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Chen B, Ding L, Qin Q, Lei TH, Girard O, Cao Y. Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performance in cyclists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2363789. [PMID: 38836626 PMCID: PMC11155427 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2363789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine, widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, has undergone extensive research, demonstrating its effectiveness to enhance endurance performance. However, there remains a significant gap in systematically evaluating its effects on time trial (TT) performance in cyclists. PURPOSE This meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of caffeine ingestion to increase cycling TT performance in cyclists and to evaluate the optimal dosage range for maximum effect. METHODS A search of four databases was completed on 1 December 2023. The selected studies comprised crossover, placebo-controlled investigations into the effects of caffeine ingestion on cycling TT performance. Completion time (Time) and mean power output (MPO) were used as performance measures for TT. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to assess the standardized mean differences (SMD) in individual studies. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analyses. Subgroup analysis showed that moderate doses of caffeine intake (4-6 mg/kg) significantly improved cycling performance (SMD Time = -0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.84 ~ -0.26, p < 0.01, I2 = 35%; SMD MPO = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.09 ~ 0.79, p < 0.05, I2 = 39%), while the effects of low doses (1-3 mg/kg) of caffeine were not significant (SMD Time = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.84 ~ 0.17, p = 0.19, I2 = 0%; SMD MPO = 0.31, 95% CI = -0.02 ~ 0.65, p = 0.07, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION A moderate dosage (4-6 mg/kg) of caffeine, identified as the optimal dose range, can significantly improve the time trial performance of cyclists, while a low dose (1-3 mg/kg) does not yield improvement. In addition, the improvements in completion time and mean power output resulting from a moderate dose of caffeine are essentially the same in cycling time trails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Department of Public Physical Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Ding
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Physical Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyang Qin
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai, China
| | - Tze-Huan Lei
- Hubei Normal University, College of Physical Education, Huangshi, China
| | - Olivier Girard
- The University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Perth, Australia
| | - Yinhang Cao
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai, China
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2
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Antonio J, Newmire DE, Stout JR, Antonio B, Gibbons M, Lowery LM, Harper J, Willoughby D, Evans C, Anderson D, Goldstein E, Rojas J, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Forbes SC, Gomez Lopez J, Ziegenfuss T, Moulding BD, Candow D, Sagner M, Arent SM. Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2323919. [PMID: 38466174 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2323919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords "caffeine" and "exercise" yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine's effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5-2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon "crash?" To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E Newmire
- Texas Woman's University, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Nutrition, Exercise and Wellness Associates, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Harper
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Dawn Anderson
- Indiana Tech, Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Erica Goldstein
- Stetson University, Department of Health Sciences, Deland, FL, USA
| | - Jose Rojas
- Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Matías Monsalves-Álvarez
- Universidad de O´Higgins, Exercise Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory. Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Rancagua, Chile
- Motion Human Performance Laboratory, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, CBrandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Tim Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, USA
| | - Blake D Moulding
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Darren Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Shawn M Arent
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
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Magaña MA, Gorini Pereira FL, Kuennen MR, Lutz CJ, Almond DG, Lira AA, Apilado AJ, Kim JK, Boyer WR, Gillum TL. Caffeine has no effect on submaximal running in hypoxia in low caffeine consuming males and females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:863-870. [PMID: 38842372 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to hypoxia immediately challenges a variety of physiologic systems that limit exercise capacity. Under normoxia, caffeine (CAFF) increases ventilation and subsequent oxygenation of hemoglobin (SpO2) and skeletal muscle (SmO2). CAFF improves exercise performance at altitude. However, little attention has been given to submaximal exercise in hypoxia, particularly regarding low CAFF consumers and female participants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CAFF on pulmonary, metabolic, and perceptual variables in response to submaximal running in hypoxia in low CAFF consuming males and females. METHODS In a double blinded, counterbalanced design, 14 (6 females) individuals (24.1±5.1 years; VO2max: 40.6±5.6 mL × kg-1 × min-1; 20.8±8.0% body fat), who habitually consumed ≤150 mg/day of CAFF performed treadmill running at workloads of 25%, 40%, 60%, and 75% of sea level VO2max in normobaric hypoxia (FIO2=0.15) on two separate occasions: 1) 60 minutes after 6 mg/kg of CAFF; or 2) placebo. RESULTS CAFF had no effect on any variable measured. Specifically, VE (condition: P=0.12; interaction: P=0.19), VT (condition: P=0.16; interaction: P=0.57), and Ve:VO2 (condition: P=0.07; interaction: P=0.69) were similar between groups. Further, CAFF had no effect on relative VO2 (condition: P=0.84; interaction: P=0.95), HR (condition: P=0.28; interaction: P=0.35), SmO2 (condition: P=0.66; interaction: P=0.82), or SpO2 (condition: P=0.16; interaction: P=0.97). Finally, rating of perceived exertion (RPE; P=0.92) and acute mountain sickness scores (P=0.29) were similar across conditions. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that CAFF provides no physiologic advantage to submaximal exercise in acute, normobaric hypoxia with low CAFF consuming males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Magaña
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Kuennen
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Christen J Lutz
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Danee G Almond
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Albert A Lira
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alvin J Apilado
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Kyung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - William R Boyer
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Trevor L Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA -
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Mor A, Acar K, Alexe DI, Mor H, Abdioğlu M, Man MC, Karakaș F, Waer FB, Yılmaz AK, Alexe CI. Moderate-dose caffeine enhances anaerobic performance without altering hydration status. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1359999. [PMID: 39050139 PMCID: PMC11267619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1359999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of direct nutritional supplements on athletic performance are still being investigated and arouse curiosity. Only one study in the literature was found that investigated the kicking speed performance of futsal players following low-dose caffeine supplementation (3 mg/kg); thus, the question of whether caffeine supplementation improves kicking speed as well as essential physical parameters in soccer players is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine supplementation on vertical jump (VJ), sprint, reaction time, balance, change of direction (COD), and ball-kicking speed in soccer players. In a double-blind, cross-over design, nine moderately trained male soccer players (21.11 ± 2.02 years, 171.22 ± 6.14 cm, 71.78 ± 10.02 kg) consumed caffeine (6 mg/kg) or a placebo 60 min before completing balance, reaction time, vertical jump, agility, 30 m sprint, and ball-kicking speed tests. Greater VJ height (p = 0.01) and power (p = 0.08), and faster completion time according to the Illinois Agility Test (p = 0.08) were found following caffeine supplementation compared to placebo. Elapsed time (p = 0.01), average (p = 0.01) time, and the slowest reaction times (p = 0.016) were significantly reduced after caffeine consumption compared to placebo supplementation. Caffeine intake significantly improved VJ, agility, and reaction time (p < 0.05) but did not affect 30 m sprint, ball-kicking speed, balance, and RPE values in soccer players (p > 0.05). Although non-significant, caffeine intake also improved sprint (0.67%) and ball kicking (2.7%) performance percentages. Also, caffeine consumption did not induce dehydration, and the athletes' body hydration levels were normal. These findings support the use of caffeine supplementation as an effective nutritional ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic performance, at least for vertical jumps, COD speed, and reaction time, in trained male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mor
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye
| | - Kürşat Acar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Hakkı Mor
- Department of Coaching Education, Yasar Doğu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Mekki Abdioğlu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Maria Cristina Man
- Department of Physical Education, 1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Fatih Karakaș
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Ben Waer
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Kerim Yılmaz
- Recreation Department, Yasar Doğu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
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Mirzaei F, Agbaria L, Bhatnagar K, Sirimanne N, Omar A'amar N, Jindal V, Gerald Thilagendra A, Tawfiq Raba F. Coffee and Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 289:21-55. [PMID: 39168581 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Coffee, a universally consumed beverage, is known to contain thousands of bioactive constituents that have garnered interest due to their potential neuroprotective effects against various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive research has been conducted on coffee constituents such as Caffeine, Trigonelline, Chlorogenic acid, and Caffeic acid, focusing on their neuroprotective properties. These compounds have potential to impact key mechanisms in AD development, including amyloidopathy, tauopathy, and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, apart from its neuroprotective effects, coffee consumption has been associated with anticancerogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby enhancing its therapeutic potential. Studies suggest that moderate coffee intake, typically around two to three cups daily, could potentially contribute to mitigating AD progression and lowering the risk of related neurological disorders. This literature underscores the potential neuroprotective properties of coffee compounds, which usually perform their neuronal protective effects via modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and many other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foad Mirzaei
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Lila Agbaria
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Khushbu Bhatnagar
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nethmini Sirimanne
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nathalie Omar A'amar
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vaishali Jindal
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Albankha Gerald Thilagendra
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Farah Tawfiq Raba
- MedExplora Scientific Research Society, Yerevan, Armenia; Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
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6
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Tan ZS, Sim RYY, Kawabata M, Low DY, Wang Y, Burns SF. Timing of Caffeine Ingestion Does Not Improve Three-Point Shooting Accuracy in College Basketball Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:154-163. [PMID: 38266631 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the timing of caffeine (3 mg/kg body mass) ingestion on three-point shooting accuracy and other performance parameters during a basketball exercise simulation test (BEST). Eighteen college basketball players (mean ± SD: age = 24.4 ± 1.5 years, height = 181.7 ± 9.5 cm, body mass = 80.9 ± 13.2 kg) underwent one familiarization trial and three main conditions in a randomized order: (a) placebo (maltodextrin) and placebo, (b) caffeine and placebo, and (c) placebo and caffeine. Participants ingested either the placebo or caffeine pill 75 and 15 min before performing four quarters of the BEST and a three-point shooting protocol. During each quarter, participants completed 16 rounds of the BEST and ten three-point shots. Vertical jump height, 6 m sprint timing, BEST completion timing, three-point shooting accuracy, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, blood glucose, blood lactate, and psychological measures pertaining to performance were measured. The BEST completion timing differed among conditions (placebo and placebo = 26.4 ± 2.0 s, caffeine and placebo = 25.8 ± 2.0 s, placebo and caffeine = 25.9 ± 2.1 s; p = .031) but not three-point shooting accuracy (placebo and placebo = 12.33 ± 4.10; caffeine and placebo = 12.61 ± 2.81; placebo and caffeine = 11.67 ± 3.77; p = .648), vertical jump height, or sprint times. Manipulating ingestion timing of caffeine did not improve three-point shooting accuracy, vertical jump height, or 6 m sprint timings, but caffeine can improve performance times during simulated basketball exercise irrespective of ingestion timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Sen Tan
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachelle Yahn Yee Sim
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masato Kawabata
- College of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Japan
| | - Dorrain Yanwen Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Centre, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephen F Burns
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Salem A, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Optimizing Short-Term Maximal Exercise Performance: The Superior Efficacy of a 6 mg/kg Caffeine Dose over 3 or 9 mg/kg in Young Female Team-Sports Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:640. [PMID: 38474768 PMCID: PMC10935148 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) is among the most extensively researched dietary supplements worldwide. However, little is known about the relationship between dosage and performance enhancement, particularly in female athletes. This study aimed to explore the effects of three different CAF dosages (3 mg·kg-1, 6 mg·kg-1, and 9 mg·kg-1) on high-intensity exercise and the prevalence of undesirable side effects related to these doses among female team-sports athletes. All participants (n = 16; age: 16.9 ± 0.6 y; height: 1.64 ± 0.1 m; BMI: 21.6 ± 1.5 kg·m-2) were mild CAF consumers. This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design in which each athlete performed four experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC), 3 mg·kg-1 CAF (CAF-3), 6 mg·kg-1 CAF (CAF-6), or 9 mg·kg-1 of CAF (CAF-9), with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. In each experimental session, 60 min after ingesting the capsules, participants underwent a countermovement jumps test (CMJ), modified agility t-test (MATT), repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and completed the CAF side effects questionnaire. Our findings revealed that in comparison to the PLAC condition, the MATT, RSAmean, and RSAbest performances were significantly greater only under the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions. Although the RPE scores remained unchanged, CMJ performance improved under all CAF conditions. All the performance outcomes were better for the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions than for the CAF-3 condition. Notably, no significant difference between the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions was observed for any of these parameters despite the highest incidence of side effects being noted for the CAF-9 condition. In summary, our findings highlight the recommendation for a moderate CAF dosage of 6 mg·kg-1 rather than 3 or 9 mg·kg-1 to enhance various aspects of short-term maximal performance in mild-CAF-consumer female team-sports athletes while mitigating the occurrence of adverse CAF side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia;
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Université Paris Lumières (UPL), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Atef Salem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain;
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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8
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Schamne JC, Marinho AH, Cristina-Souza G, Santos PS, Santos-Mariano AC, Rodacki A, Coelho DB, DE-Oliveira FR, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Effects of exhaustive whole-body exercise and caffeine ingestion on muscle contractile properties in healthy men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:111-120. [PMID: 37902802 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of exhaustive whole-body exercise and caffeine ingestion on electromechanical delay (EMD) has been underexplored. This study investigated the effect of exhaustive cycling exercise on EMD and other parameters of muscle contractile properties and the potential ability of caffeine to attenuate the exercise-induced impairments in EMD and muscle contractile properties. METHODS Ten healthy men cycled until exhaustion (88±2% of V̇O2max) on two separate days after ingesting caffeine (5 mg.kg-1 of body mass) or cellulose (placebo). Parameters of muscle contractile properties of the quadriceps muscles were assessed via volitional and electrically evoked isometric contractions, performed before and 50 minutes after ingestion of the capsules, and after exercise. Muscle recruitment during volitional contractions was determined via surface electromyography. RESULTS Exhaustive cycling exercise did not affect volitional and relaxation EMD (P>0.05) but increased evoked EMD. In addition, the exhaustive cycling exercise also increased muscle recruitment at the beginning of volitional isometric muscle contraction (P<0.05). The peak twitch force, maximal rate of twitch force development, and twitch contraction time were all compromised after exhaustive cycling exercise (P<0.05). Acute caffeine ingestion had no effect on muscle contractile properties (P>0.05), except that caffeine increased twitch contraction time at postexercise (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced decline in peripheral components of the EMD might be compensated by an increase in the muscle recruitment. In addition, acute caffeine ingestion had minimal influence on exercise-induced changes in muscle contractile proprieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Schamne
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil -
| | - Alisson H Marinho
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos, Brazil
| | - Pâmela S Santos
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos, Brazil
| | - Ana C Santos-Mariano
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - André Rodacki
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Coelho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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9
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Almeida BA, Morales AP, Ribeiro JRC, Sampaio-Jorge F, Ribeiro YG, Barth T, Ribeiro BG. Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:87-100. [PMID: 38494935 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x289842240307114736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the influence of caffeine (CAF) intake strategies, taking into account their form, timing, and dosage, on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in the post-exercise recovery period. METHODS The meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023425885). A comprehensive literature search was carried out across MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILACS, and SCOPUS, concluding in May 2023. We concentrated on randomized clinical trials comparing CAF supplementation effects to placebo on HRV indices post-exercise in active adults aged 18 and above. The primary endpoint was the assessment of HRV indices, measured both prior to and following exercise. RESULTS Of the 10 studies included, 7 were used for the meta-analysis, and all contributed to the systematic review. The research explored a variety of CAF strategies, spanning different forms (capsule, drink, gum), times (10, 45, 60 min) and doses (2.1 to 6.0 mg/kg). The outcomes revealed no substantial variations between the placebo and CAF conditions in terms of both the square root of the average of successive squared differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD) (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.03, 95% CI -0.265 to 0.197, p=0.77) and high frequency (HF) index (SMD -0.061, 95% CI -0.272 to 0.150, p=0.57). Furthermore, metaregression analysis, employing a fixed-effects model and accounting for the administered CAF doses, revealed no significant correlation between caffeine doses and HRV indices (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is moderate-certainty evidence suggesting that different CAF intake strategies, encompassing aspects such as form, time, and dose, do not have a significant impact on HRV indices recovery post-exercise (i.e., vagal modulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Araujo Almeida
- Research and Innovation Laboratory in Sports and Nutrition Sciences (LAPICEN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Pontes Morales
- Research and Innovation Laboratory in Sports and Nutrition Sciences (LAPICEN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Macaé Sports Secretary, City Government of Macaé (PMM), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology for Health, Performance, and Physical Education (LAPHPE), Higher Institutes of Education of CENSA (ISECENSA), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Sampaio-Jorge
- Research and Innovation Laboratory in Sports and Nutrition Sciences (LAPICEN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Macaé Sports Secretary, City Government of Macaé (PMM), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology for Health, Performance, and Physical Education (LAPHPE), Higher Institutes of Education of CENSA (ISECENSA), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Garcia Ribeiro
- Research and Innovation Laboratory in Sports and Nutrition Sciences (LAPICEN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barth
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Research and Innovation Laboratory in Sports and Nutrition Sciences (LAPICEN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Griest TD, Saunders MJ, Womack CJ, Luden ND. Caffeine Enhances 10-km Cycling Performance in Habitual Users Only When Preceded by Caffeine Abstinence. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37236615 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective was to assess the performance benefits of caffeine (CAF) supplementation in habitual users. Importantly, this investigation was designed to account for the potential confounding effects of CAF withdrawal (CAFW), which are inherent and common in previous work. METHODS Ten CAF-consuming (394 [146] mg·d-1) recreational cyclists (age 39.1 [14.9] y; maximum oxygen consumption 54.2 [6.2] mL·kg-1·min-1) completed four 10-km time trials (TTs) on a cycle ergometer. On each trial day, 8 hours before reporting to the laboratory, subjects consumed 1.5 mg·kg-1 CAF to prevent withdrawal (no withdrawal [N]) or a placebo (PLA; withdrawal [W]). Then, 1 hour prior to exercise, they received either 6 mg·kg-1 CAF or PLA. These protocols were repeated 4 times, employing all combinations of N/W and CAF/PLA. RESULTS CAFW did not impair TT power output (PLAW vs PLAN P = .13). However, preexercise CAF only improved TT performance when compared to PLA in the W condition (CAFN vs PLAW P = .008, CAFW vs PLAW P = .04), not when W was mitigated (PLAN vs CAFN P = .33). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that preexercise CAF only improves recreational cycling performance when compared to bouts preceded by CAF abstinence, suggesting that habitual users may not benefit from 6 mg·kg-1 of CAF and that previous work may have overstated the value of CAF supplementation for habitual users. Future work should examine higher doses of CAF for habitual users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Griest
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA,USA
| | - Michael J Saunders
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA,USA
| | - Christopher J Womack
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA,USA
| | - Nicholas D Luden
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA,USA
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Saunders B, da Costa LR, de Souza RAS, Barreto G, Marticorena FM. Caffeine and sport. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:95-127. [PMID: 37722778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine found in coffee and several other foods and beverages. Its stimulatory effects make it an interesting strategy to boost performance for athletic populations. Scientific evidence supports its efficacy to improve high-intensity endurance exercise, explosive and high-intensity efforts, resistance exercise, team sports and combat sports, though individual variation in the ergogenic response to caffeine exists. Supplementation can be taken in many forms including dissolved in water, via capsules, coffee, energy drinks and caffeinated gum; ingestion via capsules, dissolved in water or in caffeinated gum appear to be most effective. Variability in the exercise response following caffeine supplementation may be explained by genetic factors or habitual caffeine consumption. Caffeine is an excellent supplement for athletes looking to improve their exercise performance, though some consideration of side-effects and impact on sleep are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Registro da Costa
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Silva de Souza
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Liu C, Zhao H, Yan Y, Yang W, Chen S, Song G, Li X, Gu Y, Yun H, Li Y. Synergistic Effect of Rhodiola rosea and Caffeine Supplementation on the Improvement of Muscle Strength and Muscular Endurance: A Pilot Study for Rats, Resistance Exercise-Untrained and -Trained Volunteers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030582. [PMID: 36771289 PMCID: PMC9919529 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-level studies have shown that Rhodiola rosea (RHO) and Caffeine (CAF) have the potential to be nutritional supplements to enhance physical performance in resistance exercise-untrained and -trained subjects. This study examined the synergistic effects of RHO (262.7 mg/kg for rats and 2.4 g for volunteers) and CAF (19.7 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for volunteers) supplementation on improving physical performance in rats, resistance exercise-untrained volunteers and resistance exercise-trained volunteers. Rats and volunteers were randomly grouped into placebo, CAF, RHO and CAF+RHO and administered accordingly with the nutrients during the training procedure, and pre- and post-measures were collected. We found that RHO+CAF was effective in improving forelimb grip strength (13.75%), erythropoietin (23.85%), dopamine (12.65%) and oxygen consumption rate (9.29%) in the rat model. Furthermore, the current results also indicated that the combination of RHO+CAF significantly increased the bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) (16.59%), deep squat 1RM (15.75%), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) (14.72%) and maximum repetitions of 60% 1RM bench press (22.15%) in resistance exercise-untrained volunteers. Additionally, despite the excellent base level of the resistance exercise-trained volunteers, their deep squat 1RM and MVIC increased substantially through the synergistic effect of RHO and CAF. In conclusion, combined supplementation of RHO+CAF is more beneficial in improving the resistance exercise performance for both resistance exercise-untrained and -trained volunteers. The present results provide practical evidence that the synergies of RHO and CAF could serve as potential supplementary for individuals, especially resistance exercise-trained subjects, to ameliorate their physical performances effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zhao
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Yan
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Songyue Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ge Song
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuehan Li
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujia Gu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hezhang Yun
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- The Public Sports Department of the School, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, Dongyang 321000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
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Kaszuba M, Klocek O, Spieszny M, Filip-Stachnik A. The Effect of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Volleyball-Specific Skills and Physical Performance in Volleyball Players. Nutrients 2022; 15:91. [PMID: 36615750 PMCID: PMC9823551 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
No previous study analyzed the effect of caffeinated chewing gum on volleyball-specific skills and physical performance in volleyball players. Twelve volleyball players participated ina randomized, crossover, and double-blind experiment after ingestion of (a) ~3.2 ± 0.4 mg/kg of body mass (BM) of caffeine via chewing gum or (b) non-caffeinated chewing gum (placebo) and performed: (a) a countermovement jump, (b) a squat jump, (c), an attack jump, (d) a block jump, (e) 5 and 10 m sprints, (f) a modified agility t-test, (g) an attack and service speed test, and (h) a spike and serve accuracy test. Compared to the placebo, the caffeine chewing gum supplementation significantly improved the accuracy of the attack (15 ± 4 vs. 18 ± 3 points, p = 0.02). However, the ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum had no effect on the remaining other performance tests (p from 0.12 to 1.00). A caffeine-containing chewing gum with a dose of ~3 mg/kg BM effectively improved the attack's accuracy in volleyball players. However, this effect was not observed in better results in jumping, running, and other skill-based volleyball tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kaszuba
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Olga Klocek
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Spieszny
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Tallis J, Guimaraes-Ferreira L, Clarke ND. Not Another Caffeine Effect on Sports Performance Study-Nothing New or More to Do? Nutrients 2022; 14:4696. [PMID: 36364958 PMCID: PMC9658326 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance-enhancing potential of acute caffeine consumption is firmly established with benefits for many aspects of physical performance and cognitive function summarised in a number of meta-analyses. Despite this, there remains near exponential growth in research articles examining the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Many such studies are confirmatory of well-established ideas, and with a wealth of convincing evidence available, the value of further investigation may be questioned. However, several important knowledge gaps remain. As such, the purpose of this review is to summarise key knowledge gaps regarding the current understanding of the performance-enhancing effect of caffeine and justify their value for future investigation. The review will provide a particular focus on ten research priorities that will aid in the translation of caffeine's ergogenic potential to real-world sporting scenarios. The discussion presented here is therefore essential in guiding the design of future work that will aid in progressing the current understanding of the effects of caffeine as a performance enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Carvalho A, Marticorena FM, Grecco BH, Barreto G, Saunders B. Reply to Zhang and Chen’s Comment on “Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine”. Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Karayigit R, Forbes SC, Osmanov Z, Yilmaz C, Yasli BC, Naderi A, Buyukcelebi H, Benesova D, Gabrys T, Esen O. Low and Moderate Doses of Caffeinated Coffee Improve Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Team Sport Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101498. [PMID: 36290401 PMCID: PMC9598515 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 ± 4 mL·kg·min−1) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg·kg−1 (LCOF) or 6 mg·kg−1 (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 × 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but peak and mean power output of the individual sprints, and fatigue index were not different between trials (all p > 0.05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher before and after RST in LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (all p < 0.05). BLa was also higher after RST in both LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (p = 0.005). HR, RPE, and GLU were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low and moderate dose of caffeine ingestion can enhance the average peak power score during repeated sprints. These findings partly support low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation via coffee as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained female team-sport players during repeated sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Zakir Osmanov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Canan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76000, Turkey
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd 6915136111, Iran
| | - Hakan Buyukcelebi
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İnönü University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Daniela Benesova
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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Dutra RF, Marques FEM, Matos LDNJD. The Action of the Energy Drink on the Recovery Heart Rate is Independent of the Functional Capacity. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:562-563. [PMID: 36287411 PMCID: PMC9563893 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Li BH, Yan SY, Li XH, Huang Q, Luo LS, Wang YY, Huang J, Jin YH, Wang YB. Coffee and caffeine consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:898279. [PMID: 36071939 PMCID: PMC9441794 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.898279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma was inconsistent among observational studies, and whether these observed associations were causal remained unclear. Therefore, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causal nature of the association. Materials and methods In this study, 12 and two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to coffee and caffeine consumption at a genome-wide significance level of p < 5 × 10–8 were used as instrumental variables (IVs), respectively. Summary-level data for renal cell carcinoma were taken from the FinnGen consortium with up to 174,977 individuals, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) with 13,230 individuals. We used inverse-variance weighted (IVW) as the main method, followed by the weighted median method, the MR-Egger regression method, and the MR robust adjusted profile score method. Outlier and pleiotropic variants were assessed by the MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier test and MR-Egger regression. We used meta-analysis methods in fixed-effects to combine the estimates from the two sources. Results The genetically predicted coffee consumption was not associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma in the FinnGen consortium, and the relationship was consistent in the IARC consortium. The pooled odds ratio (OR) per 50% increase of coffee consumption was 0.752 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.512–1.105; p = 0.147]. In addition, complementary analyses that separated the coffee-related SNPs according to their relationship with blood levels of caffeine metabolites (higher, lower, or unrelated) found no relationship with renal cell carcinoma. The results were consistent after excluding eight SNPs due to potential risk factors at genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10–8). Moreover, genetically predicted per 80-mg increase in caffeine consumption was not associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma (pooled OR = 0.872, 95% CI: 0.676–1.125, p = 0.292). Conclusion Our MR study provided no convincing evidence for a causal effect between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. The associations for renal cell carcinoma need to be verified in well-powered studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Yu Yan
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Sha Luo
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Jin
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Hui Jin,
| | - Yong-Bo Wang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Yong-Bo Wang,
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Apostolidis A, Mougios V, Smilios I, Hadjicharalambous M. Higher and lower caffeine consumers: exercise performance and biological responses during a simulated soccer-game protocol following caffeine ingestion. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:4135-4143. [PMID: 35857131 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research on whether caffeine habituation reduces its ergogenicity is scarce and conflicting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of habitual caffeine consumption on exercise performance and biological responses during a simulated soccer-game protocol following acute caffeine ingestion. METHODS Twenty professional male soccer players were categorized as higher (n = 9) or lower caffeine consumers (n = 11) after answering a validated questionnaire. Participants performed a simulated treadmill soccer-game protocol on treadmill following either caffeine (6 mg kg-1) or placebo ingestion, during which several variables were evaluated. RESULTS Time to exhaustion, countermovement jump height, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma glucose, and lactate were higher (P ≤ 0.001), while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was lower (P = 0.002), following caffeine compared to placebo ingestion, with no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids exhibited a higher response to caffeine in the higher vs lower caffeine consumers. Reaction time, plasma glycerol and epinephrine, carbohydrate and fat oxidation, and energy expenditure were not affected by caffeine (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion largely improved cardiovascular and neuromuscular performance, while reducing RPE, in both higher and lower caffeine consuming athletes during prolonged intermitted exercise to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Apostolidis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education & Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Marios Hadjicharalambous
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Acute Supplementation of Yerba Mate Extract Did Not Change Muscle Strength in Physically Active Men Following the Strength Muscle Test: A Pilot Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132619. [PMID: 35807800 PMCID: PMC9268497 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol supplementation may be useful during exercise. However, there is no evidence indicating yerba mate (YM) increases muscle strength. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the effect of acute YM supplementation on muscle strength following the strength test. In a crossover and pilot clinical trial, ten men were divided into two groups, receiving either supplementation with YM or a placebo. One hour after consumption of beverages, the participants were submitted to tests of one-repetition maximum (1 RM) on the bench press and leg press. The average age of the participants was 25.5 ± 4.1 years, and the average body mass index was 24.4 ± 2.9 kg/m². YM was not able to increase muscle strength when compared to the placebo in either the 1RM leg press exercise (YM: 225 ± 56.2 kg, vs. placebo: 223 ± 64.3 kg, p = 0.743, Cohen’s d = 0.03) or in the 1 RM bench press exercise (YM: 59.5 ± 20.7 kg vs. placebo: 59.5 ± 21.5 kg, p = 1.000, Cohen’s d = 0.) In conclusion, acute intake of YM did not change muscle strength in physically active men.
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Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine. Sports Med 2022; 52:2209-2220. [PMID: 35536449 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to quantify the proportion of the literature on caffeine supplementation that reports habitual caffeine consumption, and determine the influence of habitual consumption on the acute exercise response to caffeine supplementation, using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. METHODS Three databases were searched, and articles screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Three-level meta-analyses and meta-regression models were used to investigate the influence of habitual caffeine consumption on caffeine's overall ergogenic effect and within different exercise types (endurance, power, strength), in men and women, and in trained and untrained individuals. Sub-analyses were performed according to the following: acute relative dose (< 3, 3-6, > 6 mg/kg body mass [BM]); whether the acute caffeine dose provided was lower or higher than the mean daily caffeine dose; and the caffeine withdrawal period prior to the intervention (< 24, 24-48, > 48 h). RESULTS Sixty caffeine studies included sufficient information on habitual consumption to be included in the meta-analysis. A positive overall effect of caffeine was shown in comparison to placebo (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.30; p < 0.001) with no influence of relative habitual caffeine consumption (p = 0.59). Subgroup analyses showed a significant ergogenic effect when the caffeine dose was < 3 mg/kg BM (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12-0.40; p = 0.003) and 3-6 mg/kg BM (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI 0.21-0.32; p < 0.0001), but not > 6 mg/kg BM (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI - 0.07 to 0.30; p = 0.23); when the dose was both higher (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI 0.20-0.31; p < 0.001) and lower (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.36; p = 0.006) than the habitual caffeine dose; and when withdrawal was < 24 h, 24-48 h, and > 48 h. Caffeine was effective for endurance, power, and strength exercise, with no influence (all p ≥ 0.23) of relative habitual caffeine consumption within exercise types. Habitual caffeine consumption did not modify the ergogenic effect of caffeine in male, female, trained or untrained individuals. CONCLUSION Habitual caffeine consumption does not appear to influence the acute ergogenic effect of caffeine.
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Porto AA, Benjamim CJR, Gonzaga LA, Luciano de Almeida M, Bueno Júnior CR, Garner DM, Valenti VE. Caffeine intake and its influences on heart rate variability recovery in healthy active adults after exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1071-1082. [PMID: 35272883 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Results regarding the effects of caffeine (CAF) intake on the autonomic control of heart rate recovery exercise remain inconclusive. Thus far, no study has used effect measures to pool the results of different experiments. We aim to assess the acute effect of CAF intake before exercise on the recovery of heart rate variability (HRV) after exercise through a systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS Randomized controlled clinical trials were included; sample composed of physically active or trained adults; CAF should be offered/ingested before exercise, with dosage between 100 and 400 mg or between 2 and 6 mg/kg and administration/ingestion route analogous in the protocols; studies required to present results of HRV indices before and after exercise. Bias risk analysis and meta-analysis were performed. Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and five studies were encompassed in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). For the Root-mean-square standard deviation (RMSSD) index we revealed p = 0.67, Total 95% confidence interval (95% CI) ranged from -0.45 to 0.29, and 66.7% for heterogeneity between groups were reported. Concerning the High Frequency (HF) index, we observed p = 0.22, Total 95% CI that ranged from -0.34 to 0.30, and 44% for heterogeneity between groups. CONCLUSIONS CAF intake did not affect heart rate variability recovery after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Alves Porto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Autonomic Nervous System Center, UNESP, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | - Cicero Jonas R Benjamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana Almeida Gonzaga
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Autonomic Nervous System Center, UNESP, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Bueno Júnior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; School of Physical Education of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - David M Garner
- Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Autonomic Nervous System Center, UNESP, Marilia, SP, Brazil
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Kreutzer A, Graybeal AJ, Moss K, Braun-Trocchio R, Shah M. Caffeine Supplementation Strategies Among Endurance Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:821750. [PMID: 35463835 PMCID: PMC9030507 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.821750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is widely accepted as an endurance-performance enhancing supplement. Most scientific research studies use doses of 3–6 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min prior to exercise based on pharmacokinetics. It is not well understood whether endurance athletes employ similar supplementation strategies in practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate caffeine supplementation protocols among endurance athletes. A survey conducted on Qualtrics returned responses regarding caffeine supplementation from 254 endurance athletes (f = 134, m =120; age = 39.4 ± 13.9 y; pro = 11, current collegiate athlete = 37, recreational = 206; running = 98, triathlon = 83, cycling = 54, other = 19; training days per week = 5.4 ± 1.3). Most participants reported habitual caffeine consumption (85.0%; 41.2% multiple times daily). However, only 24.0% used caffeine supplements. A greater proportion of men (31.7%) used caffeine supplements compared with women (17.2%; p = 0.007). Caffeine use was also more prevalent among professional (45.5%) and recreational athletes (25.1%) than in collegiate athletes (9.4%). Type of sport (p = 0.641), household income (p = 0.263), education (p = 0.570) or working with a coach (p = 0.612) did not have an impact on caffeine supplementation prevalence. Of those reporting specific timing of caffeine supplementation, 49.1% and 34.9% reported consuming caffeine within 30 min of training and races respectively; 38.6 and 36.5% used caffeine 30–60 min before training and races. Recreational athletes reported consuming smaller amounts of caffeine before training (1.6 ± 1.0 mg/kg) and races (2.0 ± 1.2 mg/kg) compared with collegiate (TRG: 2.1 ± 1.2 mg/kg; RACE: 3.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg) and professional (TRG: 2.4 ± 1.1 mg/kg; RACE: 3.5 ± 0.6 mg/kg) athletes. Overall, participants reported minor to moderate perceived effectiveness of caffeine supplementation (2.31 ± 0.9 on a four-point Likert-type scale) with greatest effectiveness during longer sessions (2.8 ± 1.1). It appears that recreational athletes use lower caffeine amounts than what has been established as ergogenic in laboratory protocols; further, they consume caffeine closer to exercise compared with typical research protocols. Thus, better education of recreational athletes and additional research into alternative supplementation strategies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Andreas Kreutzer
| | - Austin J. Graybeal
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Meena Shah
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Filip-Stachnik A, Krzysztofik M, Del Coso J, Wilk M. Acute effects of two caffeine doses on bar velocity during the bench press exercise among women habituated to caffeine: a randomized, crossover, double-blind study involving control and placebo conditions. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:947-955. [PMID: 34664106 PMCID: PMC8854307 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different doses of caffeine (3 and 6 mg/kg) to enhance bar velocity during the bench press in women habituated to caffeine. METHODS Twelve recreationally trained women (age: 23.3 ± 0.8 years, body mass: 60.7 ± 5.7 kg, bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM): 44.3 ± 7.8 kg, daily caffeine ingestion: 5.7 ± 2.0 mg/kg/day) participated in a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed four different experimental sessions: after no supplementation (control, CON), after ingesting 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-3 and CAF-6, respectively), or after ingesting a placebo (PLAC). In each experimental session, the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 50% 1RM. RESULTS A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with subsequent post hoc analyses indicated significant increases in peak velocity (p < 0.01; ES = 0.91) and mean velocity (p < 0.01; ES = 0.78) after the intake of CAF-6 compared to CON. The study did not show significant differences in bar velocity between CAF-6 and PLAC and between CAF-3 and PLAC. No significant differences in bar velocity were observed between CAF-3 and CAF-6 conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 6 mg/kg of caffeine can be an effective dose to improve power-specific training outcomes in women habituated to caffeine. However, the ergogenic effect of 6 mg/kg of caffeine may be derived from a combination of biological effects and expectancy, as this dose was only superior to the control condition with no differences over the placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
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Krawczyk R, Krzysztofik M, Kostrzewa M, Komarek Z, Wilk M, Del Coso J, Filip-Stachnik A. Preliminary Research towards Acute Effects of Different Doses of Caffeine on Strength-Power Performance in Highly Trained Judo Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2868. [PMID: 35270556 PMCID: PMC8910536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although several previous studies examined the effect of pre-exercise caffeine ingestion on judo-specific performance, the optimal dose of caffeine to maximise the ergogenic effects for judoka is not clear. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of oral administration of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine on a battery of physical tests associated with judo performance. Ten highly trained national-level judoka (6 men and 4 women, age: 24.1 ± 4.7 years, body mass: 73.4 ± 12.9 kg, 15.1 ± 5.2 years of judo training experience, 2.6 mg/kg/day of habitual caffeine intake) participated in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled and double-blind experiment. Each judoka performed three identical experimental sessions after: (a) ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-3); (b) ingestion of 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-6); (c) ingestion of a placebo (PLAC). After 60 min for substance absorption, participants performed the following tests: (a) bench press exercise with 50% of the load representing one-repetition maximum (1RM), including three sets of three repetitions; (b) bench pull exercise with 50% of 1RM including three sets of three repetitions; (c) countermovement jump; (d) maximal isometric handgrip strength test; (e) dynamic and isometric versions of the Judogi Grip Strength Test. In comparison with PLAC, the ingestion of CAF-3 and CAF-6 increased peak bar velocity in the bench press exercise (1.27 ± 0.11 vs. 1.34 ± 0.13 and 1.34 ± 0.15 m/s, respectively; p < 0.01) and mean bar velocity in the bench pull exercise (1.03 ± 0.15 vs. 1.13 ± 0.13 and 1.17 ± 0.15 m/s; p < 0.05). Only CAF-6 increased mean bar velocity in the bench press exercise when compared with PLAC (0.96 ± 0.09 vs. 1.02 ± 0.11 m/s; p < 0.05). Both CAF-3 and CAF-6 significantly increased the number of repetitions in the Judogi Grip Strength Test (17 ± 10 vs. 20 ± 10 and 20 ± 10 repetitions; p < 0.05). There were no differences between PLAC and caffeine doses in the remaining tests. The pre-exercise ingestion of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine effectively obtained meaningful improvements in several aspects associated with judo performance. From a practical viewpoint, the selection between 3 or 6 mg/kg of caffeine may depend on previously tested individual responses during simulated competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krawczyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Komarek
- Nutrition and Sports Performance Research Group, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
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The prevalence and practices of caffeine use as an ergogenic aid in English professional soccer. Biol Sport 2021; 38:525-534. [PMID: 34937961 PMCID: PMC8670797 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ergogenic properties of caffeine are well established, with evidence supporting beneficial effects for physical and technical elements of performance required for successful soccer match play. Despite this, recommended caffeine practices for professional soccer have not been established. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the use and behaviours surrounding caffeine use in elite English soccer clubs. Representatives of 36 clubs from the top four tiers of English professional football (40%) completed an online survey that sought to determine if, when, how and why caffeine was prescribed to players as a means of improving sports performance. Of the clubs sampled, 97% indicated that caffeine is provided to players as a means of improving performance. Caffeine is most commonly administered prior to (> 94%) and during a game (> 48%), with frequency uninfluenced by time of matches. There was a broad range and lack of consistency in the timing, dose and mode of caffeine administration, but doses were typically low. Evidence from the present study indicate a translational gap between science and practice, highlighting a need for future work to better understand how caffeine consumption can be optimised with respect to the specific demands and constraints in professional soccer.
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Sampaio-Jorge F, Morales AP, Pereira R, Barth T, Ribeiro BG. Caffeine increases performance and leads to a cardioprotective effect during intense exercise in cyclists. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24327. [PMID: 34934054 PMCID: PMC8692308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different caffeine dietary strategies to compare the impact on athletic performance and cardiac autonomic response. The order of the supplementation was randomly assigned: placebo(4-day)-placebo(acute)/PP, placebo(4-day)-caffeine(acute)/PC and caffeine(4-day)-caffeine(acute)/CC. Fourteen male recreationally-trained cyclists ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg kg-1) for 4 days. On day 5 (acute), capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg kg-1) were ingested 60 min before completing a 16 km time-trial (simulated cycling). CC and PC showed improvements in time (CC vs PP, Δ - 39.3 s and PC vs PP, Δ - 43.4 s; P = 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.33) and in output power (CC vs PP, Δ 5.55 w and PC vs PP, Δ 6.17 w; P = 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.30). At the final of the time-trial, CC and PC exhibited greater parasympathetic modulation (vagal tone) when compared to the PP condition (P < 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.92). Our study provided evidence that acute caffeine intake (6 mg∙kg-1) increased performance (time-trial) and demonstrated a relevant cardioprotective effect, through increased vagal tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sampaio-Jorge
- Higher Institutes of Education of CENSA (ISECENSA), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28030-260, Brazil.
- Macaé Sports Secretary, City Government of Macaé (PMM), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27913-080, Brazil.
- Laboratory Research and Innovation in Sports Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé Campus, 50, Aluízio da Silva Gomes, Granja Dos Cavaleiros, Rio de Janeiro, 27930-560, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Pontes Morales
- Higher Institutes of Education of CENSA (ISECENSA), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28030-260, Brazil
- Macaé Sports Secretary, City Government of Macaé (PMM), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27913-080, Brazil
- Laboratory Research and Innovation in Sports Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé Campus, 50, Aluízio da Silva Gomes, Granja Dos Cavaleiros, Rio de Janeiro, 27930-560, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Integrative Physiology Research Center, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Jequié, BA, 45210-506, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barth
- Laboratory of Bioactive Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27933-378, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Laboratory Research and Innovation in Sports Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé Campus, 50, Aluízio da Silva Gomes, Granja Dos Cavaleiros, Rio de Janeiro, 27930-560, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
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Dose-Response of Paraxanthine on Cognitive Function: A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124478. [PMID: 34960030 PMCID: PMC8708375 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraxanthine (PXN) is a metabolite of caffeine that has recently been reported to enhance cognition at a dose of 200 mg. Objective: To determine the acute and short-term (7-day) effects of varying doses of PXN on cognitive function and side effects. Methods: In a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 12 healthy male and female volunteers (22.7 ± 4 years, 165 ± 7 cm, 66.5 ± 11 kg, 24.4 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 200 mg of a placebo (PLA), 50 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.) + 150 mg PLA, 100 mg PXN + 100 mg PLA, or 200 mg of PXN. With each treatment experiment, participants completed side effect questionnaires and donated a fasting blood sample. Participants then performed a series of tests assessing cognition, executive function, memory, and reaction time. Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatments. Participants then completed side effects and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h of treatment ingestion. Participants continued ingesting one dose of the assigned treatment daily for 6-days and returned to the lab on day 7 to donate a fasting blood sample, assess side effects, and perform cognitive function tests. Participants repeated the experiment while ingesting remaining treatments in a counterbalanced manner after at least a 7-day washout period until all treatments were assessed. Results: The Sternberg Task Test (STT) 4-Letter Length Present Reaction Time tended to differ among groups (p = 0.06). Assessment of mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s revealed several significant differences among treatments in Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Correct Responses, Preservative Errors (PEBL), and Preservative Errors (PAR Rules). There was also evidence of significant differences among treatments in the Go/No-Go Task tests in Mean Accuracy as well as several time points of increasing complexity among STT variables. Finally, there was evidence from Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test assessment that response time improved over the series of 20 trials assessed as well as during the 6-h experiment in the PXN treatment. Acute and short-term benefits compared to PLA were seen with each dose studied but more consistent effects appeared to be at 100 mg and 200 mg doses. No significant differences were observed among treatments in clinical chemistry panels or the frequency or severity of reported side effects. Results provide evidence that acute ingestion of 100 mg and 200 mg of PXN may affect some measures of cognition, memory, reasoning, and response time as well as help sustain attention. Additionally, that acute and daily ingestion of PXN for 7 days is not associated with any clinically significant side effects. Conclusions: PXN may serve as an effective nootropic agent at doses as low as 50 mg.
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris R, Grgic J, Tallis J. Can 3 mg·kg -1 of Caffeine Be Used as An Effective Nutritional Supplement to Enhance the Effects of Resistance Training in Rugby Union Players? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103367. [PMID: 34684368 PMCID: PMC8539282 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study uniquely examined the effect of 3 mg·kg−1 chronic caffeine consumption on training adaptations induced by 7-weeks resistance training and assessed the potential for habituation to caffeine’s ergogenicity. Thirty non-specifically resistance-trained university standard male rugby union players (age (years): 20 ± 2; height (cm): 181 ± 7; body mass (kg): 92 ± 17) completed the study), who were moderate habitual caffeine consumers (118 ± 110 mg), completed the study. Using a within-subject double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, the acute effects of caffeine intake on upper and lower limb maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric torque were measured using isokinetic dynamometry (IKD) prior to and immediately following a resistance training intervention. Participants were split into strength-matched groups and completed a resistance-training program for seven weeks, consuming either caffeine or a placebo before each session. Irrespective of group, acute caffeine consumption improved peak eccentric torque of the elbow extensors (p < 0.013), peak concentric torque of the elbow flexors (p < 0.005), total eccentric work of the elbow flexors (p < 0.003), total concentric work of the knee extensors (p < 0.001), and total concentric and eccentric work of the knee flexors (p < 0.046) following repeated maximal voluntary contractions. Many of these acute caffeine effects were still prevalent following chronic exposure to caffeine throughout the intervention. The training intervention resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body one-repetition maximum strength (p < 0.001). For the most part, the effect of the training intervention was equivalent in both the caffeine and placebo groups, despite a small but significant increase (p < 0.037) in the total work performed in the participants that consumed caffeine across the course of the intervention. These results infer that caffeine may be beneficial to evoke acute improvements in muscular strength, with acute effects prevalent following chronic exposure to the experimental dose. However, individuals that consumed caffeine during the intervention did not elicit superior post-intervention training- induced adaptations in muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Tamilio
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Michael J. Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Rhys Morris
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Acute Effects of High Doses of Caffeine on Bar Velocity during the Bench Press Throw in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Crossover Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194380. [PMID: 34640398 PMCID: PMC8509759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intake of caffeine may produce a reduction in the potential performance benefits obtained with the acute intake of this substance. For this reason, athletes habituated to caffeine often use high doses of caffeine (≥9 mg/kg) to overcome tolerance to caffeine ergogenicity due to chronic intake. The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the effects of high caffeine doses on bar velocity during an explosive bench press throw in athletes habituated to caffeine. Twelve resistance-trained athletes, with a moderate-to-high chronic intake of caffeine (~5.3 mg/kg/day) participated in a randomized double-blind and randomized experimental design. Each participant performed three identical experimental sessions 60 min after the intake of a placebo (PLAC) or after the intake of 9 (CAF-9) or 12 mg/kg (CAF-12) of caffeine. In each experimental session, the athletes performed five sets of two repetitions of the bench press throw exercise with a load equivalent to 30% of their one-repetition maximum. In comparison to PLAC, the intake of caffeine increased peak and mean velocity (p < 0.01) during the five sets of the bench press throw exercise. There were no significant differences in peak and mean bar velocity between the two doses of caffeine (CAF-9 vs. CAF-12; p = 0.91, = 0.96, respectively). The ingestion of high doses of caffeine was effective in producing an increase in mean and peak bar velocity during the bench press throw in a group of habitual caffeine users. However, using CAF-12 did not offer additional benefits for performance with respect to CAF-9.
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Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Improve Time to Exhaustion in Male Trained Cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:412-419. [PMID: 34311440 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of caffeine mouth rinse on cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) and physiological responses in trained cyclists. In a double-blinded randomized counterbalanced cross-over design, 10 recreationally trained male cyclists (mean ± SD: 32 ± 3 years, 72.8 ± 5.3 kg, 1.78 ± 0.06 m, 13.9% ± 3.3% body fat, peak power output = 289.4 ± 24.7 W) completed two TTE tests cycling at 75% of peak aerobic power following 24 hr of dietary and exercise standardization. Cyclists were administered 25-ml mouth rinses for 5 s containing either 85 mg of caffeine or control (water) every 5 min throughout the exercise tests. No significant improvement in TTE was shown with caffeine mouth rinse compared with control (33:24 ± 12:47 vs. 28:08 ± 10:18 min; Cohen's dz effect size: 0.51, p = .14). Caffeine mouth rinse had no significant effect on ratings of perceived exertion (p = .31) or heart rate (p = .35) throughout the cycling TTE protocol. These data indicate that a repeated dose of caffeinated mouth rinse for 5 s does not improve cycling TTE in recreationally trained male cyclists. However, these findings should be taken with caution due to the small sample size and blinding ineffectiveness, while further well-design studies with larger samples are warranted.
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Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:321-328. [PMID: 34010807 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The long-standing caffeine habituation paradigm was never investigated in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance through a straightforward methodology. The authors examined if habitual caffeine consumption would influence the caffeine ergogenic effects on strength endurance and jumping performance as well as perceptual responses. Thirty-six strength-trained individuals were mathematically allocated into tertiles according to their habitual caffeine consumption: low (20 ± 11 mg/day), moderate (88 ± 33 mg/day), and high consumers (281 ± 167 mg/day). Then, in a double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced fashion, they performed a countermovement vertical jump test and a strength endurance test either after caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo supplementation or after no supplementation (control). Perceptual responses such as ratings of perceived exertion and pain were measured at the termination of the exercises. Acute caffeine supplementation improved countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .001) and total repetitions (p = .004), regardless of caffeine habituation. Accordingly, analysis of absolute change from the control session showed that caffeine promoted a significantly greater improvement in both countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .004) and total repetitions (p = .0001) compared with placebo. Caffeine did not affect the rating of perceived exertion and pain in any exercise tests, irrespective of tertiles (for all comparisons, p > .05 for both measures). Caffeine side effects were similar in low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers. These results show that habitual caffeine consumption does not influence the potential of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance, thus challenging recommendations to withdraw from the habitual caffeine consumption before supplementing with caffeine.
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Doherty R, Madigan SM, Nevill A, Warrington G, Ellis JG. The Sleep and Recovery Practices of Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041330. [PMID: 33920560 PMCID: PMC8072992 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes maintain a balance between stress and recovery and adopt recovery modalities that manage fatigue and enhance recovery and performance. Optimal TST is subject to individual variance. However, 7-9 h sleep is recommended for adults, while elite athletes may require more quality sleep than non-athletes. METHODS A total of 338 (elite n = 115, 74 males and 41 females, aged 23.44 ± 4.91 years; and sub-elite n = 223, 129 males and 94 females aged 25.71 ± 6.27) athletes were recruited from a variety of team and individual sports to complete a battery of previously validated and reliable widely used questionnaires assessing sleep, recovery and nutritional practices. RESULTS Poor sleep was reported by both the elite and sub-elite athlete groups (i.e., global PSQI score ≥5-elite 64% [n = 74]; sub-elite 65% [n = 146]) and there was a significant difference in sport-specific recovery practices (3.22 ± 0.90 vs. 2.91 ± 0.90; p < 0.001). Relatively high levels of fatigue (2.52 ± 1.32), stress (1.7 ± 1.31) and pain (50%, n = 169) were reported in both groups. A range of supplements were used regularly by athletes in both groups; indeed, whey (elite n = 22 and sub-elite n = 48) was the most commonly used recovery supplement in both groups. Higher alcohol consumption was observed in the sub-elite athletes (12%, n = 26) and they tended to consume more units of alcohol per drinking bout. CONCLUSION There is a need for athletes to receive individualised support and education regarding their sleep and recovery practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Port Road, Letterkenny, F92 FC93 Donegal, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland;
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sharon M. Madigan
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Alan Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Walsall WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Giles Warrington
- Health Research Institute, Schuman Building, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jason G. Ellis
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK;
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Filip-Stachnik A, Krzysztofik M, Kaszuba M, Leznicka K, Kostrzewa M, Del Coso J, Wilk M. Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Power Output and Movement Velocity During a Multiple-Set Bench Press Exercise Among Mild Caffeine Users. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:219-228. [PMID: 34025879 PMCID: PMC8120957 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an acute dose of caffeine (6 mg/kg body mass (b.m.)) on power output and bar velocity during a bench press multiple-set resistance training session in participants with mild daily caffeine consumption (in the range of 1 to 3 mg/kg/b.m). Thirteen recreationally active male participants (age: 21.9 ± 1.2 years, body mass: 74.4 ± 5.3 kg, body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2, bench press onerepetition maximum (1RM): 79.2 ± 14.9 kg), with daily caffeine ingestion of 1.56 ± 0.56 mg/kg/b.m., participated in the study with a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed two identical experimental sessions, 60 min after the intake of a placebo (PLAC) or 6 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine (CAF-6). In each experimental session, participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions of the bench press exercise with a load equivalent to 70% 1RM. The eccentric and concentric phases of the bench press exercise were performed at maximal possible velocity in each repetition. Bar velocity was recorded with a linear position transducer and power output was calculated using velocity and load data. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant substance x set interaction for mean power output (MP), mean bar velocity (MV), peak power output (PP) and peak bar velocity (PV). However, there was a significant main effect of substance on MP (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.47) and MV (p < 0.01; η2 =0.45). Post hoc analysis for main effect revealed that MP and MV values in the CAF-6 group were higher than in the PLAC group in all 5 sets of the exercise (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that an acute dose of caffeine before resistance exercise increased mean power output and mean bar velocity during a multiple-set bench press exercise protocol among mild caffeine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kaszuba
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Leznicka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Figueiredo N, Queiroz M, Felício FP, Ferreira J, Gerosa-Neto J, Mota JF, da Silva CR, Ghedini PC, Saunders B, Pimentel GD. Acute caffeine mouth rinsing does not improve 10-km running performance in CYP1A2 C-allele carriers. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 42:93-97. [PMID: 33745627 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed whether caffeine mouth rinsing affects 10-km run performance and vertical jump in recreational runners. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. Ten well-trained volunteers performed two trials, following caffeine or placebo mouth rinse, separated by seven days. Immediately before the 10-km run, a 10-second mouth rinse with either 300 mg of caffeine (1.2%) or microcrystalline cellulose (placebo) diluted in 25 mL of water was performed. Pre- and post-exercise, participants performed a vertical jump test. A Garmin Forerunner® GPS, was used to measure 10-km running time and an 11-point Borg scale was used post-exercise to measure ratings of perceived exertion. Blood samples were also collected during the visit in the laboratory in the afternoon period to classify individuals according to their CYP1A2 genotype. Vertical jump performance was evaluated using a force plate. RESULTS Nine runners (90%) were CC homozygotes and one (10%) was an AC heterozygote for CYP1A2. There was no difference in 10-km time-trial performance (Placebo: 47.07 ± 5.18 vs. CAF: 47.45 ± 6.34 min, p = 0.89), ratings of perceived exertion (Placebo: 17 ± 1 vs. CAF: 16 ± 2, p = 0.34) or vertical jump power (Placebo, Pre: 4.5 ± 0.6 W•kg-1 and Post: 4.5 ± 0.7 W•kg-1; CAF: Pre: 4.4 ± 0.7 W•kg-1 and Post: 4.4 ± 0.8 W•kg-1, d = 0.21, p = 0.66) between trials. CONCLUSION Acute caffeine mouth rinsing (1.2%) did not improve 10-km performance and showed similar null effects on vertical jump performance in CYP1A2 C-allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra Figueiredo
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marcela Queiroz
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P Felício
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ferreira
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jose Gerosa-Neto
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - João F Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo C Ghedini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.
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Barreto G, Grecco B, Merola P, Reis CEG, Gualano B, Saunders B. Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:749-769. [PMID: 33403509 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid due to its primary physiological effects that occur through antagonism of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system. This leads to a cascade of physiological reactions which increases focus and volition, and reduces perception of effort and pain, contributing to improved exercise performance. Substantial variability in the physiological and performance response to acute caffeine consumption is apparent, and a growing number of studies are implicating a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene, responsible for caffeine metabolism, as a key factor that influences the acute responses to caffeine ingestion. However, existing literature regarding the influence of this polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine is controversial. Fast caffeine metabolisers (AA homozygotes) appear most likely to benefit from caffeine supplementation, although over half of studies showed no differences in the responses to caffeine between CYP1A2 genotypes, while others even showed either a possible advantage or disadvantage for C-allele carriers. Contrasting data are limited by weak study designs and small samples sizes, which did not allow separation of C-allele carriers into their sub-groups (AC and CC), and insufficient mechanistic evidence to elucidate findings. Mixed results prevent practical recommendations based upon genotype while genetic testing for CYP1A2 is also currently unwarranted. More mechanistic and applied research is required to elucidate how the CYP1A2 polymorphism might alter caffeine's ergogenic effect and the magnitude thereof, and whether CYP1A2 genotyping prior to caffeine supplementation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grecco
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Pietro Merola
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil. .,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, Arent SM, Antonio J, Stout JR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Goldstein ER, Kalman DS, Campbell BI. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33388079 PMCID: PMC7777221 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: 1. Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. 2. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. 3. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3-6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. 4. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. 5. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. 6. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. 7. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. 8. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. 9. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4-6 mg/kg, respectively. 10. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. 11. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 5326A, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | | | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC, 29208, USA
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erica R Goldstein
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Martins GL, Guilherme JPLF, Ferreira LHB, de Souza-Junior TP, Lancha AH. Caffeine and Exercise Performance: Possible Directions for Definitive Findings. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:574854. [PMID: 33345139 PMCID: PMC7739593 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.574854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most studied supplements in the world. Studies correlate its use to increased exercise performance in endurance activities, as well as its possible ergogenic effects for both intermittent and strength activities. Recent findings show that caffeine may increase or decrease exercise performance. These antagonist responses may occur even when using the same dosage and for individuals with the same characteristics, making it challenging to explain caffeine's impact and applicability. This review article provides an analytic look at studies involving the use of caffeine for human physical performance, and addresses factors that could influence the ergogenic effects of caffeine on different proposed activities. These factors subdivide into caffeine effects, daily habits, physiological factors, and genetic factors. Each variable has been focused on by discussions to research related to caffeine. A better understanding and control of these variables should be considered in future research into personalized nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loureiro Martins
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Henrique Boiko Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tácito Pessoa de Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ruiz-Moreno C, Lara B, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, González-García J, Del Coso J. Time Course and Magnitude of Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on the Second Ventilatory Threshold. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120343. [PMID: 33321978 PMCID: PMC7764462 DOI: 10.3390/life10120343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-exercise caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase the workload at ventilatory threshold, suggesting an ergogenic effect of this stimulant on submaximal aerobic exercise. However, the time course of tolerance to the effect of caffeine on ventilatory threshold is unknown. This study aimed to determine the evolution of tolerance to the ergogenic effect of caffeine on the ventilatory threshold. Methods: Eleven participants (age 32.3 ± 4.9 yrs, height 171 ± 8 cm, body mass 66.6 ± 13.6 kg, VO2max = 48.0 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min) took part in a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover experimental design. Each participant took part in two identical treatments: in one treatment, participants ingested a capsule containing 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass per day (mg/kg/day) for twenty consecutive days; in the other treatment, participants ingested a capsule filled with a placebo for the same duration and frequency. During these treatments, participants performed a maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer three times per week and the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was assessed by using the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Results: A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (substance × time) revealed statistically significant main effects of caffeine (p < 0.01) and time (p = 0.04) on the wattage obtained at VT2, although there was no interaction (p = 0.09). In comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased the workload at VT2 on days 1, 4, 6 and 15 of ingestion (p < 0.05). The size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine over the placebo on the workload at VT2 was progressively reduced with the duration of the treatment. In addition, there were main effects of caffeine (p = 0.03) and time (p = 0.16) on VO2 obtained at VT2, with no interaction (p = 0.49). Specifically, caffeine increased oxygen uptake at VT2 on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05), with no other caffeine–placebo differences afterwards. For heart rate obtained at VT2, there was a main effect of substance (p < 0.01), while the overall effect of time (p = 0.13) and the interaction (p = 0.22) did not reach statistical significance. Heart rate at VT2 was higher with caffeine than with the placebo on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The size of the effect of caffeine on VO2 and heart at VT2 tended to decline over time. Conclusion: Pre-exercise intake of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine for twenty days enhanced the wattage obtained at VT2 during cycling ramp tests for ~15 days of ingestion, while there was a progressive attenuation of the size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on this performance variable. Therefore, habituation to caffeine through daily ingestion may reduce the ergogenic effect of this stimulant on aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (B.L.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (B.L.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain;
| | - Jaime González-García
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (B.L.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Pedrosa I, Fernandes Paris V, Reis HHT, Bouzas Marins JC. Padrões de consumo de bebidas energéticas e suplementos alimentares à base de cafeína por frequentadores de academias. REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE 2020. [DOI: 10.21876/rcshci.v10i4.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento, hábitos, e prevalência de consumo de energéticos e suplementos à base de cafeína por praticantes de exercícios físicos em academias. Métodos: Foi empregado um questionário autoaplicável de 27 perguntas no Google® Forms, divulgado em mídias sociais entre setembro e outubro de 2018. Resultados: Participaram 200 frequentadores de academias, 71% adultos jovens, 52% tendo mais de 2 anos de prática e frequência regular de 5 - 6 vezes por semana. A maioria da amostra era mulher (58,5%), praticante de musculação (61,6%) de MG (62,5%). O consumo sem orientação profissional foi de 81,6% nos energéticos e 53,9% para suplementos à base de cafeína. 73,3% dos consumidores de energéticos tinham objetivos relacionados com atividades sociais, preferindo a marca RedBul® (40,4%). Entre os consumidores de suplementos de cafeína houve preferência por termogênicos (32,7%) e cafeína pura (29,9%), com objetivo principal a melhora de performance (28,7%), apresentando respostas ergolíticas de taquicardia e palpitações como registrado nos energéticos. Não houve registro de efeitos adversos em 19,2% dos consumidores de cafeína e 40,8% de energéticos. As dosagens de consumo dos produtos estavam dentro da faixa de segurança (< 6 mg/kg). Conclusão: O consumo de ambos produtos foi feito sem orientação profissional, porém, com dosagens dentro da faixa de segurança. O consumo de bebidas energéticas esteve voltado para atividades sociais e melhora da performance esportiva. Foram registrados efeitos ergolíticos.
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Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Affect the Ergogenicity of Coffee Ingestion During a 5 km Cycling Time Trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:13-20. [PMID: 33260141 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that caffeine and coffee ingestion prior to exercise provide similar ergogenic benefits. However, there has been a long-standing paradigm that habitual caffeine intake may influence the ergogenicity of caffeine supplementation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of habitual caffeine intake on 5-km cycling time-trial performance following the ingestion of caffeinated coffee. Following institutional ethical approval, in a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled design, 46 recreationally active participants (27 men and 19 women) completed a 5-km cycling time trial on a cycle ergometer 60 m in following the ingestion of 0.09 g/kg coffee providing 3 mg/kg of caffeine, or a placebo. Habitual caffeine consumption was assessed using a caffeine consumption questionnaire with low habitual caffeine consumption defined as <3 and ≥6 mg · kg-1 · day-1 defined as high. An analysis of covariance using habitual caffeine intake as a covariant was performed to establish if habitual caffeine consumption had an impact on the ergogenic effect of coffee ingestion. Sixteen participants were classified as high-caffeine users and 30 as low. Ingesting caffeinated coffee improved 5-km cycling time-trial performance by 8 ± 12 s; 95% confidence interval (CI) [5, 13]; p < .001; d = 0.30, with low, 9±14 s; 95% CI [3, 14]; p = .002; d = 0.18, and high, 8 ± 10 s; 95% CI [-1, 17]; p = .008; d = 0.06, users improving by a similar magnitude, 95% CI [-12, 12]; p = .946; d = 0.08. In conclusion, habitual caffeine consumption did not affect the ergogenicity of coffee ingestion prior to a 5-km cycling time trial.
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Koranyi N, Brückner E, Jäckel A, Grigutsch LA, Rothermund K. Dissociation between wanting and liking for coffee in heavy drinkers. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1350-1356. [PMID: 32436771 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120922960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an ongoing discussion about the addictive strength of caffeine. According to the incentive-sensitization theory, the development and the maintenance of drug addiction is the result of a selective sensitization of brain regions that are relevant for wanting without a corresponding increase in liking. Dissociations of wanting and liking have been observed with a wide range of drugs in animals. For human subjects, results are inconclusive, which is possibly due to invalid operationalizations of wanting and liking. AIM The present study examined dissociations of wanting and liking for coffee in heavy and low/non-consumers with newly developed and validated response time-based assessment procedures for wanting and liking. METHODS For this study 24 heavy and 32 low/non-consumers of coffee completed two versions of the Implicit-Association Test (IAT), one of which has been developed and validated recently to assess wanting for coffee, whereas the other reflects an indicator of liking for coffee. RESULTS Results revealed a significant interaction between group (heavy vs. low/non-consumers) and IAT type (wanting vs. liking) indicating that heavy coffee drinkers differed from low/non-consumers by displaying increased wanting but not liking for coffee. INTERPRETATION These data confirm that heavy coffee consumption is associated with strong wanting despite low liking for coffee, indicating that wanting becomes independent from liking through repeated consumption of caffeine. This dissociation provides a possible explanation for the widespread and stable consumption of caffeine-containing beverages.
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Balko S, Simonek J, Balko I, Heller J, Chytry V, Balogova K, Gronek P. The influence of different caffeine doses on visual and audial reaction time with different delay from its consumption. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Cognitive Dual Task Performance during Assessment of Static and Dynamic Balance in Older Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123653. [PMID: 33261032 PMCID: PMC7760187 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine consumption on the standing and dynamic balance performance of older adults and sought to establish if caffeine ingestion can modulate the influence of a cognitive dual task on balance performance. Twelve apparently healthy participants (8 females) aged >65 years (72 ± 3.7 years) completed the study. Bipedal postural sway, four square step test, timed up and go, Y-balance (anterior reach only) and force-time characteristics of sit-to-stand performance were used to assess standing and dynamic balance. Attention and working memory were assessed using a serial 3s and 7s subtraction task during seated rest and completion of the bipedal standing assessment and Y-balance test. This battery of assessments was completed on two separate occasions, once following the consumption of a non-ergogenic placebo and again following the consumption of 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine. The administration of treatments was randomised, counterbalanced and double-blind. Caffeine reduced performance in the bipedal standing balance assessments, evidenced by an increase in COPML, COPPath, COPVelocity. Performance during the dynamic balance tests was unaffected, other than rate of force development during the sit-to-stand, which was improved following caffeine ingestion. The introduction of a cognitive dual task had either limited effects, or improved facets of bipedal standing balance, whilst performance during the dynamic balance task was significantly reduced. In both balance assessments, there was evidence for a reduction in the performance of the cognitive task when both the balance and cognitive tests were performed simultaneously, with this effect not modulated by caffeine consumption. These findings refute the idea that caffeine ingestion may have positive effects on balance performance. However, despite a caffeine-induced reduction in bipedal standing balance, it is unlikely that caffeine ingestion would exacerbate fall risk given the limited effects in the dynamic balance tests. Future work should establish if these effects are generalisable to older frail participants and if caffeine can modulate the detrimental effects of an acute exercise bout on balance performance.
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Collado-Mateo D, Lavín-Pérez AM, Merellano-Navarro E, Coso JD. Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on the Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123603. [PMID: 33255240 PMCID: PMC7760526 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of previous investigations have been designed to determine the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. However, these investigations have shown contradictory results due to the differences in the exercise protocols used or the co-ingestion of caffeine with other substances. Hence, to date, there is no consensus about the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis to establish the effect of acute intake of caffeine (ranging from 2 to 7 mg/kg of body mass) on the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. A total of 19 studies published between 1978 and 2020 were included, all of which employed crossover experimental designs in which the ingestion of caffeine was compared to a placebo. Studies were selected if the exercise intensity was consistent in the caffeine and placebo trials and if these were preceded by a fasting protocol. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). The meta-analysis revealed that caffeine significantly (p = 0.008) increased the fat oxidation rate (SMD = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.19 to 1.27). This increment was consistent with a significant (p = 0.04) reduction of the respiratory exchange ratio (SMD = -0.33; 95% CI = -0.65 to -0.01) and a significant (p = 0.049) increase in the oxygen uptake (SMD = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.44). The results also showed that there was a dose-response effect of caffeine on the fat oxidation rate, indicating that more than 3.0 mg/kg is necessary to obtain a statistically significant effect of this stimulant on fat oxidation during exercise. Additionally, the ability of caffeine to enhance fat oxidation during exercise was higher in sedentary or untrained individuals than in trained and recreational athletes. In conclusion, pre-exercise intake of a moderate dose of caffeine may effectively increase fat utilization during aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity performed after a fasting period. However, the fitness level of the participant may modulate the magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28043 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (A.M.L.-P.)
| | - Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28043 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (A.M.L.-P.)
- GO fit LAB, Ingesport, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28043 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (D.C.-M.); (A.M.L.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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Pickering C, Grgic J. A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year. Nutrition 2020; 82:111046. [PMID: 33277148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance-enhancing effects demonstrated across a variety of sports and exercise types. As a result of these ergogenic properties, caffeine is widely used by athletes at all levels around both competition and training. Caffeine exerts its performance benefits through a variety of mechanisms, each of which may be of increased importance at a given stage of training or competition. Additionally, regular caffeine use may diminish the performance-enhancing effects of a subsequent dose of caffeine. Recently, interest in the concept of nutritional periodization has grown. Here we propose a framework for the periodization of caffeine through the sporting year, balancing its training and competition performance-enhancing effects, along with the need to mitigate any negative effects of habituation. Furthermore, the regular use of caffeine within training may support the development of positive beliefs toward caffeine by athletes-potentially serving to enhance future performance through placebo and expectancy mechanisms-as well as allowing for the optimization of individual athlete caffeine strategies. Although future work is required to validate some of the suggestions made, the framework proposed here represents a starting point for athletes to maximize caffeine's performance benefits across the sporting year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Milazzo NA, Cao DX, Diwaker G, Thornton JA, Shah SA. A Survey of Energy Drink Consumption and Associated Adverse Effects in Air Force Personnel. Mil Med 2020; 186:e143-e148. [PMID: 33007069 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Energy drinks are an increasingly utilized beverage and are gaining popularity in recent years. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) represents a unique population where energy drink consumption may be higher than the general population. To better understand the safety and health impact of energy drinks, this large-scale comprehensive survey was conducted to study energy drink consumption patterns and its associated adverse effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was conducted across 12 USAF installations to assess self-reported energy drink consumption and adverse effects in the military population. This study was approved by the David Grant USAF Medical Center Institutional Review Board. RESULTS A total of 9,655 participants participated in the survey. Energy drink consumption was reported in 76.7% of the participants, with 12.0% consuming ≥1 energy drink per day. Male gender, younger age, and enlisted military members are more likely to be high consumers; 58.6% of participants reported having at least once tried a premixed beverage that combines alcohol, caffeine, and other stimulants. Among energy drink users, 60.0% reported experiencing ≥1 adverse effect, and 0.92% reported needing to see a physician or going to the emergency department because of adverse effects from energy drinks. Higher energy drink or premixed combination beverage consumption frequency was associated with increased likelihood of physician or emergency department visits (P ≤ 0.002 for both). CONCLUSION Approximately three in four USAF members reported ever consuming an energy drink. Caution should be exercised on the amount of energy drink consumed to limit the risk of serious adverse effects. Future studies should identify populations at greatest risk for adverse effects and alternative sources of energy maintenance to attain optimal mission readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Milazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Fairfield, CA 94535, USA
| | - Diana X Cao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Gunjeeta Diwaker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Jennifer A Thornton
- Department of Pharmacy, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Fairfield, CA 94535, USA
| | - Sachin A Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Fairfield, CA 94535, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
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Grgic J, Mikulic P. Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1165-1175. [PMID: 32859145 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1817155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the influence of habitual caffeine intake on the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance. Resistance-trained males were tested following the ingestion of caffeine (3 mg/kg) and placebo (3 mg/kg of dextrose). Participants were classified as low caffeine users (n = 13; habitual caffeine intake: 65 ± 46 mg/day) and as moderate-to-high caffeine users (n = 11; habitual caffeine intake: 235 ± 82 mg/day). Exercise performance was evaluated by measuring: (a) movement velocity, power, and muscular endurance in the bench press; (b) countermovement jump; and, (c) a Wingate test, performed in that order. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect (p < 0.05) for condition in the majority of analyzed exercise outcomes. In all cases, effect sizes for condition favoured caffeine and ranged from 0.14 to 0.97. Mean increases in velocity and power in resistance exercise ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 m/s and 42 to 156 W, respectively. The number of performed repetitions increased by 1.2 and jump height by 0.9 cm. Increases in power in the Wingate test ranged from 31 to 75 W. We did not find significant group × condition interaction effect (p > 0.05) in any of the analyzed exercise outcomes. Additionally, there were no significant correlations (p > 0.05; r ranged from -0.29 to 0.32) between habitual caffeine intake and the absolute change in exercise performance. These results suggest that habitual caffeine intake might not moderate the ergogenic effects of acute caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Rothschild JA, Bishop DJ. Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training. Sports Med 2020; 50:25-53. [PMID: 31531769 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training leads to a variety of adaptations at the cellular and systemic levels that serve to minimise disruptions in whole-body homeostasis caused by exercise. These adaptations are differentially affected by training volume, training intensity, and training status, as well as by nutritional choices that can enhance or impair the response to training. A variety of supplements have been studied in the context of acute performance enhancement, but the effects of continued supplementation concurrent to endurance training programs are less well characterised. For example, supplements such as sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine can improve endurance performance and possibly training adaptations during endurance training by affecting buffering capacity and/or allowing an increased training intensity, while antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E may impair training adaptations by blunting cellular signalling but appear to have little effect on performance outcomes. Additionally, limited data suggest the potential for dietary nitrate (in the form of beetroot juice), creatine, and possibly caffeine, to further enhance endurance training adaptation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the impact of dietary supplements on metabolic and physiological adaptations to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,TriFit Performance Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Morales AP, Sampaio-Jorge F, Barth T, Pierucci APTR, Ribeiro BG. Caffeine Supplementation for 4 Days Does Not Induce Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effects Promoted by Acute Intake on Physiological, Metabolic, and Performance Parameters of Cyclists: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2101. [PMID: 32708555 PMCID: PMC7400874 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the caffeine supplementation for four days would induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects promoted by acute intake on physiological, metabolic, and performance parameters of cyclists. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design was employed, involving four experimental trials; placebo (4-day)-placebo (acute)/PP, placebo (4-day)-caffeine (acute)/PC, caffeine (4-day)-caffeine (acute)/CC and caffeine (4-day)-placebo (acute)/CP. Fourteen male recreationally-trained cyclists ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg∙kg-1) for 4 days. On day 5 (acute), capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg∙kg-1) were ingested 60 min before completing a 16 km time-trial (TT). CC and PC showed improvements in time (3.54%, ES = 0.72; 2.53%, ES = 0.51) and in output power (2.85%, ES = 0.25; 2.53%, ES = 0.20) (p < 0.05) compared to CP and PP conditions, respectively. These effects were accompanied by increased heart rate (2.63%, ES = 0.47; 1.99%, ES = 0.34), minute volume (13.11%, ES = 0.61; 16.32%, ES = 0.75), expired O2 fraction (3.29%, ES = 0.96; 2.87, ES = 0.72), lactate blood concentration (immediately after, 29.51% ES = 0.78; 28.21% ES = 0.73 recovery (10 min), 36.01% ES = 0.84; 31.22% ES = 0.81), and reduction in expired CO2 fraction (7.64%, ES = 0.64; 7.75%, ES = 0.56). In conclusion, these results indicate that caffeine, when ingested by cyclists in a dose of 6 mg∙kg-1 for 4 days, does not induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects promoted by acute intake on physiological, metabolic, and performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Pontes Morales
- Laboratory Research and Innovation in Sports Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil; (F.S.-J.); (B.G.R.)
- Macaé Sports Secretary, City Government of Macaé (PMM), Macaé, RJ 27913-080, Brazil
- Higher Institutes of Education of CENSA (ISECENSA), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28030-260, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 21941-590, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Sampaio-Jorge
- Laboratory Research and Innovation in Sports Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil; (F.S.-J.); (B.G.R.)
- Macaé Sports Secretary, City Government of Macaé (PMM), Macaé, RJ 27913-080, Brazil
- Higher Institutes of Education of CENSA (ISECENSA), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28030-260, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil;
| | - Thiago Barth
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Biosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Bioactive Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 27933-378, Brazil
| | - Anna Paola Trindade Rocha Pierucci
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 21941-590, Brazil;
| | - Beatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Laboratory Research and Innovation in Sports Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil; (F.S.-J.); (B.G.R.)
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ 21941-590, Brazil;
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