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Lamboglia CG, Ruissen GR, Mandic S, Garcia Bengoechea E, Spence JC. Temporal relationships in the movement behaviour of adolescents: Testing and methodological considerations of the ActivityStat hypothesis. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:947-958. [PMID: 38978311 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2372929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the ActivityStat hypothesis by examining the presence and the timeframe of the temporal relationships among physical activity (PA) levels and stationary time (ST) in adolescents. A secondary analysis was performed on data involving 356 adolescents in Dunedin, New Zealand. Participants wore a waist-worn accelerometer for several consecutive days to assess PA levels [i.e. light PA (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA)] and ST. Bayesian continuous-time structural equation modelling (CT-SEM) was used to examine the relationship between the behaviours over time and the timeframe during which these relationships occur. Increases in LPA, MVPA, and ST were positively associated with their later behaviours until 2.5, 1.7, and 2 days later, respectively. A cross-behavioural reciprocal and negative relationship between LPA and ST was demonstrated 0.4 days later. A positive relationship between ST and MVPA was observed until about 0.4 days later. This is the first study to investigate the ActivityStat hypothesis using Bayesian CT-SEM in adolescents, examining the multivariate relationships among different behaviours and the associated timeframes. To conclude, evidence of activity synergy was suggested for the within-behavioural relationships, while behavioural compensation was noted for ST. Thus, the findings provide some support for the ActivityStat hypothesis in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geralyn R Ruissen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sandra Mandic
- AGILE Research Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Enrique Garcia Bengoechea
- Research and Innovation Unit, Sport Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John C Spence
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Pfledderer CD, Burkart S, Dugger R, Parker H, von Klinggraeff L, Okely AD, Weaver RG, Beets MW. What does it mean to use the mean? The impact of different data handling strategies on the proportion of children classified as meeting 24-hr movement guidelines and associations with overweight and obesity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.22.23295801. [PMID: 37790505 PMCID: PMC10543030 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.23295801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread endorsement of 24-hour movement guidelines (physical activity, sleep, screentime) for youth, no standardized processes for categorizing guideline achievement exists. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the impact of different data handling strategies on the proportion of children meeting 24-hour movement guidelines (24hrG) and associations with overweight and obesity. Methods A subset of 524 children (ages 5-12yrs) with complete 24-hour behavior measures on at least 10 days was used to compare the impact of data handling strategies on estimates of meeting 24hrG. Physical activity and sleep were measured via accelerometry. Screentime was measured via parent self-report. Comparison of meeting 24hrG were made using 1) average of behaviors across all days (AVG-24hr), 2) classifying each day and evaluating the percentage meeting 24hrG from 10-100% of their measured days (DAYS-24hr), and 3) the average of a random sample of 4 days across 10 iterations (RAND-24hr). A second subset of children (N=475) with height and weight data was used to explore the influence of each data handling strategy on children meeting guidelines and the odds of overweight/obesity via logistic regression. Results Classification for AVG-24hr resulted in 14.7% of participants meeting 24hrG. Classification for DAYS-24hr resulted in 63.5% meeting 24hrG on 10% of measured days with <1% meeting 24hrG on 100% of days. Classification for RAND-24hr resulted in 15.9% of participants meeting 24hrG. Across 10 iterations, 63.6% of participants never met 24hrG regardless of the days sampled, 3.4% always met 24hrG, with the remaining 33.0% classified as meeting 24hrG for at least one of the 10 random iterations of days. Using AVG-24hr as a strategy, meeting all three guidelines associated with lower odds of having overweight obesity (OR=0.38, p<0.05). The RAND-24hr strategy produced a range of odds from 0.27 to 0.56. Using the criteria of needing to meet 24hrG on 100% of days, meeting all three guidelines associated with the lowest odds of having overweight and obesity as well (OR=0.04, p<0.05). Conclusions Varying estimates of meeting the 24hrG and the odds of overweight and obesity results from different data handling strategies and days sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Pfledderer
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hannah Parker
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Swelam BA, Arundell L, Salmon JO, Abbott G, Timperio A, Chastin SFM, Ridgers ND. Exploring Children's Self-Reported Activity Compensation: The REACT Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1456-1464. [PMID: 36924338 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research has focused on device-based measures of activity compensation, with little understanding of how children perceive potential compensatory responses to activity or inactivity, or whether these change after periods of activity or inactivity. The aim of this study was (a) to explore the alignment between children's self-reported usual compensation and compensation recall after experimental conditions and (b) to examine sex differences. METHODS In total, 360 children (47% boys) participated in at least one of three experimental conditions over 6 wk: (a) restricted physical activity (PA; indoor play), (b) imposed moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA; sports class), and (c) imposed light-intensity PA (LPA; standing lesson). Before the first condition, children reported their "usual compensation" behavior to examples of restricted/imposed PA, and 2-3 d after each experimental condition, they completed a recall measure of their compensation after the condition. Multilevel regression models were conducted to determine whether children's perceptions of "usual compensation" score were associated with recalled compensation score after imposed or restricted PA. Additional models were fitted for sex-specific associations. RESULTS Overall and among girls, the usual compensation score was positively associated with the compensatory recall score for the additional MVPA and LPA conditions ( P < 0.0005; e.g., they thought they would usually compensate for additional MVPA and then perceived that they compensated after additional MVPA). A negative association was seen in the restricted activity condition among girls ( P = 0.03). All associations in the boys' analyses were statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest some alignment between children's self-reported usual compensation and compensation recall after imposed changes to routine activity. Future research should consider device-measured comparisons and identify characteristics of children at risk of activity compensation in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Swelam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, AUSTRALIA
| | - Lauren Arundell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, AUSTRALIA
| | - J O Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, AUSTRALIA
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, AUSTRALIA
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, AUSTRALIA
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Swelam BA, Salmon J, Arundell L, Timperio A, Moriarty AL, Ridgers ND. Test-retest reliability of a measure of perceived activity compensation in primary school children and their parents: a mixed methods study. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2359-2370. [PMID: 36606673 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2151751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of specific tools for assessing children's activity compensatory responses. This study 1) determined test-retest reliability and internal consistency of survey items assessing children's self-reported and parents' proxy-reported perceived compensatory responses; and 2) described children's and parents' views of potential compensatory mechanisms. Children (n = 55; mean age 10.2 ± 0.9) and their parents (n = 60) completed a survey twice, seven days apart. A sub-sample (17 parents; 13 children) participated in a short, semi-structured interview. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) and Cronbach's alpha assessed absolute agreement and internal consistency. Interviews were analysed via thematic analysis. Seven self- and proxy-reported survey sub-scales had excellent test-retest reliability (ICC ≥ 0.75), three had good (ICC ≥ 0.56) and one fair (ICC = 0.44). All survey items and sub-scales had acceptable internal consistency (alpha >0.67). Thematic analysis identified two overarching themes: awareness of compensation and mechanisms of compensation. After an active day at school, most participants perceived that compensation occurred later that day. Mechanisms of compensation included psychological, physiological, environmental, and interpersonal mechanisms. This reliable survey provides a new tool for assessing children's and their parents' perceptions of activity compensation and may inform future intervention designs. Future research is needed to establish concordance between perceived and device-assessed compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Swelam
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Australia
| | - Lauren Arundell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Australia
| | - Abbe L Moriarty
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Australia.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Beck F, Dettweiler U, Sturm DJ, Demetriou Y, Reimers AK. Compensation of overall physical activity in (pre)adolescent girls - the CReActivity project. Arch Public Health 2022; 80:244. [PMID: 36461030 PMCID: PMC9716764 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-022-01002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the ActivityStat hypothesis more physical activity (PA) in one timespan is compensated by increased sedentary time (ST) in the following timespan and vice versa to maintain an overall stable PA level. Until now, existing literature revealed inconsistent results regarding compensatory behaviour across children and adolescents. Thus, the aim of the present study is (1) to investigate whether ST in the morning is compensated by active behaviour in the afternoon and (2) whether ST during the week is compensated by active behaviour during the weekend in (pre)adolescent girls. Additionally, we aimed to differentiate between positive and negative compensatory behaviour and examine whether it is moderated by socioeconomic status (SES), age or weight status. METHODS The participants were 370 sixth grade school girls (mean age 11.6 years) from Munich that participated in the CReActivity study, a school based intervention study aiming to identify the mechanisms of behavioural changes in PA among girls. ST and PA were measured over seven consecutive days using accelerometery. Descriptive determination of compensatory behaviour, as well as Bayesian multivariate multilevel analysis were conducted with data clustered on the individual (ID), class and school level. RESULTS Descriptive analysis revealed rather constant compensatory behaviour of about 60% for after-school days and weekends over all observation points. However, regarding all girls, compensation was predominantly negative. Differentiated analysis indicated that all girls with low ST levels in the morning or on weekdays, compensated for this behaviour with lower PA levels in the afternoon or on weekends. Multilevel covariate analysis indicated great variability between the participants. Furthermore, differences in compensatory behaviour can also be seen on class and school levels. Interestingly, PA compensatory behaviour is not associated with age, weight status or SES. CONCLUSION Our findings could neither confirm nor reject the ActivityStat Hypothesis. Overall, due to the great variability across the girls, it seems that compensation depends on individual factors. In the future, to prevent negative compensation, school-based interventions that have the potential to provide opportunities to be physically active, should not neglect (pre)adolescents' leisure time behaviour. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00015723 (date of registration: 2018/10/22 retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beck
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstr. 123B, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dettweiler
- grid.18883.3a0000 0001 2299 9255 Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - David Joseph Sturm
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Yolanda Demetriou
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Kerstin Reimers
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstr. 123B, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Lamboglia CG, Mccurdy AP, Kim YB, Lindeman C, Mangan AJ, Sivak A, Mager D, Spence JC. Investigation of movement-related behaviors and energy compensation in people living with liver disease: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1299-1307. [PMID: 35766978 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2065087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of integrated movement behaviours (MB, i.e., physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviour, and sleep) and their interdependence for health has been recently discussed in the literature. The proposition that the amount of time spent in any one of these behaviours may impact the amount of time spent in another is supported by the ActivityStat hypothesis. The aim of this review is to (1) to assess whether individuals with liver disease display MB and/or energy (i.e., total energy expenditure [EE], basal EE, resting EE, and activity EE) compensation throughout the day and/or days; and (2) to examine whether a prescribed PA intervention triggers compensatory responses. Documents were included if they focused on people living with liver disease; analysed MB and/or EE components; were data-based; and were published in English. Fifteen documents were included in the final synthesis. The one finding that addressed research question 1 showed no compensatory response. As for research question 2, most of the findings suggest no compensation effects in response to a PA intervention. There is insufficient evidence to support the ActivityStat hypothesis in people living with liver disease. Further research should be conducted to test this hypothesis using standardized methodological procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley P Mccurdy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yeong-Bae Kim
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cliff Lindeman
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amie J Mangan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison Sivak
- H.T. Coutts Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Mager
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John C Spence
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Nigg C, Burchartz A, Reichert M, Woll A, Niessner C. Children and adolescents do not compensate for physical activity but do compensate for sedentary behavior. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLittle is known about behavioral transfer and compensation within and between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior. Thus, taking a within-person perspective, this study investigated across 1 week whether (a) children and adolescents compensate for increased MVPA and sedentary behavior with less of the respective behavior the next day and (b) transfer and compensation occur between these behaviors within 1 day and across 2 days. We obtained data from 2676 participants (6–17 years) of the national Motorik-Modul (MoMo) study in Germany. Participants wore an ActiGraph accelerometer (Pensacola, FL, USA) for 7 days. We analyzed within- and between-day associations using hierarchical linear modeling. If youth engaged in 2 h more sedentary behavior than typical on any given day, they engaged in 37.20 min less MVPA the same day (B = −0.31, p < 0.001) as well as in 4.80 min more MVPA (B = 0.04, p < 0.001) and 7.20 min less sedentary behavior (B = −0.06, p < 0.001) the next day. If youth engaged in 1 h more MVPA than typical on any given day, they engaged in 97.80 min less sedentary behavior the same day (B = −1.63, p < 0.001) and in 5.40 min less sedentary behavior the next day (B = −0.09, p < 0.001). No association with next-day MVPA was observed. Our results indicate that children do not compensate for enhanced MVPA but transfer to less sedentary behavior, while more sedentary behavior is compensated with less sedentary behavior and more MVPA the next day. This provides essential information for the design of intervention studies to tackle physical inactivity and sedentary behavior.
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Swelam BA, Verswijveren SJJM, Salmon J, Arundell L, Ridgers ND. Exploring activity compensation amongst youth and adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:25. [PMID: 35279187 PMCID: PMC8917655 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, significant efforts have focused on increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in youth and adults across a range of settings (e.g., schools, workplaces, community, and home). Despite this, interventions have had varied efficacy and typically have failed to sustain changes in behaviours over time. One explanation that has been put forth to explain the mixed success of interventions is activity compensation. However, little is known about activity compensation, including whether compensation occurs, and perceptions and potential mechanisms of activity compensation. Understanding activity compensation would assist in tailoring and targeting of potential intervention strategies. The primary aim of this review was to synthesise research that has investigated activity compensation in youth and adults. The secondary aim was to identify potential reasons for and/or awareness of compensatory changes that may have occurred. METHODS An electronic search of the EBSCOhost (via Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, Education Source, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus with Full Text), MEDLINE Complete, Global Health, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to May 2021 was conducted. Quality assessment of included quantitative studies used a modified compensation-specific McMaster Quality Assessment Tool. RESULTS A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria (22 = adult populations; 22 = youth populations) and were classified as (1) quantitative (n = 31); (2) combination of quantitative and behavioural (n = 11); (3) behavioural only (n = 1); and (4) qualitative (n = 1). Of the 42 studies that included a quantitative component, 11 (26%) reported compensation occurred. Within the 13 studies examining specific behaviours, 35 behaviours were assessed, and evidence of compensation was inconsistent. Compensation mechanisms included fatigue, time constraints, lack of motivation, drive to be inactive, fear of overexertion, and autonomous motivation. CONCLUSION Little evidence of compensation was reported in the included quantitative studies; however, inconsistencies between studies makes comparisons difficult. There was considerable variability in the types of behaviours assessed in quantitative studies, and few studies examined potential compensatory mechanisms. Future research, using compensation specific study designs, methods, and analytic techniques, within different population sub-groups, should address these evidence gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Swelam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Simone J J M Verswijveren
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lauren Arundell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
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9
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Beck F, Engel FA, Reimers AK. Compensation or Displacement of Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:351. [PMID: 35327723 PMCID: PMC8947494 DOI: 10.3390/children9030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with health benefits. Consequently, numerous health promotion programs for children and adolescents emphasize the enhancement of physical activity. However, the ActivityStat hypothesis states that increases in physical activity in one domain are compensated for by decreasing physical activity in another domain. Currently, little is known about how physical activity varies in children and adolescents within intervals of one day or multiple days. This systematic review provides an overview of studies that analyzed changes in (overall) physical activity, which were assessed with objective measurements, or compensatory mechanisms caused by increases or decreases in physical activity in a specific domain in children and adolescents. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus) was performed with a priori defined inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers screened the literature and identified and rated the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 77 peer-reviewed articles were included that analyzed changes in overall physical activity with multiple methodological approaches resulting in compensation or displacement. Of 40,829 participants, 16,265 indicated compensation associated with physical activity. Subgroup analyses separated by study design, participants, measurement instrument, physical activity context, and intervention duration also showed mixed results toward an indication of compensation. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that they were of high quality (mean = 0.866). This review provides inconclusive results about compensation in relation to physical activity. A trend toward increased compensation in interventional studies and in interventions of longer duration have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beck
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91052 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Florian A. Engel
- Institute of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Judenbühlweg 11, 97082 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Anne Kerstin Reimers
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91052 Erlangen, Germany;
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10
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Verswijveren SJJM, Douglas B, Rantalainen T, Belavy DL, Salmon J, Timperio A, Lubans DR, Ridgers ND. Count- versus MAD-based accelerometry-assessed movement behaviors and associations with child adiposity and fitness. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2322-2332. [PMID: 34529872 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Estimations of time spent sedentary and in various physical activity intensities may vary according to data reduction methods applied. This study compared associations between children's accelerometer data and adiposity and fitness markers using open source (mean amplitude deviation, MAD) and proprietary (counts) data reduction methods. Complete-case accelerometer, adiposity (Body Mass Index z-score, waist circumference), and fitness (cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal) data from 118 children (10.4 ± 0.6 years, 49% girls) were analyzed. Estimates of sedentary behavior, light-, moderate-, vigorous- (VPA), and moderate- to vigorous-intensity (MVPA) physical activity were calculated using count- and MAD-based data reduction methods. Linear regression models between time in movement behaviours and fitness and adiposity markers were conducted. Significant differences in estimates of time spent in all intensities were observed between MAD-based and count-based methods. Both methods produced evidence to suggest that sedentary behavior was detrimentally, and physical activity (any intensity) was beneficially, associated with waist circumference. MVPA and VPA were beneficially associated with fitness markers using both data reduction measures. Overall, findings suggest that estimates of sedentary time and physical activity were not comparable. However, the strength and direction of the associations obtained between the different data reduction methods and adiposity and fitness outcomes were fairly comparable, with both methods finding stronger associations for VPA compared to MVPA. This suggests that future studies may be able to pool data using different data reduction approaches when examining associations between activity and health risk factors, albeit with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J J M Verswijveren
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Douglas
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel L Belavy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Applied Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Hochschule für Gesundheit (University of Applied Sciences), Bochum, Germany
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Izzicupo P, Di Blasio A, Di Credico A, Ghinassi B, Capranica L, Napolitano G, Di Baldassarre A, Modestini E, Di Pietro M. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Increases Only in Males During a Summer Camp for Obese Children. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:624449. [PMID: 33842880 PMCID: PMC8027230 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.624449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge. Summer camps for children with obesity represent an alternative setting to improve eating and physical activity habits. Here we evaluated if the participation in the camp improves objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior and whether there are differences between male and female participants. Twenty-eight children, 13 males and 15 females (body mass index >97° centile, weight excess >30%, Tanner stage I), agreed to participate in an 8-day camp. During the summer camp, children participated in sports-like games and outdoor activities for at least 3 h a day, and the school-camp staff also provided a theoretical nutritional learning plan. Accelerometry-derived physical activity was measured through the SenseWear Mini Armband during a week at home and during the camp experience. Before camping, the participants were far above the minimum daily values of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) to be considered sufficiently active (≥60 min/day), but male participants were more active than females (MVPA: 186.2 ± 94.2, 111.0 ± 64.7; P = 0.020). Male participants increased their MVPA (234.3 ± 114.8, P = 0.020), whereas females not (111.9 ± 52.9, P = 0.020). No difference emerged for the sedentary behavior either before or during the camp. This study suggests that participation in a summer camp for obese children can determine different responses in physical activity levels, depending on the sex of young participants. Thus, summer camps for obese children should put particular attention on female participants, besides reducing sedentary behavior in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Credico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Yerrakalva D, Wijndaele K, Hajna S, Westgate K, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Griffin SJ, Brage S. Do older English adults exhibit day-to-day compensation in sedentary time and in prolonged sedentary bouts? An EPIC-Norfolk cohort analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224225. [PMID: 31652285 PMCID: PMC6814223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compensatory behaviours may be one of the reasons for the limited success of sedentary time interventions in older adults, but this possibility remains unexplored. Activity compensation is the idea that if we change activity levels at one time we compensate for them at a later time to maintain a set point. We aimed to assess, among adults aged ≥60 years, whether sedentary time and time spent in prolonged sedentary bouts (≥30 mins) on one day were associated with sedentary time and time spent in prolonged sedentary bouts (≥30 mins) on the following day. We also sought to determine whether these associations varied by sociodemographic and comorbid factors. METHODS Sedentary time was assessed for seven days using hip-worn accelerometers (ActiGraph GT1M) for 3459 adults who participated in the EPIC-Norfolk Study between 2004 and 2011. We assessed day-to-day associations in total and prolonged bouts of sedentary time using multi-level regressions. We included interaction terms to determine whether associations varied by age, sex, smoking, body mass index, social class, retirement, education and comorbid factors (stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction and cancer). RESULTS Participants (mean age = 70.3, SD = 6.8 years) accumulated 540 sedentary mins/day (SD = 80.1). On any given day, every 60 minutes spent in sedentary time was associated with 9.9 extra sedentary minutes on the following day (95% CI 9.0, 10.2). This association was greater in non-retired compared to retired participants (non-retired 2.57 extra minutes, p = 0.024) and in current compared to former and never-smokers (5.26 extra mins for current vs former; 5.52 extra mins for current vs never, p = 0.023 and 0.017, respectively). On any given day, every 60 minutes spent in prolonged bouts was associated with 7.8 extra minutes in these bouts the following day (95% CI 7.6, 8.4). This association was greater in older individuals (0.18 extra minutes/year of age, 95% CI 0.061, 0.29), and for retired versus non-retired (retired 2.74 extra minutes, 95% CI 0.21, 5.74). CONCLUSION Older adults did not display day-to-day compensation. Instead, individuals demonstrate a large stable component of day-to-day time spent sedentary and in prolonged bouts with a small but important capacity for positive variation. Therefore older adults appear to be largely habitual in their sedentary behaviour. Strategies to augment these patterns may be possible, given they may differ by age, smoking, and working status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Yerrakalva
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katrien Wijndaele
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Hajna
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Griffin
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mackintosh KA, Ridgers ND, McNarry MA. Compensatory changes in physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1506-1511. [PMID: 30773099 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1574543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is a key element in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) treatment strategies, yet little is known as to whether activity compensation occurs. This study examined whether PA and/or sedentary time on one day were temporally associated with time spent in these intensities the following day in youth with CF. Time spent sedentary and in different PA intensities were objectively-measured for seven consecutive days in 50 youth (22 boys; 12.0 ± 2.7 years); 25 with mild-to-moderate CF and 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Multilevel analyses (day and child) were conducted using generalised linear latent and mixed models. On any given day, every additional 10 minutes spent in sedentary time or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were associated with 1.9 (95%CI: -3.6 to -1.2) and 12.4 (95%CI: -22.1 to -2.9) minutes less sedentary time the following day, respectively. These temporal associations were also observed when split by group (3.1 vs. 1.9 minutes for healthy and CF, respectively). These findings indicate that youth do not compensate their PA, irrespective of disease status, between days, but may compensate their sedentary time between days. Experimental studies are warranted to fully elucidate whether compensatory responses to PA and sedentary time occur, which is fundamental for informing PA promotion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- b Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Burwood , Australia
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Exel J, Mateus N, Travassos B, Gonçalves B, Gomes I, Leite N, Sampaio J. Off-Training Levels of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Young Athletes: Preliminary Results during a Typical Week. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040141. [PMID: 30404165 PMCID: PMC6316694 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SED) off-training of young athletes may reveal the quality of recovery from training and highlight health related issues. Thus, the aim was to identify and describe young athletes' PA and SED off-training, according to daily life activities. Eight athletes (15.7 ± 2 years, 1.72 ± 0.6 m height, 62.9 ± 10.2 kg) of a sport talent program wore on their waist a tri-axial accelerometer (ActiGraph® wGT9X-link, Shalimar, FL, USA) at 30 Hz for 15 consecutive days, and reported their schedule. A two-step cluster analysis classified three groups according to sedentary PA and MVPA. The Sedentary (56.9%), presented the highest sedentary PA (mean [CI], 37.37 [36.45⁻38.29] min/hour); The Hazardous (19.4%) had the lowest values of sedentary and MVPA (10.07 [9.41⁻10.36] min/hour and 8.67 [7.64⁻9.70] min/hour, respectively). Balanced (23.7%) had the highest MVPA (28.61 [27.16⁻30.07] min/hour). Sedentary had the lowest count of home time associated (20%) and higher school (26%) time when compared to the Hazardous (13%). The Balanced showed the highest count of school (61%) and home time (47%). Different profiles for young athletes revealed alarming behavior in the associations with sedentary PA, sitting and SED breaks, which may influence performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Exel
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Mateus
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Sport Sciences Department, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Gomes
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Leite
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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What is the Contribution of Actual Motor Skill, Fitness, and Physical Activity to Children’s Self-Perception of Motor Competence? JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the contribution of objective measures of physical fitness (musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory), physical activity, and motor skill to motor perception. A total of 122 children (63 boys) aged 8–11 years were assessed. Independent t-tests assessed sex differences in all variables. Two linear mixed models adjusted for sex and age were performed with perceived object control and locomotor skills (Pictorial Scale of the Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children) as outcomes. Aerobic (multi-stage fitness test) and muscular fitness (long jump, grip strength), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ActiGraph accelerometry), movement skill (Test of Gross Motor Development-2), age, and sex were predictors. Boys had higher object control skills (actual and perceived) and fitness. Age (decreasing) and long jump distance (positive) explained 16% of locomotor skill perception variance. Sex (boys) explained 13% of object control skill perception variance. Children’s skill self-perception may be influenced by fitness attributes as these are more evident to them. The fact that girls have lower actual object control competence and fitness than boys suggests girls may be an intervention target.
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Investigating Children’s Short-Term Responses to Imposed or Restricted Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:239-246. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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