R 4HE, UK
| | - Gavin Sandercock
- ukactive Research Institute, 26-28 Bedford Row, London, WC1R 4HE, UK.,Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Matthew Wade
- ukactive Research Institute, 26-28 Bedford Row, London, WC1R 4HE, UK
| | - Chris Beedie
- ukactive Research Institute, 26-28 Bedford Row, London, WC1R 4HE, UK.,School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Results From England's 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:S347-S349. [PMID: 30475105 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
18
|
Vanhelst J, Labreuche J, Béghin L, Drumez E, Fardy PS, Chapelot D, Mikulovic J, Ulmer Z. Physical Fitness Reference Standards in French Youth: The BOUGE Program. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1709-1718. [PMID: 28538324 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish sex- and age-specific physical fitness percentiles in French youth. A sample of 11,186 children and adolescents (5,546 boys and 5,640 girls), aged between 10 and 15 years, was assessed in the French national BOUGE study. Participants were tested for their cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, speed, flexibility, and agility using the following tests: 20-m shuttle run tests, curl-ups test, 50-m sprint test, back-saver sit and reach test, and 10 × 5-m shuttle run test. Percentile values were estimated for French youth as a function of age stratified by sex using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). In general, physical fitness was better in boys than in girls, except for the back-saver sit and reach test, in which girls performed better. Except for the back-saver sit and reach test and 10 × 5-m shuttle run test, physical fitness performance was significantly associated with age. Sex- and age-specific normative values for physical fitness tests in French youth expressed as percentiles from the fifth to the 95th are provided. Reference values provide normative data for French youth. The data are useful in identifying special needs for appropriate intervention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Vanhelst
- 1Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University of Lille, Inserm, Lille, France; 2Clinical Investigation Center, University of Lille, Inserm, Lille, France; 3Laboratory LACES, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; 4Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Care, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France; 5Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York; 6Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit, Bobigny, France; and 7Health Unit, French Mutuality National Federation, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oluwasanu MM, Oladepo O. Effects of a multi-level intervention on the pattern of physical activity among in-school adolescents in Oyo state Nigeria: a cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:833. [PMID: 29061128 PMCID: PMC5653979 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity contributes to the global burden of non-communicable diseases. The pattern of physical activity in adulthood are often established during adolescence and sedentary behaviours in the early years could influence the development of diseases later in life. Studies on physical activity in Nigeria have focused largely on individual behaviours and the effects of school-based interventions have not been well investigated. The aim of the proposed study is to identify factors influencing; and evaluate the effects of a multi-level intervention on the physical activity behaviours of in-school adolescents in Oyo state, Nigeria. Methods The study will adopt a cluster randomised controlled trial design and schools will serve as the unit of randomisation. The sample size is 1000 in-school adolescents aged 10–19 years. The study will be guided by the socio-ecological model and theory of reasoned action and baseline data will be obtained through a mixed methods approach comprising a cross sectional survey to document the self-reported physical activity levels coupled with objectively measured physical activity levels using pedometers for a subset of the sample. Other measurements including weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, fitness level using the 20-m shuttle run test (20-mSRT) and blood pressure will be obtained. The schools’ built environment and policy support for physical activity will be assessed using structured questionnaires coupled with key informant interviews and focus group discussions with the school authorities. Baseline findings will guide the design and implementation of a 12-week multi-level intervention. The primary outcome measures are self–reported and 7-day objectively measured physical activity. Other secondary outcome measures are body-mass-index for age, waist-to-hip ratio, cardioresiratory fitness and blood pressure. The association between behavioural factors and physical activity levels will be assessed. Follow-up measurements will be taken immediately after the intervention and 3-months post intervention. Discussion Physical activity behaviours of adolescents in Nigeria are influenced by multiple factors. There is an urgent need for effective school-based interventions with a potential to improve the physical activity behaviours of adolescents in Nigeria and other low and middle income countries. Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry. Trial registration number: PACTR201706002224335, registered 26 June 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu
- African Regional Health Education Centre, Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Freitas D, Maia J, Stasinopoulos M, Gouveia ÉR, Antunes AM, Thomis M, Lefevre J, Claessens A, Hedeker D, Malina RM. Biological and environmental determinants of 12-minute run performance in youth. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:607-613. [PMID: 28835122 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1355410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 12-minute run is a commonly used indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. Variation in growth and maturity status as potential correlates of test performance has not been systematically addressed. AIM To evaluate biological and environmental determinants of 12-minute run performance in Portuguese youth aged 7-17 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Mixed-longitudinal samples of 187 boys and 142 girls were surveyed in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The 12-minute run was the indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Height, body mass and five skinfolds were measured and skeletal maturity was assessed. Physical activity, socioeconomic status and area of residence were obtained with a questionnaire. Multi-level modelling was used for the analysis. RESULTS Chronological age and sum of five skinfolds were significant predictors of 12-minute run performance. Older boys and girls ran longer distances than younger peers, while high levels of subcutaneous fat were associated with shorter running distances. Rural boys were more proficient in the 12-minute run than urban peers. Skeletal maturity, height, body mass index, physical activity and socioeconomic status were not significant predictors of 12-minute run performances. CONCLUSIONS Age and sum of skinfolds in both sexes and rural residence in boys are significant predictors of 12-minute run performance in Portuguese youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Freitas
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal.,b Department of Mathematical Sciences , University of Essex , Colchester , UK
| | - José Maia
- c CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | | | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal
| | - António M Antunes
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal
| | - Martine Thomis
- e Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Johan Lefevre
- e Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Albrecht Claessens
- e Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Donald Hedeker
- f Department of Public Health Sciences and Department of Medicine , University of Chicago Biological Sciences , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert M Malina
- g Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas , Austin , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramírez-Vélez R, Silva-Moreno C, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Ruíz K, Prieto-Benavides DH, Villa-González E, García-Hermoso A. Self-Rated Health Status and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Sample of Schoolchildren from Bogotá, Colombia. The FUPRECOL Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E952. [PMID: 28832546 PMCID: PMC5615489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between Self-Rated Health (SRH) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in a sample of children and adolescents enrolled in official schools in Bogotá, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was performed with 7402 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age. Participants were asked to rate their health based on eight validated questions, addressing the participants propensity for headache, stomach-ache, backache, feeling-low, irritability/bad mood, nervousness, sleeping-difficulties, and dizziness. The choices were "rarely or never", "almost every month", "almost every week", and "more than once a week/about every day". Participants performed the international course-navette shuttle run test to estimate CRF, and cut-off points for age and gender were used to categorize the healthy/unhealthy fitness zone according to the FITNESSGRAM® criteria. Overall, 16.4% of those surveyed reported a perception of irritability/bad mood "more than once a week/about every day", followed by feeling-low and nervousness (both with 9.9%). Dizziness had the lowest prevalence with a percentage of 6.9%. Unhealthy CRF in boys increased the likelihood of headaches by 1.20 times, stomach aches by 1.31 times, feeling-low by 1.29 times, nervousness by 1.24 times, and dizziness by 1.29 times. In girls, unhealthy CRF increased the likelihood of headaches by 1.19 times, backache by 1.26 times, feeling-low by 1.28 times, irritability/bad mood by 1.17 times, sleeping-difficulties by 1.20 times, and dizziness by 1.27 times. SRH was associated with CRF in both genders. Early identification of children and adolescents with low CRF levels will permit interventions to promote healthy behaviors and prevent future diseases during adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Carolina Silva-Moreno
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Daniel Humberto Prieto-Benavides
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Emilio Villa-González
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, USACH, Santiago 9160030, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
VLACHOPOULOS DIMITRIS, UBAGO-GUISADO ESTHER, BARKER ALANR, METCALF BRADS, FATOUROS IOANNISG, AVLONITI ALEXANDRA, KNAPP KARENM, MORENO LUISA, WILLIAMS CRAIGA, GRACIA-MARCO LUIS. Determinants of Bone Outcomes in Adolescent Athletes at Baseline. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1389-1396. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Differences in cardiovascular fitness of Italian high-school adolescents according to different physical activity levels assessed by IPAQ-A: a cross-sectional study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Lang JJ, Tremblay MS, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Tomkinson GR. Review of criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness: what percentage of 1 142 026 international children and youth are apparently healthy? Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:953-958. [PMID: 28254744 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF); to estimate the percentage of children and youth that met each standard; and to discuss strategies to help improve the utility of criterion-referenced standards for population health research. METHODS A search of four databases was undertaken to identify papers that reported criterion-referenced CRF standards for children and youth generated using the receiver operating characteristic curve technique. A pseudo-dataset representing the 20-m shuttle run test performance of 1 142 026 children and youth aged 9-17 years from 50 countries was generated using Monte Carlo simulation. Pseudo-data were used to estimate the international percentage of children and youth that met published criterion-referenced standards for CRF. RESULTS Ten studies reported criterion-referenced standards for healthy CRF in children and youth. The mean percentage (±95% CI) of children and youth that met the standards varied substantially across age groups from 36%±13% to 95%±4% among girls, and from 51%±7% to 96%±16% among boys. There was an age gradient across all criterion-referenced standards where younger children were more likely to meet the standards compared with older children, regardless of sex. Within age groups, mean percentages were more precise (smaller CI) for younger girls and older boys. CONCLUSION There are several CRF criterion-referenced standards for children and youth producing widely varying results. This study encourages using the interim international criterion-referenced standards of 35 and 42 mL/kg/min for girls and boys, respectively, to identify children and youth at risk of poor health-raising a clinical red flag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramírez‐Vélez R, Palacios‐López A, Humberto Prieto‐Benavides D, Enrique Correa‐Bautista J, Izquierdo M, Alonso‐Martínez A, Lobelo F. Normative reference values for the 20 m shuttle-run test in a population-based sample of school-aged youth in Bogota, Colombia: the FUPRECOL study. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29:e22902. [PMID: 27500986 PMCID: PMC5298048 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine the normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to establish the proportion of subjects with low CRF suggestive of future cardio-metabolic risk. METHODS A total of 7244 children and adolescents attending public schools in Bogota, Colombia (55.7% girls; age range of 9-17.9 years) participated in this study. We expressed CRF performance as the nearest stage (minute) completed and the estimated peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak ). Smoothed percentile curves were calculated. In addition, we present the prevalence of low CRF after applying a correction factor to account for the impact of Bogota's altitude (2625 m over sea level) on CRF assessment, and we calculated the number of participants who fell below health-related FITNESSGRAM cut-points for low CRF. RESULTS Shuttles and V˙O2peak were higher in boys than in girls in all age groups. In boys, there were higher levels of performance with increasing age, with most gains between the ages of 13 and 17. The proportion of subjects with a low CRF, suggestive of future cardio-metabolic risk (health risk FITNESSGRAM category) was 31.5% (28.2% for boys and 34.1% for girls; X2 P = .001). After applying a 1.11 altitude correction factor, the overall prevalence of low CRF was 11.5% (9.6% for boys and 13.1% for girls; X2 P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide sex- and age-specific normative reference standards for the 20 m shuttle-run test and estimated V˙O2peak values in a large, population-based sample of schoolchildren from a large Latin-American city at high altitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez‐Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Adalberto Palacios‐López
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Daniel Humberto Prieto‐Benavides
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa‐Bautista
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Grupo GICAEDS, Facultad de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo TomásBogotáD.CColombia
- Department of Health SciencesPublic University of NavarraNavarraSpain
| | | | - Felipe Lobelo
- Hubert Department of Global HealthRollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lang JJ, Tremblay MS, Léger L, Olds T, Tomkinson GR. International variability in 20 m shuttle run performance in children and youth: who are the fittest from a 50-country comparison? A systematic literature review with pooling of aggregate results. Br J Sports Med 2016; 52:276. [PMID: 27650256 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe and compare 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) performance among children and youth across 50 countries; to explore broad socioeconomic indicators that correlate with 20mSRT performance in children and youth across countries and to evaluate the utility of the 20mSRT as an international population health indicator for children and youth. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to identify papers that explicitly reported descriptive 20mSRT (with 1-min stages) data on apparently healthy 9-17 year-olds. Descriptive data were standardised to running speed (km/h) at the last completed stage. Country-specific 20mSRT performance indices were calculated as population-weighted mean z-scores relative to all children of the same age and sex from all countries. Countries were categorised into developed and developing groups based on the Human Development Index, and a correlational analysis was performed to describe the association between country-specific performance indices and broad socioeconomic indicators using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS Performance indices were calculated for 50 countries using collated data on 1 142 026 children and youth aged 9-17 years. The best performing countries were from Africa and Central-Northern Europe. Countries from South America were consistently among the worst performing countries. Country-specific income inequality (Gini index) was a strong negative correlate of the performance index across all 50 countries. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of variability in the performance index broadly supports the theory of a physical activity transition and income inequality as the strongest structural determinant of health in children and youth. This simple and cost-effective assessment would be a powerful tool for international population health surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Léger
- Département de kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tomkinson GR, Lang JJ, Tremblay MS, Dale M, LeBlanc AG, Belanger K, Ortega FB, Léger L. International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:1545-1554. [PMID: 27208067 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-095987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop sex-specific and age-specific international norms for the 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) in children and youth (aged 9-17 years), and to estimate the prevalence meeting the FITNESSGRAM criterion-referenced standards for healthy cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE). METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to identify papers explicitly reporting descriptive 20mSRT (with 1 min stages) data on children and youth since 1981. Data were included on apparently healthy (free from known disease/injury) 9-17 years old. Following standardisation to a common metric and for protocol differences, pseudo data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation, with population-weighted sex-specific and age-specific normative centiles generated using the Lambda Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. Sex-related and age-related differences were expressed as per cent and standardised differences in means. The prevalence with healthy CRE was estimated using the sex-specific and age-specific FITNESSGRAM criterion-referenced standards for [Formula: see text]. RESULTS Norms were displayed as tabulated centiles and as smoothed centile curves for the 20mSRT using 4 common metrics (speed at the last completed stage, completed stages/minutes, laps and relative [Formula: see text]). The final data set included 1 142 026 children and youth from 50 countries, extracted from 177 studies. Boys consistently outperformed girls at each age group (mean difference±95% CI: 0.86±0.28 km/h or 0.79±0.20 standardised units), with the magnitude of age-related increase larger for boys than for girls. A higher proportion of boys (mean±95% CI: 67±14%) had healthy CRE than girls (mean±95% CI: 54±17%), with the prevalence of healthy CRE decreasing systematically with age. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date set of international sex-specific and age-specific 20mSRT norms for children and youth, which have utility for health and fitness screening, profiling, monitoring and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Dale
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Belanger
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luc Léger
- Département de kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dobosz J, Mayorga-Vega D, Viciana J. Percentile Values of Physical Fitness Levels among Polish Children Aged 7 to 19 Years--a Population-Based Study. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 23:340-51. [PMID: 26841149 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of the study was to report gender and age-specific percentile values for fourteen commonly used field-based physical fitness tests among a national representative sample of Polish children aged 7 to 19 years. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional and population-based study examines the physical fitness among a random and large national representative sample of schoolchildren aged 7 to 19 years in Poland. A sample of 49,281 children and adolescents (25,687 boys and 23,594 girls) was assessed by the EUROFIT fitness test battery, the International Committee on the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests and Cooper Test of physical fitness. The LMS statistical method was used. RESULTS Smoothed gender and age-specific percentiles for the physical fitness tests in boys and girls aged 7 to 19 years are reported and expressed as both tabulated and curves values (2.3rd, 9th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 91st, and 97.7th). Figures showed greater physical fitness levels in boys, except for the flamingo balance, sit-and-reach, and stand-and-reach tests, in which girls performed slightly better. There was also a trend towards increased physical fitness levels as the age increased in both boys and girls. CONCLUSION The percentile values provided will enable the correct interpretation and monitoring of fitness status of Polish children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Dobosz
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Mayorga-Vega
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Viciana
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cardoso FMF, Almodhy M, Pepera G, Stasinopoulos DM, Sandercock GRH. Reference values for the incremental shuttle walk test in patients with cardiovascular disease entering exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1-6. [PMID: 26967309 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1151925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) is used to assess functional capacity of patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. Factors such as age and sex account for a proportion of the variance in test performance in healthy individuals but there are no reference values for patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to produce reference values for the ISWT. Participants were n = 548 patients referred to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation who underwent a clinical examination and performed the ISWT. We used regression to identify predictors of performance and produced centile values using the generalised additive model for location, scale and shape model. Men walked significantly further than women (395 ± 165 vs. 269 ± 118 m; t = 9.5, P < 0.001) so data were analysed separately by sex. Age (years) was the strongest predictor of performance in men (β = -5.9; 95% CI: -7.1 to -4.6 m) and women (β = -4.8; 95% CI: -6.3 to 3.3). Centile curves demonstrated a broadly linear decrease in expected ISWT values in males (25-85 years) and a more curvilinear trend in females. Patients entering cardiac rehabilitation present with highly heterogeneous ISWT values. Much of the variance in performance can be explained by patients' age and sex. Comparing absolute values with age-and sex-specific reference values may aid interpretation of ISWT performance during initial patient assessment at entry to cardiac rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meshal Almodhy
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science , University of Essex , Colchester , UK
| | - Garyfalia Pepera
- b Department of Physiotherapy , Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Sterea Hellas , Athens , Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Melo X, Santa-Clara H, Santos DA, Pimenta NM, Minderico CS, Fernhall B, Sardinha LB. Linking cardiorespiratory fitness classification criteria to early subclinical atherosclerosis in children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:386-92. [PMID: 25794238 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear if cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) can be used as a screening tool for premature changes in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in paediatric populations. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was 3-fold: (i) to determine if CRF can be used to screen increased cIMT; (ii) to determine an optimal CRF cut-off to predict increased cIMT; and (iii) to evaluate its ability to predict increased cIMT among children in comparison with existent CRF cut-offs. cIMT was assessed with high-resolution ultrasonography and CRF was determined using a maximal cycle test. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted in boys (n = 211) and girls (n = 202) aged 11-12 years to define the optimal sex-specific CRF cut-off to classify increased cIMT (≥75th percentile). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the CRF cut-offs with the risk of having an increased cIMT. The optimal CRF cut-offs to predict increased cIMT were 45.81 and 34.46 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1) for boys and girls, respectively. The odds-ratios for having increased cIMT among children who were unfit was up to 2.8 times the odds among those who were fit (95% confidence interval: 1.40-5.53). Considering current CRF cut-offs, only those suggested by Adegboye et al. 2011. (Br. J. Sports Med. 45(9): 722-728) and Boddy et al. 2012 (PLoS One, 7(9): e45755) were significant in predicting increased cIMT. In conclusion, CRF cut-offs (boys: ≤ 45.8; girls: ≤ 34.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) are associated with thickening of the arterial wall in 11- to 12-year-old children. Low CRF is an important cardiovascular risk factor in children and our data highlight the importance of obtaining an adequate CRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Melo
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, CIPER - Exercise and Health Laboratory, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1495-688 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Riiser K, Løndal K, Ommundsen Y, Småstuen MC, Misvær N, Helseth S. The outcomes of a 12-week Internet intervention aimed at improving fitness and health-related quality of life in overweight adolescents: the Young & Active controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114732. [PMID: 25478791 PMCID: PMC4257715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity among adolescents may have consequences, with potentially lasting effects on health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Excess weight is also associated with decreases in physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. The aim of the current study was to investigate the short-term effects of a 12-week Internet intervention in a primary care setting intended to increase cardiorespiratory fitness and HRQoL among overweight and obese adolescents. METHODS In this controlled trial, participants (13-15 years) were non-randomly allocated to an intervention- or a control group. The intervention group received 12-weeks access to an online program providing tailored physical activity counseling based on principles from Self-determination Theory and Motivational Interviewing. The control group received standard follow-up by the school nurses. The primary outcome measure of cardiorespiratory fitness was determined using a shuttle run test. The secondary outcomes: HRQoL, leisure time exercise, body image and self-determined motivation for physical activity and exercise, were assessed by self-report measures. Age- and gender-adjusted body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on measurements of height and weight. To compare pre-to post intervention differences within groups, a paired samples t-test was used while crude differences between groups were analyzed with an independent samples t-test. RESULTS Of the 120 participants, 108 completed the study, 75 in the intervention group and 33 in the control group. Exposure to the intervention had a small effect on cardiorespiratory fitness (0.14; 95% CI [0.01;0.28]; P = 0.04), and a moderate effect on HRQoL (5.22; 95% CI [0.90; 9.53]; P = 0.02). Moreover, the control group increased significantly in BMI, yielding a moderate preventive effect on BMI (-0.39; 95% CI [-0.74;-0.03]; P = 0.03) for the intervention group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the Internet intervention with tailored physical activity counseling can have beneficial short-term effect on cardiorespiratory fitness, HRQoL and BMI among adolescents with overweight and obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01700309.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Riiser
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Knut Løndal
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Nina Misvær
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Riiser K, Ommundsen Y, Småstuen MC, Løndal K, Misvær N, Helseth S. The relationship between fitness and health-related quality of life and the mediating role of self-determined motivation in overweight adolescents. Scand J Public Health 2014; 42:766-72. [PMID: 25269792 DOI: 10.1177/1403494814550517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among overweight adolescents and to test whether this relationship is mediated by body image (BI) and self-determined motivation for physical activity (PA) and exercise. METHODS One hundred and twenty adolescents identified as overweight or obese were recruited through the school health service. The participants completed self-report instruments measuring HRQoL, BI and self-determined motivation for physical activity and exercise in addition to a 20 m shuttle-run test, and body mass index was calculated. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the hypothesised five-dimensional structure of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) used to measure self-determined motivation. Associations between the study variables were explored using univariate linear regression. Mediation was tested by a multistage regression approach. RESULTS The five-dimensional model of BREQ-2 showed acceptable fit for the data. We revealed a statistically significant association between cardiorespiratory fitness and HRQoL (4.16 [0.3-8.02]; p < .05). CRF failed to affect BI in the first mediation equation. Hence, body image was excluded from further analyses. However, self-determined motivation proved to mediate the relationship between CRF and HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the motivational mechanisms related to fitness can contribute to explain the association between CRF and HRQoL in overweight adolescents. The findings are important from a public health point of view and should be taken into account in the development of PA interventions for overweight and obese adolescents for the potential enhancement of their physical and psychosocial well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Riiser
- Institute of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvar Ommundsen
- Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- Institute of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Løndal
- Department of Primary and Secondary Teacher Education, Faculty of Education and International Studies; Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Misvær
- Institute of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Institute of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sandercock GRH, Taylor MJ, Voss C, Ogunleye AA, Cohen DD, Parry DA. Quantification of the relative age effect in three indices of physical performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:3293-9. [PMID: 23539082 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318291b28d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) describes the relationship between an individual's birth month and their level of attainment in sports. There is a clustering of birth dates just after the cutoff used for selection in age-grouped sports, and it is hypothesized that such relatively older sportspeople may enjoy maturational and physical advantages over their younger peers. There is, however, little empirical evidence of any such advantage. This study investigated whether schoolchildren's physical performance differed according to which quarter of the school year they were born in. Mass, stature, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and power were measured in 10 to 16 year olds (n = 8,550, 53% male). We expressed test performance as age- and sex-specific z-scores based on reference data with age rounded down to the nearest whole year and also as units normalized for body mass. We then compared these values between yearly birth quarters. There were no significant main effects for differences in anthropometric measures in either sex. Girls born in the first quarter of the school year were significantly stronger than those born at other times when handgrip was expressed as a z-score. As z-scores, all measures were significantly higher in boys born in either the first or second yearly quarters. Relative to body mass, cardiorespiratory fitness was higher in boys born in the first quarter and power was higher in those born in the second quarter. The RAE does not appear to significantly affect girls' performance test scores when they are expressed as z-score or relative to body mass. Boys born in the first and second quarters of the year had a significant physical advantage over their relatively younger peers. These findings have practical bearing if coaches use fitness tests for talent identification and team selection. Categorizing test performance based on rounded down values of whole-year age may disadvantage children born later in the selection year. These relatively younger children may be less to gain selection for teams or training programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R H Sandercock
- 1Center for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom; 2Center for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and 3Institute of Investigations, Medical School, University of Santander - UDES, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Santos R, Mota J, Santos DA, Silva AM, Baptista F, Sardinha LB. Physical fitness percentiles for Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10–18 years. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1510-8. [PMID: 24825623 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.906046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
35
|
Cohen DD, Gómez-Arbeláez D, Camacho PA, Pinzon S, Hormiga C, Trejos-Suarez J, Duperly J, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Low muscle strength is associated with metabolic risk factors in Colombian children: the ACFIES study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93150. [PMID: 24714401 PMCID: PMC3979680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In youth, poor cardiorespiratory and muscular strength are associated with elevated metabolic risk factors. However, studies examining associations between strength and risk factors have been done exclusively in high income countries, and largely in Caucasian cohorts. The aim of this study was to assess these interactions in schoolchildren in Colombia, a middle income Latin American country. Methods We measured body mass index, body composition, handgrip strength (HG), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic risk factors in 669 low-middle socioeconomic status Colombian schoolchildren (mean age 11.52±1.13, 47% female). Associations between HG, CRF and metabolic risk factors were evaluated. Results HG and CRF were inversely associated with blood pressure, HOMA index and a composite metabolic risk score (p<0.001 for all) and HG was also inversely associated with triglycerides and C-reactive protein (CRP) (both p<0.05). Associations between HG and risk factors were marginally weakened after adjusting for CRF, while associations between CRF and these factors were substantially weakened after adjusting for HG. Linear regression analyses showed inverse associations between HG and systolic BP (β = −0.101; p = 0.047), diastolic BP (β = −0.241; p> = 0.001), HOMA (β = −0.164; p = 0.005), triglycerides (β = −0.583; p = 0.026) and CRP (β = −0.183; p = 0.037) but not glucose (p = 0.698) or HDL cholesterol (p = 0.132). The odds ratios for having clustered risk in the weakest quartile compared with the strongest quartile were 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.81–4.95). Conclusions In Colombian schoolchildren both poorer handgrip strength/kg body mass and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with a worse metabolic risk profile. Associations were stronger and more consistent between handgrip and risk factors than between cardiorespiratory fitness and these risk factors. Our findings indicate the addition of handgrip dynamometry to non-invasive youth health surveillance programs would improve the accuracy of the assessment of cardio-metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dylan Cohen
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Facultad de la Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Diego Gómez-Arbeláez
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Facultad de la Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Paul Anthony Camacho
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sandra Pinzon
- Facultad de la Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Claudia Hormiga
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Juanita Trejos-Suarez
- Facultad de la Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - John Duperly
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Facultad de la Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sandercock GRH, Ogunleye AA. Independence of physical activity and screen time as predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:692-7. [PMID: 23417036 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screen time (ST) is associated with physical activity (PA) levels. We aimed to investigate the relationship between ST and fitness. METHODS We assessed fitness and daily ST in 7,466 10-16-y-old schoolchildren from the east of England. The differences in fitness between ST groups, and the association between ST and fitness were assessed. RESULTS ST was negatively associated with fitness in boys of all ages (P < 0.001) and girls in grades 6-9 (P < 0.005). Boys were less likely to be fit if they reported >2 h/d ST (odds ratio (OR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-0.85) or >4 h/d (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.35-0.57) ST, as were girls reporting >4 h/d ST (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.43-0.78). Controlling for PA levels attenuated these odds in boys reporting >2 h/d ST (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66-0.91) or >4 h/d ST (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50-0.84) and in girls reporting >4 h/d ST (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.93). CONCLUSION These first data from English children show a negative association between ST and fitness in youth. Of note, very high levels of daily ST (>4 h) are associated with poor fitness. Some of the associations were mediated by PA levels. Our data support international recommendations to limit ST to <2 h/d; we believe such guidance should be issued in the United Kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R H Sandercock
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sandercock GRH, Ogunleye AA. Screen time and passive school travel as independent predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. Prev Med 2012; 54:319-22. [PMID: 22449483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most prevalent sedentary behaviours in children and adolescents are engagement with small screen media (screen-time) and passive travel (by motorised vehicle). The objective of this research was to assess the independence of these behaviours from one another and from physical activity as predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. METHODS We measured cardiorespiratory fitness in n=6819 10-16 year olds (53% male) who self-reported their physical activity (7-day recall) school travel and screen time habits. Travel was classified as active (walking, cycling) or passive; screen time as <2 h, 2-4 h or >4 h. RESULTS The multivariate odds of being fit were higher in active travel (Boys: OR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.59; Girls: OR 1.46, 1.15-1.84) than in passive travel groups. Boys reporting low screen time were more likely to be fit than those reporting >4 h (OR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.68-2.63) as were girls (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.24-2.20). These odds remained significant after additionally controlling for physical activity. CONCLUSION Passive travel and high screen time are independently associated with poor cardiorespiratory fitness in youth, and this relationship is independent of physical activity levels. A lifestyle involving high screen time and habitual passive school travel appears incompatible with healthful levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in youth.
Collapse
|